Folklore. Lyrical songs

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Slide captions:

What do I like most about literature class?

Golden heritage of Russian antiquity. Folklore

Ritual Non-ritual Russian folk songs:

The lyrical hero is a simple person, a working man, a soldier. Life is perceived through his eyes, mind, and heart. Compositionally, a lyrical song: monologue - an outpouring of feelings, reflection on fate, often begins with an appeal; dialogue - a conversation between lyrical heroes. Lyric song

Introduction The works of CNT (folklore) are diverse. These are fairy tales, songs, proverbs, and many, many others. We will not be able to find a specific author of these works; their author is the people. Essay-reasoning folklore is the wisdom of the people

Main part Any fairy tale teaches something: goodness, justice, courage. It always condemns cowardice and meanness. In proverbs and sayings……. And what songs the people have not come up with!...... Many of them, despite their “venerable age”, can make the modern generation think and even... Folklore is also rich in works for children (……..), which……. Essay-reasoning folklore is the wisdom of the people

Conclusion Thus, the works of UNT show us how to live and act correctly, teach and develop us..... Essay-reasoning folklore is the wisdom of the people

Tradition is a genre of oral non-fairy prose, a story about historical figures and events. The historical song is a kind of chronicle, the history of the people, which arose during the period of struggle against the Tatar yoke. Historical Songs and Tradition

Legends “About Pugachev”, “About the conquest of Siberia by Ermak” Historical songs and legends

About Pugachev

"On the conquest of Siberia by Ermak",

Retelling the legend “On the conquest of Siberia by Ermak”, answer the questions Homework

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Using oral folk art in biology lessons.

This material provides a rationale for the feasibility of using oral folk art techniques in biology lessons. Examples of application of the material in lessons are given...

script for a matinee in the 2nd grade of secondary school. Oral folk art "Gatherings"

Scenario of a matinee in the 2nd grade of an elementary school. Conducted after completing the topic “Oral Folk Art”. The material contains an explanatory note, script, sheet music, choreo...

This test can be carried out in a knowledge control lesson after studying the topic “Oral folk art” in literature in the 6th grade. Completion time - 40 minutes....

Answers to assignments. Kutyavina S.V. Notebook on literary reading. 3rd grade. M.: VAKO, 2017

Answers to pages 8 - 11

1. What refers to oral folk art? Write.

Fairy tales, riddles, chants, fables, epics, tales, songs, tongue twisters, nursery rhymes, proverbs, sayings.

2. Read the poem clearly and expressively. Determine the genre of this text. Write.

At the edge of a hut
Old talkative women live.
Every old lady has a basket.
There's a cat in every basket.
Cats in baskets
They sew boots for old women.

This is a tongue twister.

3. These poems are needed during games. Read them clearly and expressively.

Vitelek moth,
Bring us the breeze:
From gate to turn
Drive the boat into the stream.

Small streams,
Carry the shavings
From still water
To the great river.

4. Read only Russian letters. You will find out what genre of oral folk art poems belong to. Write.

L P S.W. PI VSG G LI O.B. W.S. OP IV K L A

SENTENCE

5. Look at the picture. What songs can children sing? Emphasize.

Lullabies, dance songs, sayings, chants, round dance songs.

6. In cheerful chant songs they often addressed the sun and rain, asking for warmth and a rich harvest. Read the chants. Explain how they differ.

Rainbow-arc!
Bring us rain!

Rainbow-arc!
Stop the rain!
Come on sunshine
Bell!

In the first call they ask for the rain to start, in the second they ask for it to stop..

7. Compose a theme song on any topic.

Spring is red!
Winter is gone!
Give the butterfly some flowers!
Birch - green buds!
Let the rain water the meadow,
Let the sun dry the earth!
To the bear - a deck of honey,
So as not to scare the forest people!

8. Complete the text with the necessary words.

Who doesn't know proverbs and sayings? In them, people reveal their attitude to life.
These small folk works, rich in thought, are so neatly put together that they are remembered by themselves. They have come to us since ancient times, live in our native language and are used in speech.

9. Read two texts. What do you think this is?

Once upon a time there lived an old man, the old man had a well, and in the well there was a dace. This is where the fairy tale ends.

Once upon a time there were two brothers - a sandpiper and a crane. They cut a haystack and placed it among the fields. Shouldn't we tell the fairy tale from the end again?

These are boring fairy tales.

10. Test yourself. Read from right to left. Write.

ILZAX EYNCHUKOD

Boring tales

11. Find out the meaning of cognate words that relate to colloquial speech.

Bylina- a work of oral folk art praising......

