The Siberian kingdom was abolished, and the Tobolsk province during 1780-1782 was transformed into the Tobolsk governorship consisting of two regions (Tobolsk and Tomsk), which became part of the Perm and Tobolsk governor-general.

Creation of the province

Emperor Paul I, who ascended the throne, revised many of his mother’s reforms, including abandoning the institution of governor generals. In this regard, on December 12, 1796, the Tobolsk province was formed as an independent administrative unit of Russia by a personal decree given to the Senate “On the new division of the State into Gubernias” (December 12, 1796 No. 17634).

Subsequent transformations

External images

In turn, the new Emperor Alexander I, who replaced Paul, revised many of his father’s reforms, and therefore, in 1802, the Tobolsk province, along with Irkutsk, became part of the Siberian Governor-General. In 1822, the Siberian General Government was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. The Tobolsk province became part of the West Siberian General Government, which existed until 1882.

Further transformations

In 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, there was the first attempt to organize the Kalachinsky district from part of the Tyukalinsky district for convenient management of the remote south-eastern territories of the province. The first member of the food committee of the Kalachinsky district was Yakov Martynovich Kalnin, a Latvian poet and teacher. During 1917-1919, in the vicissitudes of the Civil War, the district was liquidated more than once and re-created by different authorities, transferred from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola (Omsk) region.

On February 1-10, 1918, the First Extraordinary Session of the Tobolsk Provincial Zemstvo Assembly took place, which resolved a number of urgent issues, including:

• About the separation of the Kalachinsky district from the Tyukalinsky district (the issue was resolved positively);

• On the separation of Tarsky and Tyukalinsky districts from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola region (the final decision was postponed until the next session with the obligation of the provincial zemstvo government to submit a detailed report on this issue);

• On the transfer of the provincial zemstvo government from Tobolsk to another city in the province (transfer to Tyumen was fundamentally recognized as necessary);

In September 1918, Omsk raised the issue of the withdrawal of the Tyukalinsky district and the newly created, unrecognized by Tobolsk, Kalachinsky district.

On March 13, in Tyumen, 150 mobilized rebels rebelled, armed themselves with rifles seized from a warehouse and began to riot in the city. I order the riot to be suppressed with the most brutal measures and all rebels captured with weapons to be shot on the spot without any trial. Urgently report to me about the execution and the number of those executed. No. 0809/OP.

Commander of the Siberian Army, Lieutenant General Gaida.

Headquarters of the Siberian General Staff, Major General Bogoslovsky.

Tobolsk province was officially renamed Tyumen province by a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated March 2, 1920.

Symbolism

The coat of arms of the Tobolsk province was approved on July 5, 1878:

“In the golden shield is a scarlet ataman’s mace, on which is Ermak’s black shield, round, decorated with precious stones, between two scarlet banners placed indirectly crosswise with black shafts and spear points. The shield is crowned with the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew’s ribbon.”

Population

In 1846, there were 831,151 residents of both sexes in the province. The province ranked 35th in population in the Russian Empire.

District	Russians	Tatars	Ukrainians	Khanty	Komi	Nenets	Mansi	Latvians	Kyrgyz
Province as a whole	88,6 %	4,0 %	2,6 %	1,3 %	…	…	…	…	…
Berezovsky	17,5 %	…	…	51,8 %	9,4 %	20,7 %	…	…	…
Ishimsky	93,8 %	…	3,3 %	…	…	…	…	…	…
Kurgan	98,8 %	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Surgutsky	27,8 %	…	…	71,7 %	…	…	…	…	…
Tarski	85,7 %	9,0 %	2,9 %	…	…	…	…	…	…
Tobolsk	77,0 %	17,6 %	…	1,8 %	…	…	…	…	…
Turin	93,2 %	…	…	…	…	…	5,1 %	…	…
Tyukalinsky	81,9 %	…	9,5 %	…	…	…	…	1,4 %	2,5 %
Tyumen	87,3 %	10,1 %	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Yalutorovsky	94,8 %	2,9 %	…	…	1,3 %	…	…	…	…

The religious composition was dominated by Orthodox Christians - 89.0%. 5.1% were Old Believers and “deviators from Orthodoxy”, 4.5% were Muslims. 11.3% were literate (men - 17.7%, women - 5.0%).

Administrative division

№	County	County town	Square, verst²	Population (), people
1	Berezovsky	Berezov (1301 people)	604442,2	29190
2	Ishimsky	Ishim (14226 people)	37604,6	367066
3	Kurgan	Kurgan (39854 people)	20281,6	359223
4	Surgutsky	Surgut (1602 people)	220452,4	11561
5	Tarski	Tara (11229 people)	71542,1	268410
6	Tobolsk	Tobolsk (23357 people)	108296,0	147719
7	Turin	Turinsk (2821 people)	67008,6	96942
8	Tyukalinsky	Tyukalinsk (2702 people)	55049,3	344601
9	Tyumen	Tyumen (56668 people)	15608,0	171032
10	Yalutorovsky	Yalutorovsk (3835 people)	18944,9	216792

Governor's leadership

First leaders

Governors (1796-1917)

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Tolstoy Alexander Grigorievich		1796-28.07.1797
Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich	State Councillor	28.07.1797-20.03.1802
Hermes Bogdan Andreevich	actual state councilor	1802-1806
Kornilov Alexey Mikhailovich	actual state councilor	1806-12.1807
Shishkov Mikhail Antonovich	actual state councilor	1808-02.04.1810
Brin Franz Abramovich	actual state councilor	26.07.1810-28.07.1821
Osipov Alexander Stepanovich	actual state councilor	08.1821-12.12.1823
Turgenev Alexander Mikhailovich	State Councillor	12.12.1823-03.1825
Bantysh-Kamensky Dmitry Nikolaevich	actual state councilor	03.1825-30.07.1828
Nagibin Vasily Afanasyevich	State Councilor, acting. d.	30.07.1828-19.02.1831
Somov Pyotr Dmitrievich	State Councillor	19.02.1831-17.10.1831
Job vacancy		17.10.1831-30.10.1832
Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich	State Councilor, Chairman of the Provincial Board, acting governor	30.10.1832-21.12.1833
Job vacancy		21.12.1833-05.05.1835
Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich	State Councillor	05.05.1835-23.06.1835
Kovalev Ivan Gavrilovich	actual state councilor	23.06.1835-25.06.1836
Povalo-Shveikovsky Christopher Khristoforovich	State Councilor, acting. d.	06.07.1836-17.02.1839
Talyzin Ivan Dmitrievich	actual state councilor	17.02.1839-18.06.1840
Ladyzhensky Mikhail Vasilievich	actual state councilor	18.06.1840-03.03.1844
Engelke Kirill Kirillovich	actual state councilor	04.04.1845-04.03.1852
Prokofiev Tikhon Fedotovich	actual state councilor	04.03.1852-16.03.1854
Artsimovich Viktor Antonovich	Kammer-junker (actual state councilor)	16.03.1854-27.07.1858
	actual state councilor	20.03.1859-23.11.1862
Despot-Zenovich Alexander Ivanovich	actual state councilor	23.11.1862-28.07.1867
Chebykin Porfiry Vasilievich	major general	28.07.1867-10.07.1868
Sollogub Andrey Stepanovich	major general	10.07.1868-24.08.1874
Pelino Yuri Petrovich		29.11.1874-01.01.1878
Lysogorsky Vladimir Andreevich	actual state councilor (privy councilor)	07.06.1878-17.02.1886
Troinitsky Vladimir Alexandrovich	actual state councilor	06.03.1886-10.12.1892
Bogdanovich Nikolai Modestovich	State Councilor, acting. d.	10.12.1892-08.03.1896
Knyazev Leonid Mikhailovich	actual state councilor	12.04.1896-29.01.1901
Lappo-Starzhenetsky Alexander Pavlovich	actual state councilor	29.01.1901-28.12.1905
Gondatti Nikolay Lvovich	actual state councilor	13.01.1906-19.09.1908
Gagman Dmitry Fedorovich	State Councillor	19.09.1908-08.02.1912
Stankevich Andrey Afanasyevich	actual state councilor	08.02.1912-11.11.1915
Ordovsky-Tanaevsky Nikolai Alexandrovich	actual state councilor	13.11.1915-1917

Revolutionary leaders (1917-1919)

• Pignatti, Vasily Nikolaevich (1917-1918) Chairman of the Committee of Public Peace, provincial commissar, (1918-1919) governor of the Tobolsk province
• Khokhryakov, Pavel Danilovich (1918), Chairman of the Provincial Council

Second leaders

Lieutenant Governors (1796-1823)

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich	State Councillor	1796-28.07.1797
Kartvelin Nikolay Mikhailovich	State Councillor	28.07.1797-18.07.1799
Odin Nikolai Mikhailovich	State Councillor	18.07.1799-1802
Steingel Ivan Ferdinandovich	State Councillor	1802-1808
Minin Gavriil Vasilievich	collegiate advisor	1808-1810
Raskazov Nikolay Evdokimovich	collegiate advisor	1810-1813
Nepryakhin Fedor Petrovich	collegiate councilor (state councilor)	1813-1823

Chairmen of the provincial government (1824-1895)

