Inner freedom examples from literature. Philosophy of freedom

Introduction

Zhukovsky - creator of general concepts of freedom in Russian literature

A. S. Pushkin - romantic

Lermontov - freedom and loneliness

Religious aspect of freedom

Historical aspect of freedom

Freedom and Connectedness

Discourse of freedom

Conclusion

Bibliography

Excerpt from the text

The structure and content of the work corresponds to the stated goal and objectives. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters separated by paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the theme of the superfluous person in Russian literature of the 19th century, the features of its evolution in the works of classics of Russian literature. The work presents theoretical information about the origin and development of a topic that determined the development of Russian literature for many years to come. We also turn to the works of outstanding Russian writers, in whose texts the characteristic features of the image of the “superfluous man” are manifested most clearly and fully.

Purpose of the study: analysis of works of Russian literature of the 19th century in order to identify the psychological, spiritual and moral orientations of the heroes, as well as to study the gradual transformation of the “little man” from a victim of circumstances to his acquisition of self-awareness and dignity.

In the conditions of rapid radical changes of the twentieth century, memoirs are intensively developing, gradually establishing themselves as a special literary genre. The desire to “stop a moment,” recording the past that has settled in memory, and convey an idea of ​​it to readers of different generations, drives the pen of memoirists. Major writers turn to memories: M. Gorky, I. Bunin, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, A. Solzhenitsyn. In the creative biography of many talented literary artists, the creation of memoir books turned out to be the main work of life. This happened with I. Ehrenburg, N. Berberova, I. Odoevtseva, A. Tsvetaeva. If you try to collect together all the memoirs created by writers of the 20th century, you will get a whole library - a kind of encyclopedia of the historical and cultural life of the era.

With the development of human society, the system of archetypes also branched out, which gradually began to include secondary archetypes, among which the archetype of clothing should be especially highlighted. As soon as humanity had the opportunity to cover the body with animal skins, it took advantage of it. Since then, clothing has constantly accompanied a person, and the opposition of nudity and clothing has become iconic. With the development of weaving and tailoring, clothing acquires the status of a means of communication. This function is enshrined, for example, in the Russian proverb “You meet people by their clothes.” Clothes in modern society, of course, perform an identification function: it makes it clear what kind of person is in front of us, what is his social status, how he relates to society’s opinion of himself. This function was acquired by clothing a long time ago and is reflected in literary works.

List of information sources

1.A. F. Voeikov Selected Works, M., 1952;

• 2. Vyazemsky P. A. Aesthetics and literary criticism, M., 1984;
• 3. Dostoevsky F.

M. Selected prose, M., 1990;

• 4. Zhukovsky V. A. Collected Works, M., 1996;
• 5.Ivanova S.

Paradise as a creative state of the human soul, M., 2000;

• 6. Kokhanovsky V., Yakovlev V. History of Philosophy, M., 1998;
• 7. Lermontov Yu.

M. Poems; Poems; Masquerade; Hero of Our Time, M., 1972;

• 8. Lotman About the poems of A. S. Pushkin, M., 1982;
• 9. Mareev S.N.

Mareeva E.V. Arslanov V.G. Philosophy of the twentieth century, M., 2001;

• 10. Pushkin A. S. Poems M., 1977;
• 11. Rozanov V.

Pushkin and Lermontov, M., 1993;

• 12.Tyupa V.I. Tyupa, M., 2006;
• 13. Fedorov G.

Singer of Empire and Freedom M., 1988;

• 14. Shestov L. Selected works. M. 1993;
• 15. Shestov L.

Essays. M. 1995. Shestov L. Kierkegaard and existential philosophy (The voice of one crying in the wilderness).