The epic consists of the following parts:

1) chorus (introduces the reader into the world of folk art);

2) the beginning (the location of the action and the name of the main character are indicated);

3) plot (important event);

4) culmination (central event);

5) denouement (victory of the positive hero);

6) ending (glory is given to the hero).

Artistic features of the epic:

1) repetitions of words, expressions, episodes;

2) appeals;

3) trinity (the number three or numbers that are multiples of three are often found).

Epic verse- a special verse based on an equal number of stresses in the lines (usually 3 stresses in a line) and the same arrangement of stressed syllables at the end of each line (usually the 3rd syllable from the end of the line is stressed).

Epics. Artistic features of epics.

Oral folk poetry arose many centuries ago, when people did not yet know how to read or write. (Slide 2 ends here)

Folk art is rich and varied. In fairy tales and songs, people talked about important historical events, about their work, about their worries and sorrows, and dreamed of a happy, fair life. (Slide 3 ends here)

Folk wisdom, observation, accuracy and expressiveness of folk speech are embodied in proverbs, sayings, and riddles. (Slide 4 ends here)

Of exceptional interest among works of folk art are epics - artistic and historical songs about heroes, folk heroes. (Slide 5 ends here)

The main cycles of epics: Novgorod and Kiev (Slide 6 ends here)

The action in most epics is confined to Kyiv. Some epics tell about the life, events and people of another largest city of ancient Rus' - Novgorod (epics about Sadko, about Vasily Buslaev). (Slide 7 ends here)

Kyiv epics are heroic (or heroic) epics. Heroic epics tell about the courageous defense of the homeland, about heroes, their struggle against nomadic enemies who attacked the country. (Slide 8 ends here)

Epics are built according to a specific plan.

Most epics begin at the beginning. It usually talks about place actions or about where and where the hero went from (Slide 9 ends here)

Either from the city of Murom,
From that village and Karacharova
A remote, portly, kind fellow was leaving.
He stood at Matins in Murom,
And he wanted to be in time for lunch in the capital Kyiv-grad.

And he drove up to the glorious city of Chernigov,
Is it near the city of Chernigov?
The forces are caught up in black and black,
And it’s as black as a black crow. (Slide 10 ends here)

Events in epics are presented in strict in order, consistently. The narration is underway slowly, without haste. (Slide 11 ends here) Since the epics lived in oral transmission, the performer said them focus listeners' attention in places that were especially important, in his opinion. For this purpose, epics widely use repetitions, usually three times. Thus, in the epic about Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber, the description of the strength of the Nightingale the Robber is repeated three times. (Slide 12 ends here)

To give melodiousness b epic, make its presentation more expressive, musical, often in epics individual ones are repeated words.

The straight path is blocked,

The path was blocked up and walled up.

In the capital in the city of Kyiv,

From the affectionate prince from Vladimir. (Slide 13 ends here)

Repetitions occur not only in the text of the same epic. In different epics similar actions are described in the same way, phenomena, for example, saddling a heroic horse, a feast at Prince Vladimir, enemy strength, a battle between heroes and enemies, etc. Such similar descriptions found in different epics (and fairy tales) are called commonplaces. (Slide 14 ends here)

Sometimes epics end with a special ending- conclusion from the entire content of the epic:

Now the old days, now the deeds,

that is, this is how it was in the old days, this is reality. (Slide 15 ends here)

The main character of the epics is Russian hero. To more clearly imagine the strength of the hero, the technique is used hyperboles(exaggerations). For example, this is how the battle between a hero and an enemy force is described. If the hero waves his right hand, a street will form among the enemy camp, and an alley will form with his left hand. The hero's club (sword) weighs forty or even ninety pounds. (Slide 16 ends here)

If the hero falls asleep, then “heroic sleep for twelve days” (days). To match the hero and his horse:“The first leap of a horse is many miles away, but the second leap is impossible to find.” To emphasize the strength of the Russian hero, his enemy is portrayed hyperbolically. The countless forces of the enemy “a gray wolf... cannot outrun a day, a black crow cannot fly around a day.” (Slide 17 ends here)

In epics, as well as in works of oral folk poetry in general, every word is precise and expressive. Over the centuries, folk singers and poets have improved the language of their poetic works, achieving the most accurate and vivid, expressive disclosure through words of the most essential qualities of heroes and their actions. Yes, very rich and varied in spoken word poetry epithets- colorful definitions indicating the most essential feature of people, objects, and phenomena of life. (Slide 18 ends here)

Often the same epithets constantly characterize certain heroes, objects, phenomena of life, nature, etc. Therefore, they are called constant epithets. In epics, for example, there are such constant epithets: stout, good fellow, great strength, glorious capital Kyiv-grad, tight bow, silk string, red-hot arrows. (Slide 19 ends here)

Often used in epics comparisons:

The forces are caught up in black and black,

Black, black, like a black crow.

