Problems and arguments on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language on the topic: Choice. The problem of treating people fairly

Students aimed at higher education in prestigious universities, they are aware of the need to obtain high scores in compulsory subjects. As you know, this is impossible without completing a type C task - an open-type task with a detailed answer. The numbers speak for themselves here: the maximum amount for completing tasks high level difficulty is a third of the total points (20 points out of a possible 60).

Type C assignments in the Unified State Exam in the Russian language are an essay-reasoning based on the text given for analysis. This type of assignment should not only reveal the students’ factual knowledge, but also demonstrate their creative, analytical abilities, qualities of mind and intellectual level, show a wealth of knowledge, erudition, breadth of outlook and civil position examinee.

IN in practical terms Part C tests the level of communication skills:

• maturity of judgment when interpreting text;
• ability to design own statements;
• ability to use means of expression;
• compliance with standards literary language, including spelling and punctuation.

Sources of substantiation of one’s own opinion (arguments) can be:

Natural evidence - witness testimony, documents, examination data, etc. Such arguments include a reference to generally valid experience, evidence from the author of the essay himself, references to authority, proverbs, sayings, examples from fiction.

Logical proofs (arguments “to logos” or arguments for reflection) are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason.

Sensual arguments (arguments for pathos), designed to evoke certain emotions, to create the desired attitude towards the person, object, phenomenon being described.

The use of examples from fiction as a type of argumentation of one’s own opinion stands apart from others, because, firstly, it allows you to get the maximum score for this criterion, and secondly, despite this, it is quite rare in the works of graduates.

For literary argumentation The Unified State Examination takes into account the reading experience of the examinee, which may include:

• quotes;
• similar actions of literary characters and situations;
• character traits literary hero;
• plot literary work;
• conflict of a literary work;
• different points of view of the authors on the problem.

Unfortunately, today's school graduates often lack sufficient cultural and literary horizons, and the motivation to cognitive activity very low. Schoolchildren often avoid using their reading experience for fear of factual error or not finding suitable examples at all in your literary baggage.

It is obvious to most teachers that the practice of memorization possible topics essays and lists of possible literary arguments to them, as many self-preparation sites for the Unified State Exam suggest, is vicious and harmful. In our opinion, we should proceed from the fact that the Unified State Exam is, first of all, a comprehensive exam created precisely in order to reveal the knowledge accumulated over the years of study and the ability to use it competently, that is, to reason, analyze, come to reasoned conclusions. Therefore, if this baggage, roughly speaking, is empty, then memorizing various lists, even with the outstanding intellectual abilities of the examinee, will only lead to confusion in thoughts and gross factual errors.

The teacher is faced with the question of how to provide students with the necessary arsenal of literary arguments for writing an essay on the Unified State Exam.

First of all, the teacher must carry out systematic work, controlling the reading of works from. Schoolchildren, starting from the 5th grade, need to instill skills and conduct various control activities in order to consolidate their mastery of the factual material of literary works.

In addition, it is necessary to familiarize students with the expected list of problems and topics underlying the texts of part C. Such a list can be quite simply compiled on the basis of didactic and teaching materials on preparation for the Unified State Exam in previous years, similar materials are often found on various websites and forums dedicated to the Unified State Exam.

List of topics to prepare for the Unified State Examination essay-reasoning

Material from the Unified State Exam portal.

• The problem of the soul, the inner world.
• The problem of the role of art in human life.
• The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
• Ecological problem.
• The problem of kindness.
• The problem of honor, bribery, corruption.
• The problem of mercy.
• The role of books in human life.
• The problem of reading in modern society.
• The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language.
• The problem of speech culture.
• The problem of the development of science and technology.
• The problem of modern education.
• The role of friendship in human life.
• The role of love in human life.
• Problem historical memory.
• The Great Memory Problem Patriotic War.
• The problem of intergenerational relationships.
• The problem of patriotism in the modern world.
• The problem of Russian national character.
• The role of television in modern society.
• Internet problem.
• The role of advertising in modern society.
• The role of faith in human life.
• The problem of moral choice.
• The problem of choosing a life path.
• Man and the Universe.
• The problem of loneliness.
• The problem of duty and honor.
• The problem of human dignity.
• The problem of talent and genius.
• The problem of tolerance in the modern world.

