Oge on literature kim. Patriotic and civil lyrics

In the 2018-2019 academic year, 9th grade graduates in all regions of the Russian Federation will be examined in 5 subjects, of which two will be compulsory (Russian language and mathematics), and the choice of the remaining three will be given to the students themselves and their parents.

In 2018, literature was in last place among the optional subjects of the OGE, because only 3% of ninth-graders decided to take this subject. Today, as the moment of choosing subjects for graduates of 2019 approaches, many children and parents have a question: is it worth taking the OGE in literature in 9th grade and, if so, is it difficult to prepare for it? Let's try to understand the intricacies of the subject, the features of CMMs and the secrets of preparing for this exam.

the date of the

Students who will graduate from 9th grade in 2019 will take the OGE at the end school year. But, as in previous seasons, students will be given the opportunity to take the test early, or try again if they fail to pass the minimum threshold the first time.

The following days are reserved for the literature exam in 9th grade:

Early period
Main day	Reserve day
Main period
Main day	Reserve days 28.06.19 / 02.07.19 / 03.07.19
Autumn retake
1 retake	2 retake 19.09.19 / 21.09.19

Format and features of the literature exam

Literature as one of OGE exams 2019 will be chosen by students who wish to continue their studies in philological classes, because to successfully overcome the test it is necessary:

• know the biographies of writers and poets;
• thoroughly study the works included in the list school curriculum;
• be able to analyze and compare texts, draw up portraits of heroes, evaluate their actions;
• express your own opinion beautifully, concisely and competently.

The main feature of the OGE in literature from other exams taken by ninth-graders in 2019 is the fact that the ticket contains no tests with answers. The 2019 exam paper will consist of 2 parts:

Ninth-graders undergo final certification at their school.

Examinees are given 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes) to complete the work.

Part 1 (text analysis)

Before you begin completing the tasks of Part 1, you need to familiarize yourself with the two proposed options and choose for analysis only one, the closest and most understandable.

Important! You cannot do both options at once.

The length of the detailed answer should be approximately:

Do not use overly complex speech structures. Let the text be concise, but at the same time readable and filled with deep meaning.

Part 2 (essay)

Most of all, graduates, who are accustomed to simply answering tests during test periods in various subjects, are afraid of essays, which are integral part OGE 2019 in literature.

In fact, the majority of graduates completing 9th grade pass the second part of the OGE in literature without any problems, and in 2019, examinees also have nothing to fear. It is also worth knowing that:

• in the process of writing an essay, it is allowed to use the full text of the work of art;
• The essay must be 200 words long (works of less than 150 words are not graded);
• your judgments must be argued using fragments from the text;
• When analyzing a work, it is important not to distort the author’s position.

Work evaluation

The OGE 2019 works on literature do not contain a test part, and therefore are fully assessed by independent experts. To determine the final score, each work will be checked by two teachers. As a result, the following scenarios are possible:

• The assessments agreed - everything was excellent, the score was determined and it was entered into the documentation.
• In the assessments of two experts there is a difference not exceeding 2 points - the arithmetic average is given.
• Expert assessments differ by more than 2 points - a third specialist is involved, whose opinion will be decisive.

The grade received by a ninth-grader on the OGE in literature in 2019 will affect the certificate score. When converting test scores for a given subject into grades, a special correspondence table is used:

Thus, if preparation for the OGE in literature in 2019 was weak, and the graduate’s goal was to overcome the minimum passing threshold, then it will be enough for him to get only 7 test points. If the subject was chosen for the purpose of entering a specialized class or college, you will need to score at least 15 test points, which already corresponds to a grade of “4”.

Since the OGE in literature has its own special specifics, graduates of 2019 need to start preparing for the exam as early as possible, because they will need to read a fairly large amount of literature (the list of works is given below) and work on the main topics of the essays.

Where to begin?

Step 1. Familiarize yourself with the requirements for the examination paper by familiarizing yourself with the codifier and specifications.

Step 2. We read the works given in the list. Naturally, it is better to read the full text in the original, but if there is no time for this, then it is worth reading the abridged version and criticism, which can be found in special collections or on the Internet.

We bring to your attention a complete list of literature for the 2019 OGE in literature with questions that need to be answered while reading the work.

Step 3. Taking notes. Don't rely on possibilities human memory, they, unfortunately, are not unlimited. While reading, take the time to write down in your notebook the basic information you will need to answer questions and write essays.

Step 4. Let's practice completing the tasks of the first part. The demo version of the OGE in literature 2019 will help with this, as well as the tickets that were offered at the exams to graduates of the 2018-2018 academic year.

Step 5. We practice writing an essay, observing the basic requirements for the text.

It would be a good idea to listen to the advice of experienced teachers, read the analysis of the demo version and recommendations for writing an essay. We invite you to watch one of these video tutorials right now:

A text fragment (or a poem, or a fable) is accompanied by a system of written tasks (three tasks for each option) aimed at analyzing the problems of a work of art and the main means of revealing the author's idea. Each of the first two tasks requires a written response of approximately 3–5 sentences and is worth a maximum of 3 points.

The third task (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) involves not only thinking about the proposed text, but also comparing it with another work or fragment, the text of which is also given in the examination paper (approximate volume - 5-8 sentences).