Volga walks like a pike fish in the blue seas,

Volgo flies like a falcon bird under the covers,

Prowl like a wolf in open fields. (Slide 20 ends here)

Used negative comparisons:

It is not the damp oak that bends to the ground,

Not paper leaves are spread out,

The son worships his father... (Slide 21 ends here)

Wanting to emphasize some shade of the meaning of a word, which, in the opinion of the folk singer, is important for understanding the narrative, epic storytellers widely use synonyms:“Volga began to grow and mature”; “And yell and plow and become peasants,”; “Here it seemed to Ilya that he was offended, that he felt great annoyance...” (Slide 22 ends here)

An important role in the language of epics is played by nouns with diminutive and affectionate suffixes. They express popular assessment of heroes epic Bogatyrs are often called by affectionate names: Ilyushenka, Dobrynyushka Nikitich, Mikulushka Selyaninovich, etc. (Slide 23 ends here) Suffixes of affectionate meaning are also used in words denoting objects belonging to the hero. He has “hot arrows”, “saddle”, “bridles”, “felts”, “sweatshirts”, etc. (Slide 24 ends here)

The epic is pronounced sing-song. Obeying the chant, the narrator puts emphasis on certain words, and other words, without stress, seem to merge in one word (“mother earth”, “pure field”). In this regard, sometimes the word has different stresses in the same epic(“Nightingale-Nightingale”, “young”, “young”, “young”). (Slide 25 ends here)

In ancient oral folk poetry there are epics telling about peaceful, working life of the Russian people. These are everyday epics. The most important of them is the epic about Volga and Mikula. In it People's labor is glorified. In Ilya Muromets, the people sang the praises of the peasant warrior, the hero - the defender of the homeland. In the image of Mikula he glorified peasant plowman, hero - breadwinner of the country.

In this lesson, we will repeat the basic information about folklore obtained in previous classes. Let's get acquainted with a new genre of oral folk art - lyrical song.

Folk-lore is an international term of English origin, first introduced into science in 1846 by the scientist William Toms. Literally translated, it means “folk wisdom”, “folk knowledge” and denotes various manifestations of folk spiritual culture.

Other terms have also become established in Russian science: folk poetry, folk poetry, folk literature. The term “oral creativity of the people” reflects the oral nature of folklore in contrast to written literature.

Folklore is a complex, synthetic art. His works often combine different types of art - verbal, musical, theatrical. Folklore is a subject of study not only for literary scholars. Historians, sociologists, and ethnographers are interested in it. Folklore reflects the life and traditions of the people. Let's remember the main genres you studied in fifth, sixth and seventh grades.

Genres of folklore

folk tales
tradition
ritual songs
proverbs
sayings
puzzles
epics

Properties of folklore

Anonymity (no author).
Variability (there are several versions of one plot).
An integral connection with the life of the people.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the genre of “lyrical song”. Let's read some of them and note the main artistic techniques inherent in this genre.

“Nowhere there is such literature as we, the Russians. And folk songs?... Such songs could only be born among a people of great soul...” These words belong to Maxim Gorky.

Folk songs deeply and truthfully reflected the history of the Russian people from ancient times to the present day (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. V. Vasnetsov “The Frog Princess” ()

Russian songs are full of great wisdom, truth and beauty. Composed by unknown singer-storytellers, they are kept in the memory of the people and passed on from mouth to mouth. From the songs we learn about man's conquest of nature, about the heroic struggle against foreign invaders, about heroes and folk heroes. The songs clearly reveal the features of the Russian national character: patriotism, courage, love of nature, hard work.

Folk song genres

historical
family and household
love
ritual
calendar
lullabies
dancing
military
robbers
labor
ditties

Lyrical songs constitute the largest group of folk songs. They are distinguished by the variety of musical and poetic language. They reflect the soul of the people. The Russian poet S. Yesenin wrote: “How many songs Russia has - How many flowers there are in the field!”

Many popular folk songs have a centuries-old history. It's amazing that they are still loved. For example, the song “A blizzard is blowing along the street” has been known since the 18th century (Fig. 2).

A snowstorm is blowing along the street,
My little darling is following the snowstorm.

Wait, wait, my beauty,
Let me look at you, joy.

Your beauty drove me crazy
She dried up the good fellow, me.
Wait, wait, my beauty,
Let me look at you, joy.

Wait, wait, my beauty,
Let me look at you, joy.