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Zhukovsky Nikolay Vasilievich	collegiate advisor	01.02.1824-19.01.1829
Serebrennikov Grigory Stepanovich	collegiate advisor	19.01.1829-06.02.1830
Kirilov Pyotr Ivanovich	collegiate advisor	06.02.1830-06.09.1831
Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich	State Councillor	26.09.1831-24.10.1831
Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich	State Councillor	25.06.1832-21.12.1833
Deineko Ivan Ignatievich	collegiate advisor	24.10.1835-12.03.1840
Sokolov	court councilor	12.03.1840-11.08.1842
Dubetsky Joseph Petrovich	collegiate advisor	11.08.1842-28.02.1844
Vladimirov Alexander Nikolaevich	collegiate advisor	28.02.1844-20.05.1852
Vinogradsky Alexander Vasilievich	State Councillor	20.05.1852-11.08.1855
Milordov Nikolai Petrovich	actual state councilor	11.08.1855-23.12.1858
Sokolov Mikhail Grigorievich	collegiate advisor	23.12.1858-08.04.1863
Kurbanovsky Mikhail Nikolaevich	State Councillor	08.04.1863-10.03.1872
Zalessky Pyotr Matveevich	collegiate councilor (actual state councilor)	10.03.1872-27.02.1881
Dmitriev-Mamonov Alexander Ippolitovich	court councilor	27.02.1881-08.08.1885
Severtsov Dmitry Alekseevich		19.12.1885-13.07.1891
	Baron, collegiate advisor	27.07.1891-01.11.1895

Lieutenant Governors (1895-1917)

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Fredericks Konstantin Platonovich	baron, state councilor	01.11.1895-25.04.1896
Protasyev Nikolay Vasilievich	actual state councilor	25.04.1896-23.03.1902
Troinitsky Alexander Nikolaevich	collegiate advisor	30.05.1902-05.04.1908
Gavrilov Nikolay Ivanovich	State Councilor (actual State Councilor)	05.04.1908-1917

Assistants of the Tobolsk Provincial Commissar

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Notes

Literature

• / Ed. V. P. Petrova. - Tyumen, 2003. - P. 13, 24-57. - 304 p. - 1,000 copies
• - ISBN 5-87591-025-9.
• - M.: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 2. - P. 76-78.
• - M.: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 3. - P. 78.
• Kaufman A. A., Latkin N. V., Richter D. I.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Description of the Tobolsk province. - Petrograd: Publication of the Resettlement Administration, 1916. - P. 78.
• Tobolsk diocese: Part one. Description of the area occupied by the Tobolsk diocese in geographical, historical and ethnographic terms. - Omsk: Printing house of A.K. Demidov, 1892.
  • Division one. Geographical and topographical information about the Tobolsk province. - 99 s.
  • Department two. Historical and ethnographic information about the Tobolsk province; Division three. About the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which are part of the Tobolsk diocese. - 79 s.
• . - Tobolsk: Tobolsk Provincial Statistical Committee, 1912.
• Siberian and Tobolsk governors: Historical portraits, documents / resp. per issue I. F. Knapik. - Tyumen: Tyumen Publishing House, 2000. - 576 p. - ISBN 5-928800-08-8.

Links

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Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Empire from the Tobolsk province I convocation II convocation III convocation IV convocation

An excerpt characterizing the Tobolsk province

- When it’s time for your wife to give birth, send to Moscow for an obstetrician... So that he is here.
The old prince stopped and, as if not understanding, stared with stern eyes at his son.
“I know that no one can help unless nature helps,” said Prince Andrei, apparently embarrassed. – I agree that out of a million cases, one is unfortunate, but this is her and my imagination. They told her, she saw it in a dream, and she is afraid.
“Hm... hm...” the old prince said to himself, continuing to write. - I'll do it.
He drew out the signature, suddenly turned quickly to his son and laughed.
- It's bad, huh?
- What's bad, father?
- Wife! – the old prince said briefly and significantly.
“I don’t understand,” said Prince Andrei.
“There’s nothing to do, my friend,” said the prince, “they’re all like that, you won’t get married.” Do not be afraid; I won't tell anyone; and you know it yourself.
He grabbed his hand with his bony little hand, shook it, looked straight into his son’s face with his quick eyes, which seemed to see right through the man, and laughed again with his cold laugh.
The son sighed, admitting with this sigh that his father understood him. The old man, continuing to fold and print letters, with his usual speed, grabbed and threw sealing wax, seal and paper.
- What to do? Beautiful! I'll do everything. “Be at peace,” he said abruptly while typing.
Andrei was silent: he was both pleased and unpleasant that his father understood him. The old man stood up and handed the letter to his son.
“Listen,” he said, “don’t worry about your wife: what can be done will be done.” Now listen: give the letter to Mikhail Ilarionovich. I am writing to tell him to use you in good places and not keep you as an adjutant for a long time: it’s a bad position! Tell him that I remember him and love him. Yes, write how he will receive you. If you are good, serve. Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky’s son will not serve anyone out of mercy. Well, now come here.
He spoke in such a rapid-fire manner that he did not finish half the words, but his son got used to understanding him. He led his son to the bureau, threw back the lid, pulled out the drawer and took out a notebook covered in his large, long and condensed handwriting.
“I must die before you.” Know that my notes are here, to be handed over to the Emperor after my death. Now here is a pawn ticket and a letter: this is a prize for the one who writes the history of Suvorov’s wars. Send to the academy. Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find benefit.
Andrei did not tell his father that he would probably live for a long time. He understood that there was no need to say this.
“I will do everything, father,” he said.
- Well, now goodbye! “He let his son kiss his hand and hugged him. “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt my old man...” He suddenly fell silent and suddenly continued in a loud voice: “and if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will be ... ashamed!” – he squealed.
“You don’t have to tell me this, father,” the son said, smiling.
The old man fell silent.
“I also wanted to ask you,” continued Prince Andrey, “if they kill me and if I have a son, do not let him go from you, as I told you yesterday, so that he can grow up with you... please.”
- Shouldn’t I give it to my wife? - said the old man and laughed.
They stood silently opposite each other. The old man's quick eyes were directly fixed on his son's eyes. Something trembled in the lower part of the old prince’s face.
- Goodbye... go! - he suddenly said. - Go! - he shouted in an angry and loud voice, opening the office door.
- What is it, what? - asked the princess and princess, seeing Prince Andrei and for a moment the figure of an old man in a white robe, without a wig and wearing old man’s glasses, leaning out for a moment, shouting in an angry voice.
Prince Andrei sighed and did not answer.
“Well,” he said, turning to his wife.
And this “well” sounded like a cold mockery, as if he was saying: “Now do your tricks.”
– Andre, deja! [Andrey, already!] - said the little princess, turning pale and looking at her husband with fear.
He hugged her. She screamed and fell unconscious on his shoulder.
He carefully moved away the shoulder on which she was lying, looked into her face and carefully sat her down on a chair.
“Adieu, Marieie, [Goodbye, Masha,”] he said quietly to his sister, kissed her hand in hand and quickly walked out of the room.
The princess was lying in a chair, M lle Burien was rubbing her temples. Princess Marya, supporting her daughter-in-law, with tear-stained beautiful eyes, still looked at the door through which Prince Andrei came out, and baptized him. From the office one could hear, like gunshots, the often repeated angry sounds of an old man blowing his nose. As soon as Prince Andrei left, the office door quickly opened and the stern figure of an old man in a white robe looked out.
- Left? Well, good! - he said, looking angrily at the emotionless little princess, shook his head reproachfully and slammed the door.