Part 2 of the examination paper contains four essay topics that require extensive written argumentation. The examinee chooses one of four topics proposed to him (the student is asked to spend 115 minutes to create an essay). In a lyric essay, the examinee must analyze at least two poems (their number can be increased at the examinee’s discretion). Examinees are recommended to have a volume of at least 200 words (if the essay contains less than 150 words, then such work is considered incomplete).

The essay is assessed with a maximum of 12 points.

Scale for converting points to grades:

"2"– from 0 to 6

"3"– from 7 to 13

"4"– from 14 to 18

"5"– from 19 to 23

System for assessing the performance of individual tasks and the examination work as a whole

The assessment of the completion of the examination work tasks is carried out on the basis of special criteria developed for the three specified types of tasks that require a detailed answer in different volumes.

For completing each of the two tasks of a basic level of complexity (1.1.1, 1.1.2; 1.2.1, 1.2.2), the examinee can receive a maximum of 3 points (2 points for the content criterion and 1 point for speech design answer).

Completing the task higher level complexity (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) is assessed according to three criteria: “The ability to compare works of art”; “The depth of the judgments made and the persuasiveness of the arguments”; “Following the norms of speech.” The first criterion is the main one: if the expert gives 0 points on it, the task is considered unfulfilled and is not assessed according to other criteria (0 points are given in the answer verification protocol). The examinee can receive a maximum of 5 points for completing task 1.1.3 or 1.2.3.

Completion of the task in Part 2 (essay) is assessed according to five criteria: “The depth of disclosure of the topic of the essay and the persuasiveness of judgments” (maximum – 3 points); “Level of mastery of theoretical and literary concepts” (maximum – 2 points); “The validity of using the text of the work” (maximum – 2 points); “Compositional integrity and consistency of presentation” (maximum – 2 points); “Following speech norms” (maximum – 3 points). Thus, the examinee can receive a maximum of 12 points for the essay. The first criterion is the main one: if the expert gives 0 points on it, the task is considered unfulfilled and is not assessed according to other criteria (0 points are given in the answer verification protocol). When evaluating an essay, its length is also taken into account. A minimum length of 200 words is recommended for examinees. If the essay contains less than 150 words (the word count includes all words, including function words), then such work is considered incomplete and is scored 0 points.

235 minutes are allotted to complete the examination work.

Reference materials to prepare for the OGE in literature

9th grade

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary genera and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration, this kind of literature is called epic;

Second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about the impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings, which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly the experience was becoming the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can depict item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

EPOS	DRAMA	LYRICS
(Greek - narrative) a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures; image of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). Author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.	(Greek - action) depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.	(from the name of a musical instrument) experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main thing event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form; such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism the concept is often introduced literary type, this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples genus-species relations in literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; V id: story; genre: fantastic story etc.

historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, an archaic genre has become one that was born in ancient times and popular in XVII-XVIII centuries Oh yeah; romanticism XIX century brought to life detective literature, etc.

Main literary genres

Lyrics
	An enthusiastic poem in honor of some significant person or event.
Poem	A small work created according to the laws of poetic speech.
	The poem is a philosophical reflection on life, love, nature, and the passage of time.
	A poem meant to be sung.
Message	A lyrical work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons.
Epigram	Short poem ridiculing a person.
Epic
	A short work dedicated to a specific event in a person’s life. In such a brief episode from a person’s life, the author reveals the essential typical features of life.
	Events that actually happened in life are depicted, the participants of which existed in reality.
	It is distinguished by the clarity of the depiction of events, the unexpectedness of their development and outcome.
	The story depicts a series of events that illuminate an entire period of a person’s life. In ancient Russian literature, a story was called any narrative about events in historical or private life.
	Reflects a complex life process, big circle life phenomena shown in development. Many people usually take part in the events depicted in the novel. characters, whose destinies and interests are intertwined.
Epic novel	A novel that covers particularly complex and rich life material, spanning an entire era.
Drama
Tragedy	In this work, the character of the hero is revealed in a hopeless situation, in an unequal, intense struggle that dooms him to death.
	Any work written in the form of a conversation between the characters, without the author’s speech. A work that depicts a complex and serious conflict, an intense struggle between the characters.
	A work that reflects the funny and incongruous in life, ridicules some unhealthy social or everyday phenomenon, or funny traits of human character.
Mystery	Medieval drama performed on Latin initially in Catholic churches and later as a folk spectacle. Its content consisted of dramatizations of some church legend with interludes.
Melodrama	A drama whose characters are sharply divided into virtuous heroes and notorious villains. They have an unusual destiny, are endowed with exceptional feelings, find themselves in implausible acute situations that end happily. According to the laws of the genre, virtuous heroes, after many vicissitudes of fate, always win.
	A funny comedy with everyday content.
Vaudeville	A little humorous theatrical play with verses and dances, One-act funny comedy.
Tragicomedy	Combines the features of tragedy and comedy.

Correspondence literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

Muses-patrons of the arts	Literary genres
Polygamy	Solemn chants - hymns.
	Love poetry - elegy
	Lyric poetry - messages
Calliope	Lyric-epic works - fable, story, story.
Melpomene	Tragedy.