Rice. 2. Illustration for the song “A blizzard is blowing along the street” ()

This is a love song. Like many folk songs, it is built on dialogue. The first two lines are sung from the perspective of a beautiful girl who met her sweetheart on the street. The rest of the song is sung from the perspective of a young man in love with a girl. She has dried up and tormented him, but he does not lose hope. That is why the song is imbued with a perky and playful mood.

Artistic features of folklore works:

1. Refrain (repetition of lines).

Wait, wait, my beauty,
Let me look at you, joy.

2. Constant epithets: white face, good fellow.

3. Words with diminutive suffixes: dear.

4. Syntactic parallelism (syntactic constructions of the same type):

Is your beauty pleasant?
On yours only on a white face.

All of these artistic techniques work to create a certain mood. In our song it is optimism and love of life. But not always only joyful moods are found in songs. Often the songs are sad.

The next song we will meet is imbued with just such a mood. She talks about the fate of an unfortunate and rootless orphan who has lost all her relatives and loved ones (Fig. 3).

You are a night, a dark night,
Dark autumn night,
The night has no bright month,
Have a bright month, no clear stars.
The girl has no father,
There is no father, no mother,
There is no brother or sister,
There is no clan, no tribe.

Sadness in my soul, the girl is sad,
Nobody knows her awesomeness.
And somehow she had a dear, dear friend,
And he lives far away now...

Rice. 3. Image for the song “You’re already night” ()

The song breaks off, as if it were interrupted by sobs. We can only guess where he is, our dear friend. Maybe he was recruited as a soldier, maybe he was sold, since serfs at that time could be sold, given away, or married without their consent.

Or perhaps her beloved died and is no longer among the living. Now try to find artistic techniques inherent in folklore in the lyrics of the song. Please note: in the text the girl is compared to a dark night. Such a comparison enhances the tragedy of the image and emphasizes the hopelessness of the heroine’s situation. Drawing, melodious intonations are created using vowels. Let's read any two lines from the song, for example:

Have a bright month, no clear stars.

This phonetic technique (repetition of vowels) is called assonance.

Repetition is the repetition of words or phrases, due to which the reader’s (listener’s) attention is fixed on them, and thereby their role in the text is enhanced. Repetition gives a literary text coherence, enhances its emotional impact, and emphasizes the most important thoughts.

Types of poetic repetitions

2. Parallelism

3. Anaphora (unity of principle)

4. Epiphora (lines end the same)

5. Joint (pickup)

For example:

The night has no bright month,

Have a bright month, no frequent stars!

Russian folk poetry was tonic (from the Greek “stress”): its rhythm was based on the repetition of the same number of stresses in most lines. However, it was devoid of rhyme:

That charm weighs one and a half pounds,

The measure is one and a half buckets.

We see that there is no rhyme and each line has four stressed syllables.

Recruitment was a method of recruiting the Russian imperial army and navy until 1874. (Fig. 4.)

Rice. 4. I.E. Repin. Seeing off the new recruit ()

Recruitment was introduced in Russia by Peter I in 1699, when before the war with the Swedes it was ordered to carry out the first recruitment of 32 thousand on a new basis. In Russia, the term “recruit” was legalized in 1705. Initially, the term of recruit service was lifelong, then it was reduced to 25 years, and later this period was reduced.

You and I have read and analyzed two songs that are completely opposite in mood. This suggests that the song reflects the entire life of the people, with all its sorrows and joys. Songs reflect the soul of the people, and that is why they survive centuries, are stored in people's memory and passed on from generation to generation.

Bibliography

Korovina V.Ya. Literature, 8th grade. Textbook in two parts. - 2009.
Kostina A.V. Youth culture and folklore // Electronic magazine “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - M.: Moscow State University, 2009. - No. 4 - Culturology
Zhirmunsky V. M. Folklore West and East. Comparative historical essays - M.: OGI (United Humanitarian Publishing House), 2004. - 464 p. - ISBN 5-94282-179-8

Fan-5.ru ().
School-collection.edu.ru ().
Pesnya.yaxy.ru ().

Homework

Read the song “My nightingale, nightingale, young nightingale!” and characterize its themes, characters, and artistic originality.
Draw an illustration for a folk lyrical song of your choice.
Do you agree that lyrical songs express a person's emotional state? Comment on the words of scientists: “it expresses the mental state of the singer, it is sung always and everywhere. It is sung in moments of rest and at work, sung alone and in chorus, sung in a barge strap and a soldier’s campaign” (V.P. Anikin); “the purpose of the song is to reveal the feeling” (V.Ya. Propp); “the main purpose of a folk song is to express thoughts, feelings and moods” (S.G. Lazutin).