Presentation on the topic of painting of ancient Rome. History of music of ancient Rome

Octavian Augustus of Prima Porta. Octavian's father, Gaius Octavius, came from a wealthy plebeian family that belonged to the equestrian class; Julius Caesar made him a patrician. Mother, Atia, came from the Julian family. She was the daughter of Julia, Caesar's sister, and the senator Marcus Atius Balbinus, a relative of Gnaeus Pompey. Guy Octavius ​​married her for the second time, from which Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger was born (she was called the Younger in relation to her half-sister). Octavian received the nickname “Furin” in the year of his birth in honor of his father’s victory over the fugitive slaves of Spartacus, won in the vicinity of the city of Furia. Augustus tried not to use the name “Octavian”, as it reminded him that he came into the Julius family from the outside, and not by direct descent. Gaius Octavius ​​of the plebeian equestrian Julius Caesar patrician Julius senator Gnaeus Pompey Octavius ​​the Younger Spartacus

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. It is no coincidence that this time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is called the “golden age” of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.

The bronze statue of Aulus Metellus from the Florence Museum, also executed by an Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains in the plastic interpretation of the form all the features of an Etruscan bronze portrait, is essentially already a Roman monument, full of a civic, social sound, unusual for Etruscan art. In the bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus, as in many portraits from alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image came closer. Here we should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on a Greco-Hellenistic, but primarily on an Etruscan basis.

The figure of a mature man, who leaves his right shoulder open, and wears a tunic. Wearing high Roman style shoes with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short, with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, as well as in the corners of the mouth and empty eyes, which should have been filled with inserts of another material. The right arm is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga. On the ring finger of the left hand there is a ring with an oval frame. The left leg is slightly bent forward. Attributed to Aretina production.

The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue that is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitoline Museums. It was created in 2006. The New Palace of the Capitoline Museums Initially, the gilded equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was installed on the slope of the Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine.Marcus Aureliusicon statue of St. Constantine

In the 12th century, the statue was moved to Piazza Lateran. In the 15th century, the Vatican librarian Platina compared the images on the coins and recognized the identity of the horseman. In 1538 it was placed on the Capitol by order of Pope Paul III. The base for the statue was made by Michelangelo. Lateran Platinum Paul III Michelangelo The statue is only twice its life size. Marcus Aurelius is depicted in a soldier's cloak (over a tunic).tunic Under the raised hoof of a horse there used to be a sculpture of a bound barbarian.

Septimius Bassian Caracalla (186217) Roman emperor from the Severan dynasty Romanemperor of the Severan dynasty One of the most cruel emperors. A sharp turn of the head, swiftness of movement and tense muscles of the neck allow one to feel assertive strength, temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious look from under the forehead, a massive chin - everything speaks of the emperor’s merciless cruelty.

Mystery worship, a set of secret religious events dedicated to deities, in which only initiates were allowed to participate. Often they were theatrical performances. The worship of cult deities, the theatrical Mysteries of Ancient Greece represent an original episode in the history of religions and in many respects are still mysteries. The ancients themselves attached enormous importance to the mysteries: only those initiated into them, according to Plato, are blissful after death, and according to Cicero, the mysteries taught both to live well and to die with good hopes. Ancient Greece religions of Plato Cicero

Their establishment dates back to distant antiquity; in historical times, especially from the 6th century AD. e., their number increased more and more; at the end of IVa BC. e. not to be initiated into any mysteries was a sign of unbelief or indifference.VI centuryIVa

The Alexander mosaic is the most famous ancient mosaic depicting Alexander the Great in battle with the Persian king Darius III. The mosaic is laid out from about one and a half million pieces, assembled into a picture using a technique known as “opus vermiculatum”, that is, the pieces were assembled one to one along winding lines. mosaic of Alexander the Great by Darius III The mosaic was discovered on October 24, 1831 during excavations of ancient Pompeii in Italy on the floor of one from the premises of the House of the Faun and moved in 1843 to the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, where the Pompeidom of the Faun of 1843 is kept at the present time. National Archaeological Museum of Naples

Mosaics from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. Roman mosaics are no less famous. Their art was known back in Ancient Greece: the Greeks called images dedicated to the muses mosaics. Just as the muses are eternal, so these compositions should be eternal, and therefore they were not painted with paint, but were composed of pieces of colored stone, and then their special welded glass - smalt.