Genres epic works

Genres of lyrical works

(song of praise)

(glorification of a person or event)

Epitaph (gravestone inscription, sometimes comic)

(poems about a serene shepherd's life)

Epigram (satire on a person)

Dithyramb (liking one person)

Message (address to a person in the form of a letter)

Lyric poem

Madrigal (a poem of praise dedicated to the lady)

(poem of 14 lines)

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) – the basic principles that guide the writer when selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting artistic images facts of life.

Signs of a literary movement:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

general understanding life values and aesthetic ideal;

general type of hero;

style of artistic speech;

characteristic plots;

favorite genres;

choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;

writers' way of thinking;

writer's personality type;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification literary trends

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from the Latin classicus first-class) is a movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflected the idea of ​​rationalistic harmony, strict orderliness of the world, and faith in the human mind. It developed at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Representatives	Western European literature	Russian literature
	Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Racine	A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.D. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin
Distinctive features	Inherits the traditions of the art of antiquity
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of reason
	A work of art is a logically constructed whole
	Strict division of heroes into positive and negative (character schematization). Heroes are idealized.
	The plot and composition obey accepted rules (the rule of three unities)
	The narrative must be objective
	The importance of civil issues content

Division of genres

High	Low
Tragedy, poem, ode	Comedy, fable, satire
They feature heroes, tell stories about public life, stories	They operate ordinary people, tells about everyday life

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from French sentimental – sensitive) – literary movement, which arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in late XVII- early 19th century. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

Representatives	Russian literature
	N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Kapnist, N.A. Lviv
Distinctive features	Portrayal of human psychology
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the heroes is exaggerated
	Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world
	In the center of the image are feelings, nature
	Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world
	The ideal is moral purity, innocence.

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Sentimental story, message, travel notes	Elegy, folk songs	Philistine drama

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a movement in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia XVIII- XIX centuries, consisting in the desire of authors to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots, suggested to them by life phenomena. A romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, what, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Representatives	Foreign literature	Russian literature
	J.G. Byron, I. Goethe, I. Schiller, E. Hoffmann, P. Shelley, C. Nodier	V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol
Distinctive features	Unusual characters, exceptional circumstances
	A tragic duel between personality and fate
	Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics romantic hero
	Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime
	A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual
	The cult of freedom: the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, ballads and thoughts, poems	Elegiac lyrics, landscape lyrics, philosophical lyrics	Problem-historical drama

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Representatives	Russian literature
	A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky and others
Distinctive features	Portrayal of characters interacting with the outside world
	For a writer, details of the interior, portrait, landscape are important
	Character typing
	Portrayal of characters and events in development
	Historically specific society, events, era
	Focus on conflict: hero - society

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, poem, story	Song, elegy, satire	Tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles

Piece of art- literary work, distinctive feature which is the depiction of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.

The course of events in the work is determined by:
composition	conflict	plot	plot
Construction of the work, its location components, the order of events.	A disagreement, a clash that underlies the struggle of the characters in a work of art.	A series of interconnected and sequentially developing life events that make up the direct content of an epic work.	A sequential account of events or incidents (in chronological order) depicted in a work of fiction.
One of the main means by which a writer characterizes characters.	The conflict can be both external (the hero and circumstances) and internal (the hero struggles with his shortcomings).	The plot reflects the clashes and contradictions characteristic of life, the relationships between people and the writer’s assessment and attitude towards them.	The plot may coincide with the plot, or it may diverge from it.

Basic Plot Elements

Prologue	A unique introduction to the work emotionally and eventfully prepares the reader to perceive the content of the work.
Exposition	The introductory, initial part of the plot, the depiction of external conditions, living conditions, historical events. Does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
The beginning	An event from which an action begins, entailing all subsequent significant events in it.
Action Development	Description of everything that is happening, the course of events.
Climax	The moment of greatest tension in the development of the action of a work of art.
Denouement	The position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it is the final scenes.
Epilogue	The final part of the work, in which it can be determined further fate heroes and development of events. It could be short story about what happened after the completion of the main storyline.

Extra-plot elements

Introductory episodes	“Inserted” episodes that are not directly related to the plot of the work, but are given as memories in connection with the events described.
Lyrical digressions	They can be actually lyrical, philosophical and journalistic. With their help, the author conveys his feelings and thoughts about what is depicted. These can be the author’s assessments of heroes and events or general reasoning on any subject, an explanation of one’s goal and position.
Artistic framing	Scenes that begin and end an event or work, adding a special meaning to it.

SUBJECT - Subject, main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

SUBJECT (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, image, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic utterance (...). (Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word “theme” is equated in meaning to the term “content,” while the content of a work of art is immeasurably broader than the topic, the topic is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

SUBJECT - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work. The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All the phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist's sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, joys of life, money , relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. and so on. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.

The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is express the topic artistically. Naturally, this can only be done posing a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The problem differs from the ambiguity of possible solutions tasks. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more complex the chosen subject), the more questions (problems) it will raise, and the more difficult these questions will be to resolve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be problems literary work.

The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate to artists different topics and problems. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the 12th century “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked the questions: how to force the Russian princes to stop caring only about personal gain and to be at enmity with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal state should be like.
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of human dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of interaction between a talented and extraordinary person and a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.