• bibliography

Well... and the fire was put out,
And I'm dying in the smoke.
I. F. Annensky.
Peace and freedom. The poet needs them to free harmony. But peace and freedom are also taken away. Not external peace, but creative peace. Not childish will, not the freedom to be liberal, but creative will - secret freedom.
And the poet dies because he can no longer breathe, life has lost all meaning.
A. A. Blok.
When A. S. Pushkin in 1834 in his poem “It’s time, my friend, it’s time!” my heart asks for peace..." wrote:
There is no happiness in the world,
But there is peace and will, -
this corresponded to the spirit of the time when the poet lived, the spirit of the first half of the 19th century. This was what A.S. Pushkin came to, this was his result.
The beginning of the 20th century - the century of disasters, the century of suicide - an inherently tragic century. The invention of a large number of machines that replace people, and the atomic bomb - all this led to a person’s feeling of his own insignificance, helplessness, and loneliness. In such conditions, nothing but fear, which makes a person aggressive, could appear. Fear and the only idea, the idea of ​​preserving your life, the minimum idea. It is not surprising that, being in constant tension, in constant anticipation of some kind of thunderstorm, an inevitable end that will affect literally everyone, some were “chamels”, others became callous and closed in on themselves, giving the former the opportunity to act. And finally, the tangible threat of a third world war finally led to a change in human consciousness. When did you think about saving your soul, about saving morality? When was there a time to think about the country if your personal life was under threat? And, of course, going with the flow is much easier than trying to direct the flow in a different direction. And, finally, who will take responsibility for everything that is happening, for all this confusion and chaos, even if it is impossible to be responsible for yourself, for your thoughts and actions?
But the Russian intelligentsia did not disappear. A.P. Chekhov determined that “it is not the caretakers who are to blame, but all of us”; and, therefore, they, the Russian intellectuals, still stood above the masses, the crowds that exist according to the principle of a chain reaction, if they had the ability to see, understand and appreciate. The same Chekhov was the first to show the collapse of the Russian intelligentsia as a moral force (“Only the spirit can fight horrors” (A. A. Blok)), as the spiritual core of society, its core. Even then he found the reasons that later led to the revolution. Philistinism was one of the reasons.
D. S. Merezhkovsky in his article “The Coming Ham” warned: “There is one step from noble, well-fed philistinism to insane hungry brutality.” “Mad hungry atrocity” - isn’t this the whole meaning of the revolution? Indeed, in A. Blok’s poem “The Twelve” one can find confirmation of this:
Freedom, freedom,
Eh, eh, without a cross!
Unlock the cellars -
The bastard is on the loose these days!