Landscape sketches are increasingly found in fresco paintings: parks, gardens, port harbors, winding river banks. With great skill, the artists managed to convey the world of animals and birds, genre and everyday scenes. Still lifes with fruit are exquisitely beautiful: soft light gently touches the velvety surface of peaches in a glass vase.

The expressive realistic portrait, made of marble, is a wonderful example of deep and accurate psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship. A thin, elongated face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.

In the 4th-5th centuries. the collapse of the Roman Empire occurred. Rome, destroyed and plundered by barbarians, lost its former greatness. But the tradition of ancient Roman art was not destined to disappear: in the Middle Ages, during the Renaissance and classicism, they inspired masters of artistic creativity.

All information about ancient Roman music known to modern people is obtained from literary sources of the ancient era, as well as monuments of fine art of that time. Unfortunately, not a single original sheet music edition has survived to this day.

Music was important in the daily life of the ancient Romans, and it developed on the basis of principles that arose during the Hellenistic period. However, not only the Greeks influenced this art; many different nuances were adopted from the eastern peoples during the campaigns in their countries. In general, Etruscan culture, which already had a colossal influence on ancient Roman civilization, determined to a lesser extent the musical principles and foundations of the Romans, since among the Etruscans themselves this type of art developed slowly and they did not attach much importance to it.

Initially, Roman music was a rather original art; most of the existing genres were associated with the themes of daily activities. The most common were priestly chants, which can be characterized as songs and dances in honor of various gods; most often they were performed in the form of prayer chants, in which the Romans cried out for a rich harvest or good luck in military campaigns. Horace and Virgil became the most popular poets of their time, their poetic works were sung to plucked musical instruments.

The musical art of Ancient Rome developed very rapidly, largely due to the popularity of theatrical performances. At that time, they were characterized by the pantomime genre, which combined theatrical scenes, dancing, as well as orchestral acting and choral singing. A number of thinkers and expert theorists on the art of the ancient era noticed that most of all musical performances borrowed by the Romans from the Greeks lost their original meaning and served only one purpose - entertaining the crowd.

Already in the 1st century AD, the ancient Roman emperor Domitian invented and approved a new type of competition, during which virtuosos of musical art competed in playing the harp and singing.

Passion for music in Ancient Rome was characteristic of all segments of the population. Representatives of the nobility, naturally, had incomparably more opportunities, and they could afford to keep musical instruments, for example, water predecessors of organs, in their homes. The richest Romans acquired entire orchestras of slaves, which allowed them to enjoy themselves at any convenient time. In fact, every member of a wealthy family had to learn either vocal art or play some musical instrument, so the profession of a music teacher at that time was not only very common, but also enjoyed universal respect. Music and chants accompanied all significant holidays and major celebrations, as well as gladiator fights.

The cithara and aulos, the main type of lyre of the ancient period and the progenitor of the oboe, were the most common ancient Roman musical instruments. This was again influenced by the borrowing of the principles and foundations of musical culture from the Greeks during their conquest. Hydraulos, water keyboard and wind instruments very close to modern organs, were also especially popular among the wealthy classes. In the army, the popularity of music was no exception to the rule, but there it was most widespread

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Culture of Ancient Rome World artistic culture Lesson-presentation Vasilyeva O.N. Lomovskaya secondary school Dyudkovo 2009

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Worship of the gods The Romans revered the gods of fate, cities, and the patron spirits of every person. The gods of the hearth occupied a special place in their beliefs. To perform rituals in honor of the household gods, the Roman family gathered around the home altar. Lararia were built in the houses - something like a small chapel, where there were wax figurines of Lars (patrons of the house) and Penates (guardians of the hearth and food supplies). The head of the family placed honey cakes, wine, flowers in front of the altar, or threw part of the dinner intended for the gods into the flames of the hearth. The cult of the Genius, the patron saint of the emperor and all men, was of national importance. Juno patronized women.