In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and towns of the Archduchy of Austria, and more new regiments came from Russia and, burdening the residents with billeting, were stationed at the Braunau fortress. The main apartment of Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov was in Braunau.
On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Braunau, awaiting inspection by the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and situation (orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), despite the non-Russian people looking at the soldiers with curiosity, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment had when preparing for a review somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, on the last march, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would inspect the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, and the question arose how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? In the council of battalion commanders, it was decided to present the regiment in full dress uniform on the grounds that it is always better to bow than not to bow. And the soldiers, after a thirty-mile march, did not sleep a wink, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company commanders counted and expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling, disorderly crowd that it had been the day before during the last march, represented an orderly mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his job, and of whom, on each of them, every button and strap was in its place and sparkled with cleanliness . Not only was the outside in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had wanted to look under the uniforms, he would have seen an equally clean shirt on each one and in each knapsack he would have found the legal number of things, “sweat and soap,” as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was shoes. More than half the people's boots were broken. But this deficiency was not due to the fault of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods were not released to him from the Austrian department, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, thick-set and wider from chest to back than from one shoulder to the other. He was wearing a new, brand new uniform with wrinkled folds and thick golden epaulettes, which seemed to lift his fat shoulders upward rather than downward. The regimental commander had the appearance of a man happily performing one of the most solemn affairs of life. He walked in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly arching his back. It was clear that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with it, that all his mental strength was occupied only with the regiment; but, despite the fact that his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, the interests of social life and the female sex occupied a significant place in his soul.
“Well, Father Mikhailo Mitrich,” he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was clear that they were happy), “it was a lot of trouble this night.” However, it seems that nothing is wrong, the regiment is not bad... Eh?
The battalion commander understood the funny irony and laughed.
- And in Tsaritsyn Meadow they wouldn’t have driven you away from the field.
- What? - said the commander.
At this time, along the road from the city, along which the makhalnye were placed, two horsemen appeared. These were the adjutant and the Cossack riding behind.
The adjutant was sent from the main headquarters to confirm to the regimental commander what was said unclearly in yesterday's order, namely, that the commander-in-chief wanted to see the regiment exactly in the position in which it was marching - in overcoats, in covers and without any preparations.
A member of the Gofkriegsrat from Vienna arrived to Kutuzov the day before, with proposals and demands to join the army of Archduke Ferdinand and Mack as soon as possible, and Kutuzov, not considering this connection beneficial, among other evidence in favor of his opinion, intended to show the Austrian general that sad situation , in which troops came from Russia. For this purpose, he wanted to go out to meet the regiment, so the worse the situation of the regiment, the more pleasant it would be for the commander-in-chief. Although the adjutant did not know these details, he conveyed to the regimental commander the commander-in-chief’s indispensable requirement that the people wear overcoats and covers, and that otherwise the commander-in-chief would be dissatisfied. Having heard these words, the regimental commander lowered his head, silently raised his shoulders and spread his hands with a sanguine gesture.
- We've done things! - he said. “I told you, Mikhailo Mitrich, that on a campaign, we wear greatcoats,” he turned reproachfully to the battalion commander. - Oh, my God! - he added and decisively stepped forward. - Gentlemen, company commanders! – he shouted in a voice familiar to the command. - Sergeants major!... Will they be here soon? - he turned to the arriving adjutant with an expression of respectful courtesy, apparently referring to the person about whom he was speaking.
- In an hour, I think.
- Will we have time to change clothes?
- I don’t know, General...
The regimental commander himself approached the ranks and ordered that they change into their overcoats again. The company commanders scattered to their companies, the sergeants began to fuss (the overcoats were not entirely in good working order) and at the same moment the previously regular, silent quadrangles swayed, stretched out, and hummed with conversation. Soldiers ran and ran up from all sides, threw them from behind with their shoulders, dragged backpacks over their heads, took off their greatcoats and, raising their arms high, pulled them into their sleeves.
Half an hour later everything returned to its previous order, only the quadrangles turned gray from black. The regimental commander, again with a trembling gait, stepped forward of the regiment and looked at it from afar.
- What else is this? What's this! – he shouted, stopping. - Commander of the 3rd company!..
- Commander of the 3rd company to the general! commander to the general, 3rd company to the commander!... - voices were heard along the ranks, and the adjutant ran to look for the hesitant officer.
When the sounds of diligent voices, misinterpreting, shouting “general to the 3rd company”, reached their destination, the required officer appeared from behind the company and, although the man was already elderly and did not have the habit of running, awkwardly clinging to his toes, trotted towards the general. The captain's face expressed the anxiety of a schoolboy who is told to tell a lesson he has not learned. There were spots on his red (obviously from intemperance) nose, and his mouth could not find a position. The regimental commander examined the captain from head to toe as he approached breathlessly, slowing his pace as he approached.
– You’ll soon dress people up in sundresses! What's this? - shouted the regimental commander, extending his lower jaw and pointing in the ranks of the 3rd company to a soldier in an overcoat the color of factory cloth, different from other overcoats. - Where were you? The commander-in-chief is expected, and you are moving away from your place? Huh?... I'll teach you how to dress people in Cossacks for a parade!... Huh?...
The company commander, without taking his eyes off his superior, pressed his two fingers more and more to the visor, as if in this one pressing he now saw his salvation.
- Well, why are you silent? Who's dressed up as a Hungarian? – the regimental commander joked sternly.
- Your Excellency…
- Well, what about “Your Excellency”? Your Excellency! Your Excellency! And what about Your Excellency, no one knows.
“Your Excellency, this is Dolokhov, demoted...” the captain said quietly.
- Was he demoted to field marshal or something, or to soldier? And a soldier must be dressed like everyone else, in uniform.
“Your Excellency, you yourself allowed him to go.”
- Allowed? Allowed? “You’re always like this, young people,” said the regimental commander, cooling down somewhat. - Allowed? I’ll tell you something, and you and...” The regimental commander paused. - I’ll tell you something, and you and... - What? - he said, getting irritated again. - Please dress people decently...
And the regimental commander, looking back at the adjutant, walked towards the regiment with his trembling gait. It was clear that he himself liked his irritation, and that, having walked around the regiment, he wanted to find another pretext for his anger. Having cut off one officer for not cleaning his badge, another for being out of line, he approached the 3rd company.
- How are you standing? Where's the leg? Where's the leg? - the regimental commander shouted with an expression of suffering in his voice, still about five people short of Dolokhov, dressed in a bluish overcoat.
Dolokhov slowly straightened his bent leg and looked straight into the general’s face with his bright and insolent gaze.
- Why the blue overcoat? Down with... Sergeant Major! Changing his clothes... rubbish... - He didn’t have time to finish.
“General, I am obliged to carry out orders, but I am not obliged to endure...” Dolokhov said hastily.
– Don’t talk at the front!... Don’t talk, don’t talk!...
“You don’t have to endure insults,” Dolokhov finished loudly and resoundingly.
The eyes of the general and the soldier met. The general fell silent, angrily pulling down his tight scarf.
“Please change your clothes, please,” he said, walking away.

- He's coming! - the makhalny shouted at this time.
The regimental commander, blushing, ran up to the horse, with trembling hands took the stirrup, threw the body over, straightened himself, took out his sword and with a happy, decisive face, his mouth open to the side, prepared to shout. The regiment perked up like a recovering bird and froze.
- Smir r r r na! - the regimental commander shouted in a soul-shaking voice, joyful for himself, strict in relation to the regiment and friendly in relation to the approaching commander.
Along a wide, tree-lined, highwayless road, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode in a row at a brisk trot, its springs slightly rattling. Behind the carriage galloped a retinue and a convoy of Croats. Next to Kutuzov sat an Austrian general in a strange white uniform among the black Russians. The carriage stopped at the shelf. Kutuzov and the Austrian general were talking quietly about something, and Kutuzov smiled slightly, while, stepping heavily, he lowered his foot from the footrest, as if these 2,000 people were not there, who were looking at him and the regimental commander without breathing .
A shout of command was heard, and again the regiment trembled with a ringing sound, putting itself on guard. In the dead silence the weak voice of the commander-in-chief was heard. The regiment barked: “We wish you good health, yours!” And again everything froze. At first, Kutuzov stood in one place while the regiment moved; then Kutuzov, next to the white general, on foot, accompanied by his retinue, began to walk along the ranks.
By the way the regimental commander saluted the commander-in-chief, glaring at him with his eyes, stretching out and getting closer, how he leaned forward and followed the generals along the ranks, barely maintaining a trembling movement, how he jumped at every word and movement of the commander-in-chief, it was clear that he was fulfilling his duties subordinate with even greater pleasure than the duties of a superior. The regiment, thanks to the rigor and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came to Braunau at the same time. There were only 217 people who were retarded and sick. And everything was fine, except for the shoes.
Kutuzov walked through the ranks, occasionally stopping and speaking a few kind words to the officers whom he knew from the Turkish war, and sometimes to the soldiers. Looking at the shoes, he sadly shook his head several times and pointed them out to the Austrian general with such an expression that he didn’t seem to blame anyone for it, but he couldn’t help but see how bad it was. Each time the regimental commander ran ahead, afraid to miss the commander-in-chief's word regarding the regiment. Behind Kutuzov, at such a distance that any faintly spoken word could be heard, walked about 20 people in his retinue. The gentlemen of the retinue talked among themselves and sometimes laughed. The handsome adjutant walked closest to the commander-in-chief. It was Prince Bolkonsky. Next to him walked his comrade Nesvitsky, a tall staff officer, extremely fat, with a kind and smiling handsome face and moist eyes; Nesvitsky could hardly restrain himself from laughing, excited by the blackish hussar officer walking next to him. The hussar officer, without smiling, without changing the expression of his fixed eyes, looked with a serious face at the back of the regimental commander and imitated his every movement. Every time the regimental commander flinched and bent forward, in exactly the same way, in exactly the same way, the hussar officer flinched and bent forward. Nesvitsky laughed and pushed others to look at the funny man.
Kutuzov walked slowly and sluggishly past thousands of eyes that rolled out of their sockets, watching their boss. Having caught up with the 3rd company, he suddenly stopped. The retinue, not anticipating this stop, involuntarily moved towards him.
- Ah, Timokhin! - said the commander-in-chief, recognizing the captain with the red nose, who suffered for his blue overcoat.
It seemed that it was impossible to stretch out more than Timokhin stretched out, while the regimental commander reprimanded him. But at that moment the commander-in-chief addressed him, the captain stood up straight so that it seemed that if the commander-in-chief had looked at him for a little longer, the captain would not have been able to stand it; and therefore Kutuzov, apparently understanding his position and wishing, on the contrary, all the best for the captain, hastily turned away. A barely noticeable smile ran across Kutuzov’s plump, wound-disfigured face.
“Another Izmailovo comrade,” he said. - Brave officer! Are you happy with it? – Kutuzov asked the regimental commander.
And the regimental commander, reflected as in a mirror, invisible to himself, in a hussar officer, shuddered, came forward and answered:
– I am very pleased, Your Excellency.
“We are all not without weaknesses,” said Kutuzov, smiling and moving away from him. “He had a devotion to Bacchus.
The regimental commander was afraid that he was to blame for this, and did not answer anything. The officer at that moment noticed the captain’s face with a red nose and a tucked belly and imitated his face and pose so closely that Nesvitsky could not stop laughing.
Kutuzov turned around. It was clear that the officer could control his face as he wanted: the minute Kutuzov turned around, the officer managed to make a grimace, and after that take on the most serious, respectful and innocent expression.
The third company was the last, and Kutuzov became thoughtful, apparently remembering something. Prince Andrei stepped out from his retinue and said quietly in French:
– You ordered a reminder about Dolokhov, who was demoted, in this regiment.
-Where is Dolokhov? – asked Kutuzov.
Dolokhov, already dressed in a soldier’s gray overcoat, did not wait to be called. The slender figure of a blond soldier with clear blue eyes stepped out from the front. He approached the commander-in-chief and put him on guard.
- Claim? – Kutuzov asked, frowning slightly.
“This is Dolokhov,” said Prince Andrei.
- A! - said Kutuzov. “I hope this lesson will correct you, serve well.” The Lord is merciful. And I will not forget you if you deserve it.
Blue, clear eyes looked at the commander-in-chief as defiantly as at the regimental commander, as if with their expression they were tearing apart the veil of convention that so far separated the commander-in-chief from the soldier.
“I ask one thing, Your Excellency,” he said in his sonorous, firm, unhurried voice. “Please give me a chance to make amends for my guilt and prove my devotion to the Emperor and Russia.”
Kutuzov turned away. The same smile in his eyes flashed across his face as when he turned away from Captain Timokhin. He turned away and winced, as if he wanted to express that everything that Dolokhov told him, and everything that he could tell him, he had known for a long, long time, that all this had already bored him and that all this was not at all what he needed . He turned away and headed towards the stroller.
The regiment disbanded in companies and headed to assigned quarters not far from Braunau, where they hoped to put on shoes, dress and rest after difficult marches.
– You don’t lay claim to me, Prokhor Ignatyich? - said the regimental commander, driving around the 3rd company moving towards the place and approaching Captain Timokhin, who was walking in front of it. The regimental commander’s face expressed uncontrollable joy after a happily completed review. - The royal service... it’s impossible... another time you’ll end it at the front... I’ll apologize first, you know me... I thanked you very much! - And he extended his hand to the company commander.
- For mercy's sake, general, do I dare! - answered the captain, turning red with his nose, smiling and revealing with a smile the lack of two front teeth, knocked out by the butt under Ishmael.
- Yes, tell Mr. Dolokhov that I will not forget him, so that he can be calm. Yes, please tell me, I kept wanting to ask how he is, how he is behaving? And that's all...
“He’s very serviceable in his service, Your Excellency... but the charterer...” said Timokhin.
- What, what character? – asked the regimental commander.
“Your Excellency finds, for days,” said the captain, “that he is smart, learned, and kind.” It's a beast. He killed a Jew in Poland, if you please...
“Well, yes, well,” said the regimental commander, “we still need to feel sorry for the young man in misfortune.” After all, great connections... So you...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, smiling, making it feel like he understood the boss’s wishes.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first task, epaulets,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “The people each have a glass of vodka from me,” he added so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you everyone! God bless! - And he, overtaking the company, drove up to another.
“Well, he’s really a good man; “You can serve with him,” said subaltern Timokhin to the officer walking next to him.

ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF SETTLEMENTS IN TOBOLSK PROVINCE AT THE END OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES.

Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
laboratory assistant at the Laboratory of the History of the Development of Siberia

annotation
This article makes an attempt to study the trade and market state in the Tobolsk province at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. This period is characterized by the approval of the modernization stage of social development, which gave impetus to the economic development of both the entire country and its individual regions. In general, the results obtained will allow us to judge the influence of the all-Russian industrial boom on the formation of the trade industry of the region under study in the time frame under study.

ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION SETTLEMENTS TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk integrated research station RAS
lab worker Laboratory history of the development of Siberia

Abstract
This article attempted to review the trading and market conditions in the Tobolsk province at the turn of XIX – XX centuries. This period is characterized by the adoption of the modernization stage of social development that gave impetus to the economic development of both the whole country and its separate regions. Overall, the obtained results allow to judge the national impact of industrial growth on the development of the retail industry in the region under study in the investigated time frame.

The work was supported by the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences program “Traditions and Innovations in History and Culture” No. 15-13-4-11.

Development of capitalist relations in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. contributed to the formation of a single all-Russian market, which over time included the Siberian network. The expansion of the domestic market became possible thanks to the growth of the commercial and industrial (primarily urban) population; the impulses for the development of trade were the intensive strengthening of commodity-money relations, the beginning of the processes of decomposition of the patriarchal peasant life, as well as a significant increase in the share of crafts and commercial agriculture.

The development of capitalist relations led to the formation of an all-Russian market, into the structure of which the Siberian network was drawn into. The expansion of the domestic market was facilitated by the growth of the urban and commercial-industrial population; the incentive for trade was both the strengthening of commodity-money relations and the beginning of the disintegration of the patriarchal life of the peasants, as well as the increase in the share of commercial agriculture and crafts.

In the last third of the 19th century. There is a noticeable revival of trade operations in the cities of Tobolsk province. Due to the absence until the end of the 19th century. railway lines, insufficient and poorly maintained communication routes, as well as isolation from the largest centers of European Russia, fair (bazaar, market, delivery) trade played a significant role, especially for the northern territories.

By the turn of the century, trade also saw positive changes thanks to the Trans-Siberian Railway. Radical transport transformations increased intra-Siberian trade, accelerated the movement of commodity cargo and the circulation of capital in money circulation.

Trade continued to dominate over industry. V.A. Skubnevsky believes that such a disproportion towards trade relations is the result of the fact that it was this industry that attracted more capital, and priority in obtaining bank loans was given to trading firms. Among the cities of the Tobolsk province, Kurgan was considered a trading city, and Tobolsk and Tyumen were considered commercial and industrial centers. Some cities did not have a clearly defined predominant economic direction. Mixed ones were Ishim, Tyukalinsk, Yalutorovsk, Surgut, Turinsk and Berezov. Given this state of affairs, it is natural that representatives of urban entrepreneurs predominate in large cities with a developed structure in economic management. In relatively medium-sized cities with less economic development, predominantly burghers were elected to public administration bodies.

Siberia, due to established traditions, climatic conditions and autocratic predisposition, specialized in the production of agricultural products, receiving in exchange for them industrial goods from the center of the country. The development of crafts proceeded extensively and intensively, spreading to the developed territories, moving into more mature forms of industry, thanks to an increase in production output, expansion of the sales market, and separation of industry from agriculture.

By the turn of the century, industry had become one of the main factors in the growth of old and the emergence of new cities in the region. Cities developed multifunctionally, and the commercial and industrial population became increasingly important. In the leading industrial centers (Tyumen, Kurgan), the processes of social classes increased: the proletariat, the bourgeoisie and the middle stratum. In smaller cities, the development of new formations was slower, due to which their economy was a mixed type of industrial and agricultural production. Small towns of the province (Berezov, Surgut, etc.), located in the northern part of the region or floodplains, were considered agricultural settlements - their population was mainly engaged in traditional activities not typical for the city (fishing, hunting, gathering, farming, cattle breeding).

The occupations of the townspeople were typical, mostly related to agriculture, often constituting a subsistence or semi-subsistence economy. This bias towards agricultural sectors led to a shortage of urban land and an increase in trade turnover with the villagers. This gave contemporaries reason to call even some provincial cities “agricultural villages inhabited by bourgeois plowmen and bourgeois artisans with a rather weak admixture of trading merchants.”

The late imperial period is characterized by the dominance of the economic formation of the capitalist type. In the Tobolsk province, a mixed patriarchal-modernization form of industry prevailed, which consisted in the parallel existence of feudal remnants and new technologies being introduced.

Thus, the commercial development of the cities of Tobolsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. largely depended on the economic and geographical position of the locality. Cities with a clear industrial or agricultural focus were distinguished, as well as settlements of a mixed type, in which, along with agriculture, crafts and crafts, trade played a significant role. In general, the development of cities was under the colossal influence of the processes of penetration and establishment of capitalist relations in Siberia, which transformed the class structure, employment and professional specialization of the urban and rural population of the region. Increase in city budgets by the beginning of the 20th century. was determined by the amount of income associated with commercial and industrial development, which led to an increase in requests and a subsequent increase in expenses. The most prosperous in terms of trade were the last few pre-war years, which became the period of the highest rise of imperial Russia.

Bibliography

1. Skubnevsky V.A. On the issue of the trade infrastructure of a Siberian city at the beginning of the twentieth century // Entrepreneurship in Siberia. Barnaul, 1994. pp. 87-93.
2. Eremina L.A. City self-government of Western Siberia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. Barnaul: Publishing house. Alt. state tech. Univ., 2005. 184 p.
3. Bochanova G.A. Manufacturing industry of Western Siberia. The end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1978. 256 p.
4. Goncharov Yu.M. Daily life of Siberian townspeople in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Barnaul: Azbuka, 2012. 214 p.
5. Nemirovsky A.O. City government reform. SPb.: Type. V. Bezobrazova and comp., 1911. 172 p.

Province of the Russian Empire. Existed from 1796 to 1919. Administrative center - Tobolsk.

The Tobolsk province bordered in the north with the Arctic Ocean, in the northeast with, in the east and southeast with, in the south with and regions, in the west with and, and provinces.

