A message on the topic of composition and word language. Compositional and structural features of the text

The verb, which most often appears as a predicate in a sentence, is an exclusively independent part of speech. It denotes the action or state of the subject. Spring is coming, bringing warmth.

Verb Rules

All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. You can distinguish it by the endings -t, -tsya; these words also answer the questions “what to do”, “what to do”. In a sentence, it most often acts as a predicate or part of it and a subject, but can fulfill the roles of other members.

We want see new textbooks.

See- This look soul.

She loved look to the stars.

If a verb can be asked the question “what to do”, then it belongs to the perfect form (rejoice, be silent). When you can ask him the question “what to do” - this is an imperfect verb (be happy, be silent). Sometimes there are also bispecies verbs, they can belong to one or another type, depending on the context.

I explored basement yesterday. (perfect view).

I have already explored basement. (imperfect species).

Reflexive verbs mean an action that is directed towards oneself. They are formed using postfixes -sya, -tsya (play, bite). All other verbs are called non-reflexive (play, bite).

Predicates connecting with other parts of the sentence in the form accusative case without using a preposition, belong to transitive verbs (wash the mug, call mom). The transitional category includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts of speech (fly, lie down). This group also includes all reflexive verbs (wash, clean up).

Spelling verbs

In sentences, according to the rules of verbs, they can refer to one of three moods. In the indicative form - verbs can be changed according to tenses (we lived, we live, we will live), numbers (washes, washes), persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats). If the execution of an action requires compliance with certain rules, then such predicates are classified as conditional. (If everyone is comfortable, I would approach). This form is formed by particles would, b (I wish I could have looked) and can vary in gender and number. Particularly noteworthy is the imperative form of predicates, which can force, encourage, call to action ( Come to me!). Verbs of this mood can change in persons and numbers.

According to the rules of verbs, in the past tense they mean an action that has already happened/occurred (I bought the things myself). They also cannot change their personal uniform. To the present predicate we can substitute the question “what does” (He buys things himself.) Perfect verbs are not used in the present tense. In the rules of future tense verbs, there are two forms: compound (with an additional word will) and simple (one-word). Accordingly, you can ask different questions: “what will you do?” (You will buy things yourself.); “what will you do” (You will buy things yourself).

Changing verbs

The change of predicates in person and number is explained by their conjugations. They appear exclusively in indicative form and undoubtedly in the form of present or future time.

For form in singular personal verbs change like this:

1 person - I open it. I love.
2nd person - You open it. You like.
3rd person - He opens. He likes.

For the plural form, personal verbs change as follows:

1 person - We are opening. We love.
2nd person - You open it. You love.
3rd person - They open. They like.

If it is possible to put under stress, the type of conjugation can be defined as follows:

-e changes to -у(-у) - 1 conjugation look and look;
-and changes to -а(-я) - 2nd conjugation calls and calls.

In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the conjugation:

2 conjugation -i(t) (paint) and special exceptions;
1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs in -а(т), -я(т), -у(т), -е(т), -ы(т), -о(т) ( want, know);
There are 4 exception words: to sway, to rest, shave and lay and educated from them.

Words without the mentioned suffixes - live, beat.

There are also verbs that change both as the first conjugation and as the second.

Unit number:

1 person - I'll run. I will want.
2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
3rd person - He will run. He will want to.

Mn. number:

1 person - We'll run. We will.
2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
3rd person - They will run. They will want to.

At the exception verb disdain There are only 3rd person forms in the singular or plural section ( glimmering - glimmering).

Words There is And give and derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

In some places you come across impersonal Verbs. These include words denoting a passive predicate, which occurs without the participation of the subject (evening, getting dark).

The main feature by which impersonality can be determined is correct verb, is its invariability in numbers and persons. Most often, these types of verbs appear as predicates in simple one-part sentences. For the present tense form they are used as the 3rd person and only the singular, and in the past - as the singular and neuter.

Regular verbs are sometimes used to replace impersonal verbs when they appear as a single predicate clause.

The sky has brightened- personal verb.
It's brighter outside the window- impersonal.

