Ancient peoples on the territory of Russia. History of the state and peoples of Russia
Ancient peoples of Crimea
The most ancient people who inhabited Black Sea steppes and Crimea and whose name has come down to us - the Cimmerians: they lived here at the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. e. Herodotus, who visited the Northern Black Sea region in the 5th century. BC e., of course, did not find the Cimmerians, and conveyed information that remained in the memory of the local population, referring to the survivors geographical names- Cimmerian Bosporus, on the banks of which there were the settlements of Cimmeric and Cimmerium, the Cimmerian Walls, etc.1 According to the story of the “father of history,” the Cimmerians, driven out by the Scythians, retired to Asia Minor. However, the remaining part mixed with the winners: in the light of the data of archaeology, anthropology, linguistics, the Cimmerians and Scythians are related peoples, representatives of the North Iranian ethnic group, so it is obviously not by chance that Greek authors sometimes confused or identified them.2 The question of the archaeological culture corresponding to the historical Cimmerians, considered one of the most difficult. Some researchers considered the Tauri to be direct descendants of the Cimmerians. Meanwhile, the accumulating archaeological material led to the identification of a special culture, called Kizilkobinskaya after the place of the first finds in the area of the Red Caves - Kizil-Koba. Its bearers lived in the same place as the Tauri - in the foothills, at the same time - from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. to III-II centuries. BC e., were engaged in agriculture and transhumance. However, there were significant differences in culture - for example, among the Kizilkobins, ceramics are decorated with geometric patterns, while among the Taurians it is usually absent; The funeral rite was also different - the first buried the dead in small mounds, in catacomb-type graves, in an extended position on the back, with the head usually to the west; the second - in stone boxes, sprinkled with earth, in a crouched position on the side, with the head usually to the east. Today the Kizilkobins and Tauris are considered as two different peoples who lived during the 1st millennium BC. e. in the mountainous part of Crimea.
Whose descendants are they? Obviously, the roots of both cultures go back to the Bronze Age. Comparison of ceramics and funeral rite suggests that most likely the Kizilkobin culture goes back to the so-called late Catacomb culture, the carriers of which many researchers consider the Cimmerians.3
As for the Taurians, their most likely predecessors can be considered the bearers of the Kemiobin culture (named after the Kemi-Oba mound near Belogorsk, excavated by A.A. Shchepinsky, from which its study began), widespread in the foothills and mountains of Crimea in the second half of the 3rd - first half of the 2nd millennium BC e. It was the Kemiobians who erected the first mounds in the Crimean steppes and foothills, surrounded by stone fences at the base and once crowned with anthropomorphic steles. These are large stone slabs, hewn in the form human figure, where the head, shoulders, and belt are highlighted, represented the first attempt to create an image of a person in the monumental art of the Black Sea region at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. A true masterpiece among them is a one and a half meter diorite stele from Kazanki, found near Bakhchisarai.4
The problem of the origin of anthropomorphic steles, found not only in the Black Sea region, but also in the south of France, is directly related to the spread megalithic structures- stone fences, stone boxes, pillar-shaped menhirs. Noting their great similarity with the monuments of the northwestern Caucasus, researchers prefer to talk not about the influence of the latter, but about a single culture widespread in the Bronze Age from Abkhazia in the east to the Crimean Mountains in the west. Much brings the Kemiobin culture closer to the later Taurus culture. The Taurus - the true heirs of the megalithic tradition - reproduced its structures, albeit on a somewhat reduced scale.5
Notes
1. Herodotus. History in 6 books / Trans. and comment. G.A. Stratanovsky. - L.: Science, 1972. - Book. IV, 12.
2. Leskov A.M. Mounds: finds, problems. - M... 1981. - p. 105.
3. Shchetsinsky A.A. Red caves. - Simferopol, 1983. - p. 50.
4. Leskov A.M. Decree. op. - With. 25.
5. Shchepinsky A.A. Decree. op. - With. 51.
This historical reconstruction cultures along the lines of “Late Catacomb culture - Cimmerians - Kizilkobins” and “Kemiobins - Tauris,” according to its author, should not be represented straightforwardly; there is still a lot that is unclear and unexplored.
T.M. Fadeeva
Photo beautiful places Crimea
The secret history of humanity is completely different from the one we are taught in schools. And this story, like all of humanity, does not care that the two stories do not coincide. After all, modern historical science has existed for only hundreds of years, but people have lived on Earth for millions of years. New generations come and say: “We don’t know this, we don’t believe in it.” But this does not change the past. And, besides, scientists are mistaken no less often than ordinary people.
Once upon a time they refused to acknowledge the existence of meteorites, saying that the sky is an ocean of air, there is no firmament (which religion spoke about), and therefore the stones have nowhere to come from. Back in the 20th century, cybernetics and genetics in our country were considered pseudosciences. And so on, there are thousands of examples of scientific misconceptions around the world...
From history, the people draw dignity and the mighty spirit of the nation, seek the truth, not wanting to turn into “Ivanov the rootless.” We must understand that the current one. civil strife, the division of peoples, will not bring benefits to anyone, for all the Slavs, no matter how different they are from each other in customs and appearance, are essentially children of one ancient people. If Moses and the Jews searched for the way to the Promised Land for only 40 years, then the Russians moved around the world for millions of years! It’s not for nothing that I cited Pushkin’s words as an epigraph to the article. Nobody wondered how suddenly a child of an “alien” race and culture “suddenly” became a genius Russian Empire? You will soon realize that this did not happen by chance.
There is probably no need to say that the version of history outlined below is one of many that exist today. Each people considers itself chosen and great and strives to interpret in its own way historical facts. That's why everything in history is so confusing. Everywhere you look, there are great kingdoms, empires, principalities...
I know that I am bombarding you with a sea of information, but do not be afraid to dive into it, even after reading the article once, you will generally understand that the procession of Russians around the planet is a much more grandiose spectacle than an encounter with a UFO.
Ukrainian esotericist V. Kandyba in the book “History of the Russian People” identifies seven main periods in it:
1. Arctic - in time immemorial.
2. Siberian - from the third millionnium BC.
3. Ural, or Arkaim, - from the 200th millennium BC. e.
4. Aryan - from the 120th millennium BC. e.
5. Trojan - from the 11th millennium BC. e.
6. Kiev - from the 8th millennium BC. e.
7. Time of Troubles.
Unbiased coverage ancient history, based on true factual material, reveals the leading role of the Slavs in the development of world civilization.