19th century with its focus on literature critical realism turned artists to new topics and forced them to think about new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “little” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relationships with “big” people;

became the most important feminine theme, and with it the so-called social “women’s question”; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheaval aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the topic peasant life and the fate discovered by Nekrasov became leading in literature, and with it the question: how will the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia turn out?

tragic events of history and public sentiment brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which received further development Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in attempts to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “sons” in a turbulent and bloody world? How do we understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How can you avoid losing yourself in your quest to be different from others? Chernyshevsky turns to the topic of public good and asks: “What should be done?” so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to “equip” Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .

note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated primarily in interrogative form, especially if formulating problems is the task of your essay or other work on literature.

Sometimes in art, a real breakthrough is precisely the question posed by the author - a new, unknown to society earlier, but now vital, vital. Many works are created to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of ​​a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relationships between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

Life phenomenon →	A question that allows you to explore a life phenomenon using figurative language →
Subject →	Problem →

Fine- means of expression in a work of art
Concept	Definition	Examples
Trope is a figure of speech built on the use of words or expressions in figurative meaning, sense (from Greek tropos-turn).
Allegory	Allegorical depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality with the help of a concrete one lifestyle. Allegory is often used in fables.	Cunning allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed- in the guise of a wolf, deceit in the form of a snake.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression consisting of an exorbitant exaggeration of the strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon.	...a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol, “Terrible Revenge”).
Irony	Subtle hidden mockery, one of the types of humor. Irony can be good-natured, sad, angry, caustic, angry, etc.	Did you sing everything? This is the case... (I.A. Krylov, “Dragonfly and Ant”).
Litotes	This is an understatement of the size, strength, and significance of the depicted object.	For example, in works of oral folk art - a little boy, a hut on chicken legs. Steel knife - steel nerves. Bee from cells wax Flies for field tribute.
Metonymy	Transfer of meaning (name) based on the contiguity of phenomena.	So eat some more plate, my dear! (I.A. Krylov, “Demyan’s Ear”) - in this example, we do not mean the plate itself as a piece of utensils, but its contents, i.e. ear. All flags will be visiting us.
Personification (prosopoeia)	One of the techniques of artistic depiction consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts.	Will be comforted silent sadness And frisky will think about it joy… (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky”).
Sarcasm	Evil and caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, one of the most powerful means of satire.	Helps to detect the unseemly essence of a person’s behavior or motives, shows the contrast between subtext and external meaning.
Synecdoche	Replacing the name of a life phenomenon with the name of its part instead of the whole.	As a girl, she didn't stand out in any way in the crowd of browns. dresses (I.A. Bunin, “Easy Breathing”).
Comparison	Definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has general signs with the first. A simile either simply indicates similarity (he was like...) or is expressed using similar words like, exactly, as if and so on.	He was looks like evening clear... (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Demon”).
Periphrase	Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics that define it, creating a vivid picture of life in our minds.	It's a sad time! Ouch charm! (about autumn). (A.S. Pushkin, “Autumn”).
Epithet	A figurative definition that characterizes the property or quality of a person, phenomenon, or object.	Cloud spent the night golden On the chest giant cliff. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Cliff”).
Antithesis	A stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning.	They got along. Wave and stone Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other. (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Oxymoron	A stylistic figure or a stylistic error, a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incompatible things). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect. From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way of resolving an inexplicable situation. Oxymoron is often found in poetry.	And the day has come. Gets up from his bed Mazepa, this frail sufferer, This corpse alive, just yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Stylistic figures are syntactic structures built in a special way; they are necessary to create a certain artistic expressiveness.
Anaphora (unity of principle)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of consonances of individual words. Sound unity of command consists in the repetition of individual consonances.	The black-eyed girl Black-eyed horse!.. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Desire”).
Antithesis	A turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.	They got along. Water and stone. Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other... (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Gradation	Gradual strengthening or worsening - one of the stylistic figures consists of grouping definitions with increasing or decreasing meaning.	Don't think about running! It's me Called. I'll find it. I'll drive it. I'll finish it. I'll torture you! (V.V. Mayakovsky, “About This”).
Inversion	Violation of the direct order of words, rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness, unusual sequence of words in a sentence.	And the maiden's song is barely audible Valleys in deep silence. (A.S. Pushkin, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).
Oxymoron	A phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of phenomena.	Sounding silence, sweet pain and so on.
Rhetorical appeal	(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) rhetorical appeals are very characteristic of poetic speech and are quite often used in texts of journalistic style. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in a conversation.	Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?
Default	It consists in the fact that the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses what was left unsaid. Such a statement is also called interrupted.
Ellipsis	Omission in speech of some easily implied word, part of a sentence, most often a predicate.