History of the formation of the Tobolsk province

From October 19, 1764 to January 19, 1782, the Kingdom of Siberia existed as part of the Russian Empire (the capital was the city of Tobolsk). The kingdom consisted of the Tobolsk and Irkutsk general governorships.

Then, through the reform of Empress Catherine II, the Siberian kingdom was abolished, and the Tobolsk province during 1780-1782 was transformed into the Tobolsk governorship consisting of two regions (Tobolsk and Tomsk), which became part of the Perm and Tobolsk governor-general.

On December 12, 1796, Russia was formed as an independent administrative unit. According to the Senate report of November 2, 1797, it consisted of the following counties: Kuznetsk, Semipalatinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ishim, Yalutorovsky, Kurgan, Berezovsky, Tarsky, Turin, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut, Tomsk, Narym, Yenisei, Turukhansky.

In 1802, the Tobolsk province, along with Irkutsk, became part of the Siberian Governor-General. In 1822, the Siberian General Government was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. The Tobolsk province became part of the West Siberian General Government, which existed until 1882.

On February 26, 1804, part of the territory of the Tobolsk province was allocated to the Tomsk province. The following districts remained within the Tobolsk province: Berezovsky, Ishim, Kurgan, Omsk, Tarsky, Tobolsk, Turin, Tyumen and Yalutorovsky districts.

On January 26, 1822, the Tobolsk province was divided into the following districts (districts) (since 1898 - counties): Berezovsky, Ishimsky, Kurgansky, Tarsky, Tobolsk, Turinsky, Tyukalinsky, Tyumensky, Yalutorovsky.

In 1838, the district city of Omsk became part of the Tobolsk province, and in 1868 it was transferred to the newly formed Akmola region.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tobolsk province included 10 districts:

№	County	County town	Area, verst	Population (1897), people
1	Berezovsky	Berezov (1,070 people)	604 442,2	21 411
2	Ishimsky	Ishim (7,153 people)	37 604,6	269 031
3	Kurgan	Kurgan (10,301 people)	20 281,6	260 095
4	Surgutsky	Surgut (1,120 people)	220 452,4	7 747
5	Tarski	Tara (7,223 people)	71 542,1	159 655
6	Tobolsk	Tobolsk (20,425 people)	108 296,0	127 860
7	Turin	Turinsk (3,167 people)	67 008,6	68 719
8	Tyukalinsky	Tyukalinsk (4,018 people)	55 049,3	208 718
9	Tyumen	Tyumen (29,544 people)	15 608,0	121 357
10	Yalutorovsky	Yalutorovsk (3,330 people)	18 944,9	188 450

Additional materials on Tobolsk province

• Road map of the rivers of Western Siberia: Ture, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob and Tom, 1884. Compiled and checked by the captain of the Kolchin and Ignatov Company steamship “P. Kosagovsky" by A.I. Plotnikov. Scale: 1 verst in half an inch.
  
  
• Map of Tobolsk province [Maps]. - 40 versts in an inch (1.7 km in 1 cm). — [St. Petersburg: Resettlement Administration, after 1911]. — 1 k.: color. ; 60x50 (66x54). — Cartogr. grid every 2°. — Installed duty. from Pulkovo. - No relief. Download .
• Lists of populated places of the Russian Empire, compiled and published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of Karl Wulff: 1861-1885.
  Tobolsk province: according to information from 1868-1869 / processed by ed. V. Zverinsky. - 1871. - , CCLXXII, 196 p., l. color kart. . Download .
• List of populated places in Tobolsk province / ed. Tobolsk province stat. Committee. - Tobolsk: Provincial Printing House, 1912 .- 634, IX p. : table .
• The First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 / ed. [and with a preface] N.A. Troinitsky. — [St. Petersburg]: publication of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: 1899-1905.
  Tobolsk province. - 1905. - , XLVI, 247 p. .
• Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire / published by the Highest Order under the 1st Department of the General Staff Department. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of the Department of the General Staff: 1848-1858.
  Tobolsk province / [compiled based on reconnaissance and materials collected on the spot, under the leadership of the chief quartermaster of the Separate Siberian Corps, General. headquarters of Colonel Baron Silverhelm]. - 1849. -, 87 p., l. table .

Population dynamics and main demographic processes in the Tobolsk province in 1861-1913.

Panishev Evgeniy Alexandrovich,

graduate student of TSPI named after. DI. Mendeleev

Scientific supervisor – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

Pribylsky Yuri Panteleimonovich.

In 1861, the population of the Tobolsk province consisted of 1,087,614 people. There were nine district towns in the province, two provincial towns and one without a district. The population of the cities was 77,456 people. or 1/14 of the total population of the province. In 1869, Omsk and Petropavlovsk were removed from the Tobolsk province and annexed to the Akmola region. The Berezovsky district was divided into the Berezovsky and Surgut districts proper. In 1868, Surgut was returned to city status. The status of Tyukalinsk changed only in 1876, when the city went from being a provincial town to being called a district town. Thus, since 1876, the Tobolsk province included 10 cities with districts: Tobolsk, Berezov, Ishim, Kurgan, Surgut, Tara, Turinsk, Tyukalinsk, Tyumen and Yalutorovsk.

Tobolsk province occupied 7.1% of the area of ​​the entire Russian Empire. The northern districts (Berezovsky and Surgutsky) occupied 68% of the area of ​​the Tobolsk province, the southern ones (Kurgan, Ishimsky, Tyukalinsky and Yalutorovsky) – 12%. The remaining part was occupied by the middle districts - Tobolsk, Tyumen, Tara and Turin.

The national composition of the Tobolsk province included nationalities: Russians, who were the dominant ethnic group, Siberian Tatars and Bukharians. The indigenous foreign population consisted of three ethnic groups: Ostyaks (Khanty), Voguls (Mansi), Samoyeds (Nenets). Official statistics did not distinguish the Selkups as a separate ethnic community, classifying them as Ostyak-Samoyeds. Among the dispersed peoples on the territory of the Tobolsk province lived Jews, Germans and Gypsies. A fairly significant percentage of the population were Poles.

During the post-reform period, the population of Tobolsk province grew rapidly. Population growth was a combination of natural and mechanical (artificial) growth.

The factors of natural population growth were the birth rate, marriage rate and mortality, which determined the constant change of generations.

When characterizing the marriage rate, such characteristics as age at marriage, seasonality of marriages, and divorce rates took place. In traditional Russian culture, norms of behavior prohibited premarital sexual contacts, ordered marriage only with the blessing of parents, maintaining a family under any conditions, and remarrying in the event of widowhood.

The decrees of the Holy Synod determined the degrees of kinship for marriage; marriages between close relatives and cousins ​​were prohibited.

Special permission from the bishop (archbishop) was required if: 1) two brothers married cousins, 2) two brothers - an aunt and granddaughter of her sister, 3) grandfather and grandson - cousins, 4) father and son - on second cousins.

An important indicator was the age at marriage. According to Ch. 2 “Family Rights” of the Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire established the minimum age of marriage for men - 18, women - 16 years. . Based on materials from the parish registers of churches in the Tobolsk province, the average age of first marriage for men is 22-23 years, for women - 21-22, and the age of marriage for the city is on average 3 years higher than in the village. In rural areas, there were frequent cases when a girl got married at 15, and boys got married at 17. According to the law, this was allowed, with the permission of local church authorities, if there was less than six months before coming of age.

After the introduction of universal conscription in 1874, the age of marriage for men increased, as weddings were postponed until they returned from service. The average age of marriage for men has begun to approach 24 years.

According to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory in 1874-1913. The age of first marriage ranged from the minimum: for men 17-18 years and women - 15, to the maximum: for men - 46-64 years, women - 39-49 years.

The age at first marriage differed among different nationalities. For the Muslim population (Siberian Tatars and Bukharans) it was lower than for Russians and amounted to: for men - 20-22, women - 18-22 years. A higher age limit than that of the Orthodox is also observed among the Jewish population. According to Jewish traditions, the head of the family must be a wealthy person and have the means to support the family. Jews, unlike Russians, did not have a tendency to quickly marry their eldest son.

The most common marriageable age among the Ostyaks and Voguls was 17-20 years old. Samoyed marriages took place mainly at the age of 16-20 years. However, early marriages were also widely practiced: parents agreed to marry their children when they were 3-6 years old, and at the age of 12 a Nenets girl became a mother. E.V. Kuznetsov wrote that “Samoyeds get married early, sometimes the groom is 13-14 years old...”. Researcher B.M. Zhitkov described a married couple he met in Yamal, in which the husband was 10 and the wife was 11 years old.

Repeated marriages between widowers and spinsters rank second in number. At the same time, the age of girls entering into marriage remained 21-22 years, for men it increased to 40-50 years. The initiative to enter into such marriages belonged to a widower man who sought to prolong family life and find a mother for orphaned children. As a rule, these were well-to-do and wealthy people.

The smallest number of registered marriages are marriages between single men and widows. It was much more difficult for a widow to enter into a second marriage than for a widower man. The reason for this was the negative attitude towards the widow formed by public opinion. A widowed woman, especially at a young age, often received the reputation of a harlot, a fallen woman.

The norms of marital behavior of the indigenous small population of Siberia prescribed a different attitude towards the widow. Ethnographers have documented the existence in the north of the ancient custom of levirate, in which a widow and her children passed to the younger brother of her deceased husband.