Ancient homeland - Arctida
The Slavic Vedic tradition reports (and this is confirmed by modern archaeological excavations) that climate change and glaciation forced our ancestors to leave our ancestral home Arctida (Arkgogeya) about three million years ago and all the people, under the leadership of the legendary king Ima, to migrate across the only isthmus of the Arctic Ocean to the earth, now called Siberia. Russian historical science has not yet fully revealed this most ancient period of our history, and therefore they call it mythical, since we know very little about the life of the Rus of those distant times. Voltaire's friend Abbe Bailly in XV!!! century, he published the story that part of the Rus from the Arctic penetrated into the Atlantic and created the Atlantean civilization that later became famous - Atlantis. Science only knows that in the period about 15-18 thousand years ago, the level of the World Ocean was approximately 135 m lower than today. This means that a lot looked different, and the research carried out by scientists on the world's shelves can clarify a lot about the fate of Arctida and Atlantis.
“In a period of approximately 3 million years ago,” writes historian R. Koren, “when the Proto-Russians had already settled along the basin of the Rus (Urus or Orus) River, now called Lena, in a place just north of the city Yakutsk, there were already two centers of humanity on Earth - northern and southern. The northern one consisted of the yellow people - a proto-Russian ethnic group that escaped after the destruction of Arctida, who, having mastered the Rus River basin, penetrated through Beringia into America, reaching modern Patagonia. At the same time, it began to spread and develop all the territories to the Urals, Central Asia and the Japanese Islands. The southern one was in Africa and was represented by short black people.
Siberian Rus'
During this period, the Rus lived in powerful clans, grouping into villages of 20-50 families with a total clan population of 1-2 thousand people on average. Relatives up to the 9th generation were considered members of the Old Russian clan. Marriages within the clan were strictly prohibited and usually took place between neighboring clans. The clan was headed by a founding chief and a council of elders. The largest clans were united into military-territorial tribal unions (temporary and permanent), which were governed by an elected governor. In the largest and most durable tribal unions, a permanent, inherited power structure was created headed by the king.
The Russians were very warlike from birth and did not want to obey anyone, except for strict discipline within the clan, so constant internecine wars took place everywhere. The ancient Rus had a highly developed sense of their own honor and the honor of their relatives. The solidarity of clan members and their mutual responsibility, both for good deeds and bad, was very developed.
Ural Rus'
About a million years BC. our ancestors, due to a sharp cold snap, began to leave the basin of the Rus (Lena) River and settle south throughout the entire space from Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) River. The new places of the most compact residence of the Rus became the territories of the modern Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, North India and Northern China. Over time, in the new territories, African black people were completely forced out to even more southern regions, and large Russian settlements began to emerge and settle throughout Central Eurasia. The city of Ariana on the Range River (Ural) became the sacred capital of all Rus. At first, the clans and unions of the clans of the first settlers did not have a common single ruler, but then a ruler appeared from the distant Rus River. King Yima arrived with all the people on the Ur River and, on the site of Ariana, built the large city of Orey in honor of the first ancestor of the Rus, making it new capital all Rus from the Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) River. After the death of King Yima, his eldest son Parikshit became the king of all Rus, who significantly expanded the lands of the Rus further to the south. Parikshit, through continuous wars, united all the Rus into a single empire, but tragically died in another military campaign to the East near the Ganges River (the territory of modern India).
Archaeological excavations show that Russian settlements of the era of Ural Rus' consisted of large, identical houses intended for large undivided families with approximately the same inventory for all houses. In military campaigns, chariots with wooden wheels drawn by horses were used. Parts of these oldest chariots in the world were recently excavated in the ancient Russian city on the Sintashta River (in the Chelyabinsk region).
Aryan Rus'
About 200 thousand years ago, the ancient Rus divided into northern and southern. The northern ones have already mastered the Far East, Siberia, the Urals and the Volga, and the southern ones began to migrate to the south and southwest to the Mediterranean (Sourozh) Sea. Our ancestors were called in the languages of neighboring peoples: oros, urus, russ, ors, urs, suras. Thousands of years later, some peoples of the Eastern Rus began to call them: Sakaliba, Saka, Shaka, Sakha, and the Western Rus: Oriyas, Ars, Aryans, Indo-Europeans.
About 90 thousand years ago, the Russians displaced the black race almost everywhere and began to populate a significant part of Europe, forming the modern races of white people. In addition, during this era, the formation of transitional races took place: the Malays (from black to yellow people), Semites (from black to white people) and the Japanese (from yellow to white people). About 80 thousand years ago, the first modern-type Rus appeared in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tigris) River. About 40 thousand years ago it was finally formed modern type Russian ethnic group, which, unlike its ancestors, who led a nomadic lifestyle, settled in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tigris) River, in places very rich in vegetation and game. This place is our real ancestral home, the land of our ancestors, which over time became the mother land for the entire Indo-European civilization. The founder of the Vedic tradition, Afet, reports that the ancient Russian priests passed on to him very ancient legend about the first cosmic god-man, from whom all people and all tribes came - Oriya. Therefore, over time, other peoples and tribes began to call us “Oriyas”, in modern historical science- "Aryans".
The formation and development of the Russian language ended by the 40th millennium BC. e., and its division into Indo-European branches occurred recently, in the 5th millennium BC. e. Before Indo-European, in addition to Russian, there were Afroasiatic languages (Semitohamite), the Kartvelian family of languages, Dravidian, Altai, but most people spoke Old Russian. Recent Russian historians - N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, L.N. Gumilyov - respected the ancient Russian Vedic tradition and considered our ancient Asian origin an indisputable fact.
The first settlement of the Rus took place in the territory occupied by present-day Iran, then to India, and then to the Middle East and Europe. The largest military-territorial union of Russian tribes was formed in the 38th millennium BC. e. led by Rus. Rus spread the influence of the union to all Russian tribes along the Hu (Tigris) River and founded our first, already southern, capital - the Rusu fortress. The city was named after Rus, who was the great-grandson of the legendary elder Noah. Rus's grandfather was Noah's eldest son, Afet, who served as the Supreme Family of the Russian tribes. History says that it was Afet who became the founder of the great Vedic tradition of Russian high priests, which, through all the millennia, has survived to this day along the direct chain of Russian high priests.
Having formed a huge military-territorial union of tribes, the Rus became more sedentary and took up farming. Sedentary agriculture sharply accelerated further development economic and housing construction. The settlements or “cities” of the Rus occupied an area of up to 20 hectares. In the center were large brick complexes on high earthen platforms, surrounded by wooden walls and a moat.
The first writing arose on clay tablets in brick complexes that served as a temple and a public warehouse, where all the supplies and all the public property of the Russian community were located. Writing originated as a need to account for public property. Therefore, the most ancient Russian written sources on clay tablets look like warehouse reports.
The last 35 thousand years of the Ice Age became a time of unusually bright and rapid development for all Rus.