Phonetic means of expression
Euphony	It consists of beauty and naturalness of sound.
Alliteration	Repetition of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.	The Neva swelled and roared, A cauldron bubbling and swirling... (A.S. Pushkin, “The Bronze Horseman”).
Assonance	Repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in a line, phrase, stanza.	It's time! It's time! The horns are blowing... (A.S. Pushkin, “Count Nulin”).
Sound recording	Using the sound composition of a word, its sound to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.	For example, onomatopoeia, which can be used to convey the singing of birds, the clatter of hooves, the noise of the forest and river, etc.
Visual means of syntax
Syntactic parallelism(from Greek parallelos - walking next to)	One of the techniques of poetic speech. It consists of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel in order to emphasize the similarities or differences between the phenomena. For syntactic parallelism characteristic feature is the uniformity of phrase construction.	curly birch, There is no wind, but you make noise: My heart is zealous There is no grief, but you are in pain. (1) For ten years he selected option after option. (2) It’s not a matter of school hard work and patience - he knew how to invent new combinations, come up with new questions. (3) This is how Johann Bach constructed his fugues, extracting inexhaustible variations from one theme. In this example, syntactic parallelism and lexical repetition are used to connect sentences 2 and 3.
A rhetorical question	A turn of poetic speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in the conversation.	Or is it new for us to argue with Europe? Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories? (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Slanders of Russia”).
Exclamation, exclamatory sentence.	This is a type of sentence that contains emotional relationships expressed in a syntactic way (particles what, for, how, which, like this, well and etc.). By these means, the statement is given the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation, feelings of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, etc. are conveyed.	Oh, how bitter you are, desperately, later, you need youth! (A. Tvardovsky, “Beyond the Distance”). Do you love me? Yes? Yes? Oh, what a night! Wonderful night! (A.P. Chekhov, “The Jumper”).
Appeal	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in an emphasized, sometimes repeated address of the writer to the hero of his work, to natural phenomena, to the reader, in the hero’s address to other characters.	Don't sing in front of me, beauty. (A.S. Pushkin, “Don’t Sing...”). And you, Arrogant descendants! (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Death of a Poet”).
Non-union (asyndeton)	A turn of poetic speech that consists of the omission of connecting conjunctions between words and sentences. Their absence gives speech speed, expressiveness, and conveys rapid intonation.	Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning... (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Polyunion (repeating alliances)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of the same conjunctions.	And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice... (A.S. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”).

Basics of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language from which it came to us, it means “harmony, proportionality.” How does this proportionality arise? What condition is necessary for rhythm to occur? What does the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock have in common? the measured noise of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of line endings and rhymes. The lines seem to echo like an echo, repeating each other, sometimes changing their sound slightly. Re-read A.A.’s poem out loud again. Feta “The summer evening is quiet and clear...”. Find lines that rhyme.

Rhyme- This is a repetition of sounds that connect the endings of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four – quatrain.

Rhyme

The following types of rhyme are distinguished:
Name	Definition
Depending on the place of emphasis
	The stress falls on the last syllable
	The last syllable is unstressed
Dactylic	The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the line
Hyperdactylic	The stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end of the line
Depending on the order of rhyming lines
Adjacent, steam room	The lines rhyme standing friend behind a friend (AA)
	Three consecutive lines rhyme (AAA)
Cross	Rhyming lines go one after another (ABAB)
Encircling, ring	Of the four lines, the 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd rhyme with each other (ABBA)
Ternary	Complex alternation in six lines (AABAAB)
Depending on the repetition of the ending sounds of rhyming lines
	Frost roses
Assonance	Broom tables

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem “Butterfly” and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You're right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All the velvet is mine with its living blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, it is born steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner”:

I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle raised in captivity,

My sad comrade, flapping his wing,

It's pecking at bloody food under the window...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin’s poems:

The hops are already drying up on the mew.

Behind the farmsteads, on the melon fields,

In cool weather sun rays

Bronze melons are turning red...

The rhyme in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic And trisyllabic.

Two-syllable sizes called a poetic meter with a line of two syllables.

In Russian versification there are two two-syllable meters: iambic And trochee.

Iambic– a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

Iambic trimeter :

Friend of the idle thought, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near Lukomorye; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The golden chain on the oak tree... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic pentameter:

One more last legend - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is finished _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Trochee– two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word "trochee" translated from Greek language means “dancing” from the word “choir”, “dance”, “round dance”.

Trochee trimeter :

In the haze of invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The month of spring has come... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Trochee tetrameter:

Through the wavy fogs _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is making its way... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Pentameter trochee:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog the flinty path shines... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular meters in Russian poetry; for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic verse meters

Consider the lines of the poem “ Railway»:

Glorious Autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces...

Let's place the emphasis and build a verse diagram:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first is stressed, the second and third are unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let’s take other lines - from Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”, place the emphasis and build a diagram of the verse.

Once upon a time in the cold winter time

I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first is unstressed, the second is stressed, the third is unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrachium: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining poetic meter.

Place emphasis.

Identify unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I those be nothing GO Not ska andat .

I those bI Not meet VO zhu neither hat t.

AND O TO m,What I mO lcha you LOLat ,

Not re wat syaneither on ThuO name bookat t.

A. Fet.

- trimeter anapest

Now let’s place emphasis in the lines from Nekrasov’s poem “Troika” and build a diagram of the verse.

Why are you looking greedily at the road?

Away from your cheerful friends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second are unstressed, the third is stressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrachium

(_ _́ _ ), and anapest (_ _ _́ )

Verse sizes
Disyllabic
		The storm covers the sky with darkness...
		My first friend, my priceless friend!
Trisyllabic
		Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Amphibrachium		In the sandy steppes of Arabian land Three proud palm trees grew high.
		Don't be sad, dear neighbor...

Clue: To remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered young poets the following hint:

Ann A A Khmatova – dactyl; M A rin A Color e that e V A– amphibrachium; N And To O Lai G at m And lion - anapest.