In the future, the teacher must rely on such a list when teaching argumentation and replenishing the argumentation base of students. There are many in the teacher's arsenal methodological developments aimed at developing this skill. Here are just a few of them:

Exercise “Choose an example”

Assignment: select examples from the reader’s experience to the given theses, for example:

• The world is a mirror that shows every person his own reflection. (W. Thackeray)
• A bone thrown to a dog is not mercy. Mercy is a bone shared with a dog when you are as hungry as he is. (D. London)
• Teaching is only light, but folk proverb, - it is also freedom. Nothing liberates a person like knowledge... (I.S. Turgenev)

Exercise “Continue the Reasoning”

Task: continue the reasoning by choosing literary image to illustrate ideas.

• The desire for good on the planet can unite billions of people, all local and international organizations, respecting human rights, protecting nature and life on earth in general.
• ...Strength is not in strength, but in thought and its clear expression, and therefore they fear the expression of independent thought more than armies, they set up censorship, bribe newspapers...

Compiling your own “piggy bank of arguments” for the Unified State Examination

Compiling and memorizing such a database of arguments is qualitatively different from memorizing ready-made lists. The essence of this method is the accumulation of illustrative arguments formulated by schoolchildren. The “piggy bank” is compiled in the form of a table. After identifying the problem and idea of ​​the work being studied in a literature lesson, students recall the material covered with similar issues and reflect this in the table. It is also recommended to include main quotes, literary and artistic associations related to the topic being studied.

An example of such a table (based on materials from I.M. Kuznetsova)

M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”

In conclusion I would like to bring famous words ancient Greek philosopher Menander: “A tongue that is wise in knowledge will not falter.” Indeed, in order to learn how to argue competently own opinion, students must have a value system based on knowledge of world history, culture and literature. And the creation of such a system in the minds of students is the main task teacher, and successfully completing Part C of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is nothing more than a successful “side effect.”

Used materials:

1. Narushevich A.G. We formulate, comment, argue (Main stages of working on an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language): Lecture for students) // Russian language. - No. 12. — 2006
2. Kuznetsova I.M. Teaching the skills of reasoning judgments in accordance with Unified State Exam requirements// http://festival.1september.ru/articles/622703/

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that there was a ancient capital, heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. example sacrificial love serves as Jane Eyre, heroine novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin" Captain's daughter"for Petr Grinev the most important life principle it was an honor. Even in the face of danger death penalty Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love- one of the themes of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov main character refuses social life, devotes himself entirely to his family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness during adult life.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate soldier's life turned out differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel "The Cathedral" Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve " great Germany"His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to escape, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok signed up for art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities, helps to unleash creative potential.

2. Love to native land- the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. A number of paintings belong to his brush, dedicated to life simple peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood to be the most happy times. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played a role important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim" Black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. The dog Bim is desperately trying to find his owner, who had an accident. heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago - witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing heavy lifting for many years. physical labor. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin" Garnet bracelet"Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song " Holy war". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the extreme dishonorable acts to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. In A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “ Matrenin Dvor"depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive features character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, she makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes unbreakable connection man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels integral part the world around him, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“Songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. Tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls that part “stupid rabble” Russian society, who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, main goal The poet's goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of general great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" classroom teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ A little prince“The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and loyalty. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes – only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life difficulties, we must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded in foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinking about how to find the right path in life and type of activity. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.

The theme of choice often comes up in works of Russian literature. Below are the main issues related to the topic of decision making. Under each of them you will find arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian. A table with all these examples is also available for download, located at the end of the article.

1. We cannot imagine life without freedom of choice. The thought that we will be told what to do and we will have to silently obey scares every person. But, unfortunately, the right to choose did not always exist. Sometimes people were limited to their own family members. In the work Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina lives in a patriarchal society among oppressive, ignorant and rude inhabitants. The heroine is trying with all her might to resist Kabanikha’s conservatism, but the mistress’s oppression is too strong. The girl does not want to put up with the rudeness, debauchery and anger of the boar, which is why Katerina commits suicide, which was the only possibility free choice in its conditions.
2. Another example is the main character Lermontov's poem “Mtsyri”. Being imprisoned in a monastery, he is preparing to become a monk. But from the very beginning of the poem, his soul cannot accept its lifelong imprisonment. His nature yearns for freedom, for freedom. All his life he was deprived of family, friends, and his homeland, and the awareness of his hopeless situation depresses him even more. He tries to resist his fate and breaks free during a storm, that's when he tastes all the delight free life. It seems that he will be able to start all over again, but he is returned to the monastery. In the end, the young man dies because he does not want to be imprisoned again.