And they go without the name of a saint
All twelve - into the distance.
Ready for anything
No regrets...
But then it still could not be called the end, because there were individuals in society who felt the tragedy of the Motherland and accepted it as their own; individuals who are responsible for everything that happens. A. A. Blok in the article “Intellectuals and Revolution” wrote: “We are links in a single chain. Or are the sins of our fathers not upon us? - If everyone does not feel this, then the “best” should feel it...” It is the “best” who are given the opportunity to see more, hear more, feel more acutely. So who, if not them? “I am where the pain is, everywhere...” (V. Mayakovsky). They and only they, and it was they who should have felt the spirit of the times, and the general pain should have become their personal pain. “The age can forgive an artist all his sins, except for one; he does not forgive anyone for one thing - betrayal of the spirit of the times” (A. Blok). This was something they could be proud of. “In an era of storms and anxiety, the tenderest and most intimate aspirations of the poet’s soul are also filled with storm and anxiety” (A. Blok). They felt what others could not feel, for they were the chosen ones. And at a time when chaos reigns in society, an element is approaching, a whirlwind that sweeps away everything in its path, a whirlwind that penetrates every crevice, affecting everyone, turning the world inside out and showing all the dirt and vulgarity of its insides, Pushkin’s “peace and freedom” “are literally swept away by this “universal draft.”
Let them call: Forget it, poet!
Return to beautiful comforts!
No! It’s better to perish in the fierce cold!
There is no comfort. There is no peace.
A. A. Blok.
A. Blok in the article “Intellectuals and Revolution” says: “Those of us who survive, who “are not crushed by a noisy whirlwind on the fly,” will turn out to be the rulers of innumerable spiritual treasures.” So, that means there is still something you can breathe with, and that means you have to fight this element, you have to try not only to survive, but also to stand on your feet. “But you, artist, firmly believe in beginnings and ends...” (A. Blok). And that is why Pushkin’s “peace and freedom” are replaced by Blok’s “eternal battle”, battle as a state of mind:
The heart cannot live in peace,
No wonder the clouds have gathered.
The armor is heavy, as before a battle.
Now your time has come. - Pray!
A. Blok.
And if for some peace is complete harmony, balance, then for others peace is only in struggle, in battle, in “battle”. Undoubtedly, this depends on the time in which a person lives, and on himself:
And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm,
As if there is peace in the storms!
M. Yu. Lermontov.
And in fact, the only thing that could be hoped for, that could be believed in and that really was some kind of way out, was revolution - a natural phenomenon, an irreversible element. And this means that it was the artist who needed to direct all his strength and try to lead this spontaneous flow. “Great moral forces must enter the world to keep it from chaos...” (A. Blok).
The ideas and goals of the intelligentsia are defined in the article “Intellectuals and Revolution”: “What is planned? Redo everything. Arrange so that everything becomes new, so that the deceitful
our dirty, boring, ugly life has become a fair, clean, cheerful and beautiful life.”
So what happened? Under whose flag did the revolution take place? What will happen next? And what A. Blok said happened: “A revolution, like a thunderstorm, like a snowstorm, always brings something new and unexpected.” And if this is really so, then who else but the intelligentsia should have been the most sensitive in order to catch even the slightest changes in the flow, in order to hear the “music of the revolution”, in order to understand what this music is about, in order to feel the false notes in this music. “The artist’s job, the artist’s duty, is to see what is intended, to listen to the music that thunders in the “wind-torn air...” (A. Blok).
It is impossible to hear this music without believing in it, without believing in Russia. “Russia is destined to endure torment, humiliation, division; but she will come out of these humiliations new and - in a new way - great” (A. Blok). And only the one who truly loves Russia, who goes with her through everything that she is destined to go through, will be able to see the universal light, only he will understand the greatness of Russia. But it is not given to everyone to love Russia, but only to a select few, to those to whom it is dearer than their own life, to those who breathe it, for Russia is a cross, which, having heaped onto one’s shoulders, a person becomes doomed:
I don't know how to feel sorry for you,
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!
A. Blok.
...Together - inextricably - forever together!
Shall we resurrect? Will we die? Are we going to die?
A. Blok.
“Russia is a big ship, destined for a long voyage” (A. Blok). Russia is a ship. And while the ship is sailing, we are sailing on it, but if suddenly the ship gives a leak and goes to the bottom, “that’s when, in an extreme situation, Russia will see those chosen ones, because they will stay with it, because only rats will leave the ship” ( M.Bulgakov “The White Guard”),
Without regretting what happened,
I understood your height:
Yes. You are the native Galilee
To me - the unresurrected Christ.
A. Blok.
If the holy army shouts:
“Throw away Rus', live in paradise!”
I will say: “There is no need for heaven,
Give me my homeland."
S. Yesenin.
The revolution has happened. Fear, boredom, senseless blood, the collapse of all hopes. “It (the revolution) cruelly deceives many; she easily cripples the worthy in her whirlpool; she often brings the unworthy to land unharmed” (A. Blok).
It is enough to read A. Blok’s poem “The Twelve” to understand that the revolution not only did not cleanse the earth, but, on the contrary, dragged all the dirt out and left it there.
Like a threesome of horses running wild
Traveled all over the country.
They sprayed it all around. We've saved up.
And they disappeared under the devil's whistle...
S. Yesenin.
The revolution killed Russia, killed the original Russian moral principles:
Comrade, hold the rifle, don’t be afraid,
Let's fire a bullet into Holy Rus'...
- Traitors!
- Russia is dead!
Block.
And she did not die under the “banner” of Mayakovsky:
And when,
his arrival
announcing a riot,
go out to the savior -
I tell you
I'll pull out your soul,
I'll trample
so big! -
and I will give the bloody one as a banner - but under the bloody flag of the proletariat, under the flag of free slaves going to “kill” the one who suffered and is suffering for them, who takes upon himself all their sins. And there are more and more sins...
You can no longer hear the music, only the wind is still blowing, but soon it will subside. The fire has gone out - the last hope has gone out, and only smoke spreads over the ground. There is no more Blok Russia, and there is no more Blok. Choked.
I am not the first warrior, not the last,
The homeland will be sick for a long time.
Remember at early mass
Dear friend, bright wife!
A. Blok.

The theme of freedom and its reflection in one of the works of Russian literature

Maxim Gorky entered Russian literature as a writer who experienced life from its dark and unsightly sides. At the age of twenty, he saw the world in such diversity that his bright faith in man, in his spiritual nobility, in his power of possibility seems incredible. The young writer was inherent in the desire for ideals. He acutely felt the growing dissatisfaction with the way of life in society.

M. Gorky's early works are steeped in romanticism. In them, the writer appears to us as a romantic. He stands alone with the world, approaches reality from the position of his ideal. The romantic world of the heroes is opposed to the real one.