Themes and motives in the lyrics

Subject

From Greek theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

Intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov “She is not proud of her beauty...”

B.L. Pasternak " Winter evening».

Landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet “Wonderful picture...”

S.A. Yesenin “behind the dark strand of woods...”.

Lyrics of friendship

B.Sh. Okudzhava "Ancient student song".

Theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva “Rolandov Horn”.

Patriotic and civil lyrics

ON THE. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: exactly him inner world and shown in lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (two poems called “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags...”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where il..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from folk song or fairy tales (“Mother walked through the forest in her bathing suit...”). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Motive

From French motif - lit. movement.

A stable formal and content component of a work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identifying the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motifs of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, melancholy, and loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

Leitmotif

A leading motif in one or many works.

The motive of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I.Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

A brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. M.: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http://shkola. lv

http://4ege. ru

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1. net

They also think about which disciplines are best to take as an elective subject. Among the options for passing the OGE is literature.

Most often, it is taken by guys who want to become philologists or linguists in the future. This subject does not cause difficulties for schoolchildren who have devoted enough time to studying domestic and foreign classics. And before taking the OGE, it’s a good idea to find out what innovations await you in the structure and content of the tickets, what the exam schedule will be, and what requirements the commission puts forward for ninth-grade graduates!

Demo version of OGE-2018

Dates of the OGE in literature

When preparing for the OGE, it is important for students to know in advance in what order and on what dates they will have to take this or that subject. For the literature examination, Rosobrnadzor has allocated the following dates:

• April 27, 2018 (Friday) is the date for early passing of the literary OGE. The reserve date for this period is May 7, 2018 (Monday);
• June 7, 2018 (Thursday) – main exam upcoming for graduates high school. June 22, 2018 (Friday) – reserve;
• September 12, 2018 (Wednesday) is the day of additional examination. The reserve became September 20, 2018 (Thursday).

Changes in the OGE-2018 in literature

The relevant commission considered that several clarifications need to be made to this CMM.

1. The instructions for the work have been improved and formulated so that the student clearly and clearly understands the logic of the tasks and the criteria requirements.
2. The criteria by which long-answer tasks will be assessed have changed.
3. The point that can be obtained for the KIM solution will be increased by 6 in 2018 and will amount to 29 points.

Structure and content of KIM

The main purpose of the literature examination is to assess the level of preparation of students in general education institutions in this subject. The results obtained will be used to enroll students in specialized classes. Important point: Literature exams are different from other subjects—students should not rely on assignments with short answers in this paper.

The literary OGE, unlike, is not aimed at testing basic linguistic knowledge. Your ability to provide reasoned answers to questions posed will demonstrate how well you understand the terminology. The main goal of the OGE is to test schoolchildren’s analytical thinking, their ability to interpret literary texts, their ability to compare facts and reason logically. At the same time, the ticket is designed so that the student can solve it according to his reading preferences.


During the exam you will have to complete 4 literary tasks in 235 minutes.

KIM in literature was created on the principle of absolute variability - schoolchildren have the right to choose tasks from several proposed options. To get the highest score for the work, the student will have to:

• learn artistic text and analyze it;
• highlight the main semantic parts in the text;
• determine the type and genre of a work of art;
• understand and formulate main idea or the problem underlying the work;
• characterize the main characters of the work, its plot features, composition and means of expression used by the author;
• conduct benchmarking literary texts;
• express a personal position in relation to the work read;
• retell and give feedback in writing.

The compilers of KIMs paid attention to the main theoretical and literary terms and conceptual apparatus, Russian folklore, ancient Russian literary works, Russian XVIII literature, XIX, XX–XXI centuries, as well as classics foreign literature. Now let's look at the structure of the work in a little more detail. In KIM, two components and 10 tasks await you, from which you will need to choose 4 (3 tasks from the first part and 1 from the second).

• The first part of the work is tasks in which students will have to analyze a fragment of the work artistic character. This part is presented in two options - the student can choose the passage that best suits his level of preparation. Option No. 1 - an excerpt from an epic, dramatic or lyric-epic work. In option No. 2 you will find an analysis of a poem or fable. In each option, you will need to cope with three tasks that will show whether you can perceive texts, make value judgments and understand the author's idea. A detailed answer to questions No. 1 and No. 2 should consist of 3-5 sentences. Each task will earn you up to 5 points. In task No. 3, the student must not only write his thoughts about the text he read, but also make a comparison with another text passage or work. The answer must be presented in the form of 5-8 sentences, for which you can receive another 6 points;
• The second part of the work is an essay on one of four topics. This part of the OGE is interconnected with the options from the first part. Topic #1 refers to a piece of fiction, #2 to a fable or poem. However, the student can choose topics No. 3 or 4 - they relate to ancient Russian literature, literary heritage XVIII century or classics of the XIX-XX centuries. When solving this part of the ticket, it is necessary to comply with the norm - the essay must contain at least 200 words. If the student was unable to write more than 150 words, then the task is considered uncompleted and is scored 0 points. The maximum allowed for an essay is 13 points.

The maximum primary points for the literary OGE is 29 points.

