Culture of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century: literature, theater, music and architecture. Modern architecture of Russian theaters

§ 20. ARCHITECTURE, PAINTING, THEATER

ARCHITECTURE. First half of the 19th century - the heyday of Russian urban planning. The main architectural style was classicism. His high civic pathos determined the appearance of Russian cities for many years: in terms of number and scale, urban ensembles created in early XIX century, surpass those that were built in the previous century. The achievements of Russian classicism were most fully embodied in the works of A. N. Voronikhin, A. D. Zakharov, J. Thomas de Thomon and K. I. Rossi.

Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin, a serf of Count Stroganov, received his freedom in 1786 and studied architecture with the famous architects V. I. Bazhenov and M. F. Kazakov. The main event in the life of A. N. Voronikhin was the construction in 1801 - 1811. Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. During the construction of the cathedral dome, metal structures were used for the first time in Russia. The appearance of the building was determined not only by the beautiful colonnade on the northern façade, but also by the monumentality of the sculptural design. Participated in the creation of sculptures of the Kazan Cathedral greatest masters of his time: I. P. Martos, F. F. Shchedrin and others. In these same years, A. N. Voronikhin erected the building of the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg and park buildings in Pavlovsk.

Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov gained fame for developing a design for the layout of the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island in the capital (1803 – 1804). However, the largest surviving structure created by A.D. Zakharov is the Admiralty (1806 - 1823). The task facing the architect was very difficult. The building had to be reconstructed rather than rebuilt. The Admiralty is not only a key element of the architectural composition of the center of St. Petersburg. It was supposed to tell about the glory and history of the Russian fleet in the language of decorative sculpture. A.D. Zakharov preserved the wonderful gilded spire of the central tower, created earlier by I.K. Korobov, but enriched its architectural design with sculptures of the Winds, Shipbuilding, etc.

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg (architect A. N. Voronikhin)

View of Palace Square and Winter Palace from the Arch of the General Staff (architect K. I. Rossi). In the center is the Alexander Column (architect O. Montferrand)

At the beginning of the 19th century. Several large buildings were created by the Swiss J. Thomas de Thomon. His significant success was the building of the Exchange on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg (1804 - 1811). The Exchange building was raised onto a high plinth, intended for the trading warehouses located in it. main part building - the main hall - rose above the monumental and solemn structure.

The largest architect of St. Petersburg was Karl Ivanovich Rossi. He owns the most important buildings in the capital: the building of the General Staff and ministries on Palace Square, the ensemble of the Mikhailovsky Palace (now the Russian Museum), the ensemble of the Alexandria Theater and, finally, the building of the Senate and Synod. Each time, the architect expanded his task, not just incorporating buildings into the streets and squares of St. Petersburg, but also giving the capital's districts a new look.

In the 30s - 50s. In Russian architecture, features appeared associated with the emergence of a new direction called “historicism” or “eclecticism”. This direction was distinguished by a deep interest in ancient Egyptian, Arabic, Indian, Greek, Gothic and Byzantine styles, and their combinations.

The work of Moscow architects O. I. Bove, D. I. Gilardi and A. L. Vitberg can be considered transitional. The name of Osip Ivanovich Bove is associated with the construction of Trading Rows, the creation of Theater Square and the Bolshoi Theater, the First City Hospital, and the Arc de Triomphe (now located on Kutuzovsky Prospekt).

Demyan (Domenico) Ivanovich Gilardi became famous for the reconstruction of the Moscow University building, which completely changed its facade, and the construction of the Board of Trustees on Solyanka.

A.L. Vitberg created a project for a temple on the Sparrow Hills in memory of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The main building was planned to be built on the upper terrace and connected by underground passages and halls with the bank of the Moscow River, where a memorial gallery-colonnade was to be located. As a result of court intrigues, the construction of the temple was disrupted, and the architect was accused of embezzling government funds and exiled to Vyatka.

The building of the Board of Trustees in Moscow (architect D.I. Gilardi)

St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg (architect O. Montferrand)

The last of the galaxy of great architects of the first half of the 19th century V. One should name O. Montferrand, whose name is associated with the construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg and the construction of the Alexander Column on the Palace Square of the capital.

St. Isaac's Cathedral, the largest building of its time, built over 40 years, from 1818 to 1858, is still controversial. The building is heavy, oversaturated with decorations, gloomy and dark inside, it lacks, perhaps, the high solemnity of the temple.

The Alexander Column fit perfectly into the ensemble of Palace Square and gave it greater expressiveness and completeness.

