Sociocultural features and problems of Russian society. Sociocultural features and problems of development of Russian society

Relevance of the topic. Some scientists call the 21st century Asian, meaning significant quantitative and qualitative changes taking place in Asian countries. The Asian region is becoming increasingly important in the context of global development: the population is growing rapidly: according to demographers, by 2025 the annual population growth in Asia will be approximately 50 million people, while in the world as a whole -40 million people1, a number Asian countries is progressing significantly in socio-economic, political and cultural relations. Each country and individual groups of countries contribute to the development of the Asian region.

The specificity of the sociocultural development of the peoples of Southeast Asia, including Laos, is determined by the interaction of traditions, which are very tenacious in the region, with innovations arising from the modernization of these countries. Here East and West meet: the East as the custodian of traditional values, which are its essence, and the West as the bearer of innovations aimed at transforming traditions and adapting them to new sociocultural realities. Here one can discern both opposition and interpenetration, that is, dialectical unity. This is not about the “struggle of the new with the old,” but about the “integration” of traditional Eastern institutions into modern social reality. Otherwise, there is a threat of destruction of the people’s way of life that has evolved over centuries.

The topic seems relevant from both theoretical and practical positions, since the successful transformation of society is associated with understanding the ongoing processes, identifying patterns of development for their possible consideration in the practice of reforming society.

1 Calculated from: Population and Society. Information bulletin of the Center for Demography and Human Ecology of the Institute of National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences.-M. - 1999. - No. 38. - P. 2-3.

State of scientific development of the topic. Problems of development of the peoples of Asian countries have always been the subject of close attention of scientists around the world. However, Laos came into their field of vision only at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, after the country was included in French Indochina. The first works devoted to the new colony were predominantly ethnographic in nature. A particularly significant contribution to the study of Laos at this time was made by the French orientalist and expert on Indochina Auguste Pavy, who devoted twenty years of his life to this country. In subsequent works, published in the 30s of the 20th century, the idea of ​​a civilizing mission of the metropolis was pursued, without whose participation it was believed that the country’s progress would be impossible. French historiography of Laos contains calls to unite Western countries (USA, France, UK) in the face of the “communist danger” in Asia. A number of works by French scientists are published on Southeast Asia, including Laos, where the dominant position was about the supposedly immanent property of the Laotians, determined by the principle “nothing will cost” (bo-pen-nyang), which impedes independent development.

English-language historiography of Laos is characterized by an emphasis on the stagnation of the country’s economic development, almost untouched by modernizing trends, on its strong dependence on foreign assistance, primarily from the United States, and on political and economic disunity various areas country due to geographical conditions and underdeveloped infrastructure. Fundamental studies of the economy of colonial and pre-colonial Laos are the works of J.M. Halpern, published in the 60s of the 20th century, in which the author analyzes in detail the evolution of agrarian relations in the country. Currently, the magazine “Laos” is published in English, which publishes information about the daily life of the people. Thus, the article “Successful Businessman” by Leuth Saysana describes the activities of a famous Laotian businessman who created the first commercial bank in Laos in 1992 with an initial capital of $5 million. USA\

1 See: Laos. - Vientiane, 1995. - P. 26 - 27.

Lao national literature dedicated to the history of the country is heterogeneous. It is possible to distinguish three groups of authors and, accordingly, works with a certain orientation. One group of authors (K.D. Sasorit, S. Na Champasak) is influenced by Western European ideas. The other reflects nationalist sentiments based on Buddhist theory. These include the works of B. Suwannawong, devoted to the substantiation of the Buddhist path of development, in opposition to both Western capitalism and “communist socialism.” The works of the third group of authors (M.S. Vilavong) contain only lists of dynasties and rulers, as well as chronicle messages. Moreover long time(40s - 70s of the XX century) works of Laotian authors were published only in French.