Criteria for assessing the OGE in literature


The key to a high score is familiarity with the classics of Russian and world literature

When evaluating works, commission members will be guided by the following criteria:

• in the first part of the ticket, an assessment is made of how well the answer corresponds to the task. In addition, the commission will give points for the argumentation and connection of the answer with the author’s text, the accuracy of the facts and the consistency of the statements;
• When evaluating an essay, the commission takes into account seven criteria. The student must: write an essay that corresponds to the chosen topic; argue your point by using quotes; rely on literary concepts; maintain compositional integrity; do not violate the logic of the story; be accurate with facts; comply with all literary norms. The first criterion can earn you 1 point, the rest - 2 points. In this case, the first criterion is the most important - if the examiner gives 0 for it, then the entire essay will be graded 0 points.

Regulations and features of the literary OGE

Ninth grade graduates will get 235 minutes to work with a ticket. The specialized commission recommends wisely distributing the time allocated for CMM:

• up to 120 minutes – for tasks from the first part of the ticket;
• up to 115 minutes for writing.

You should rid your pockets in advance of unnecessary things that could be tools for cheating. Do not bring smartphones or smartwatches into class that can be loaded with answers or essays, otherwise you may be kicked out of the classroom and your exam results will be invalidated.

It is worth saying that it will be easier for ninth grade students than for eleventh graders, because when working with a ticket they are allowed to use the texts of literary works and lyrical collections. Of course, all students will not be given a set of books - they will be on a separate table, to which each student taking the exam will have free access.

How does the OGE grade affect the school certificate?

The mark received for the OGE in literature can adjust your grade for the subject. The scale for transferring points is as follows:

• from 0 to 9 points – the student is given a “two” for the OGE;
• from 10 to 17 points – the student receives a “C”;
• from 18 to 24 points – a ninth-grader wrote the OGE with a “B”;
• from 25 to 29 points - the exam mark is identical to “five”.

If a student wishes to continue his studies in a specialized class or college, he will need to score at least 19 points for the OGE.


Practice putting your thoughts on paper so you don’t make mistakes.

How to prepare for the OGE in literature?

When preparing and writing a literary OGE, students can use the following tips and recommendations:

• focus on the school curriculum and make sure that you have a set of literature books for all years of study;
• Check out the demo version of the OGE for 2018 to understand which topics and tasks are problematic for you. In addition, the demo will help you practice filling out the form;
• make a schedule for reading literary works submitted to the OGE. The amount of information on this subject is so large that you definitely won’t be able to cope with it in a couple of nights;
• read not only the full text of the work, but also reviews from critics - this will help you argue your thoughts in the essay. Tickets for 2018 may include works by M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Fonvizina, G.R. Derzhavina, N.M. Karamzina, I.A. Krylova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Griboyedova, A.S. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, A.N. Ostrovsky, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.A. Feta, N.A. Nekrasova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhova, I.A. Bunina, A.A. Blok, V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenina, M.A. Sholokhova, A.T. Tvardovsky, V.M. Shukshina, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, B.N. Strugatsky and others (a list of specific works is in the codifier, which can be downloaded at the beginning of the article);
• don’t grab the first topic suggested - read the entire ticket to understand which tasks are closer to you;
• do not write the full text of the essay on a draft form, wasting precious minutes - a draft is better used for a thesis statement of thoughts, recording quotes and main arguments.

In 2018, the Ministry of Education does not plan fundamental changes in the structure of literature testing for ninth graders.

The management of a school institution may leave a student for a second year if he refuses to pass the final state certification. Without passing the test, a certificate for grade 9 will not be issued. Ninth-graders will also have three attempts to pass the exams.

State Academy of Literature 2018 one of those school curriculum subjects that is not particularly popular among schoolchildren. Literature is not a compulsory subject for the exam, but students may well choose the discipline as an additional exam.

Examination results are not included in the nine-year education certificate.

The testing procedure will change quite seriously. Now all schoolchildren will be required to take exams after the ninth grade. Also, it will be allowed to choose for examination any disciplines from the list approved by the Ministry of Education. It is noteworthy that this list will include life safety and physical education.

Next year it is planned to leave the Russian language and mathematics as compulsory exams, and the students themselves must decide on the subjects of the remaining tests. Those students who became winners in Olympiads or took a prize are exempt from the GIA in this discipline.

In addition, amendments will be made regarding obtaining a certificate. If previously the document was issued to schoolchildren only upon successful passing of all state exams, now it will be enough to pass the required subjects with a “satisfactory” mark.

The system for evaluating completed work will also change significantly. For this purpose, a new federal point scale will be developed, which will be unified.

Structure of the 2018 GIA assignments in literature

The State Examination in Literature occupies a special place among examinations in other disciplines. The peculiarity is that KIMs on the subject contain only four questions, which are divided into two parts.

The main group of tasks consists of 3 questions, and the answers to them include an analysis of a poem or passage of your choice.

The second group is represented by one question, in which you need to write an essay of at least two hundred words on one of the four topics provided. Topics are selected based on the school curriculum.

GIA essay 2018

The last KIM literature assignment requires you to write an essay. It is extremely important to complete the task, since it is for this task that the maximum number of points is awarded.

To write an essay as it should be, it is worth getting acquainted with the typical mistakes that students make.

First of all, you should avoid paraphrasing and presenting unnecessary information. The text must be clearly constructed and the arguments presented to support the point of view must be well-reasoned. The student should adhere to the following essay plan:

• introduction – statement of the problem;
• the main part is the argumentation of your point of view regarding the problem of the essay;
• conclusion - short conclusion according to the text.