PAINTING AND SCULPTURE. For Russian painting and sculpture 1801 – 1855. - a time of quest and flourishing, a breakthrough to world fame. One of the largest portrait painters was Orest Adamovich Kiprensky, whose work most clearly reflected the romantic quest of artists of the beginning of the century. His self-portrait, portraits of D. V. Davydov, E. L. Rostopchina, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin expressed a new idea about the value of the individual, its uniqueness, the content inner world person. O. A. Kiprensky appears before us as an artist, carefully peering into the world, trying to unravel the mystery of man and humanity. It was not for nothing that he was the first artist who, according to A. A. Ivanov, “made the name of the Russian known in Europe.”

O.A. Kiprensky. Self-portrait

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin, like O. A. Kiprensky, was the son of serfs, by the grace of the owner he graduated from the Academy of Arts and began with portraiture. His portrait of A. S. Pushkin is known. V. A. Tropinin entered the history of Russian painting not only as a portrait painter, but also as the creator of a special type of genre painting - a half-length depiction of a person engaged in a simple, familiar task. Many copies and versions of his “Spinner”, “Lacemaker”, “Ukrainian with a Stick” testify to the popularity of these paintings among his contemporaries.

Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov became the first Russian artist to consciously choose the everyday genre as the main area of his work. Unlike V. A. Tropinin, he developed a form of multi-figure composition in which big role played landscape or interior. The beauty and poetry of Venetian peasant women did not mean the idealization of serf forced labor. They talked about the artist’s respect and sympathy for peasant labor, and the desire to emphasize their moral attractiveness. Paintings by A. G. Venetsianov “On the arable land. Spring”, “The Barn”, “At the Harvest. Summer” and others caused such a wide resonance that they forced the artist to think about creating his own school.

Even in this line of brilliant painters, Karl Pavlovich Bryullov stands out, having a huge influence on Russian art. He was a unique master of color; let us recall his paintings “Girl Picking Grapes in the Vicinity of Naples” and “ Italian noon" K. P. Bryullov also achieved a lot in the portrait genre, which brought him European fame. His portraits amazed with their extraordinary dynamics (“Horsewoman”), mastery of composition and unusual color (“Portrait of Countess Y. P. Samoilova with her pupil Amalicia”, “Portrait of Princess E. P. Saltykova”). The painting “The Last Day of Pompeii” brought particular fame to the artist, in which all best sides his talents. Each group presented on it is unusually significant, each figure is so plastic, solid and three-dimensional that it creates the feeling that it can be walked around and examined from all sides. The painting "The Last Day of Pompeii", completed in 1833, received a gold medal at an exhibition in Paris. Its resounding success, the warm approval of V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol revolutionized Russian painting. Perhaps for the first time in exhibition halls a merchant and a tradesman went: everyone wanted to see a new miracle.

V. A. Tropinin. Self-portrait

The public's interest in painting was supported by one of the greatest Russian artists, Alexander Andreevich Ivanov. Work on the wonderful philosophical and historical painting “The Phenomenon Christ to the people» took most his life (1837 – 1857). The artist skillfully built a composition, creating ensembles connected by the similarity of people or the contrast between them. Sincere religious feeling, embodied with extraordinary depth, the idea of saving humanity still excites the viewer today.

From A. A. Ivanov, through Pavel Andreevich Fedotov, who fruitfully developed the genre of everyday painting (“Fresh Cavalier”, “Major’s Matchmaking”, “Breakfast of an Aristocrat”), there was a direct path to the work of the Wanderers, to a new stage of Russian painting.

In the first half of the 19th century. The art of sculpture, especially monumental sculpture, actively developed. I. P. Martos (monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow), V. I. Demut-Malinovsky and S. S. Pimenov (sculptures of the Arch of the General Staff), wonderful medalist F. P. Tolstoy, I. P. Vitali ( multi-figure compositions on the buildings of the technical school, the Orphan Institute, the Triumphal Gate), P. K. Klodt (“Taming the Horse” on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg, a monument to I. A. Krylov in Summer Garden, monument to Nicholas I at St. Isaac's Cathedral) constitute the glory and pride of Russian culture. Their works are characterized by a multifaceted and direct reflection of reality and the highest skill. The quest of sculptors of the first half of the 19th century. prepared the appearance of M. M. Antokolsky, F. F. Kamensky, A. M. Opekushin and others.

MUSIC. At first XIX century music for the first time widely turned to folk melody and national themes. The winged words of M. I. Glinka: “The people create music, and we, artists, only arrange it,” - have become a program for composers and performers. Playing music, visiting musical performances were in those years both a mandatory part of education and a favorite form of leisure. Music helped and consoled the exiled Decembrists. At a settlement in Siberia, they organized a choir, and F. F. Vadkovsky, A. P. Yushnevsky, N. A. Kryukov and P. N. Svistunov turned out to be quite good musicians. According to a contemporary, “the footmen spoke in quotes from The Mermaid, and the maids sang arias from the same play.”