Sources and literature in the Lao language are represented primarily by official documents, such as the Constitution of the Lao PDR (Vientiane, 1992), as well as the Laws on Human Rights, Labor, industrial enterprises, about foreign investments, about legal activities. National scientific literature in the Lao language began to develop only after the country gained independence. Moreover, the attention of scientists is attracted both by events of distant antiquity and modern processes, in terms of content, they are interested in problems of culture, economics, and building a new life. Notable publications of the 1990s include Lan Xang's Legacy, published in Vientiane in 1996 (partially translated into French and English). One of the authors of this collection, Hamphan Rattanavong, in the article “On the national and world heritage of Luang Prabang” characterizes the historical and cultural significance this city, describing the high level of culture and religious practice of the people inhabiting it. Another author, Neng Xeyvang, in the article “Hmong in Laos”, himself ethnic background Hmong, po professional status employee of the Ministry of Information and Culture, describes the legendary thousand-year history migration of the Meo people (Hmong - self-name) in the distant past from China to Laos, their life in the environment of multi-ethnic Laotian society \ Other notable

1 See: Lanxang Heritage Journal. - Vientiane, 1996 (in Laotian). The work is the collection “Theory and Politics” (Vientiane, 1997), which reflects the role of the party in solving socio-economic and cultural problems.

Contemporary issues The lives of the people are reflected primarily in magazine publications. Magazines such as “Party Construction” and “New Morning Dawn” are periodically published, which discuss issues related to economic development, the introduction of market relations, the development of individual provinces of the country, as well as issues of education, culture, overcoming outdated traditions and old beliefs1. A common genre in scientific and journalistic literature is interviews, which are willingly given by the top officials of the republic. Thus, in one of the issues of the magazine “Party Construction” for 1998, an interview was published with Secretary General NRPL Khamtay Siphandong, which is characterized by current situation countries2.

Russian historiography of Laos began relatively recently. Information in Russian about the life of the Laotian people is concentrated in reference literature. First of all, this is a periodically republished reference book called “Laos” (M.D966, 1980, 1994), containing regional information, including a historical outline, data on the development of the economy and culture. There are other publications of this kind, for example: Lao PDR. Directory. - M.: Politizdat, 1985, and also: E.V. Kobelev. Lao People's Democratic Republic. - M.: Knowledge, 1987 and others.

For Soviet researchers, Laos was of interest primarily as a country of a victorious people's democratic revolution, where the construction of socialism began, bypassing capitalist development. In those days, there was close cooperation between two countries: Laos and the USSR, books were published in Russian describing the struggle of the Laotian people for national independence, the beginning

1 See, for example: Nyongsy Likhamsuk. Education as a means of eliminating outdated traditions and old beliefs // New Morning Dawn, 1998. - No. 1 - 2. - P. 29 - 33 (in Laotian).

2 See: Party building. - Vientiane. - 1996. -№13. - pp. 1-14 (in Laotian). socialist transformations. These are, in particular, the works of the historian V.A. Kozhevnikov, who called Laos in his dissertation research a little-known country About Laos from the same period - the works of M.I. Isaev, G.G. Kadymov, Yu.Ya. Mikheev 4 and others . The works of a prominent political figure in the Laotian liberation movement, Kayson Phomvihane 5, were also published in Russian.

The limited number of works directly devoted to the topic under study does not indicate a lack of interest on the part of sociologists and cultural scientists. The focus of scientists' attention is rather on individual aspects of the phenomenon being studied. There are studies by economists devoted to Laos, first of all, this is V.V. Simonov’s monograph “Economic Development of Laos” (Moscow, 1988), which analyzes the economic processes of the 50-80s of the 20th century. A look at the economy of Laos at the end of the 19th and end of the 20th centuries is contained in the works of S.I. Ioanesyan “Laos. Socio-economic development (late XIX-60s of the XX century)" (M., 1972) and in the section "Lao PDR. The transition to a market economy (experience of reforms)" in the collection "Socio-economic development of the countries of Southeast Asia: lessons for Russia" (Moscow, 1997). Interesting works of literary scholars have been published, for example, the book by Yu.M. Osipov “Essays on the History of Laotian Classical Literature” (St. Petersburg, 1991), religious scholars, especially we're talking about about a serious study by A.S. Agadzhanyan “The Buddhist path in the 20th century.

1 See: Kozhevnikov V.A. The struggle of the peoples of Laos for national independence (1917-1962). - M., 1969. Abstract of thesis. . Candidate of Historical Sciences - P. 3. See also his work: Essays on the modern history of Laos. - M., 1979.