Categories of those taking the State Exam in Literature

Next year, all schoolchildren will be required to take a state exam after the ninth grade. As for literature, this discipline will remain solely the choice of students.

The order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation defines categories of teenagers who can register to take the state exam. These may be students who did not achieve a passing grade in previous years. Also eligible to apply are those schoolchildren who have grades of at least “satisfactory” in all disciplines.

According to the order, those students who have an “unsatisfactory” mark in one subject of the school curriculum are allowed to take the exam, but this subject is included in the list of state exams taken.

At the moment, the examination schedule has not yet been approved. We follow the latest news.

How to become a participant in the State Examination 2018

In order to become a participant in the final test, a student must register. To do this, the teenager must fill out and personally submit an application in a unified form to the commission at the place of his education.

The application is submitted in writing and contains all the student’s data and a list of subjects that will be taken. The document must be filed and registered until February 1.

If there are reasons why a student is unable to take any subject, he has the right to submit an additional document indicating these reasons, as well as attach to the application the relevant medical certificates or other official documents justifying the re-application.

Such an application must be submitted no later than per month before the state examination.

Early completion of the State Examination in Literature in 2018

Several years ago, only those students who had good reasons. These schoolchildren included: teenagers who participated in sports competitions at the federal level; children who had serious illnesses and were under treatment; students who went to study abroad.

This test option made it possible to pass all the exams on time and receive free time in the future, in order to pay more attention to admission to further training(if this is included in the plans).

The disadvantage is also quite significant. Early examination may have a negative impact on the results of the state examination in literature. This is due to the fact that schoolchildren will be forced to combine studying at school with preparing for the exam, which will become an additional burden on the child’s body.

Demo version of the State Academic Examination in Literature 2018

Enough good material to prepare for the exam is considered demo version of the State Academic Examination in Literature 2018 FIPI. This manual represents tasks that were presented at the state examination of past time periods. It is worth noting that the tasks do not fully coincide with the exam ones. As a rule, the demo version includes options for questions that indicate the data similar topics that will be subject to state certification.

In order for this manual to provide high-quality training, as a basis demo options KIM codifiers of official state exam tasks were taken.

On our website you can download the latest demo versions to prepare for the literature exam.

Additional information about the State Examination 2018

As with all disciplines, you must take your passport, pen, registration form and answer form with you for literature. If necessary, you are allowed to bring medications and food with you. All other personal items, for example, Cell Phones, are left in a place specially designated for these purposes.

It is also not allowed to use different reference books, except as permitted.

In literature, a student has the right to use full texts works of art and collections of poems. List of works approved in accordance with the course of the school curriculum.

In order for the results of the examination in literature to be counted, the student must score at least 7 points, which is equivalent to three. To score “5” you must get at least 23 points.

The student has the right to protest the GIA results. This is possible in two cases. First of all, a student has such a right when he does not agree with the exam results. For this, in four-day period, the student must write an appeal and apply to the conflict commission with a request to re-check his work.

In the second case, the student has the right to appeal if the organizers violated the examination procedure itself and the student did not have the opportunity to fully pass the exam. In this case, the complaint is filed after the fact, namely, without leaving the audience.

The conflict commission may refuse an appeal for the reason that the student himself was a participant in violations during the exam or the complaint contains claims regarding the form and content of the tasks.

How to prepare for the 2018 State Examination in Literature

Preparation for the State Examination in Literature 2018 requires not only putting in some effort, but also drawing up a plan. It is these factors that determine how successfully the state exam will be passed. It is extremely important to decide what materials will be used in preparation. Specially developed manuals such as a demo version of the State Examination Test or online State Assessment Tests on literature are quite suitable here. You can also take into account the following list of references:

1. Preparation for the OGE in 2016. Literature. Diagnostic work. Federal State Educational Standard, 2016 Novikova L.V. – the manual is compiled to help the student develop practical skills when working with exam questions.
2. OGE 2016. Literature. Typical test tasks, 2016 Kuzanova O.A. – the brochure includes 12 tasks with answers necessary to prepare for the State Examination in Literature.
3. OGE 2015. Literature, 2016. Erokhina E.L. – a set of standard assignments on literature.
4. OGE-2016. Literature. 20 options exam papers to prepare for the main state exam in grade 9, 2015 – Zinina E.A., Fedorov A.V. – a guide for preparing for the State Examination, contains 20 tasks on literature.

All of these manuals and brochures can be purchased at any specialized store or downloaded from the official website.

Also, a demo version of the GIA in literature can be downloaded on the official website of the FIPI in the Open Task Bank. This bank contains all the GIA assignments for previous years, and any student can download all the necessary materials there.

It is extremely important to prepare mentally for the exam. Undoubtedly, for any teenager, passing exams is a serious stress. To avoid difficulties during the exam, the student is required to tune his brain to a positive outcome of the test and believe in himself.

Parents will be required to provide maximum support, create the conditions necessary for preparation, and monitor their child’s sleep and nutritional patterns.

Statistics for passing the State Examination in Literature in past years

Statistics for previous years show that about a quarter of students were able to write papers with the maximum mark, and about a quarter of the students were able to write papers with the “satisfactory” mark. 36% . Near 8% students were unable to achieve a passing grade.

Exam Schedule