Numerous ancient Russian symbols and signs on surviving household items of that time indicate such a degree of development of the thinking of the ancient Rus, at which abstract thinking began to flourish, the ability to express a complex concept with a laconic graphic symbol, the ability to write in symbols and read was possessed by the majority of the adult population. Good conditions life led over time to a sharp increase in the population of the southern Russian union, and the Rus began to settle again in territories suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding: first in the areas of the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia and the Middle East, then east to India, then along the coast of the Mediterranean and North Africa. Gradually, through the Isthmus of Asia Minor (now it is gone), the Rus began to re-develop the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the European Mediterranean. At the same time, the re-development of Iran, Central Asia and the Southern Urals was underway.
The settlement of the Rus over vast territories destroyed previously powerful and united inter-tribal alliances. The clan unions of the Rus rested on three pillars: inseparability common property union, a unified military-territorial power of a prince or king elected by a council of tribal elders and general veneration of a single cult of the first ancestor - Oriya.
In the tenth millennium, there was a new large migration of Rus from Mesopotamia to the north - through the Caucasus and the Balkans, and also to the south - along the sea to the delta of the great river, which was named in honor of the Sun God Sur (Nile). Therefore, the sea was called Surozh. Here, in the Sur (Nile) delta, the oldest Russian fortress on this earth, Sur, was built. Large settlements of the Rus were fenced for military purposes with walls and ramparts, behind which, if necessary, up to several thousand soldiers and civilians could hide. And the main civilian population in the area lived, as a rule, along the rivers. The largest Russian fortress-cities at that time were Sur (on the Nile), Nova Rusa (on the Tigris), Russka Oselia (Jerusalem), Trinity (on the Asia Minor coast), Asgard (on the Volga), Belograd (on the Dniester), Novograd ( Sevastopol), Kiev (on the Danube), New Kiev (on the Dnieper). The largest veche city-state was Sur. Tradition says that it was during these times that the Rus built the famous Vedic monument - the Sphinx, on which the oldest surviving inscription in the Old Russian language is still clearly visible.
The history of antiquity testifies that the Egyptian civilization was never “young”, because from the time of the first dynasties of the pharaohs (III millennium BC), that is, from the moment of its emergence, it was already an established civilization of high culture and maturity, having accepted Russian knowledge in finished form and recorded them as final conclusions in the form of instructions.
Significant knowledge in the exact sciences not only of the Egyptians, but also of the Sumerians, Persians, Indians and Chinese could only be obtained as a result of the accumulation of research experience over many centuries, the experience of the ancient Aryans, who built on Southern Urals the city-temple-observatory of Arkaim (which means “double of the sky”), and around it other ancient cities (21 cities in total) and already 18 thousand years ago had a perfect lunar-solar calendar.
In the XIII millennium BC. e., says historian R. Koren, the last retreat of glaciers began (the last glacial period), which was accompanied, according to the Vedas, by rapid global warming. From this time until about 5,000 years ago, the climate in the Northern Hemisphere was generally milder than it is now. Subarctic forests moved about 300 km north of their current polar border, and lands from the Caucasus to Egypt began to be burned by the sun. It was at this time that the land along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea was renamed by the ancient Rus as the Lands of Palennogo Stan (Palestine).
As a result of the flood that occurred about 12,000 years ago, the ancient Russian civilization completely perished, and in everything there was a regression and rollback to ancient clan relations and customs. The largest Russian fortified city was the newly built Troy, near the ancient city of Trinity that had sunk under water (in the western part of the Mapoasian Peninsula).
By the 8th millennium BC. e. Troy became the capital of the largest Russian military-territorial union. The capital divided all Rus into southern and northern. Russian tribal unions in Eastern Europe, the Northern Black Sea region, the Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Southern Urals and Central Asia began to be classified as northern Rus. To the south - all Russian alliances to the east and south from Troy to Egypt. Due to multilingualism and the increasing differences in culture and language, the southern, central and northern Russians have completely ceased to be alike. The peoples inhabiting vast territories and paying tribute to the Rus stopped calling themselves Rus and, but all lands, regardless of what peoples and states were located on them, were still called Russian Land.
In the vast expanses of Trojan Rus', from the Nile to the Dnieper and from Europe to India, lived a variety of peoples, in which the Rus became a military and priestly rope (caste). There was no expressed central subordination to Troy. Democratic coexistence different cultures, unshakable, ancient principles of democracy on earth and tough professional internecine warfare - these are the main characteristics of Trojan Rus'.
During this era, the Old Russian language underwent strong changes and nowhere in pure form not preserved. There are only archaeological finds ancient Russian civilization, scattered over vast territories. These are excavations in Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), the Troy region, in Asia Minor, on Kievan Rus and others. Recently, people have started talking again about an archaeological collection called “the treasures of King Priam,” which were excavated by Schliemann in 1873 on the site of the mythical and truly existing Troy, which once again confirms the high skill, art and culture of the ancient Rus.
The Rus of this time developed an alphabetic writing system, traces of which have been preserved in archaeological finds. The most ancient monuments of Russian writing, called by scientists “Slavic runitsa”, were discovered in 1961 in the village of Terteria on the territory of modern
Romania and are represented by three clay tablets dated to the 5th millennium BC. e. At the same time, it turned out that the Sumerian tablets (considered the most ancient) are a whole millennium younger than the Terterian ones. Similar writings were found in the village of Turdashi Vinca in Yugoslavia. Based on these unexpected finds, scientists concluded that the writing of Terteria did not arise out of nowhere, but is an integral part of the one widespread in the middle of the 5th - beginning of the 4th millennium BC. e. Balkan culture of Vinca. Runic writings similar to those of Vinchana were found in Trypillia in layers of the beginning of the 3rd millennium, and later in Troy and Crete, in Etruria and Parthia, on the Yenisei and in Scandinavia. The same letter existed in the Caucasus. This writing also spread to other continents - North Africa and America. Ultimately, it served as the basis for the well-known alphabets: Phoenician and ancient Greek, Celtic and Gothic, Proto-Indian and Latin, Hebrew and Cyrillic with Glagolitic. The global influence of the Trojan Rus on neighboring peoples was confirmed by the discovery of the Tel Amarin archive in Egypt in 1887. And also the Bible story about the ascent of Moses after the end of the many years of wandering of the Jews in the desert to the mountain with Old Russian name“Sky”, which was located on the southern borders of Trojan Rus', in the area of Paleny Stan.
All Slavs are essentially children of one ancient people 2
The Trojan Rus of the 6th and 5th millennia were basically warriors, cattle breeders and farmers, and there were more and more farmers, especially in the developed northern territories after overcoming the powerful mountain barrier of the Alps-Ore Mountains-Carpathians and settling in the large river valleys of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder and Vistula. The resettlement of the Rus to the east of the Carpathians developed somewhat differently: there was no longer a mountain barrier, the Trojan Rus easily and quickly assimilated with the local Rus along the Dniester and the Southern Bug, who had settled in these places earlier (the migration flow here came slowly and constantly, never stopping from the very beginning time immemorial).