2 Isaev M.I. Indochina chronicle. - M., 1987.

3 Kadymov G.G. Renewed Laos. - Kyiv, 1987.

4 Mikheev Yu.Ya. Lao People's Democratic Republic - 10 years old. - M., 1985.

Religious values ​​and modern history of Theravada countries" (M., 1993), in which Buddhism is considered as a sociological phenomenon influencing daily life people. Among the works of a religious nature, we note the study of the Russian pre-revolutionary author V.A. Kozhevnikov “Buddhism in comparison with Christianity” (Petrograd, 1916), which notes the mystery of this world religion; the author calls Buddha the greatest of pessimists, promising those who believe in him the peace of eternal non-existence, in contrast to Christ, who promises the believer eternal life. Material about Buddhism is also contained in the work of G.A. Shpazhnikov “Religions of the Countries of Southeast Asia” (Moscow, 1980), where, in particular, it is emphasized that religious traditions are gradually receding and their transformation is taking place. There are also journalistic works: the book of journalist V. Skvortsov, who devoted fifteen years of his life to this “ancient land of the kingdom of ten thousand elephants,” “White Elephants of Fortune” (Moscow, 1983), is dedicated to the uniqueness of life in Laos. The author's vision is optimistic, because the white elephant is a symbol of success. The people’s struggle for independence is reflected in the collection of essays, articles, stories, and memoirs of journalists from different countries who worked in Laos, “The Path to Victory” (M., 1985), where, in particular, there is an interview of the Laotian writer Suvanthong Buphanuvong with the Russian writer Eremey Parnov, which emphasizes that for many centuries the Laotian people were at risk of destruction as a nation 1.

There is an extensive literature in which the problems of the peasantry of the East are analyzed, a typology of Eastern societies is given, their specifics are considered in comparison with the West 2. And, conversely, works characterizing the problems of education, moral norms, and etiquette of the peoples of the South-Eastern region are rare.

1 See: Path to Victory. - M., 1985. - P. 148.

See: Issues of typology of peasant societies of Asia. - M., 1980; Gordon A.B. Peasantry of the East: historical subject, cultural tradition, social community. - M., 1989; Great unknown. Peasants and farmers in the modern world. - M., 1992; Moscow Oriental Studies. Essays, research, development. - M., 1997.

Asia Relevant for modern peasant societies, which includes Laos, are the problems associated with their transformation towards the market. In this regard, the question of the adequacy of the dominant personality type to sociocultural changes acquires fundamental importance. Question

The correspondence of individuals to a changing society was also occupied by M. Weber, who talked about the “spirit” of capitalism, which must master the masses in order for capitalism to become a reality. 2. The same problem is raised by P. Sztompka, commenting on and developing Weber’s views. This issue turns out to be a pressing issue for both Laos and Russia. It is no coincidence that Novosibirsk sociologists write about this, analyzing the processes of formation of business entities in the agricultural sector 4. This study puts forward a hypothesis about dominance in Laotian society traditional type personality.

In terms of implementing an empirical research project, publications related to the use of “ qualitative methods"in sociology, in particular, the work "The Fates of People: Russia. XX century Biographies of families as an object of sociological research" (Moscow, 1996), as well as the monograph "Everyday life of the mid-90s through the eyes of St. Petersburg residents" (St. Petersburg, 1999). In addition, the ideas of Kazan scientists developing questions of theory and methodology of applied research were used: these are the works of professors E.S. Rakhmatullin, M.A. Nugaev, R.M. Nugaev, T.G. Islamshina, F.G. Ziyatdinova, N S. Fatkhullina, V. K. Paderina, A. Z. Gilmanov, as well as works

V.P.Modestova, V.V.Fursova, V.A.Belyaeva, A.L.Salagaeva,

1 See: Ethnography of childhood. Traditional forms education of children and adolescents among the peoples of South and Southeast Asia. - M., 1988; Etiquette among the peoples of Southeast Asia. - St. Petersburg, 1999.

See: Weber M. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism // Selected works. - M., 1990. - P. 81. See: P. Shtompka. Sociology social change. - M., 1996.

4 See: Social trajectory of reformed Russia. - M., 1999. -P.279 - 319.

A.P. Kulapin, L.G. Egorova, F.T. Nezhmetdinova, L.R. Nizamova, I.G. Yasaveev and other scientists.