The landscape plays a big role. It reflects the mental state of the heroes: “...the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and, timidly moving away, revealed for a moment a boundless steppe on the left, an endless sea on the right...”. We see that the spiritual world of the heroes is in conflict with reality. One of the main characters of the story, Makar, believes that “a person is a slave as soon as he is born.” Let's try to prove or disprove this.

Gorky's heroes are gifted freedom-lovers. Without hiding the dark sides of the lives of his heroes, the author poeticized many of them. These are strong-willed, beautiful and proud people who have “the sun in their blood.”

Loiko Zobar is a young gypsy. For him, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness: “He loved only horses and nothing else, and even then not for long - he would ride and sell, and whoever wants the money, take it. He didn’t have what he cherished - you need his heart, he himself would tear it out of his chest and give it to you, if only it would make you feel good.” Radda is so proud that her love for Loiko cannot break her: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you.” And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you.” These heroes are characterized by the pathos of freedom. The insoluble contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. And the heroes themselves refuse love, happiness and prefer to die in the name of will and absolute freedom.

Makar Chudra, being at the center of the story, gets the opportunity for self-realization. He believes that pride and love are incompatible. Love makes you humble and submit to your loved one. Makar, speaking about a person who, from his point of view, is not free, will say: “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, and that’s it!” In his opinion, a person born a slave is not capable of accomplishing a feat. This idea echoes the statement of the Snake from “Song of the Falcon.” He said: “He who is born to crawl cannot fly.” But on the other hand, we see that Makar admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how a real person worthy of imitation should perceive life, and that only in such a position in life can one preserve one’s own freedom.

Reading the story, we see the author's interest. He, telling us about Radd and Loiko Zobar, tried to explore their weaknesses and strengths. And the author’s attitude towards them is admiration for their beauty and strength. The end of the story, where the writer sees how “the nights swirled smoothly and silently in the darkness, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda,” reveals his position.

In this story, Gorky, using the example of Loiko Zobar and Radda, proves that man is not a slave. They die, refusing love and happiness. Radda and Loiko sacrifice their lives for freedom. It was this idea that Gorky expressed through the mouth of Makar Chudra, who prefaces his story about Loiko and Radda with the following words: “Well, falcon, do you want to tell me a true story? And you remember it and, as you remember, you will be a free bird throughout your life.” Gorky strives with his work to excite and inspire the reader, so that he, like his heroes, feels like a “free bird.” Pride makes the slave free, the weak strong. The heroes of the story “Makar Chudra” Loiko and Radda prefer death to unfree life, because they themselves are proud and free. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to a wonderful and strong man. He put forward a new measure of a person’s value: his will to fight, activity, and ability to rebuild his life.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://www.coolsoch.ru/ http://lib.sportedu.ru

This selection of poems about freedom includes works that are familiar to absolutely every schoolchild. This means that not a single eleventh-grader taking the Unified State Exam in literature will have any difficulties with citing. So you can not only select works of art that touch on the philosophical problem of freedom as an example, but also analyze them, arguing with quotes from the text.

I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.
Young eagle raised in captivity

The lyrical hero of Pushkin's poem is in captivity and has no opportunity to get out. But, despite this, his soul and thoughts are free, because from birth a person is free to choose his own path, he is an independent person. The author likens the hero to an eagle, calling both “free birds.”

The theme of the poem is the internal freedom of the individual, which no one can limit, even by “hiding” him from the outside world. The main thing, according to the poet, is to preserve the independence of convictions; it is this that makes a person inaccessible even to physical threats.

Marina Tsvetaeva, “Who is created from stone...”

Through every heart, through every network
My self-will will break through

Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem is a kind of manifesto; it proclaims the rules of life by which the lyrical heroine lives. She is willful and does not recognize anything that could in any way limit her freedom. She despises those who are “made of stone,” that is, people who set their own boundaries. The main thing for her is a feeling of mental freedom, the knowledge that she can do whatever she wants, not only in the physical, material plane, but also, first of all, in the spiritual. No prohibitions or prejudices can stop her; she calls herself “mortal sea foam,” which symbolizes absolute independence and limitlessness.