As a result of this migration, a more or less unified culture emerged over a vast area in Europe (archeology calls it “the culture of linear band ceramics”), which is accompanied by the Balkan culture of Vinca. The Novotroyan Russian lands began to spread from the Rhine to the Dniester and the right tributaries of the Dnieper, from the Pomeranian Lowland to the Danube, joining closely with the mother lands on the Dnieper, in the Northern Black Sea region, on the Danube and the Balkans. Within this entire huge Novorussian area, settlers were located mainly along the rivers.
The outflow of the most active part of the population of Trojan Rus', naturally, weakened it. The Greeks from the continental regions took advantage of this and two waves of invasions brought the end of Trojan Rus' closer. At the turn of the 3rd - 2nd millennium BC. e. The Achaean Greeks captured the territory of what is now Greece, destroying the cities of the Pelasgians (as the alien Greeks called the Slavic tribe) and their fortresses. Many of the Pelasgians, fleeing the invasion, crossed to the island of Crete, where the cities of the Pelasgian-Minoans (Etruscans) still flourished. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. The Greeks reached Crete. Achaean culture The Greeks were able to borrow a lot from the Minoans, including linear syllabary, religious rituals and deities, plumbing, fresco painting, clothing styles and much more.
About 700 years later there was a second invasion of the Greeks, known as the Dorians. After him a new period began Greek history, - Homeric, named after the blind singer Homer. The Dorian conquest pushed Greece back in cultural development by several centuries. After a ten-year siege, the Dorian Greeks captured and then destroyed the city of Troy. The remnants of the Rus' troops, led by governor Aeneas, went west on 20 ships and settled on Italian peninsula. Another detachment of Rus, led by Aptenor, went to Central Europe and, having once again conquered the lands between the Dnieper and the Spree up to the Cold (Baltic) Sea, settled on them, built many small fortified cities, and settled on the island of Ruge.
Subsequently, the Romans, intending to prove their descent from the gods, tried to erase traces of the Etruscans from the memory of mankind. That's why scientific world now considers it generally accepted that the ancient Romans were teachers Western Europe. Nevertheless, the ancient historians knew very well that the teachers of these teachers were Etruscans. This is evidenced by the works of Hellanicus, Stephen of Byzantium, Ptolemy, Titus Livy, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Pliny and many other pre-Christian authors. According to ancient historians, the Etruscans gave the Romans musical instruments, a rostrum (the bow of a ship) and an anchor, theater, mining, ceramics and metalworking, herbal medicine, land reclamation, cities in Italy, the art of fortune telling, and so on. The first kings of Rome were Etruscans: Tarquius, Search, Servius (Serbia) Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud. Etruscan fist fighters took part in Roman festivities. The Etruscan shield, spear and armor were also adopted by the Romans.
A little is said above about the borrowing of written monuments. The following should be added to this.
E. I. Klassen in the work of the mid-20th century “ Latest materials for the ancient history of the Slavs in general and the Slavic Russians of the pre-Rurik period, especially with a light outline of the history of the Russians before the birth of Christ" writes: "That all the ancient tribes of the Slavs had their own runic writings is now an undoubted matter, realized even by the Germans, who dispute every step of the enlightenment of the Slavic . Only our home-grown skeptics, who finished studying history in school, claim that all runes must be Scandinavian. But have these great-wise interpreters read at least one runic inscription? Have you seen at least one? This is still subject to doubt. And Schlitser himself - this rejecter of everything that elevates the Slavs above other peoples - did not dare to disagree due to the testimony of Herodotus and other Greek writers that many Scythian tribes knew literacy and that the Greeks themselves adopted the alphabet from the Pelasgians - also a Scythian people, or, what is the same, Slavic-Russian origin. From everything deduced here, it is clear that the Slavs had literacy not only before everyone else Western peoples Europe, but also before the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and that the outcome of enlightenment was from the Rus to the west, and not from there to us.”
Such a monument of Slavic writing as the “Book of Veles” (“Great Light”), written in the 9th century AD, also requires special attention. e. In Soviet times, historians, naturally, disowned it, declaring the “Veles Book” a fake. The texts of the Book of Veles tell about the ancient Slavs and cover the time from the 5th century BC. e. to the 7th century. It talks about the humanity of the Slavs, their high culture, the veneration of their forefathers, and their love for their native land.
Indian Rus'
The main settlement of the Rus from Trojan Rus' took place along the land isthmus that existed at that time connecting Asia Minor and the Balkans in the area of the present Bosporus Strait. In the 5th millennium BC. e. sea waters The isthmus was washed away, and the ancient Rus were cut off from their first and second ancestral home, although communication continued and became more and more intense. Thus, the Danube-Bapkan region, Central and South-Eastern Europe became a new ancestral home for the Russians (after Mesopotamia and Asia Minor). The capital of the largest southern tribal union was the city of Kiev, founded by the governor Kiem in 4211 BC. The Dnieper Union of Russian tribes, settled in ancient times (even before the flood) from the Northern Black Sea region to the Baltic, continues to be strong in military and economic terms. .
In the 7th millennium BC. e. metals were already processed here, livestock was raised and cereals were grown. It was here that archaeologists unearthed a developed civilization of the ancient Rus (the so-called Tripoli culture). Significant cultural achievements occurred here in the 5th millennium BC. e. At this time, the ancient Rus were clearly divided into southern pastoral military alliances and northern agricultural military alliances. The population of the unions was divided into vervi (castes) of priests, warriors, artisans and cattle breeders or farmers. The ancestral nobility of the ancient Rus constantly involved their fellow tribesmen in various internecine military campaigns, sometimes very distant, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, the local population that got in the way of the Rus was exterminated or forced out of these lands. The most famous is the campaign to the East undertaken by the ancient Russian priest Ram, who reached Tibet and founded a new country - India, named after the ancient Russian Indus (Dnieper) river.
This is how they describe the background of this campaign and the campaign itself. Five thousand years ago, the young Kiev priest Ram, very educated person, who studied medicine well, provided great assistance to his people in the fight against a severe infectious disease brought from Africa. Having become a famous person, Ram thought about the issues of humanization and streamlining of Russian life. Trance practice allowed Rama to receive answers to all his questions through visions. Ram systematized this knowledge in the form of a new teaching, which he outlined to his followers and students.
Since there were opponents of the new teaching in the western parts of the country, in order not to subject the country to a fratricidal war, Ram decided to take some of his supporters and students to the east and introduce the new teaching there. Having passed the Russian steppe, through the Caucasus Ram entered the territory modern Iran and built the city of Ver. Having mixed with the local population, the Rus began to teach them the reformed Vedas and introduce vervi (castes): priests, warriors, farmers, traders and artisans.