An important point in characterizing marital behavior is the seasonality of marriages. In traditional calendar rituals, Russian weddings took place in late autumn and winter, that is, at a time when all agricultural work was completed. In addition, there is a direct dependence of marriages by month on the religious factor. The autumn extreme of marriage for Orthodox Christians occurred in October-November and lasted from the Feast of the Intercession (October 14) until the beginning of the Nativity Fast (November 28). Most of the winter marriages occurred from Christmas to Maslenitsa (before the beginning of Lent, that is, the end of February - the beginning of March).

For the Muslim population, the seasonality of marriages differed from Orthodox marriages. Most Muslim marriages took place in March and December.

Noteworthy is the extremely low number of divorces, especially among the Russian population. The reason is the negative attitude of the Orthodox Church towards them. Any divorce proceeding was carefully reviewed by church authorities. For a divorce, a compelling reason was needed: adultery (adultery), long absence (more than 5 years) without explanation, deprivation of one of the spouses of all rights of the estate.

In the second half-end XIX V. 10-15 petitions for divorce were submitted annually to the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory; at the beginning of the 20th century. their number increased several times, which was a symbol of the demographic crisis. For the period 1903-1913. 649 petitions were submitted to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory. The largest number came from peasants - 507 (78.1%) and burghers - 48 (7.3%), followed by petitions from nobles and officials - 32 (4.9%), military - 31 (4.7%) , commoners - 8 (1.2%) and exiles - 6 (0.9%). The smallest number of petitions came from the merchants - 4 (0.6%) and the clergy - 3 (0.4%).

Other indicators in the study of demographic processes are fertility and mortality. The highest birth rates in this period can be traced among the Russian and Tatar populations, lower rates among Jews, Polish exiles and representatives of the indigenous population of Siberia. Russians have traditionally been oriented toward large families. According to the birth registers, there were families with 15-17 children. During her life, a Russian woman gave birth on average 7-8 times, with 1/3 of the children dying between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

The number of children in families of the indigenous population of Siberia was small. It should be noted that Aboriginal people have a higher infant mortality rate than other ethnic groups. This was greatly facilitated by the environment in which the birth took place. Ethnographer A.I. Jacobi noted that Samoyed women gave birth directly on the sledge during migrations. The woman had to rely only on her own strength, since there was no medical care in the tundra.

Like marriage rates, birth rates have their own seasonality. The largest number of births occurred in spring and summer, the smallest in autumn and winter, which was due to the seasonality of marriages and prohibitions on sexual relations during fasting.

An important criterion is the proportion of births of illegitimate children. The increase in the number of illegitimate children is not only an indicator of the breakdown of traditional norms of behavior, when the birth of children was welcomed only in marriage, but also an indicator of a social crisis in society.

It should be noted that there are more children born out of wedlock in cities than in rural areas. For example, in 1881, 273 illegitimate children (10.7% of the total number of newborns) were born in the cities of Tobolsk province, and 3,676 (5.37%) in the districts.

Another indicator is the population mortality rate. Mortality is closely related to a number of social reasons - the sanitary and hygienic condition of populated areas, the level of medical care, working conditions, etc. Depending on these factors, indicators such as infant and child mortality rates and life expectancy can be studied.

Throughout the entire study period, a high level of infant and child mortality remained, which was caused by a lack of medical care and poor sanitary and hygienic living conditions. In the 1860s. children who died from birth to 5 years old accounted for 58.4% of deaths, in the 1880s - 59.7%, in the 1890s - 58.5%.

At the turn of XIX - XX centuries There was a downward trend in mortality due to improved medical care, strengthened sanitary control, and urban improvement. Despite the overall decline, infant and child mortality rates remained very high. For example, according to the materials of the metric books of Tobolsk, children who died from birth to one year old accounted for 50.6% of the deaths, between the ages of one and five years - 16%.

An important indicator in characterizing demographic processes is family size. There is a clear trend in changes in family size in different types of settlements. According to the 1897 census, in large cities of the Tobolsk province (over 20 thousand people) families of 4-5 people prevailed, in medium-sized (5-10 thousand) - 5-6, in small towns (1-5 thousand) .) and rural areas - over 6 people.

Attention should also be paid to such an indicator as the gender and age structure of the population. It depends primarily on the characteristics of population reproduction and the nature of migration processes; crop failures, epidemics, etc. had a significant impact on it.

The age structure, in turn, affects the fertility, mortality and marriage rates of the population. A specific feature of the age structure of the population of Tobolsk province in the second half XIX V. The birth rate in rural areas was higher, so the proportion of children was greater than in cities. On the edge XIX -XX centuries The constant outflow of young people to cities led to an increase in the proportion of older people in rural areas.

The gender composition of the population is also related to the age structure indicator. The birth rate shows that for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys were born. However, higher mortality among boys led to the fact that by the age of 15-20 years the sex ratio leveled off. In middle age, women began to outnumber men.

The gender composition of the population in the cities and districts of the province differed significantly. The rapidly growing cities attracted large numbers of male migrants. In addition to men coming to work in the cities, soldiers and exiles were concentrated. For example, in Tobolsk there was a reserve infantry battalion, a prison company of the civil department and convict prisons with a large number of prisoners. There was also a strong gender imbalance with a significant predominance of men in Omsk.

Resettlement of peasants at the border XIX - XX centuries brought about a significant change in the sex ratio. This led to the fact that by 1913 there were 887 women per 1000 men.

Thus, during the study period, disproportions in the gender composition of the population of Tobolsk province are smoothed out. In 1881 women made up 56.26%, in 1897 - 51.7%, in 1913 - 50.33%.

The result of demographic processes in Tobolsk province in the second half XIX - early 20th century was population growth. If in 1861 the absolute population of the province was 1,087,614 people, then in 1868 it was 1,152,442 people. It can be seen that the increase was 5.96%, that is, on average per year - 0.85%. After Petropavlovsk, Omsk and the Omsk Okrug left the Tobolsk province, the population decreased by 74,832 people. and amounted to 1,077,610 people.

In subsequent years, the population growth rate was stable. From 1869 to 1881 the population of Tobolsk province increased from 1,077,610 to 1,206,430 people, that is, over 12 years the increase was 10.67%, on average per year - 0.88%. From 1881 to 1897 The population growth rate decreased slightly (growth - 8.42%, on average per year - 0.57%). Over 16 years, the population of Tobolsk province increased by 226,613 people. and reached 1433043.

At the turn of the 19th century -XX centuries The growth rate of the population of the province remained unchanged, so from 1897 to 1913. The population of the province increased by 674,183 and amounted to 2,107,226 people. Average annual population growth remained at 5%.

In our opinion, the high level of population growth in Siberia was a direct consequence of the resettlement movement. The high natural growth of the population of Siberia can be explained by changes in the age structure of the population, since among the migrants mainly young people predominated, the proportion of old people was less.

However, the population growth rate during the period under review in the Tobolsk province was the lowest in the region. At the Central Siberian level they were found only in the Tyukalinsky and Tara districts. The number of settlers settled in the Tobolsk province was much smaller than in the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces - the province was not only a colonized region, but also a transit area on the route of settlers to the depths of Siberia and the Far East. The population growth of Tobolsk province was only 2%. For comparison, the same figure for the Tomsk province was 2.4%, in Russia as a whole - 1.5%. The Russian Empire was ahead of all European countries in terms of population growth (the same figure for England - 1.2%, Germany - 0.9%, France - 0.2%).

Literature

1. Ilyin V. Statistical information on the Tobolsk province for 1861 // Tobolsk provincial statements, 1861, No. 39. P. 262.

2. Geographical-statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire / Comp. P. Semenov, V. Zverinsky. St. Petersburg, 1885. P. 154.

3. Isaeva T.A. Tobolsk province, Surgut district // Motherland, Special. Issue, 2002. P. 87.

4. Turchaninov N.V. Asian Russia. T.1. St. Petersburg, 1914. P.67

5. Pushkareva N.L., Kazmina O.E. Russian system of marriage laws in XIX V. and traditional attitudes // Ethnographic Review, 2003, No. 4. P. 67.

6. Tobolsk Diocesan Gazette, 1886, No. 27. P.124.

7. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg, 1887, vol. IX, ch. II, Art.6.

8. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op.1. D. 179. L. 140, 142; D. 180. L. 37-38, 39, 213, 216 (vol.); D. 191. L. 21; D. 192.L.82, 86,88; D. 198. L. 2.40.

9. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 33. D.3. L. 15; D. 4. L. 47; D. 51. L. 17; D. 52. L. 56.

10. Ibid. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 126.

11. Kushnirov M. “Cain and Artem” (the Jewish question on the Russian screen) // Rodina, 2004, No. 7. P. 103.

12. Sokolova Z.P. Marriage age among the Khanty and Mansi XVIII - XIX centuries // Soviet ethnography, 1982, No. 2. P. 71.

13. Golovnev A.V. Tundra nomads: Nenets and their folklore. Ekaterinburg, 2004. P. 47.

14. Kuznetsov E.V. About the beliefs and rituals of the Samoyeds // Tobolsk Provincial Gazette, 1868, No. 4. P. 20.

15. Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula. St. Petersburg, 1913. P. 218.