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804 – 1857)

Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 – 1869)

True, “Rusalka” is already from the 30s. At the beginning of the 19th century. The genre of song-romance, accessible to and loved by a wide range of listeners, flourished most brightly. It was the romance that introduced specifically Russian intonation and melody into classical music. The songs and romances of A. E. Varlamov, A. L. Gurilev, A. A. Alyabyev introduced many to the musical culture with their melody and artless simplicity.

The beginning of a new era in the development of Russian music is associated with the name of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. Without receiving a systematic musical education, he rose to the heights of world culture. Communication with the wonderful poets A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Delvig, V. A. Zhukovsky was of great importance for him. M. I. Glinka created the first classical examples of national opera, symphonic and instrumental music. His operas “Life for the Tsar” (“Ivan Susanin”) and “Ruslan and Lyudmila” gave rise to two main lines in Russian opera art XIX century – folk-heroic and legendary-fairy tale. M. I. Glinka’s orchestral works “Aragonese Jota” and “Kamarinskaya” had a huge influence on Russian symphonic classics.

The work of M. I. Glinka was continued by his successors, the first among whom should be named Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky. The composer paid special attention to declamatory songs and opera. Evidence of this is the romances and songs of A. S. Dargomyzhsky “Titular Councilor”, “Old Corporal”. However, in terms of dramatic depth and strength, the most important place among his works is occupied by the opera “Rusalka” based on the poem by A. S. Pushkin. This a true masterpiece opera classics, long years never leaving theater stages.

The work of composers and performers of the first half of the 19th century. paved the way for its emergence in the late 50s. Russian musical society, and then " Mighty bunch", for a new stage in the development of the Russian national musical culture.

THEATER. A real revolution took place during these years in the Russian theater. It is associated with the activities of the galaxy wonderful actors Moscow Maly and St. Petersburg Alexandria theaters.

In the theatrical art of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. the main figures were entrepreneurs and actors. There has not yet been a place for the director in this row. Theater productions therefore they suffered from negligence, they did not have the depth that the director gives to the performance. Every cloud has a silver lining: the theater was, in the full sense of the word, the theater of the actor. The skill and individuality of the artists determined the face of the performance, the glory and popularity of the theater.

Pleiades magnificent masters The stage was headed by Mikhail Semenovich Shchepkin. The son of a serf, M. S. Shchepkin performed on the professional stage from the age of 17, but only at the age of 33 did he free himself from serfdom. He was the first to play without prompters and brought into the game an inexhaustible supply of life observations. He saw and learned different things during his life, he visited both the royal palace and peasant hut. M. S. Shchepkin is considered a universal actor. There were plays in which he played all the roles, including young girls. He experienced all acting roles - from the tragedian to the comic old women. M. S. Shchepkin in many ways anticipated the acting system of K. S. Stanislavsky, arguing that one must become the person in whose image one goes on stage. To be not an imitator, but an artist who knows how to experience inner authenticity based on knowledge of human types.

On stage he could do amazing things. In “The Miserly Knight,” for example, the actor managed to show the viewer a miser, a feudal knight, a courtier, a warrior and a father – all in one famous monologue. Once, playing the role of Famusov in “Woe from Wit,” M. S. Shchepkin turned all the attention of the public from the speaking Chatsky to the silent Famusov. Later he reproached himself for this “crime” against art. When in 1831 the artist applied to renew his contract with the Maly Theater, the director imposed a wonderful resolution: “For a hundred years, if only he lives.”

With whom from modern actors Have you compared M. S. Shchepkin? At the same time, P. S. Mochalov, V. A. Karatygin shone on the stages of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and a little later - P. M. Sadovsky, favorites of the public, not inferior in level of skill to M. S. Shchepkin. But M. S. Shchepkin was still a unique theatrical phenomenon. How he fought for his repertoire! In 1830, he staged “Woe from Wit” for the first time in his benefit performance; in 1852, he achieved the lifting of the censorship ban on “ The Stingy Knight", in 1862 he won back the "Freeloader" by I. S. Turgenev and "Our people - we will be numbered!" A. N. Ostrovsky.

M. S. Shchepkin was the actor and person who made Russian theater a phenomenon not only of culture, but also of public life.

Architecture, painting, music, theater - each of these spheres of culture experienced in the first half of the 19th century. period of maturity and flourishing. They were united by an innovative approach to the tasks of art and an interest in national themes. A whole galaxy of talented architects, artists, composers, and actors appeared who brought glory to Russian culture and made it the property of mankind.