The object of this study is Laotian society in the context of its movement from traditional society to modern.

The subject of the research is sociocultural processes in the transforming Laotian society. Sociocultural processes are understood as: the history of the emergence, formation and development of multi-ethnic Laotian society, reflection of history in literary process, socio-economic forms of economic activity, the socializing function of the family, the influence of Buddhism on the daily life of the people.

The purpose of the study is to determine the sociocultural features of the development of Laotian society.

Achieving this goal is facilitated by solving the following tasks: describing in historical retrospect the processes of emergence, formation, development of Laotian society in the unity of ethno-demographic, socio-economic, cultural components; analysis of traditional institutions of Lao society (rural community, Buddhism) in terms of their adaptation to modern social realities;

Development of a project for an empirical study of the dominant personality type in Laotian society;

Description of the generalized image of a resident of the Lao country;

Determining the adequacy of the dominant personality type to sociocultural changes.

Research methodology. The methodological basis of the study is: a systematic approach to the study of such a complex object as Eastern society, the principle of historicism, as well as a synthesis of the categories of historical and logical. Traditional institutions eastern society- the rural community and the Buddhist monastery are considered from the standpoint of structural functionalism. The ideas of the classics of world sociology were used as fundamental: K. Marx - about the peasantry as a subject of historical development, about its unity with the earth as a natural laboratory, M. Weber - about the “spirit” of capitalism as the source of the emergence of a rational organization of production - to “overlay” them on modern Laotian society in order to understand the social cultural processes. The empirical research project used typological analysis to identify the dominant personality type in Lao society.

Scientific novelty The research is as follows.

1. A synthesis of historical, theoretical, empirical approaches to the study of Laotian society has been carried out, which is considered as a systemic object - in the unity of its ethno-demographic, socio-economic and cultural components and their interrelations.

2. A project has been developed for an empirical study of the dominant personality type in Laotian society.

3. A socio-psychological portrait of a resident of the country of Lao has been created.

The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that in the context of a transforming society it performs a reflexive function, as well as a theoretical and methodological function, serving as the basis for empirical research. Materials related to ethno-demographic processes in Lao society can be used in teaching a course in demography, materials related to the development of an empirical research project can be reflected in the teaching of applied sociology.

Approbation of work. The main ideas of the study are presented internationally scientific-practical conference

Organizational and economic problems municipal government", held at the Naberezhnye-Chelny branch of KSU on May 26, 2000, as well as in two publications.

The structure of the work corresponds to the purpose, objectives of the study, the logic of data analysis and synthesis. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and appendices.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the historical past and cultural processes characteristic of Laos indicates that during the existence of the country social institutions have been repeatedly destroyed and recreated, they have not yet achieved stability. State entities on the territory of modern Laos have not been stable for centuries, holding back the socio-economic and cultural development of the people. Therefore, economic backwardness has acquired a traditional character.

Laos is at the center of interaction between different cultures, which determined the uniqueness of its ethnic composition, demographic development, social structure, and economic processes.

Ethnically, it is a multi-ethnic country with the dominant ethnolinguistic group, the Lao-Tai, making up two-thirds of the country's population. The whole history of the Lao people is their selfless struggle for survival, for the preservation of their ethnocultural identity. The consolidation of the peoples of the country into a single sociocultural community has not yet been completed. Ethnic groups maintain their unity due to the recognition of the right to dominance by the numerically dominant and most developed ethnic group in all respects.

The demographic feature of the country is the small population and weak population of its territory, as a result of which there is still a significant proportion of uncultivated land.

Agriculture remains the basis of the Laotian economy, and this is a traditionally backward sector of the economy: land productivity is very low. The cultivated areas are predominantly small in size, so the methods of caring for the fields are primitive. Due to their high cost, small-scale mechanization tools are available to few farms. Development Agriculture It is carried out mainly in an extensive way - by involving new lands into economic circulation by a growing rural population using backward agricultural technology. Progressive transformation of the country's agriculture - exclusively difficult task. The main difficulties: the backward scientific and technical base of agriculture, the archaic social structure of the population, the lack of qualified personnel to implement the country's development program. As a result, Laos remains among the world's least developed countries, with about half of the country's residents having incomes below the official poverty level.