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Rome During the heyday of the Empire, the Roman type of urban planning spread: the city consisted of residential neighborhoods, public buildings, squares (forums) and artisan districts. The Romans learned to make a material like concrete from lime mortar, crushed stone and volcanic sand, which made it possible to build massive and durable structures. From the Etruscans, the Romans took architectural elements such as the arch and vault. From the Greeks, the Romans borrowed architectural orders.

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Appian Way Roman roads were of great strategic importance; they united various parts of the country. The Appian Way leading to Rome (VI-III centuries BC. Named after the builder - censor Appius Claudius Caecus) for the movement of cohorts and messengers was the first of a network of roads that later covered the whole of Italy. Near the Aricchi valley, the road, paved with a thick layer of concrete, crushed stone, lava and tuff slabs, ran along a massive wall (197 m long, 11 m high) due to the terrain, dissected in the lower part by three through arched spans for mountain waters.

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Aqueducts and viaducts Rome is gradually becoming the most water-rich city in the world. Powerful bridges and aqueducts (the aqueduct of Appius Claudius, 311 BC, the aqueduct of Marcius, 144 BC), running tens of kilometers, took a prominent place in the architecture of the city, in the appearance of its picturesque surroundings AQUEDUCT (lat. ., from “water” and “I lead”) - a bridge with a grooved water pipeline and arched spans, sometimes in several tiers in places where the earth’s surface is low. VIADUK (Latin, from “path, road” and “lead”) - a bridge over which a section of the road passes at its intersection with a ravine, gorge, another road, etc.

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Thermal baths Public baths (thermal baths) were equipped with a gymnasium, playgrounds, and swimming pools with hot, warm and cold water. The baths were a favorite vacation spot for the Romans. There they exercised and exchanged news. Instead of soap, olive oil was rubbed into the skin. After the steam room we plunged into a pool of cold water. Then we had a massage and went home for dinner.

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Roman Forum The center of life in Rome, the capital of the empire, was the square lying between two hills - the Capitol and the Palatine. It was called Forum Romanum. People's assemblies were held here, where laws were discussed, issues of war and peace were decided, and trade deals were concluded. The square was lined with buildings decorated with marble and bronze statues, columns and arches that were erected in honor of the victories of Roman emperors and generals.

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Triumphal Arches Triumphal Arch of Constantine. IV century. Rome. The Arch of Emperor Titus was built in honor of his victory over rebellious Palestine. A bronze sculptural group was erected on it: Titus, accompanied by the food goddess Victoria, sat on a chariot drawn by four horses. Similar arches were called triumphal, as they were associated with triumph - the ceremonial entry of the conqueror into the city. The habit of erecting triumphal arches spread throughout Europe.

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Trajan's Column In addition to arches, monument columns were also built in Rome. This is Trajan's Column (architect Apollodorus), erected in 113 in honor of the Roman victory over the Dacians. The column, made of 17 drums of Carrara marble, rose 30 m and was crowned with a bronze statue of Emperor Trajan. The outside of the column was decorated with marble slabs with reliefs of the most important episodes of the war with the Dacians. This sculptural ribbon, about 22 meters long, encircles the entire column

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The Pantheon - the temple of all gods For many centuries, this temple was an unsurpassed example of a building topped with a dome. The grandiose round space of the temple is covered by a spherical bowl of a dome with a diameter of 43.2 m. In the center of the dome there is a window with a diameter of 9 m, through which streams of sunlight pour. The entire weight of the huge dome is supported by eight massive pylon supports hidden in the wall. They are connected to each other by a system of brick arches. The wide stone pediment of the portico rests on 8 columns. The Pantheon is considered the most perfect example of Roman architecture, both technically and artistically.