Ram prohibited murder and all enslavement of people as the source of all evils, introduced the principle of electing judges and rulers, and put the interests of society above the interests of individual person. Lawbreakers were expelled from the vervi (caste). Ram, like all Russian rulers and tsars, was wise and led a spiritual lifestyle. He decided to streamline the Old Russian language and created an improved language, which the Indians later called “Sanskrit”, which means “ordered”. Having mastered the lands of the future ancient Iranian civilization, Ram moved further to the east and, having crossed the Hindu Kush, came to India. Here Ram introduced the caste system to avoid mixing with black people and taught the local population the reformed Vedas. In India, Ram grew old and died without ever returning home, and the Vedas, changed by his reform, firmly took root in that land and have survived to this day.
Starting from the 5th millennium, complex processes of differentiation, struggle, and multiple migrations of Rus tribes in the territory began to take place at the borders and within the borders of Kievan Rus modern Europe. In the 24th century BC. e. The Russians again, as before the Flood, brought the whole world into submission and imposed tribute on all peoples: from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic and from Egypt to the Arctic (which is confirmed by the burials of Russian warriors of this era found by archaeologists all over the world), thanks to the Russians, development is developing in the conquered countries economy, metallurgy, wheeled transport, writing, and so on were introduced. Let us dwell only on some fragments of the development processes of the Indo-European branch of the Rus, which are directly related to the topic of our research. Attempts have been made repeatedly to link the history of the Slavs of Pomerania and Kievan Rus to the history of the Scandinavian peoples. One of the first such attempts to distort the history of Russians was rebuffed by M.V. Lomonosov. E. I. Klassen, studying the development of the language of the ancient Slavs, comes to the conclusion that the richness of the language comes from the development of an artistic life, which among the Slavs developed much earlier than among the Germans and Scandinavians. At the same time, many words existing from the educated Slavic people were borrowed by the Scandinavians. This suggests that the Slavs were more educated than the Scandinavian peoples. Klassen further notes that the Slavs called their gods by names that “had meaning in the indigenous Slavic language, and the Scandinavians borrowed from them their entire mythology, adding to it only the names of the Slavs, whom they elevated to the dignity of demigods. That’s why the Scandinavian gods all lived on Mount Ida, that is, in ancient Trojan Rus', and in Asgard, that is, near the Sea of Azov, between the tribes of Azov and Yazi.” They went to the Veneti (which included Pskov and Novgorod) Scandinavian heroes and divinely inspired men for the study of wisdom. Confirmation of this can be found in most Scandinavian sagas. The question arises: who studied with whom?!
Kievan Rus
In the 12th century BC. e. in Europe, the Kiev prince Bogumir tried to unite all the northern Rus into single state Semirechye (the basins of the Rhine, Laba, Vistula, Oder, Neman, Western Dvina and Neva rivers). By this time, the Western Rus had gradually transformed into modern peoples: Germans, Swedes, Danes and others, their real (most ancient) name was preserved in the most ancient written sources: Russland. Often, historians of the past and present replace the common self-name of the ancient Russian peoples - “Rus” with “Indo-Europeans”. The word “Indo-Europeans” is a geographical concept, which only says that the once united people - the Rus - lived everywhere from India to Europe. As you know, the word “Germans” comes from the Slavic root “mute”, that is, those who do not speak the language of the Rus, which could have an initial figurative sense- wild, having forgotten their language.
Tacitus says that the Germans did not yet know cities, while the Slavs had them in abundance. In the “Geographer of Bavaria” or in Constantine Porphyrogenitus it is indicated that the Slavs in the territory of what is now Germany, long before the calling of the Varangians, had fortified and populous cities, each of which was surrounded by a moat, rampart and palisades. Almost all historical data show that significant cities in Russia were in their full splendor long before Christianity.
Researcher Leonid Ryzhkov claims that “... right up to the borders of present-day France, the Slavic “sea” of a single ethnic group spread, speaking almost a single language, not yet spoiled by German, Turkish, Ugric-Dzungar (that is, Mongolian), Arab and other conquerors. Leipzig in those days was called Lipsk and was the center of the Slavic region of the Lusatians, whose descendants live there to this day. Dresden was the Drozdyans, Meissen was the Mishans, Merisenburg was Mezhibor, and all these lands were inhabited by the Nishans, Milchans, Selichans, Dechans and Hugichis; and in the north the famous Brandenburg was called Branibor - the center of vast Slavic principalities, which were conquered by the Germans only in the middle of the 11th century! century. This is all within the borders of present-day Germany, not to mention Poland... And further to the south, right up to Chervonnaya (Red) Rus', which became part of the state of Rus' in 981, stretched the Great Moravian state of the Slavs, which is still called Ugorshchina by Ukrainians, and then on the banks of the Danube stood Vysehrad, Novgorod and Peci (modern Pest). This area of Hungary until 1400-1600. was called Novograd. The Hungars (Dzungars, Uighurs) conquered and began to enslave this country only in the 10th century. And even further south was Wallachia and the Bulgarian kingdom. Even Austria (Ostria), which had not yet undergone deep Germanization by that time, was ruled by Slavic princes, with the cities of Windebozh (Vienna), Svetla (Zwel), Rakousy and others... It can be said with all certainty that there was a single Slavic people in the 1st century, moreover, not yet divided into western, eastern and southern, a single ethnic group of Wends-Slavs.”
How were all these lands lost? P. Lukashevich in his study “Charomancy, or the Sacred Language of Magi, Magi and Priests” writes that all the Slavs of Persia and Asia Minor, part of Thrace and part of Macedonia died under the blows of the Mongols and Arabs. The wild steppe was depopulated, and the Kalmyk, or Mongol, horde, the current Magyars, “migrated” to Pannonia. The Slavic-Russian tribes, protected by the gods from all lies and filth, more than anyone else, resisted the wild Mongols and protected Southwestern Europe from extermination. Half-savage, half-enlightened Germans, emerging from the dark corner of Europe, with the help of the Gauls they defeated, began to conquer the Slavs, now taking advantage of their discord, now seducing the Slavic kings and princes with their loyalty and zeal, so that the Slavic rulers very willingly gave them their lands for settlement, which the new settlers used only for their own benefit, without sharing a crumb with the Slavs. And when these areas fell under the direct rule of the Germans, the new settlers became active assistants in the oppression of the natives, that is, the Slavs. As a result of this, Silesia became completely Germanized. Thus, starting from the borders of Holland and both banks of the Rhine, they moved further and further to the east, and over the course of a millennium they founded one Right (an empire of four kingdoms and many small possessions) on the Slavic lands.
In modern history, there is not even a mention of a single Slavic state, which united numerous and diverse Slavic tribes under the leadership of a certain king Macha in pre-Kievan times, because this would contradict the “Norman theory”. Having recognized that the Rus already in prehistoric times united all the Slavic peoples that were part of a single state, we will also have to admit that today they have the right to claim the same role. Therefore, opponents of the Russian-Aryan theory of the origin of earthly civilization continue to claim that in those days the Slavs lived in forests, like animals and birds.