Mikhail Semenovich Shchepkin (1788 – 1869)

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1) Tell us about your favorite painting by a Russian artist of the first half of the 19th century.

2) Explain the words of M.I. Glinka: “Music is created by the people, and we only arrange it.”

3) Based on the material in the paragraph, evaluate M. S. Shchepkin’s performance on stage. What has changed in the public's perception of actors?

4) Write a brief abstract to answer the question about the significance of Russian painting and music of the first half of the 19th century.

EVENT – CONTEMPORARY

ABOUT ALEXANDER'S COLUMN

... This gigantic enterprise, exceeding everything hitherto accomplished in this way by peoples ancient and new ... was done on August 30, the day of the Holy Right-Believing Prince Alexander Nevsky ... and was put into action by means of 60 machines with the help of 2000 guards soldiers chosen from among those ... who served under the banner of the monarch, in whose honor the monument was erected. The granite mass rose slowly and majestically, moved by the hands of warriors. Fearful fear and hope stirred the hearts of those present.<…>But suddenly joyful exclamations repeated a thousand times announced the completion of a difficult feat.

From an article in the newspaper “Northern Bee” (1832)

1) In honor of whom was the Alexander Column erected on Palace Square in St. Petersburg?

2) Why was the honor of opening the column entrusted to the “selected” guards soldiers?

ABOUT RUSSIAN MUSIC

Yes, the Russian school has existed since Glinka’s time, with such unique features of physiognomy that distinguish it from other European schools.

What forces created the characteristics of our school, what elements gave it an exceptional direction and a unique physiognomy?

Such a strength and element was, first of all, the absence of prejudice and blind faith. Starting with Glinka, the Russian music school is distinguished by its complete independence of thought and view of what has been created so far in music. There are no generally accepted authorities for her. She wants to check everything herself, to be convinced of everything herself, and only then does she agree to recognize the greatness of the composer and the significance of what he created.

Another major feature that characterizes our new school is its desire for nationality. It began with Glinka and continues continuously to this day. Such aspiration cannot be found in any other European school...

From the article by V. V. Stasov “Twenty-five years of Russian art”

1) What features of the Russian music school does V.V. Stasov write about?

2) What role did the “lack of prejudice and blind faith” noted by the critic play in its formation?

The fate of Russian art in general and painting in particular is strange. Literature, already in the middle of the last century, began to reflect public moods, then quickly strengthened and grew.<…>However, other arts, the art of image, plastic form, meanwhile somehow toil, interrupt, always remaining far behind literature and music, with some faint echo of them.

From the book of the artist A. N. Benois “The History of Russian Painting in the 19th Century”

In the development of Russian art of the last century, 1800 - 1820s - independent stage. The art of these years is permeated with ideals born of the broad social upsurge of the era of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia in its first period of nobility... Interest in the fine arts covers ever wider social strata: this was reflected in the formation of new centers of art education...

From “History of Russian Art”

RIDDLE FROM THE ARTIST

A.G. Venetsianov recalled in one of his letters: “I decided to win, went to the village and began to work. To succeed in this, I had to abandon all the rules and manners acquired by twelve years of copying in the Hermitage.”

Why did the painter have to forget the years of his apprenticeship? And what kind of success is he talking about?

LET'S BETTING?

(Topics for discussion)

1) One of the researchers wrote that the role of N.M. Karamzin in the development of Russian culture is that “Karamzin created himself.” Why was this important for the development of culture?

2) The first thirty years of the 19th century. called the “golden age” of Russian culture: why did it come?

World Architecture Day is celebrated annually on the first Monday of October. Only professionals can understand all this baroque, rococo and constructivism, who, however, can also sometimes make mistakes. As part of the fight to eliminate architectural illiteracy, AiF.ru has prepared a special infographic-memo that will allow you to understand the variety of basic styles in just a couple of minutes.

Classicism(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - style in European culture of the 17th-19th centuries. The main feature is the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality.

Examples of buildings: Grand Theatre in Moscow, Pashkov House in Moscow, Pantheon in Paris.

Apmir(from the French empire - imperial) - a style that arose in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon. The main feature is the obligatory presence of columns, stucco cornices and other elements inherent in classicism, but also motifs that reproduce such antique images, like griffins, sphinxes, lion paws and similar structures.

Examples of buildings: Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Triumphal Gate in Moscow, Arch of Carrousel in Paris.

Baroque(from Italian barocco - bizarre, strange) - a style that arose in Europe in XVII-XVIII centuries, during the Late Renaissance. The main feature is the lack of rigor, straight lines and adherence to ancient canons. At the same time, in buildings of this style you can see the splendor of forms and a lot of golden colors.