Nikolay Nekrasov, “Freedom”

Since childhood, I have not been intimidated by anyone, I am free,
Choose the job you are suited for

Nekrasov's poem is dedicated to perhaps one of the most important events of the 19th century - the abolition of serfdom (1861). The work is solemn in nature, the lyrical hero rejoices at the sight of a child born in his free time. After all, now he can choose his life path himself, he is not obliged to follow any rules, he is free from the bonds of serfdom and now he will build his own destiny - this is what the author finds most important in the life of every person. Despite the fact that in the middle of the poem the poet mentions that “in place of the networks of serfs, people came up with many others,” he is still confident that society has finally taken the true path, and soon all people will be able to call themselves truly free, which means happy.

Fedor Tyutchev, “Silentium”

Just know how to live within yourself -
There is a whole world in your soul

The lyrical hero in Tyutchev’s poem finds freedom not in the outside, not in the environment, but in himself. He calls us to silence, because inside each of us there is a separate world in which true happiness can be found. In order not to lose this harmony and independence, you need to hide your feelings, not allow others to destroy peace of mind and, thereby, limit freedom. In addition, people who like to talk about their experiences become constrained by public opinion and the very fact of its necessity in their personal lives. Tyutchev warns us against this dependence.

Mikhail Lermontov, “Three Palms”

When the fog rushed to the west,
The caravan made its regular journey;
And then sad on barren soil
All that was visible was gray and cold ashes;
And the sun burned the dry remains,
And then the wind blew them away into the steppe.

Lermontov's poem "Three Palms" is an Eastern tale about three palm trees that prayed for someone to see them, but when God heard their request and sent strangers to them, they mercilessly cut them down. The work prompts the reader to think that a person can only be free when alone. Any society limits the individual, does not give him freedom of choice, opinion, and action. Only in solitude can you remain honest with yourself and gain the desired will to choose and decide for yourself what is best, and not look for the truth in gossip and squabbles.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Egorova E.

Research "The Theme of Freedom in Russian Literature" (the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Bulgakov are considered)

Download:

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Introduction Purpose Objectives Hypothesis Progress of the research Etymology Lexicology Words of foreign authors From modern foreign literature Survey results Works of Russian writers about freedom and their assessment Poem by the author of the research work Conclusion Information sources Contents

Russian literature is incredibly rich. Rich in talents and their creations. Through literary works of various types and genres, the great ancestors pass on their experience to us and educate us through time. Often prose and poems are devoted to the theme of freedom. Surely most readers ask themselves: “Why is the author focusing on this?” So I asked myself this question and decided to direct all my hard work and perseverance to give a clear answer to it. Introduction

Establishing the meaning of the theme of human freedom in the works of Russian poets and writers. Target

Study the meaning of the concept of “freedom” Find statements of great people about freedom Conduct a survey among teenagers Find out which Russian writers touched on the topic of freedom in their works Evaluate books devoted to the named problem Draw a conclusion Objectives

Is the theme of freedom really reflected in the works of great writers and is still one of the main problems in literature? Hypothesis

Finding out the etymological and lexical meaning of the word “freedom” Searching for catchphrases dedicated to the theme of freedom Surveying students Working on your own poem dedicated to this topic Progress of the research

According to the inspector of public schools of the Oryol province G. A. Milovidov, this word comes “... from the ancient and little-known noun svoba, which, according to Czech interpreters of 1202, served as the name of one of the pagan goddesses,” in connection with which he concluded: “ Thus, the concept of “freedom” is based not on any specific impression or sensation, but on a higher, mystical principle, a preferential right inherent in the deity.” Modern secular views on the etymology of this word, however, do not imply anything divine or mystical. The Old Russian word freedom clearly correlates with the Old Indian svapati (one’s own master: “svo” - one’s own and “poti” - master). Etymology

FREEDOM - one's own will, space, the opportunity to act in one's own way; absence of constraint, bondage, slavery, subordination to someone else's will. Freedom is a comparative concept; it can relate to a private, limited expanse, related to a certain matter, or to different degrees of this scope, and finally to complete, unbridled arbitrariness or self-will. IN AND. Dahl "Explanatory Dictionary" Lexicology

This is freedom: to feel what your heart strives for, no matter what others say. Paulo Coelho Freedom is not a poster you read on a street corner. This is living power that you feel in yourself and around you. F. Lamennais Freedom is a conscious necessity. F. Engels When you escape persecution, every day is a whole life for you. Every minute of freedom is a separate story with a happy ending. G.D. Roberts "Shantaram" Great - about freedom

To find out how the topic of freedom in literature is perceived by readers, a survey was conducted among students. “Why do you think Russian poets and writers attached special importance to human freedom in their works?” Previously, times were very difficult and strict. One person's freedom depended on another, and complete freedom was a dream. Therefore, she received a lot of attention. Ekaterina, 14 years old Survey