Moral choice

1. Many factors can influence our choice: age, parents, society or religion. For each of us they are different priorities, but there is one that is fundamental for any person: morality. The choice between good and evil; moral and immoral has always been one of the main themes of Russian literature. For example, in Pushkin's work "Eugene Onegin" the main character, Tatyana, is the personification of morality. This is confirmed by her action at the very end of the work. Despite Evgeny's declaration of love for her, she does not reciprocate, being married woman. The heroine is not going to sacrifice family life and the happiness of her husband for the sake of satisfaction own desires. (there are more arguments on the topic here:)
2. To make a choice based on morality, a person needs to give his own definition of morality, form his own principles and views, which can take years. This is exactly what happened to the hero of the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", Pierre Bezukhov. Throughout the entire work, his soul is in search true values. He makes mistake after mistake, contacting first Dolokhov and Kuragin, then the Freemasons. But his heart does not belong to falsehood, lies and life for show, that which is precisely condemned by morality. Only by dedicating himself to the people does Pierre find harmony in his soul. Correct moral choice helped the hero find his calling. (there are more arguments on the topic here:)

The choice between selfishness and dedication

1. When leaving for war, every soldier is aware that sooner or later he will have to make a choice between life or death, himself and his people. Origins and motives this decision are different, but the main one is devotion to the Fatherland. In Pushkin's work "The Captain's Daughter" the main character, Pyotr Grinev, does not bow to Pugachev, being a prisoner. His valor and loyalty to the Fatherland do not allow him to choose life over death. While Shvabrin, showing his true rotten nature, surrenders to the enemy in order to save his own skin. He cares only about his own benefit, while Grinev puts the fate of his Motherland as a priority, aware of the possible risks. (Here are more arguments on the topic:)
2. In the work of Mikhail Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” Andrei Sokolov proves that every soldier can show humanity if he is strong in spirit. Having gone through the war, having lost his family and home, he had to give up. It seemed that not a single feeling could remain in him. However, having met a street boy, he not only sheltered him, but also became a family for him, pretending to be his father, who had returned from the war. Sokolov went against selfishness, giving the child the last ray of sunshine in his soul.

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Today, continuing the conversation about how to write an argumentative essay, let’s talk about an equally important part in our work - about argumentation and arguments in an argumentative essay.

In previous articles we learned

Think about it, determine its optimal choice. Today we finally start evidence.

Arguments- this is precisely the evidence, arguments, explanations that must be given in support of the thesis. Without clear full evidence essay-reasoning will not work!

Let's remember the types of arguments

Logical (rational) arguments, or arguments are what reflect the logic of the human mind, i.e. real facts, theories, hypotheses, statistical data, laws of nature, eyewitness accounts, experimental results, etc.

Illustrative examples- these are examples from the literature and from personal life or the lives of loved ones and acquaintances, as well as an incident that could take place in life under certain conditions.

Authoritative opinion- statements outstanding people, figures of science or literature, who are perceived by everyone as AXIOMS. Proverbs and sayings like folk wisdom, people's experience. See how to format citations here.

Arguments can be both “for” and “against”.

Arguments in favor are direct evidence; they must be accessible, unambiguous, reflect unbiased reality, and be based on authoritative sources.

Arguments “against” a thesis must be convincing, because you need to refute this judgment. Here you will need a certain correctness and developed sense tact, because you will have to criticize authors who support a thesis with which you cannot and do not want to agree!

Phrases and figures of speech to help:

I share the author’s indignation (rejection, admiration) and think that...

A story comes to mind that I heard (read, that happened to me...)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact...

The optimal number of arguments in an essay is three. This will be enough, believe me! But in terms of volume, this part of the essay should be at least 2/3 of the entire text. Arguments must be placed in a certain sequence. Don’t play all your “trump cards” at once! Last argument must be the strongest.

If there is no for argument exact text quotes, use indirect sentences. In this way, you will convey the general meaning of the statement and prevent errors in the use of quotes.

If you have two arguments, for example, your life experience and an example from a literary work, then first give literary example. Personal experience describe after an authoritative opinion.

Start each argument with a new paragraph! Link paragraphs together.