A few important rules

Correct spelling of verbs and vowels in the present tense or simple future forms depends on the conjugation:

1 conjugation - it uses the endings -е, -у(-у) forgets, will be forgotten;

2nd conjugation - it is worth putting the endings -и, -а(-я) paints, paints.

For the second person imperative mood of verbs of both conjugations, use the suffix -i ( We are going home. - Go home.);
In the case of the past tense: the suffix -l is preceded by the same letter as in the infinitive before -т ( paint - painted, whistle - whistled);
If there is obes-/obez-: transitive - the suffix is written -i- ( provided "who?" "What?"); intransitive - used -e- ( concerned);
Freeze, freeze, freeze and similar verbs formed from a noun are written with the vowel -e- after the root (in;
In the infinitive, in the case of using past forms, they are written -ova-, -eva-, in the same case, when the present or simple future tense and singular number are chosen, the first person writing form has the suffixes -у(у), -у(у ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - conquer).

If alternation does not occur, the suffixes -yva-, -iva- are used; (reread - reread, redraw - redraw).

If there is an ending -vat, -vayu under stress and a suffix -va-, then according to the rules of the Russian language, the same letter is written before the suffix as in the initial form (water - water - water).

Conclusion

These few simple rules and examples will help you remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, to study all the rules and exceptions, you will need more in-depth research. However, to write more or less simple texts that do not apply for publication in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.

Initial form

The initial form of the verb in Russian is infinitive(indefinite form), denoting an action without regard to the subject and, therefore, not having the changeable categories of person, gender and number.

View

In Russian, verbs are either perfective or imperfective. Perfective verbs have additional meanings related to the limitation of action: completeness, result ( wrap up, learn), Start ( play, fly, fall asleep), one-time occurrence ( splash, shout). Imperfective verbs do not have additional meanings of the limit of action and indicate a prolonged or regularly repeated action ( swim, grow, smile).

Pledge

In the modern grammar of the Russian language, the question of the category of voice is controversial: in currently There are two theories of voice - two-voice (passive and active voices) and three-voice (passive, active and reflexive voices). All researchers agree that the category of voice in the Russian language is associated with the semantics of the verb and its syntactic function in a sentence. The voice of a verb expresses the relationship of an action to its subject and object. IN school curriculum is being considered refundable deposit, the form of which expresses the coincidence of the subject and object of the action, that is, the direction of the action towards its producer: wash, get dressed.

Transitivity

The category of transitivity (intransitivity) expresses the syntactic properties of the verb: the presence or absence of a direct object. A transitive verb has the meaning of an action directly directed at an object, which, in this case, is a direct object:

Girl reading a book.

An intransitive verb can only have an indirect object, since it denotes an action that does not go directly to the object:

It's snowing outside.

Mood

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that have occurred, are occurring, or will actually occur:

So all my bright hopes collapsed! (A.S. Pushkin)

They're flying cranes in the spring. We are the plows we are establishing. (M. M. Prishvin)

Follow me, my reader, and only me, and I I'll show you such love for you!(M. A. Bulgakov)

Associated with the indicative mood is the inflected category of verb tense.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an inducement to action (order, request, etc.). Usually, verbs in the imperative mood are used in the second person form, conveying an address to the interlocutors:

She won't die - know!
She will not die, Russia.
They will sprout, - believe!
Its fields are golden.
(Z. N. Gippius)

The first and third person forms are less common. The first person forms indicate a call to action for persons, including the speaker, and the third person forms indicate a call to action for persons not participating in the conversation:

- Let's go! - Danko shouted and rushed forward to his place, holding his burning heart high and illuminating the way for people.(M. Gorky)

Let Always will Sun,
Let Always will sky,
Let Always will Mother,
May it always be me.
(L. I. Oshanin)

Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that do not occur in reality, but are desirable or possible under certain conditions:

I b forever forgot taverns
And poems would write abandoned.
Only b touch your hand subtly
And your hair is the color of autumn.
(S. A. Yesenin)

In some sources, the conditional mood is called the subjunctive mood.

Time

The category of time expresses the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are three tenses for verbs in the indicative mood: past , the present And future. Perfective verbs have past and future tenses, and imperfective verbs have past, present and future tenses: did - will do, did - do - will do.

Number

The number category of the verb expresses the correlation of the action with one or more persons. In Russian, a verb can be in singular or plural in any mood and at any time. According to numbers, only the infinitive does not change.