I believe that each of us will have our own opinion on this. All people are limited by invisible boundaries beyond which we cannot go. In general terms, freedom is something unknown and unfamiliar to us. Only birds soaring in the sky, not limiting themselves in anything, can know what freedom really is. Every person needs freedom, and if he does not receive it, thoughts begin to “burn” him, after which the soul dies, leaving no traces behind. Danil, 14 years old In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the work of writers mainly reflected the life of society. During this period there were many revolutions and mostly a dictatorial system in the state, which in itself did not imply either freedom of speech or freedom of man as such, which was often reflected in the works of writers. Kirill, 19 years old

PRISONER I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon. A young eagle raised in captivity, My sad comrade, flapping his wing, pecks at bloody food under the window, pecks, and throws, and looks out the window, As if he had the same idea with me. He calls me with his gaze and his cry And wants to say: “Let's fly away! We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time! To where the mountain turns white behind a cloud, To where the sea edges turn blue, To where only the wind walks... yes me!..." A.S. Pushkin A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837) 1799, Moscow, Russian Empire Died: February 10, 1837

In the poem “The Prisoner,” the eagle personifies nature and calls on the lyrical hero to fly away with him. By this, A.S. Pushkin shows that the call of nature is the call of freedom, it is as necessary for any living creature as food, water, warmth, and safety. Man is born free and strives for independence.

M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841) Mtsyri Do you want to know what I did when I was free? I lived - and my life, without these three blissful days, would have been sadder and gloomier than your powerless old age. A long time ago I decided to look at the distant fields, to find out whether the earth is beautiful, to find out whether we are born into this world for freedom or prison. And at the hour of the night, the terrible hour, When the thunderstorm frightened you, When, crowded at the altar, You lay prostrate on the ground, I ran away. Oh, I, like a brother, would be glad to embrace the storm! I watched the clouds with my eyes, I caught the lightning with my hand... Tell me, what among these walls could you give me in return for That short but living friendship, Between a stormy heart and a thunderstorm?..

Mtsyri declares: “... and my life, without these three blissful days, would be sadder and gloomier than your powerless old age.” Lermontov wants to convey to readers that not a single sweet taste can replace the taste of freedom. Life cannot be called such if you have never been free.

M. A. Bulgakov M. A. Bulgakov (1891-1940) A morphine addict has one happiness that no one can take away from him - the ability to spend life in complete solitude. And loneliness is important, significant thoughts, it is contemplation, calmness, wisdom... “Morphine” How can a person manage if he is not only deprived of the opportunity to draw up any plan for at least a ridiculously short period of time, well, years, let’s say , in a thousand, but cannot even vouch for his own tomorrow? Woland, "The Master and Margarita"

According to Bulgakov, freedom is the highest human value, a great reward for the difficulties and hardships that one or another character has endured in life. Even a morphine addict is free: he is able to “spend his life in complete solitude.” Under the influence of morphine, the hero’s desire to be free still did not die. Woland says that even though a person is free, throughout his entire life he has no control over his circumstances. Therefore, they are the ones who limit our ability to do things our own way.

I am free and you are free: We can do what we want. If you want, we’ll immediately jump into the water, If you want, we’ll fly into the sky. Do you want to know what joy means? Do you want to know what pain means? First, put some sweetness in your mouth, then sprinkle salt on the wound. If you want, we’ll drown in the pool, If you want, we’ll fall asleep in the poppies, If you’re afraid we’ll lose our honor, we’ll forget ourselves in an ordinary sleep. When we get bored with freedom, We will sit down together and attach (Let freedom no longer torment us) powerful chains of responsibility to each other. About freedom What if the desire appears To fight the darkness of the oncoming storms, So that the legends of the Forest, the thunderstorm and the azure shores will be written about us.

Working on a project is not just an exciting activity where I can express myself, generalize previously acquired knowledge and learn to present information. These are, first of all, discoveries, clarifications in unclear and exciting issues, as well as enormous experience. Through my research work, I realized the true meaning of freedom and why this topic plays an important role in Russian literature. In modern works, the role of human independence still does not fade into the background. Conclusion

G.D.Roberts “Shantaram” V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary” https://ru.wikipedia.org http://citaty.info/ https://www.livelib.ru/ Information sources