16. Khomich L.V. Nenets. St. Petersburg, 1995. P. 186.

17. Zverev V.A. Annual birth cycle among Russian peasants in the Trans-Ural region: the influence of nature, economics and culture (second half XIX -beginning of the twentieth century) // Ethnocultural history of the Urals XVI - XX centuries: Materials international. scientific Conf., Ekaterinburg, 1999. P. 23.

18. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 15.

19. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 18. D.1. L.15; D. 37. L. 40; D. 43. L.10; D. 63. L.5; D.83. L. 1.

20. Yakobiy A.I. The extinction of foreign tribes. St. Petersburg, 1893. P. 28.

21. Review of the Tobolsk province for 1881. Tobolsk, 1882. P.10.

22. Anuchin E. Average life expectancy and longevity in Tobolsk // Memorial book for the Tobolsk province for 1864. Tobolsk, 1864. P.326; GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 181. L. 27(vol.)-28.

23. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 192; F. 73. Op.1. D.51.

24. Review of the Tobolsk province for 1913. Tobolsk, 1915. P. 10.

25. Wiebe P.P. Geodemographic consequences of peasant colonization in the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX – early 20th century // News of the Omsk State History and Local Lore Museum. Omsk, 1996, No. 4. P. 167.

26. Siberian Chronicle. // Eastern Review, 1896, No. 45. P. 1.

The administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire throughout the 18th century underwent a number of changes. They concerned directly both the whole of Siberia and the Siberian Trans-Urals.

In December 1708, the Siberian province was formed with its center in Tobolsk, which included cities and counties from Perm and east to Yakutsk. In March 1711, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin was confirmed as the first Siberian governor. Under him, stone construction began in Tobolsk, new fortresses were founded along the Ishim and Om (Omskaya) rivers, and the first archaeological excavations were carried out. In 1719, he was removed from office and accused of embezzling the treasury. The investigative commission confirmed the accusations, and in March 1721 Gagarin was hanged in the presence of Peter 1 and, as a warning to others, hung for almost a year. With his name, Siberia began to be perceived as a land of extortion.

In May 1719, with the removal of M.P. Gagarin, three provinces were formed within the Siberian province, including Tobolsk. The provinces of Vyatka and Solikamsk in 1727 were transferred to the Kazan province. In 1764, the Siberian province was divided into the Irkutsk and Tobolsk provinces. In the 80s, the province was part of the governorship, and since 1804 it became part of the general government.

The second governor, after M.P. Gagarin, in 1719 - 1724 was Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky. He was not particularly energetic; under him, nothing in Siberia changed. In February 1724, Peter 1 was forced to sign a Decree “On the suppression of abuses in Siberia”, which noted that, despite the lesson taught by Gagarin’s execution, “ here in Siberia the idlers do not stop, namely: extra fees are collected from the zemstvo commissars, and insults are caused to the people, and the judicial commissioners who are in the settlements do great dirty tricks and lies, and although there are petitions and denunciations against them from poor people, there are no There is no search and no decision, but those whom I strike with my forehead, they go according to their will, and it is notable that such thieves are given an incentive from the court judges. Likewise, the offenses committed by soldiers and others are not addressed and resolved, and such idlers will not be arrested, which is why more dirty tricks are done...” Abuses continued during the governorship of Mikhail Vladimirovich Dolgoruk (1724-1730).. Thus, a negative image of the region took shape in the minds of Russian society. In 1730, Alexey Lvovich Pleshcheev was appointed governor, and in 1736 he was replaced by Pyotr Ivanovich Buturlin. Governors Ivan Afanasyevich Shipov (1741-1742), Alexey Mikhailovich Sukharev (1742-1752), Vasily Alekseevich Myatlev (1752-1757) did not leave noticeable traces of their activities.

Tobolsk Governor Fyodor Ivanovich Soimonov left a significant mark on the History of Siberia. He was appointed in 1757. But his interests were connected mainly with Transbaikalia, with the strengthening of the Russian border in Southern Siberia. Denis Ivanovich Chicherin, who replaced him in 1763, took measures to populate the postal route from Tobolsk to Irkutsk. Under him, a geodetic school was opened in Tobolsk, a hospital was built, he appointed a doctor and assistants and ordered that the townspeople be vaccinated against smallpox. He reigned as governor until 1780. In 1882, another administrative reform was carried out in Russia, and governorships were established. E.P. Kashkin was appointed governor of Perm and Tobolsk. Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev, who ruled the region until 1796, was appointed governor of the Tobolsk province in 1787. He opens the first private printing house in Siberia, the Main Public School, and patronizes the development of literature and education. Under him, theatrical performances resumed in Tobolsk. A.V. Alyabyev turned out to be generous to A.N. Radishchev, who was exiled to Siberia, and allowed him to stay in Tobolsk.

From 1719, when the first population census in Russia (“revision”) was carried out, to 1795 (the year of the fifth census), the population of Siberia increased from 241 to 595 thousand people. This region is becoming an integral part of Russia, actively participating in all spheres of its life, including cultural.

John Maksimovich, Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia.

The reading circle of Siberians also included spiritual literature, the works of the church fathers and its hierarchs. The Tobolsk diocese was often headed by hierarchs who not only patronized the development of culture and literature, but were themselves known as spiritual writers. Metropolitan Philofey Leshchinsky not only blessed the creation of a theater in Tobolsk in 1703, but he himself wrote plays of spiritual content for it.

In June 1711, Archbishop of Chernigov John Maksimovich was promoted to Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia, and in August he arrived in Tobolsk. John was already widely known in church circles, including as a spiritual writer. After his death, the handwritten Siberian Chronicle noted that he “he was quiet, humble, prudent, compassionate and merciful towards the poor”. And then it was noted: “His only pastime was to write soul-searching essays.”

John's main works were written before his arrival in Tobolsk. He graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy. Having become Archbishop of Chernigov, John began to write and translate edifying works. In 1705, he compiled short biographies of various saints and published these descriptions in a book “The alphabet is collected, folded in rhymes...”. Instructions, advice and teachings to superiors and in general to everyone in power formed the content of his book “ Featron, or moralizing shame...", published in 1708. He covered spiritual instructions, interpretation of prayers and psalms, and issues of Christian morality in books that were published regularly in the Chernigov printing house, which he founded. Of great interest among them is “ Synaxarion about the victory at Poltava". This book is based on the sermons of Archbishop Theophylact of Tver and Feofan Prokopovich on the Poltava victory of Peter 1. The book was very famous. Published in 1710, a volume of translations from the Latin " God-thinking for the benefit of the faithful" quickly sold out, the next year it came out in a second and then a third edition. It is known that he presented four books to Peter 1, and he not only accepted them favorably, but also thanked them. Before leaving for Siberia, John completed work on the book “ Iliotropion, conformity of human will with divine punishment". He left the manuscript in Chernigov, and it was published there in 1714, when he was already serving in Tobolsk. After his death, the manuscript of his unpublished book, already written in Tobolsk, was found in the diocesan chancellery “ Traveler».

Bibliographers point to 10 books written and published by John between 1705 and 1711. True, A. Sulotsky is skeptical about his sole authorship “ most of the massive works“, because at the same time he was involved in the affairs of the diocese and conducted services. The volume of these books is evidenced by the fact that in the “Alphabet ...” there were 10322 verses, and the book “ Virgin Mary"(1707) – 24260 verses. It was a syllabic verse. True, the poet Antioch Cantemir spoke rather ironically about his poetry, but this indicates the popularity of his works. His other books combine poetry and prose, some are written in prose. Many of them were in parishes of the Tobolsk diocese. Sulotsky testifies that he met them in the houses of Tobolsk old-timers. Some of them are still kept in the funds of the Tyumen Historical and Local Lore Museum named after. I.Ya.Slovtsova.

John Maksimovich died on June 10, 1715, while praying, kneeling. His ascetic activity left a deep memory among the Siberians. In 1915, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized John Maksimovich and canonized him.

“Memoirs” N.B. Dolgorukova.

Following A.D. Menshikov, an associate of Peter 1, the disgraced princely family of the Dolgorukovs, including the young princess Natalya Borisovna, was exiled to the north of the Tobolsk province. At the end of her life, after her release from exile, already in the monastery, where she went voluntarily, N. Dolgorukova wrote her “Memoirs”. They are recognized as one of the monuments of memoir prose of the 18th century. They also reflect the details of her life in Berezovo, where the family served exile.

She was born in 1714, the youngest daughter of Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetev. At the age of 16, Natalya became the bride of the young Prince Ivan Dolgorukov. She was proud of her fiancé and his position in society. The Dolgorukovs were very close to the court, their daughter Ekaterina became the bride of Peter P. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got engaged in December 1729. And in January 1730, Emperor Peter II, who reigned for only a few months, unexpectedly fell ill with smallpox and died suddenly. The Senate did not recognize the will of Peter II, forged by Dolgorukov Sr., according to which he transferred the crown to his bride. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got married in April 1730, and a few days later, by order of Anna Ioannovna, the entire Dolgorukov family was exiled first to their Penza estates, and in the middle of the road they were turned around and sent to Berezov.