Face

Verbs in the first person refer to the speaker (or a group of persons on behalf of whom the statement is pronounced), verbs in the second person refer to the interlocutor (or interlocutors), in the third person - to persons or objects not participating in the speech: think (think), think (think), think (think).

Verbs in the indicative mood in the present and future tense, as well as verbs in the imperative mood, can change by person. Writing unstressed personal endings of verbs is related to the verb conjugation system and can be difficult.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. There are two types of verb conjugation in Russian. Verbs of the first conjugation have the endings -UT, -YUT in the third person plural, verbs of the second conjugation - -AT, -YAT. If the personal ending is unstressed, the conjugation of the verb is determined by the suffix before the infinitive. The second conjugation includes verbs with the suffix AND (ending in -IT): heat And blah blah blah And t and exception verbs DRIVE, HOLD, BREATHE, HEAR, SEE, TURN, DEPEND, HATE, OFFEND, WATCH, TENDER. The first conjugation includes verbs with the remaining vowels in the suffixes - A, Ya, E, U, O (ending in -AT, -YAT, -ET, -UT, -OT): groinA this, thatI t, rede ugh, smellat oh, they sayO t and exception verbs SHAVE, STEAL, LAY, LAY.

If you are asked: “What are the most important parts of speech in the Russian language?”, your answer will definitely include a verb.

The Russian verb is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most complex parts speech. Remember all the gerunds, participles, verbal adjectives, types, moods, verb conjugations, finally. Despite this, we cannot do without verbs - neither in language nor in life.

Verbs denote an action or state - there is no secret to this. Man is programmed by nature for this very action - that’s why there are so many verbs around us: remember how many actions you mentioned just in the morning!

It’s no secret that, despite the richest vocabulary, in the Russian language not all objects of reality have their own names; we note that among verbs this phenomenon is quite rare - although actions, and even the words denoting them, are sometimes at least strange !

Let us note that the verbs of the Russian language are one of the most ancient categories of the language: the history of the Russian verb has lasted for several centuries.

The verb in the Russian language performs not only its direct functions - it also, in the words of Yu. Bondarev, denotes “the effectiveness of character,” i.e. makes any action emotionally charged. Perhaps this is why Russian prose is considered the most expressive prose in the world. A. Yugov considered the verb “the most fiery, most living part of speech,” in which “the scarlet, freshest, arterial blood of the tongue flows.” And it was not in vain that A. Pushkin called for “burning people’s hearts” with the “verb”, although the word was used in a slightly different meaning.

Despite the simplicity of what it means, the verb is fraught with many pitfalls; and it is very important to be able to bypass them, because, as a rule, ignorance of the little things in the verb can lead to serious errors.

First of all, this concerns verb conjugation. The Russian verb has only 2 conjugations, but it can be difficult to determine which conjugation our verb belongs to. We must not forget about the small number of differently conjugated verbs in the Russian language. However, you can fill in the content of the conjugations using a poem (I will give the most popular of them):

To the second conjugation
We will take it without a doubt
All verbs that start with "-it"
Excluding “shave”, “lay”.
And also: “look”, “offend”,
"hear", "see", "hate",
“drive”, “breathe”, “hold”, “endure”,
And “depend” and “twirl”!

***
Drive, breathe, hold, depend,
See, hear and offend,
And also look, twirl,
Hate and endure.

***
Watch, endure, offend,
Addict, hate,
See, hear, drive,
Twist, breathe, hold.

Why is it so important to know the conjugation of a Russian verb? It is the conjugation that determines the writing of verb endings in the present and future tense. Yes, there is no doubt that words like read do not give us any doubt. But what about words? la...t, struggling, swaying... And splash...t, where the writing is not so obvious?

This is where conjugation comes to our aid: we remember that we write in the singular -e- (I reference) and -And- (II sp.), and in the plural – -ut/-ut (I reference) and -at/-yat (II reference). I think now we won’t have problems with “difficult” words, right?

So, the verb in Russian is an important and necessary part of speech, which performs several functions in the language. And most importantly, you cannot ignore the rules related to the verb, because a lot depends on them.

We wish you success in learning the verb!

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