An attempt to refute the “Norman theory” from the beginning of the Russian people until the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, or until 1054, was made by M. Lomonosov in “The Most Ancient Russian history» 1766. E. I. Klassen (Russian historian of the 19th century) in his study “New materials for the ancient history of the Slavs” wrote: “To find undoubted traces of the Slavs in general history, it is necessary to throw out from it all the mutilated nicknames of peoples and use instead one common tribal name for all of them... It is clear that the Greeks and Romans wanted the Slavs to submit to them, of course, they sacrificed to them not only their dignity, but also their freedom of action, even - life itself, and therefore they armed foreigners, their like-minded people, against them, and those who resisted this were called barbarians. This gives reason not to take the word of either the Greek or Roman historians since the spirit of the predominance of these two peoples, and therefore all the legends compiled by them about the Slavs must be taken into account with the circumstances of the oppressors and the oppressed and, according to reasonable criticism, clear them of slander, bile, ridicule . Having carried out this task conscientiously, we will receive a correct view of the history of the Slavs ... "
Time of Troubles
And finally, very briefly about the last period of the history of the Rus, called in the first article the Time of Troubles. According to V. M. Kandybe this is history Russian state starting from the 12th century AD. e. to the present day. At the same time, he cites historical facts that prepared the Time of Troubles, reports well-known historical events and concludes: “With the reduction of Russian spiritual and moral pressure on the world community throughout the world and in our country, the construction of a new, economized civilization on absolutely criminal grounds and with complete absence reasonable sense. The weakening of the ancient power and goals of the “Great Russian Idea” in the formation and development of the world community will lead to unpredictable catastrophic consequences, which we and other peoples of the Earth will feel in the coming years.”
How to relate to the secret history of mankind outlined in three articles is up to you to choose. After all, there are many such stories (“the only true ones”). It is always useful to shake up established views and look at the world with new eyes. But whether you will like it in its new form, whether you will accept it this way, that’s another question...
Cimmerians(IX-VII centuries BC.) - the first nomadic people of the early Iron Age in our region, the first to use the horse for riding.
Scythians (VII century BC) – nomadic pastoralists who lived in the distant expanses of Asia before the invasion of Eastern Europe. The Scythians were divided into royal Scythians, Scythian nomads (steppe regions east of the Dnieper), Scythian farmers (forest-steppe zone of the Dnieper region), Scythian plowmen (between the Dnieper and Dniester). The royal Scythians lived on the territory of Donbass.
Royal burial mounds(Chertomlyk, Kul-Oba, Solokha, Tolstaya Mogila, Dvugorbaya Mogila, Perederieva Mogila, etc.) - burial places of Scythian leaders and noble warriors with rich gifts for afterlife deceased.
The main activity of the Cimmerians and Scythians was nomadic cattle breeding.
Sarmatians(III-II centuries BC) – nomadic cattle breeders who displaced the Scythians.
The unification of the Turkic tribes led to the creation Great Bulgaria – public education, which was located in the steppes between the North Caucasus, the Lower Don and the Azov region. They have become known in science since 1901, when the outstanding archaeologist V.A. Gorodtsov excavated the first Proto-Bulgarian burial ground there near the Zlivki farm in the Krasnolimansky district. Findings confirming the existence Bulgarians in our area, were also discovered by archaeologists in the area of Zintseva, Buzinnaya, Vodyana, Bezymennaya beams, in the territory of Mariupol. Bulgarian fortified settlements were also found in the northern regions of Donbass near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Tatyanovka, Sidorovo, and Mayaki.
In 671, the Khazars (Turkic-speaking nomadic people) conquered the Azov Bulgarians and created a strong, prosperous state - Khazar Khaganate headed by the ruler - kagan, whose power extended to subjects and conquered peoples. The bulk of the Khazars were engaged in cattle breeding and roamed the steppes. Near the Seversky Donets, scientists found a large settlement from the times of the Khazar Kaganate. Presumably, it existed in the 8th-10th centuries. The lightning strike of Russian squads with the support of the Pechenegs led to the collapse of the Khazar state.
Pechenegs– nomadic Turkic tribes, first mentioned in the 8th century. Led the Pechenegs khan, under whose leadership they constantly attacked their neighbors, captured people in order to receive a ransom for them, and stole livestock.
Pecheneg warriors were armed with a bow with a quiver of arrows, a saber, a spear and a lasso.
The Pechenegs appeared in the Azov region around 889 and lived here in the area of the village of Sartana, the villages of Orlovskoye, Ogorodnoye, Zaporozhets, Kuibyshevo for about 150 years. At the place of their residence, many stone statues of that time were found - “stone women”: sandy ones in the villages of Yalta and Guselshchikovo and granite ones in the villages of Mangush and Oktyabrskoye.
At the end of the 9th century. The Pechenegs, having destroyed the Khazar fortresses on the Middle Don, broke into the European steppes.
The Pechenegs first appeared on the borders of the Russian principalities in 915.
At the end of the 10th century. Prince Vladimir is trying to destroy his warlike neighbors. This period dates back to legendary story about the battle of the Russian hero Nikita Kozhemyaka with the Pecheneg giant.
1036 Yaroslav the Wise, having defeated a large Pecheneg army near Kiev, put an end to their raids.
Under the blows of the Russians and the pressure of the Torques, the Pechenegs scattered into the steppe. And at the end of the 11th century they were supplanted by the Polovtsians.
In the 11th century, new conquerors came to our region - the Torci. The main nomadic camps of the Torks were located in the basin of the Kazenny Torets River. The memory of their stay here has been preserved in modern toponyms: names of rivers - hydronyms (Government Torets, Dry Torets, Crooked Torets) and names settlements – oikonyms (the villages of Torskoye and Toretskoye in the Krasnolimansky Konstantinovsky district, the city of Kramatorsk, the city of Tor - modern Slavyansk). Torque burials were found near the village of Torskoye and the town of Yasinovataya.
In 1060, the united army of the Russians defeated the Torci, after which their place in the steppe was taken by the Polovtsians.
Russians call them Polovtsy, from the word “chaff” - straw, since the nomads had straw-colored hair.
Polovtsy burials were found, in particular, near the village of Novoivanovka, Amvrosievsky district, near Yasinovataya.
The Polovtsians have long had a custom of installing stone images of the dead on mounds and high places - stone (very rarely, wooden) images of deceased ancestors - women. The name of the sculptures comes from the Turkic words “balbal” or “babai”, which meant strong, respected. Stone figures served the Polovtsians as places for holidays and rituals. Gifts were brought to them, they were asked for protection and patronage. One of the sanctuaries where such a “woman” was installed was excavated by archaeologists not far from Donetsk. In total, up to 600 stone figures are known in the Azov region (only in Mariupol in early XIX century there were 16 “babas”, but many of them were damaged and lost.