Examples of buildings: Carlo Maderna Church of St. Susanna in Rome, Versailles Castle in Paris.

Rococo(from the French rocaille - crushed stone) - a style that arose in France in the first half of the 18th century as a development of the Baroque. Characteristics Rococo is characterized by sophistication, great decorative intensity of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology and personal comfort.

Examples of buildings: Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum (suburb of St. Petersburg), Vierzenheiligen Basilica in Bad Staffelstein (Germany), Chinese House in Potsdam (Germany).

Pseudo-Russian style- style in Russian architecture of the 19th - early 20th centuries. It is a stylization of ancient Russian buildings, but with elements of classicism or empire style.

Examples of buildings: GUM in Moscow, Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, Nikolo-Alexandrovsky Church in St. Petersburg.

Gothic- a style that arose in Western Europe at the end of the 12th century - early XVI century. The main feature is sharp shapes, spiers, round windows and square towers are possible.

Examples of buildings: Reims Cathedral in France, Wells Cathedral, St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.

Modern(from the French moderne - modern) - a style that became widespread in the last decade of the 19th - early 20th centuries, before the start of the First World War. Modernism is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” outlines, as well as the use of “new” materials such as metal and glass.

Examples of buildings: Yaroslavl station in Moscow, TSUM in Moscow, Obecný dum in Prague, S. M. Gribushin’s house in Perm.

Modernism(from Italian modernismo - modern trend) - a style that developed in architecture from the early 1920s to the 1970s-1980s. Its basic principles: the use of the most modern building materials and structures, a rational approach to solving internal spaces, lack of tendencies to “decorate” and refusal historical images in the form of buildings.

Examples of buildings: museum contemporary art in Brazilian Niteroi, Bauhaus building in Dessau (Germany).

Constructivism(from Latin constructio - construction) - a style that developed in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. It is characterized by rigor, geometricism, laconic forms and monolithic appearance.

Examples of buildings: ZIL House of Culture in Moscow, White Tower in Yekaterinburg, Centrosoyuz Building in Moscow.

Deconstructivism(from Latin deconstructio - anti-constructive) - a style that emerged in the late 1980s. It is the direct opposite of constructivism - the buildings completely lack rigor and geometricism, they are characterized by visual complexity, unexpected broken and deliberately destructive forms.

Examples of buildings: Modern wing royal gallery Ontario in Toronto, Dancing House in Prague.

High tech(from the English high technology - high technology) - a style that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. Its main features are: the use of high technology in buildings and structures, the widespread use of glass, plastic and metal, as well as the presence of elevators and stairs located outside the building. Silver metallic color is widely used.

Examples of buildings: Federation Tower in Moscow (Moscow City complex), Mary Ax Tower in London, Pompidou Center in Paris.

Biotech(from the English bionic tech - natural technologies) - a style that emerged in the 1980s. He, in contrast to high-tech, refers not to elements of constructivism and cubism, but to natural forms. The space is organized in the form of forms of inanimate nature (eggs, nests, caves), buildings repeat the shapes of animals, people or their parts, and materials are used whose texture is similar to natural ones - in the form of honeycombs, bubbles, fibers, cobwebs, layered structures.

Examples of buildings: the Cucumber skyscraper ( arch. Norman Foster) in London, Milwaukee Art Museum (USA), UK National Space Center.

From the article by Lyudmila Saigina to the exhibition catalogue.

Nineteenth century in the field of theatrical art becomes the time of origin and composition national Russian drama and opera school, which is reflected in the architecture of spectacular buildings.

In the 1860s–1880s, a new look for the theater building gradually took shape., in which the influence of both previous Russian theatrical architecture and the latest achievements of Western European architects in this area is clearly visible.

The tendency inherent in the architecture of that time receives clear expression in theatrical buildings. to saturate facades with decorative elements of various styles.

Instead of simple, austere theater facades marked only by a monumental portico In the first half of the 19th century, theaters with “classical-Renaissance” or “Baroque” facades with an abundance of decorative and sculptural details appeared.

The interior decoration of the auditoriums is distinguished by complex decor in the neo-Baroque spirit, their layout retains the same horseshoe shape.

Also in the 1860–1880s, the practice of building summer theaters became widespread large capacity in urban gardens and summer cottages.

And if in the first half of the 19th century the architecture of wooden theaters imitated the forms of stone ones (for example, the St. Petersburg Kamennoostrovsky Theater or the Moscow Petrovsky Park Theater), then later it takes on original forms.

A unique type of wooden theater was a pavilion with an exposed light frame structure, a round or polygonal auditorium and a minimum number of service rooms.