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Colosseum During the imperial Flavian dynasty in 75-80. A grandiose amphitheater was built in the center of Rome. In the Middle Ages, it received the name “Colosseum” - from the Latin word “colossus” - colossal. The Colosseum is a huge oval bowl measuring 188x156 m with rows of seats that go down to the center - the arena. Gladiator fights and fights between people and animals took place here. They could be watched by up to 56 thousand spectators. The structure is surrounded by a powerful wall. It is divided into 4 tiers, consisting of pillars and arches. Each tier was decorated with columns of a different type: the lower one - Doric, the second - Ionic, the third - Corinthian. The fourth tier was a blank wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters - projections. Thus, the Roman architect skillfully and in his own way used the Greek order system, supplementing it with Roman elements - an arch and a vault.

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Sculptural portrait The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans the custom of honoring dead ancestors. A plaster or wax mask was removed from the face of the deceased and displayed in the front room. During the funeral procession, masks not only of the deceased, but also of their ancestors were carried behind the coffin. This custom taught the Romans to see in a portrait not an ideal hero, but a real person, and to value the authenticity of a sculptural portrait.

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Sculptural portrait in the II-I centuries. BC e. The Roman nobility was given the right to erect their statues in public places. They depicted specific people, and the sculptors sought to convey external resemblance, but without idealization

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Frescoes Wall frescoes - true masterpieces of painting - were found in the so-called Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. They depict not only mythical characters, participants in initiation into the cult of the god Dionysus, but also the mistress of the villa, the girl serving her, and the winged goddess. Roman frescoes often repeated paintings by Greek masters. Landscapes, gardens and parks, cities and temples, birds and animals are depicted in these paintings.

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Frescoes Fresco "Spring" from the city of Stabius, near Pompeii. The girl, symbolizing spring, moves away from the viewer into the depths of space, breathing coolness and freshness. In her left hand she holds a cornucopia, and with her right hand she gently touches a flower rising from the ground. Her golden-yellow cape, brown hair and pink tone of her bare shoulders are in amazing harmony with the bright green background of the flowering meadow. The joy associated with the arrival of spring, with the warm spring sun, the fragrance of blossoming nature, the feeling of the lightness of the girl’s movements, as if floating through the air, permeate the entire pictorial composition.

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The art of ancient Rome, like that of ancient Greece, developed within the framework of a slave society, so it is these two main components that are meant when they talk about “ancient art.” Usually in the history of ancient art they follow a sequence - first Greece, then Rome. Moreover, the art of Rome is considered the completion of the artistic creativity of ancient society. There is a logic to this: Hellenic art flourished in the 5th - 4th centuries. BC e., the heyday of the Roman - in the I-II centuries. n. e. And yet, if you consider that the date, even legendary, of the founding of Rome is 753 BC. e., then we can attribute the beginning of activity, including artistic activity, of the people who inhabited this city to the 8th century. BC e., that is, a century when the Greeks had not yet built monumental temples, did not sculpt large sculptures, but only painted the walls of ceramic vessels in a geometric style.

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Portrait of Pompey It is necessary to note the evolution - from portraits of the Romans of the Early and Mature Republic, closed in their isolated family world, - to portraits of figures of the Late Republic, such as Pompey, Caesar, Cicero. The plasticity of these images embodies almost imperial claims. The significance of what is depicted, which acquires a strong public resonance, goes beyond republican ideas.

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Pompeii. Street in the city Sculptors of those years sought first of all to amaze people. The sculptor Zenophorus erected a huge statue of Nero, which stood for a long time near the vestibule of the Golden House. It was a grandiose portrait, which probably instilled fear in the Romans, and had nothing in common with the ears of the ancient Greeks themselves. However, chamber sculpture also became widespread in the first period of the flowering of the art of the Empire - marble figurines that decorated the interiors, quite often found during excavations of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia.

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Colosseum The Colosseum, the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheatres, is one of the famous ancient monuments of ancient Rome and one of the most remarkable structures in the world. It is located in Rome, in the hollow between the Esquiline, Palatine and Caelian hills, in the place where there was a pond that belonged to the Golden House of Nero. The Colosseum was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater because it was a collective structure of the Flavian emperors. Construction was carried out over 8 years, in 72-80. n. e.