The major centers of the Polovtsians in our region were fortified settlements on the Seversky Donets near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Sidorovo and Mayaki in the Slavyansk region, opened in the 20s N.V. Sibilev.
Great Migration
The first people on the territory of Russia – 100 thousand years ago. The first colonies founded by the Greeks appeared in the 7th-5th centuries. BC e. In the 5th century BC. e. Most of these colonies united into the Bosphorus Kingdom, which existed until the 2nd century BC. e.
To the north of the Greeks lived the Scythians - nomads.
On the territory of Azerbaijan in the 4th century BC. e. The Scythian kingdom was formed. In the 3rd century they were forced out to Crimea. They were defeated by the Goths (German tribes).
From the east, from behind the Don, rushed new wave nomads - Sarmatians. In the 3rd - 7th centuries. n. e. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, Hunnic tribes or Huns poured into the territory of the Northern Black Sea region, and later between the Volga and Danube, emerging from the steppes of Transbaikalia and Mongolia.
In the 5th century AD e. they reached the borders of Northern France. After their defeat by the Gallic tribes, they return back, where they completely dissolve among the Turkic tribes.
In the 6th century, Turkic tribes reappeared from Mongolia, which in the middle of the 6th century formed the Turkic Khaganate, whose territories extended from Mongolia to the Volga.
Gradually, almost the entire population of Eastern Europe (the steppe part) underwent Turkization. In the forest-steppe zone, the Slavic and Finno-Ugric components are established. The Central Caucasus is home to an Iranian-speaking ethnic group – the Alans. In the Western Ciscaucasia in the 6th century, the Bulgars occupied a dominant position.
After the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate in the 80s of the 6th century, the state of Great Bulgaria was formed here, which existed until the first third of the 7th century: it collapsed under the blows of the Khazars. After the collapse, part of the population went to the southwest ( Balkan Peninsula), where the state of Danube Bulgaria was formed. The other part went to the North Caucasus (modern Balkars). Another part moved to the northeast, to the region of the Middle Volga and Kama, where the state of Volga Bulgaria was formed. The Bulgars are considered the ancestors of modern Chuvash, partly Tatars, Mari, and Udmurts.
Great Migration of Peoples - code name a set of ethnic movements in Europe in the 4th-7th centuries, which destroyed the Western Roman Empire and affected a number of territories in Eastern Europe. The prologue to the Great Migration of Peoples was the movement of Germanic tribes (Goths, Burgundians, Vandals) at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd centuries. to the Black Sea. The immediate impetus for the Great Migration of Peoples was the massive movement of the Huns (from the 70s of the 4th century). In the VI-VII centuries. Slavic (Slavins, Ants) and other tribes invaded the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Great Migration of Peoples and the Problem of Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs.
1st century AD e. Tacitus spoke about the Veneds, who lived in the Western regions. Poland, Western Belarus and Western Ukraine. By Wends scientists understood the unknown the ancient world people who lived outside the borders of the state.
4th century BC e. – 7th century BC e. – The Great Migration of Peoples due to cold weather.
Origin of the Eastern Slavs.
The origin of the Eastern Slavs is a complex scientific problem, the study of which is difficult due to the lack of sufficiently complete written evidence about the area of their settlement and economic life. It is reliably known that our ancestors in the I - VI centuries. n. e. occupied vast areas of Central and Eastern Europe. The works of ancient authors - Pliny the Elder and Tacitus (1st century AD) - report on the Wends living between the Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. Many modern historians see the Wends as ancient Slavs, still preserving their ethnic unity and occupying approximately the territory of what is now South-Eastern Poland, as well as Volyn and Polesie.
Byzantine historians of the 6th century. were more attentive to the Slavs, who, having strengthened by this time, began to threaten the Empire. Jordan elevates the contemporary Slavs - the Wends, the Sklavins and the Antes - to one root and thereby records the beginning of their division, which took place in the 6th-8th centuries. The relatively unified Slavic world disintegrated as a result of migrations caused by population growth and the “pressure” of others tribes, as well as interaction with the multi-ethnic environment in which they settled (Finno-Ugrians, Balts, Iranian-speaking tribes) and with which they came into contact (Germans, Byzantines). It is important to take into account that representatives of all groups recorded by Jordan participated in the formation of the three branches of the Slavs - eastern, western and southern. The most valuable information about the Slavs is provided to us by the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL) by the monk Nestor (beginning of the 12th century). He writes about the ancestral home of the Slavs, which he places in the Danube basin. (According to the biblical legend, Nestor associated their appearance on the Danube with the “Babylonian pandemonium,” which, by the will of God, led to the separation of languages and their “dispersion” throughout the world). He explained the arrival of the Slavs to the Dnieper from the Danube by an attack on them by warlike neighbors - the “Volokhs”.
The second route of advance of the Slavs to Eastern Europe, confirmed by archaeological and linguistic material, passed from the Vistula basin to the area of Lake Ilmen. Nestor talks about the following East Slavic tribal unions: the Polyans, who settled in the Middle Dnieper region “in the fields” and therefore were called that; the Drevlyans, who lived from them to the northwest in deep forests; northerners who lived to the east and northeast of the glades along the Desna, Sula and Seversky Donets rivers; Dregovichi - between Pripyat and Western Dvina; Polochans - in the river basin Floors; Krivichi - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper; Radimichi and Vyatichi, according to the chronicle, descended from the clan of "Poles" (Poles), and were brought, most likely, by their elders - Radim, who "came and sat down" on the river. Sozhe (tributary of the Dnieper) and Vyatko - on the river. Oke; Ilmen Slovenes lived in the north in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the river. Volkhov; Buzhans or Dulebs (since the 10th century they were called Volynians) in the upper reaches of the Bug; white Croats - in the Carpathian region; Ulichi and Tivertsy - between the Dniester and the Danube. Archaeological data confirm the boundaries of settlement of the tribal unions indicated by Nestor.
It is known about the occupations of the Eastern Slavs that, while exploring the vast forest and forest-steppe spaces of Eastern Europe, they carried with them an agricultural culture. In addition to shifting and fallow farming from the 8th century. In the southern regions, field arable farming, based on the use of a plow with an iron share and draft animals, became widespread. Along with animal husbandry, they were also engaged in their usual trades: hunting, fishing, beekeeping. Crafts are developing, which, however, have not yet separated from agriculture. Special meaning for the fate of the Eastern Slavs will be foreign trade, developing both on the Baltic-Volga route, along which Arab silver came to Europe, and on the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” connecting the Byzantine world through the Dnieper with the Baltic region.
Theories of the origin of the Slavs:
Autochthonous (Slavs have always lived in this territory);
Migration (resettlement of Slavs).
4th century BC e. - Danube. Pre-State The Power of Germanaric (the leader of the Goths), but it also included other peoples. This power existed under a treaty with Rome, but collapsed at the end of the 4th century as a result of the invasion of Rome by the HUNKS (led by Attila). It is obvious that Slavic tribes took part in this raid.