An example of such a desire to identify the lightness, “pavilion” nature of such structures is Summer Theater in Pavlovsk, built in 1876–1877 by architect N. L. Benois.

The most popular garden in Moscow was the Hermitage Garden. on Staraya Bozhedomka, the famous enterprise in the 1850–1860s was run by the Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Morel, and since 1878 by M. V. Lentovsky.

A whole ensemble of summer pavilions was created at the Hermitage for various purposes, alleys were laid out and squares with park sculpture were organized, excellent lighting worked, the surface of the garden ponds was used for all kinds of actions.

The construction was supervised by architect M. N. Chichagov, F. I. Demur, who built the first building for operetta - the Buff Theater, laid out the garden.

At the end of the 19th century the number of theaters increased, qualitative changes are occurring in their architecture, many buildings are undergoing significant reconstruction.

The layout of theater buildings at the end of the 19th century was dominated by the scheme of a multi-tiered auditorium with a deep backstage stage, which developed in Europe. The largest city theaters in Lvov, Odessa and Kyiv were built according to this scheme, International competitions were announced for the buildings of the last two.

At the end of the 19th century, theater buildings appeared in the construction practice of Moscow, designed in the form of a brick version of the “Russian style”: These are the private theaters of Georg Paradise and F. A. Korsch, built in 1885.

Theater F. A. Korsh, built by M. N. Chichagov by order of A. A. Bakhrushin, stands alone in Bogoslovsky (now Petrovsky) Lane: its volume is clearly identified. The theater was focused on Russian drama- entrepreneur Korsh opened the season in the new building with a production of fragments from “The Inspector General,” “Woe from Wit” and “Profitable Place.”

Moscow building art theater in Kamergersky Lane demonstrates absolutely new approach to theatrical art and construction. Unable to build a new building for the troupe of K. S. Stanislavsky, F. O. Shekhtel was forced to limit himself to adapting the small theater that stood here.

At the expense of S. T. Morozov, the architect spent one construction season in 1902 managed to redesign the theater space with maximum convenience for actors and spectators using modest means, without the traditional tiers of gilding, velvet and tinsel.

The auditorium was enlarged, a new stage was completely created with a portal spanning the entire width of the hall, the equipment of which included a rotating floor and hold. The decorative decoration of the hall with its exquisite design in the Art Nouveau style did not distract the viewer’s attention from what was happening on stage.

The calm tone of painted walls, unobtrusively decorated with graphics, dark wood fencing of balconies and furniture, simple lamps - all this was new and unusual for theatergoers.

Gray stage curtain, trimmed with ornaments at the bottom, had only one expressive detail - an appliqué with a motif of a flying seagull, which became the symbol of the new theater.

The novelty of the solution and the refinement of the facade were distinguished the new building of the Moscow Merchant Assembly on Malaya Dmitrovka, built by Ivanov-Shitz in 1909.

The club part of the Assembly, according to the competition program, isolated from the public part, was located on the ground floor ; the theater hall and foyer occupied the double-height space of the second and third levels.

The symmetrical design of the façade is based on the theme of an Ionic six-column loggia. in the center with window openings in two tiers, along which the auditorium is located. It is flanked on the sides by two projections with separate entrances to the club and the theater.

The decoration of the facade as a whole is a stylization in the spirit of rational modernity using classical forms. The lobbies of both entrances received a magnificent design in the form of stylizations based on Egyptian motifs.

Wall painting played an exceptional role in the interior space, placed in the form of a panel above the entrances to the auditorium and foyer. Ivanov-Shitz's sketches depict theatrical allegories in an antithetical style borrowed from the works of Gustav Klimt.

In the 1910s, Art Nouveau entered its last phase - neoclassicism. Indicative in this regard is one of the last competitions before the outbreak of the First World War and the subsequent construction of a new building for the oldest theater in Russia in Yaroslavl.

From a variety of projects executed in a wide variety of styles, the jury settled on the proposal of the architect N. A. Spirin, who repeated on the facade of the theater, built in 1911, composition of the musical pavilion in the estate of Kuzminki D. Gilardi.

An appeal to the classics can also be seen in a buiding Concert hall and the club in Nizhny Novgorod and the Khudozhestvenny cinema on Arbat Square in Moscow by architect F. O. Shekhtel.

The Russian theater in the nineteenth century was distinguished by a certain two-facedness - on the one hand, it continued to react just as sharply to various social and political changes in the state structure, and on the other, it improved under the influence of literary innovations.