In Tobolsk they were forced to walk under escort to the pier. “It was quite a procession: a crowd of soldiers was following us with guns, like they were following robbers. I was already walking with my eyes down, not looking back, there were a lot of watchers on the street where we were being led.” After a month of sailing along the Irtysh and Ob, at the end of September 1730 they were delivered to Berezov. Here, soon, after shocks and a difficult road, the elder Dolgorukovs, Alexey Grigorievich and Praskovya Yurievna, die. Natalya Borisovna talks sparingly about her stay in Berezovo. She didn’t like the town at all; she described it as “a small empty place”: “The huts are made of cedar, the ends are made of ice instead of glass; winter 10 months or 8; The frosts are unbearable, nothing will be born, no bread, no fruit - not even cabbage. Impenetrable forests and swamps, bread is brought by water a thousand miles away. We reached such a place that we had nothing to drink, eat, or wear. They don’t sell anything, not even a roll.”

In Berezovo, her husband, Prince Ivan, did not behave in the best way - he drank a lot, talked too much. But in the “Memoirs” there is not a word of reproach to her husband. She calls him « comrade», « compassionate»: « I had everything in him: a merciful husband, a father, a teacher, and a prospector for my happiness... In all misfortunes, I was my husband’s comrade». They had three children here. But in 1738, due to slander, Prince Ivan, his brothers and several people assigned to them were arrested and taken away. In 1739, the Dolgorukov brothers were subjected to a savage execution - being thrown on the wheel. In 1740, Natalya Dolgorukova and her children were allowed to return to Moscow. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who soon ascended the throne, forgave all the Dolgorukovs. Natalya Borisovna raised her sons, then went to Kyiv and became a monk there.

Her “Memoirs” paint an image of a courageous woman, devoted to her husband and family, resilient in adversity and able to forgive. She died in 1771. She became the heroine of one of K. Ryleev’s thoughts, in which he puts the following words into her mouth:

I was persecuted everywhere

The rod of autocratic fate;

Alas! All my youth

The stormy autumn rushed by.

In the fight against hostile fate

I faded into captivity,

My friend, beautiful and young,

Was given, like a ghost, for a moment.

I forgot my native city,

Wealth, honors and nobility,

To share the cold with him in Siberia

And experience the vicissitudes of fate.

The life story of N.B. Dolgorukova was an example for the wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily went to Siberia for their exiled husbands.

Development of education.

Back in 1698, Metropolitan Ignatius received a decree to open a school at the bishop’s house. However, the school was not opened immediately. In 1703, 5 learned monks came to Tobolsk from Kyiv as school teachers. They brought with them books on Russian grammar, psalters, books of hours and other educational literature, 206 books in total. At the same time, a school was opened in the voivodeship yard. There were 96 students studying there. At the same time, the school of the Swede Anton Deloval was operating in Tobolsk for the children of prisoners of war, who were sent to Tobolsk during the Russian-Swedish war. In 1716, a digital school was opened, which in 1722 already had 224 students and was the second largest in Russia. In 1732 it was transferred to the category of garrison schools. In 1772 there were 173 students, and in 1797 - 200. In 1789, it was planned to build a new building in Tobolsk instead of the one that burned down in 1788.

In 1748, the bishop's school was transformed into a seminary. Her studies lasted eight years. Up to 100 students were enrolled in the first classes, and no more than ten remained in the senior classes. Depending on their success and diligence, seminarians could stay there longer. In 1765, there were 200, and in 1791, 280 seminarians. Metropolitan Paul in 1759 began to open Latin schools at monasteries and churches. But it was difficult to find teachers who knew Latin, and therefore many of the Latin schools were replaced by Slavic-Russian ones, and after 1764 they were transferred to state support.

In 1782, by decree of Catherine II, the “Commission for the Establishment of Public Schools” was formed. On February 3, 1789, the Empress’s decree on the opening of the Main Public School in the city was solemnly read out in Tobolsk. 3,118 rubles were collected from the townspeople, the books necessary for teaching were purchased, and teachers arrived. On March 11, 1789, the grand opening of the school took place. It enrolled: 49 students in the first grade, 31 in the second and 8 in the third grade. These were the children of officials, merchants, soldiers, and priests. By the end of 1789, the number of students reached 165 people and a fourth class was opened for those who passed the tests according to the program of three.

In parallel with the opening of the Main Public School in Tobolsk, small public schools began to open in the district towns of Siberia. Such a school was opened in Tyumen in 1789. It is noteworthy that in Tyumen there were 28 girls among the students of the small public school, which indicates the great desire of the population for education.

In the Tobolsk province, education in private schools was widespread. Retired people and exiles took on teaching children. Several people usually studied in private apartments. The administration tried to take action against private schools because the number of students in public schools was declining. In 1796, private schools were prohibited in cities where public schools had been opened. But the number of students at the Tobolsk Main Public School was declining: in 1795 there were 88 students, in 1796 - 76, and in 1797 - only 53 students. Nevertheless, in terms of the level of education of the general population, the Tobolsk province, like the whole of Siberia, did not lag behind European Russia.

Cherepanov Chronicle.

At the end of the 18th century, the process of formation of Siberian self-awareness began. It is based on careful preservation of the memory of the history of the settlement of the region, the formation of the first cities and settlements. Evidence of this was the manuscript, called the Cherepanov Chronicle. Its author is Ilya Leonidovich Cherepanov. He was born in 1724 and came from a “learned coachman family.” In Tobolsk he was well known both as an artist and architect.

I.L. Cherepanov’s interest in history manifested itself in the fact that he carefully collected all the sources known and available to him. He copied characteristic information from sources, systematized them according to each other, giving the appearance of a chronicle. His manuscript, discovered after the author’s death, is of a compilation nature. Its main body is compiled on the basis of a number of sources that Cherepanov does not hide, including the chronicles of S.U. Remezov and the Siberian Chronicle, available to him, supplementing them with information from G.F. Miller’s work “Description of the Siberian Kingdom” published in 1750 ..." The Cherepanov Chronicle contains many details, information about which the author received from eyewitness accounts. Thus, testifying to the first stage performances in Tobolsk, he notes that during one of the performances, in 1705, “ On the 8th of May, on the day of St. John the Theologian, in Tobolsk, during the playing of a comedy, a fierce storm arose with the flow and broke the cross over the altar of the Cathedral Church, as well as the entire top of the St. Sergius Church with a poppy tree and a cross... At the same hour at the market zvoz three fathoms of the mountain has slipped from its place as a smooth surface.”

I.L. Cherepanov died in 1795. The original of his manuscript is kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, and a copy is kept in the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. Having undoubtedly cultural interest, it testifies to the level of education of the population of the region.

M.I. Galanin.

Old Believers have become widespread in the Tyumen region. This was facilitated, firstly, by a significant migration movement already from the second half of the 17th century. Secondly, the weak corps of official priests, many of whom were even illiterate. The Siberian-Ural Old Believers had a sharp, priestless character. It also produced a number of spiritual writers, whose works were distributed in manuscripts and were greatly revered. One of them was M.I. Galanin.

Miron Ivanovich Galanin was born in 1726. From childhood he accepted the faith of his fathers, and in the 40s he enrolled in a double schismatic salary. He gained fame among fellow believers in 1777 for his passionate speech at the Nevyansk Cathedral of Old Believers against the “corrected priests.” He declared: “Our people of Iryum reject the ruled priesthood and have doubts about it.” The Old Believers of the villages located in the Iryum River basin called themselves Iryumchi. Of the 18 villages, only two were Orthodox. It was here that the Trans-Ural peasant organization of chapel agreement took shape. Among them, Galanin found recognition; he was called Saint Mironushko.

M. Galanin is also known as an Old Believer writer. Manuscript " About the ancient fathers"was created by him in the 70s of the 18th century, during a period of disputes among Beglopopovites about priests. He is one of the authors of the essay “ Message of Faith" It talks about the ritual-dogmatic side of worship. His main work is "The Story of Ancient Piety"" This is a great historical narrative about the struggle of the Ural-Siberian peasants with the official church. The full text of this work has not been found, but excerpts from it have been discovered in various places among the Siberian Old Believer messages. They are also contained in the work " Genealogy of chapel concord", created in the Urals by Father Nifont at the end of the 19th century. In the early 70s of the twentieth century, in the funds of the Tobolsk branch of the archive of the Tyumen region, N.N. Pokrovsky found the manuscript “ Lives of Siberian fathers”, in which the researcher suggested borrowings from M. Galanin’s narrative that has not reached us.

M. Galanin was one of the leaders of mass anti-church protests in the Siberian Trans-Urals. For this reason, his name is found in the papers of the Tobolsk bishop's house, and at the end of the 18th century even in the affairs of the Holy Synod. In the 50s of the 18th century, he was imprisoned in the Melkovsky (Zarechny) prison. After this, for many years he was in spiritual exile in Tobolsk, and was imprisoned in the Znamensky Monastery.

« A lot of grief, - M. Galanin described his misadventures, - when I was in the city of Tobolsk: all around people of the same faith with us, like fierce beasts, rose up against us in the Znamensky Monastery at the Pyatnitskaya Church, languishing in chains with the monk Joachim twice, everything was an exhortation so that we would accept the new Nikonian rites. And there were also various tortures that were carried out at the monastery cells. In this same monastery of Znamensky there was our first ascetic and sufferer for the faith, Avvakum...”

M.I. Galanin died in the village of Kirsanovo, which is located on the territory of the modern Isetsky district, on June 9, 1812. His name is still surrounded by respect and honor today, and in the Isetsky district Galanin readings, scientific and practical conferences on the history and culture of the Old Believer population are held.