6th century - Jordan (Alan historian of Ossetia) began to talk about the Ants and Sklavins. He refers them to the Wends. In the 6th century, the Antes constantly attacked the possessions of Byzantium. V. set the Avars tribe against them - the Ants were defeated. After this, Viz defeated the Avars.
7th century - division of the Slavs into southern, western and eastern.
8th-9th centuries - tribal unions emerge - the Drevlyans and the Polyans. Each has temporary leaders - princes, squads, cities and a people's assembly - the veche.
The northern center of the Slavs is Novgorod (Slovenes).
The southern center of the Slavs is Kyiv (glades).
The question of the origin of the Slavs was raised back in the Middle Ages. In the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century), the monk Nestor expressed the idea that the original territory of settlement of the Slavs was the Danube and the Balkans, and then the Carpathian region, the Dnieper and Ladoga.
According to the “Bavarian Chronicle” (XIII century), the ancestors of the Slavs were ancient Iranian-speaking peoples - Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans.
The beginning of the scientific development of the question of the origin of the Slavs dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when the Czech scientist P. Safarik, having analyzed information about the Slavs from ancient authors and the Gothic historian Jordan, put forward a hypothesis according to which the ancestral home of the Slavic peoples was the Carpathian region.
Studies by linguists in the first half of the 19th century showed that the Slavic languages belong to the Indo-European language family, on the basis of which it was suggested that there was an Indo-European community, which included the ancestors of the Germans, Balts, Slavs and Indo-Iranians, which, according to the Czech historian L. Niederle, collapsed at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The Balto-Slavic community that emerged as a result of this collapse in the 1st millennium BC was divided into Baltic and Slavic.
The domestic historian and philologist A. A. Shakhmatov believed that such an Indo-European community existed in the Baltic Sea basin. First, the ancestors of the Indo-Iranians and Thracians who went south left it, and then the Slavs separated from the Balts, settling in the 2nd century AD, after the Germans left the Vistula, in the rest of Eastern Europe.
In the first half of the 20th century, foreign and domestic archaeologists made an attempt to clarify which archaeological cultures can be considered Proto-Slavic and what territory the Slavs occupied at different stages of historical development.
According to P.N. Tretyakov, the proto-Slavic culture was the culture of the Corded Ware tribes, who migrated at the turn of the 3rd to 2nd millennia BC from the Black Sea region and the Carpathian region to Central Europe, as well as to the north and east.
The following cultures were actually Slavic: between the Vistula and the Dnieper - Trzciniec (3rd quarter of the 2nd millennium BC), on the territory of Poland - Lusatian (XIII-IV centuries BC) and Pomeranian (VI-II centuries BC), on the Vistula - Przeworskaya, in the Middle Dnieper - Zarubinetskaya (both - the end of the 1st millennium BC).
In the 2nd-4th centuries, as a result of the movement of Gothic tribes to the south, the territory occupied by the Slavs was cut into two parts, which led to the division of the Western and Eastern Slavs. Having taken part in the great migration of peoples, the Slavs at the end of the 5th century, after the collapse of the Huns, also settled in the south of the European continent.
Some chronological clarifications of the origin of the Slavic peoples were made by modern American researchers (G. Treger and H. Smith), according to whom, in the 2nd millennium BC, ancient European unity broke up into the ancestors of southern and western Europeans (Celts and Romanesque peoples) and northern Europeans (Germans , Balts and Slavs). The Northern European community collapsed in the 1st millennium BC, when the Germans first emerged from it, and then the Balts and Slavs.
The historian and ethnographer L. Gumilyov believed that in this process there was not only a separation of the Slavs from the Germans, but also their union with the German-speaking Rus, which allegedly happened during the settlement of the Slavs in the Dnieper region and the region of Lake Ilmen.
Thus, the question of the origin of the Slavs is so complex and confusing that it is hardly possible to present a true picture of the distant past due to the lack of written sources of that time
Unknown tribes
There are a lot of assumptions about which ancient people really appeared first. The right to be the oldest is claimed by the Chinese, Jews, long-gone Sumerians and Egyptians.
Archeology cannot give an exact answer to this question. Taking into account the age of the surviving cultural monuments and written sources, the most ancient can be called Jewish people. However, written sources mentioning the first Jew also say that at that time more than 70 peoples lived on Earth. Consequently, it is not the Jews, but unknown tribes who left no architectural monuments behind them, who should be considered the most ancient.
Khoisan peoples
The recent discovery probably made it possible to identify such a people, one of the oldest on the planet. In the south of the African continent live the Khoisan peoples, who, judging by existing research, appeared more than 100,000 years ago. years
back. They are a group of small tribes that use a special clicking language to speak. In particular, among these tribes are Bushmen hunters and Hottentot herders, who survived on the territory of such African states as, for example, South Africa.
By the way, the origin of the Khoisan peoples is a special scientific mystery. It is still unknown where the peculiar clicking language used by the tribes came from. Such speech has not been found in any other culture. Moreover, even neighboring tribes living in close proximity to the Khoisan peoples speak completely different languages.
Recently, a group of scientists led by Caroline Schlebusch from Sweden offered the world scientific community evidence of the primacy of the Khoisan tribes. Having deciphered their genome and compared it with the genomes of other representatives of the African continent, Caroline Shebush came to the conclusion that the Khoisan are the most ancient people.
100,000 years ago
The genomes of 220 volunteers recruited from 11 Hottentot and Bushmen tribes were studied. Their blood samples were thoroughly analyzed. To calculate the kinship of tribes with other peoples, 2,200,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, the differences between which were only one “letter”.
It turned out that the Khoisans separated from a single tree more than 100,000 years ago. years ago, before the migration of humanity from Africa to other continents began. The division of the people into northern and southern groups occurred approximately 43,000 years
back. At the same time, a small part of the population retained its roots, and other representatives, like the Khe tribe, lost their ethnic characteristics, interbreeding with the alien Bantus.
It is curious that the Khoisan genome has characteristic differences. Special genes, which are still carried by Bushmen, provide endurance and muscle strength. In addition, representatives of these tribes are highly vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation.
Khoisan genome
This discovery caused confusion among archaeologists. It turns out that humanity did not originate from single group, as previously assumed, but from several. This significantly complicates the search for the homeland of the first people who theoretically arose in Africa. Of course, not all scientists were happy about this discovery, since it casts doubt on their merits.
Soon, Caroline Schlebusch plans to open access to information about the Khoisan genome. This will help make the research of anthropologists and paleogeneticists interested in this topic more effective. Maybe, general work will allow us to get closer to solving the riddle of how, over the course of 100,000 years
the genome of individual branches of humanity changed.
Question about ancient people still remains open. Any theory can be challenged by new facts. It is unknown what other surprises science will present to humanity in the future.