The Birth of Great Masters

At the beginning of the 19th century in Russian performing arts, romanticism and classicism were replaced by realism, which brings a lot fresh ideas to the theatre. During this period, many changes occur, a new stage repertoire is formed, which is popular and in demand in modern drama. The nineteenth century becomes a good platform for the emergence and development of many talented playwrights, who with their creativity make a huge contribution to the development of theatrical art. The most prominent person in dramaturgy of the first half of the century is N.V. Gogol. In fact, he was not a playwright in the classical sense of the word, but, despite this, he managed to create masterpieces that instantly gained world fame and popularity. Such works can be called “The Inspector General” and “Marriage”. These plays very clearly depict the complete picture of social life in Russia. Moreover, Gogol did not glorify it, but, on the contrary, sharply criticized it.

"The Inspector" N.V. Gogol

At this stage of development and full formation, the Russian theater can no longer remain satisfied with the previous repertoire. Therefore, the old will soon be replaced by a new one. Its concept is to depict a modern person with a keen and clear sense of time. A.N. is considered to be the founder of modern Russian drama. Ostrovsky. In his creations, he very truthfully and realistically described the merchant environment and their customs. This awareness is due to a long period of living in such an environment. Ostrovsky, being a lawyer by training, served in court and saw everything from the inside. With his works, the talented playwright created a psychological theater that sought to peer into and reveal as much as possible internal state person.

"Thunderstorm" A.N. Ostrovsky

In addition to A.N Ostrovsky, the theater art XIX centuries, other outstanding masters of the pen and stage have also made a great contribution, whose works and skills are the standard and indicator of the pinnacle of skill. One of these individuals is M. Shchepkin. This talented artist has performed a huge number of roles, mostly comedic. Shchepkin contributed to the exit acting beyond the existing patterns at that time. Each of his characters had their own individual character traits and appearance. Each hero was a personality.

In the middle of the 18th century, the first Russian theater was opened in Yaroslavl. Later, the theater, headed by Sumarokov (playwright), became imperial. Landowners created their own theaters of serf actors. Singer P.I. Kovaleva (Zhemchugova) became famous at the Count Sheremetyev Theater. In general, one of the features of the cultural process of this period was the existence of the serf intelligentsia: artists, musicians, composers, artists, architects. Many of them were talented, gifted people, and their lives often ended tragically.

The painting was dominated by ceremonial portraits created by Rokotov (a freedman from the serfs of Prince Repnin), Borovikovsky, and Levitsky. The serf artists of Count Sheremetyev, the Argunovs, came forward. In the 18th century the sculpture “ Bronze Horseman"(author Falcone) commissioned by Catherine II.

In the architecture of the 18th century, the predominant style was Baroque. In the second half of the 18th century, along with Baroque, the style of classicism appeared - strict, restrained, mathematically precise. There was a passion for ancient art.

The largest architect of the 18th century was F.B. Rostrelli. Famous creations his: Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Grand Palace in Peterhof, palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Gilded carvings and stucco, bronze and picturesque lampshades complemented the splendor of the palace premises. Ukhtomsky D.I. worked in Moscow, and in the provinces his students were V. Bazhenov and M. Kazakov.

Under Catherine II, a decree was issued (1763), according to which all cities must be built according to a special plan. The state introduced “model” projects for mass construction, strictly divided according to class principle into houses for “mean”, “prosperous” and “eminent” citizens. Public buildings and large engineering structures were built under state orders.

In the second half of the 18th century, the gap between cultural level"top" - educated nobility and folk culture“lower classes” - the peasant masses, which leads to their qualitative division and the formation of two types of cultures.

32. Culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. "Golden Age" of Russian culture.

IN first half of the 19th century Russia lagged behind advanced countries in socio-economic and political development, but in cultural achievements she not only kept up with them, but was in many ways ahead of them. Russia contributed to the world cultural fund wonderful works literature, painting, music. Russian scientists have made outstanding discoveries in science and technology. The rise of Russian culture was so great that it allows us to call this era "golden age" of Russian culture.

The development of culture and social thought of the 19th century was greatly influenced by:

· The Patriotic War of 1812, which caused a patriotic upsurge in the country and the growth national identity

· Decembrist revolt

· European bourgeois revolutions.

Enlightenment and education spreads . The following types of educational institutions were distinguished:

1. parochial schools for peasant children;

2. district schools for city residents;

3. provincial gymnasiums for noble children;

4. universities.

The Ministry of Public Education was created to organize and manage educational institutions. In addition to Moscow University, universities were opened in Kazan, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Vilna, Dorpat. The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum appeared. Thus, at the beginning of the 19th century there were already 6 universities in Russia. However, only 4 thousand students studied there.