For centuries, Buddhism has been and remains a sociocultural feature of Lao society as a traditional religious institution and at the same time a symbol of the unity of the Lao people. Time has shown its compatibility with any socio-economic formation, that is, Buddhism has significant adaptive capabilities. Buddhism is, above all, the foundation of Laotian culture. The formation and development of Laotian literature and art until the 19th century is associated with the adoption of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion in the middle of the 14th century.

Buddhism performed and continues to perform a political function: it was used to impart a divine character to the personality of the king and the regime of state power. The declaration of the country's independence does not mean the removal of the church and monasticism from society; there are enough opportunities to adapt the teachings of the Buddha to the policies of the Lao PDR government. The Buddhist Sangha has always been the spiritual power base. At the same time, it was truly a stronghold of culture, performed educational and educational functions, and also provided medical assistance to the population.

Buddhism is deeply rooted in society and largely determines the lifestyle and mentality of approximately two-thirds of the country's population. Half of them can be qualified as active, faithful Buddhists, observing all the precepts of the Teaching, the rest are passive Buddhists, for whom religion is associated primarily with the preservation of traditional norms and customs. Among the followers of Buddhism, the majority are ethnic Lao, living in cities and plains with irrigated rice cultivation. Buddhism is the dominant religion, but not the official religion of the country. Historically, it has become a tradition to identify Buddhism with national ideology and culture.

The specifics of the modern economic state of society are determined by two main trends: the preservation of traditional institutions of society, which include the peasant community, patron-client relations, and the emergence of innovations caused by the development of the market institution and accompanying changes.

The evolution of society from a patriarchal community to the formation of elements of socialism and capitalism indicates its movement from traditional to modern society. This is a movement from communal life, from a self-sufficient rural community with family, kinship and neighborhood ties, which satisfies only minimal needs, to a market-type society, with a rational organization of labor, with profit as the goal of work.

The age-old traditions of community life at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries come into conflict with the course towards economic renewal associated with the development of market relations. In new conditions public life the traditional qualities of the Laotian people associated with running a self-sufficient peasant economy, primarily practical economic skills and abilities, because agricultural labor and craft constituted unity, must be supplemented with completely new ones, adequate to a market society, namely: enterprise, determination, competitiveness, the ability to rationally organize the economy to make a profit, that is, to become imbued with the “spirit” of capitalism, as M. Weber put it. The individual must gain independence from the community and self-sufficiency. Under these conditions, the values ​​cultivated by Buddhism for centuries: renunciation of the world, of possession, of property, preaching of contemplation turn out to be unclaimed, hindering the development of society. The principles of Buddhism regarding the participation of people in social and economic life are being revised: entrepreneurship is encouraged if it is of a “righteous” nature, a strategy for curbing private property is being developed, and a mechanism for the fair distribution of material wealth is being developed. In the process of transformation of society there is a transformation human individuality- from an individual who was a single whole with the community, passive, lacking initiative, content with little, to a personality of an individualistic type with opposite properties: independent, active, ready to take risks, capable of overcoming the traditional line associated with the hope that “maybe everything will work out.”

At the same time, despite the deep roots of Buddhism in the consciousness and behavior of the people, the respect for monks on the part of the population, secularization occurs various fields life of society. Buddhism is increasingly becoming a set practical advice for everyday life, that’s why it is called folk. The number of devout Buddhists is decreasing, and the number of passive Buddhists is growing. This trend applies primarily to young people, for whom the word “vat” (monastery) is associated with the concept of something traditional, that is, old-fashioned, outdated. To maintain adherents among younger generations, Buddhism must transform itself in line with the transformation of Western-style modern life.

The prospects for creating a new economic system in a country with a predominance of subsistence farming are associated by the country's leadership primarily with economic assistance from the West. At the same time, actions are being taken to restore the once developed relations with Russia. It is believed that the conditions for the development of the country and attracting foreign investment are favorable: market transformations are carried out while maintaining the one-party system, political stability, and public order.

The evolution of society from traditional to modern also changes the worldview of the people: from mythological to realistic, from sublime, figurative, poetic perception of the world to rational.

Thus, the modernization of society is accompanied by the modernization of the individual, the latter means the elimination of traditional traits and the formation of new ones, adequate to a rationalistic society.

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