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The symbol of Rome is the famous Capitoline She-wolf. The Capitoline Wolf (lat. Lupa Capitolina) is an Etruscan bronze sculpture, stylistically dating back to the 5th century BC. and has been kept in Rome since antiquity. Depicts (approximately life-size) a she-wolf feeding milk to two babies - Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of the city. It is believed that the wolf was a totem of the Sabines and Etruscans, and the statue was moved to Rome as a sign of the merger of the Romans with these peoples.

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Basilica Aemilia The Basilica Aemilia, the remains of which can still be seen on the north side in front of the Basilica Julia, was built in 179 BC. e. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior on the site of an older temple. Now it’s hard to believe, but Pliny the Elder called the basilica one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The basilica had three naves and three entrances from the square, large windows to illuminate the interior, and relief decorations depicting the mythical foundation of the city. During the reign of Augustus, the portico of Gaius and Lucius was built opposite the basilica.

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Neptunov's Cart In 1736, the sculpture and fountain composition "Neptunov's Cart" was placed in the central pool of the Upper Park. The sculptures were cast from lead and gilded. The center of the composition was the figure of Neptune “with a carriage,” as well as dolphins and “riders” on horses. The central jet of the fountain raised a gilded copper ball. After repeated restorations, “Neptunov’s Cart” still had to be removed in 1797. Instead, they installed a new group - “Neptune”, which continues to this day. Initially, the fountain figures were created in Nuremberg (Germany). In 1660, Georg Schweigger and the goldsmith Christoph Ritter presented the model in the form of its component parts. Then Schweiger and his student Jeremias Eissler worked on the model until 1670, but the complete set of figures was completed only in 1688-1694. The casting was made by Heroldt (German: W.H. Heroldt). The fountain was never exhibited in Nuremberg, but became known as a unique landmark, even while in storage. In 1796, the bulk of the figures were purchased by Russia and sent to Peterhof. The copy currently installed in the Nuremberg city park has been there since 1902.

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Pantheon Pantheon (Ancient Greek πάνθειον - a temple or place dedicated to all gods, from Ancient Greek πάντεζ - all and θεόζ - god) - “temple of all gods” in Rome, a monument of centric-domed architecture from the heyday of Ancient architecture Rome, built in the 2nd century AD. e. under Emperor Hadrian on the site of the previous Pantheon, built two centuries earlier by Marcus Vipsanias Agrippa. The Latin inscription on the pediment reads: “M. AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT", which translated sounds like: "Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, elected consul for the third time, erected this."

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Fountain of the Turtles The Fountain of the Turtles in the small Piazza Mattei is the most charming of the fountains in Rome. Its beauty, its graceful lines make one believe in the legend that this pearl of art from the end of the 16th century belongs to Raphael. However, it is the work of Landini (1585).

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Reliefs with figures of Roman dignitaries spoke, captivating the crowd: from here Cicero spoke against Catiline, and Antony moved the Romans with his eulogy on the death of Caesar. But the moments of splendor were followed by a gradual decline, and first the Forum had to give way to the new forums of the imperial era, after which it, along with the entire Roman civilization, shaken by the invasions of the barbarians, plunged into the darkness of the long Middle Ages. In the last century, however, interest in archeology arose and systematic excavations began.

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Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Erected by the Senate in 141 AD. in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus, deified after death. Later it was dedicated to the emperor himself. What remains of the temple are Corinthian columns supporting an amazingly painted entablature. In the 11th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church dedicated to San Lorenzo in Miranda and rebuilt in the 17th century.

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Temple of Romulus It was believed that this temple was erected by Maxentius for the son of Romulus, who died as a child in 307 AD, but it is likely that we are talking about the temple of the Penates, built on the site of one previously destroyed temple, on the ruins of which a large basilica was built. Most of the temple was preserved thanks to its transformation into the atrium of the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (6th century AD).

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Hippodrome of Domitian The great Hippodrome of the Palatine is 160 meters long and 50 meters wide. The wall structures were made of baked bricks with marble cladding. The stadium was surrounded by a portico; on one of its sides there was a platform from which the emperor watched the spectacles and performances of gymnasts.

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Roman art completes the centuries-old path begun by Hellenic culture. It can be defined as a phenomenon of the transition period from one artistic system to another, like a bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. At the same time, just as each work is not only a link in the chain of artistic development, but also a unique individual phenomenon, Roman art is holistic and original. The “audience” of ancient Roman art, especially during the Late Empire, was larger than that of Greek art. Like a new religion that captured wide circles of the population of the eastern, western and north African provinces, the art of the Romans influenced a huge number of inhabitants of the empire, including emperors, influential officials, ordinary Romans, freedmen, and slaves. Already within the empire, an attitude was developing towards art as a phenomenon that united people of different classes, races, and social positions.

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But in ancient Rome, not only general aesthetic qualities were formed, which determined the nature of the future culture; methods were also developed that were followed by artists of later times. In European art, ancient Roman works often served as original standards, which were imitated by architects, sculptors, painters, glassblowers and ceramists, gem cutters and decorators of gardens and parks. The priceless artistic heritage of ancient Rome lives on as a school of classical excellence for modern art.

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Architecture

The capital of the Roman Empire and other large cities were decorated with magnificent large buildings - temples, palaces, “basilicas”, porticoes for walking, as well as various types of buildings for public entertainment, theaters, amphitheaters, circuses.

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A distinctive feature of the cities were stone pavements, water pipes (“aqueducts”), and sewerage.

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Sculpture

In ancient Rome, sculpture was limited primarily to historical relief and portraiture, but fine arts with an illusory interpretation of volumes and forms developed - fresco, mosaic, easel painting, which were poorly widespread among the Greeks.

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• Emperor Augustus
• Claudius.

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• Capitoline she-wolf 5th century BC Palazzo Conservatori Rome, Italy
• Goddess Grace c. 200 BC

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The science

Roman science was mainly of an applied nature. For this reason, it was the Roman numbering and the Julian calendar that became widespread worldwide.

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The Julian calendar was developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes and introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. e. The Julian calendar was based on the chronology culture of Ancient Egypt.

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Law and agricultural sciences reached a particular flourishing; a large number of works were devoted to architecture, urban planning and military technology.

• Marcus Terence Varro
• Lucius Annaeus Seneca

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• Among the outstanding physicians of Ancient Rome are:
• Dioscorides - pharmacologist and one of the founders of botany,
• Soranus of Ephesus - obstetrician and pediatrician,
• Claudius Galen is a talented anatomist who discovered the functions of nerves and the brain.

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Holidays

The ancient Romans celebrated more than 50 holidays a year.

The largest religious holidays were those associated with the cult of agricultural gods:

• Vinalia - the festival of the grape harvest,
• Saturnalia - the festival of crops,
• Lupercalia - the feast of the shepherds, etc.

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• The earliest Roman civil holiday was the festival of the Roman Games.
• Gladiator fights are gaining extraordinary development in Rome.
• If the wounded gladiator remained alive, his fate was decided by the public.

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Cloth

The tunic and toga are the basis of the ancient Roman men's suit. The Roman costume is complemented by ankle boots or sandals with heels.

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Jewelry: rings, rings made of various metals, which are worn 5-6 pieces on each finger.

The “head of Titus” hairstyle of short curls with sideburns, named after the Roman emperor Titus Vespasian, has gone down in history.

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• The cut of the women's tunic was no different from the men's. Women's outer clothing was a draped cloak - palla.
• The hairstyle is high, on a fan-shaped frame, with artificial hair extensions.
• Roman women's shoes are soft shoes made of colored leather, trimmed with embroidery or metal plaques.

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• The costumes combined bright colors - red, violet, brown, purple, yellow.
• The dress color was white.
• Late Roman fabrics had geometric patterns - circles, squares, diamonds, etc.

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Homework

Preparing for a test on the topic

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