Russian universities began to declare their scientific research. In the 19th century, Russia gave the world a galaxy of great scientists. List of only greatest discoveries looks quite impressive. In the field of mathematics: N.I.Lobachevsky created the theory of non-Euclidean geometry. The focus of attention of Russian physicists in the first half of the 19th century. was the study of the properties of electricity and physical phenomena of nature. A huge contribution to the study of electricity was made by: V.V. Petrov, E.H. Lenz, B.S. Jacobi. Petrov created a number of physical devices and discovered the electric arc. B.S. Jacobi designed several electric motors, and also developed a telegraph apparatus and invented several of its modifications. Engineer P.D. Schilling predates the American inventor S. Morse created a recording electromagnetic telegraph that operated along the St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo line. Mechanical engineers, serfs of the Demidov industrialists in the Urals, father and son Cherepanovs in 1833-1834 built the first in Russia railway steam-powered; metallurgical engineer P.P.Anosov At the Zlatoust plant, he was the first in the world to use a microscope to study the structure of metal and, based on a long experiment, developed a method for producing damask steel.

In the first half of the century, a strong chemistry school began to emerge at Kazan University. Its creation was stimulated by the government’s special concern for overcoming the country’s technological backwardness. At the end of the 1830s. professor at Kazan University P.P.Zinin And K.K.Klaus founded chemical and technological laboratories. In them, already in 1842, Zinin made his famous discovery of a method for artificially producing aniline, which is used in the production of synthetic dyes and medicines. And in 1844, Professor Klaus discovered a new chemical element- ruthenium. A little later, in the second half of the 1840s, the second Russian center chemical science - at St. Petersburg University. He gave such famous chemists as professor N.N. Beketov, whose discoveries in the field of metal chemistry improved Russian metallurgical production.

The development of medicine has marked great achievements. The formation of medical science is associated with the opening of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy (1799) and medical faculties at universities. The famous Russian surgeon was a professor at the academy N.I.Pirogov, founder of military field surgery. He was the first to use ether anesthesia in military field conditions (1847), introduced a fixed plaster cast, and proposed a number of new surgical operations. Surgeon N.F.Sklifosovsky began to use the antiseptic method during operations.

There have been great achievements in astronomy. The Pulkovo Observatory was built near St. Petersburg, which became one of the best in the world. In astronomy global recognition received works V.Ya.Struve. He established the presence of light absorption in interstellar space. Struve and his students, using the latest mathematical and physical methods, achieved high accuracy in determining interstellar distances. The first professor of astronomy at Kazan University was Littrov, who built a small observatory. His student is better known in astronomy I.M.Simonov, participant in the trip to Antarctica. Most of his works are devoted to the study of terrestrial magnetism. For a number of years Simonov was the rector of Kazan University.

Geography developed. Inclusion in the composition Russian Empire new territories contributed to interest in geographical and ethnographic research. Their routes in the first half of the 19th century. ran into the expanses of the Urals, Siberia, Far East and Alaska. Another direction of Russian travel was the southern steppes and Central Asian countries. At the same time, the seas and inland water basins of the Russian Empire were studied and described. As a result, maps were drawn up, territories were described, and ethnographic and statistical materials were collected.

A number of expeditions around the world were made. The first Russian round-the-world expedition on two ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky(1803-1806) passed from Kronstadt to Kamchatka and Alaska. The islands were studied and filmed Pacific Ocean, coast of China, Sakhalin Island, Kamchatka Peninsula. F.F. Belingshausen and M.P. Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition (1819-1821), which discovered Antarctica (one-sixth of the world) and numerous islands. In 1845 Russian was founded geographical society(on the study of the territory and seas of Russia). After the first round the world expedition about 40 more trips around the world were made.

Social sciences developed successfully, the leading of which was history. Particular attention was paid to the study of Russian history. N.M. Karamzin created the 12-volume “History of the Russian State”; S.M. Soloviev wrote “The History of Russia from Ancient Times” in 29 volumes. V.O.Klyuchevsky wrote "A Course in Russian History".

In general, Russian scientists have made breakthroughs in many fields of knowledge, which have made Russia a scientifically advanced country. But science developed to a large extent in isolation from social needs, as if ahead of them.

There is an unexpected rise and flourishing of artistic culture, which has become classical. The main directions of Russian art were: sentimentalism, romanticism, realism. the main role belonged to literature.

The flourishing of Russian sentimentalism is associated with creativity N.M. Karamzina. Hero works of art became a simple man. The emergence of romanticism in Russian literature is associated with the name V.A. Zhukovsky. Russian realists lived and worked at this time. I.A.Krylov And A.S. Griboyedov. In the development of Russian literature, a special place belongs to the great Russian poet and writer A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (1833) appeared first realistic novel in Russian literature. Pushkin’s work belongs not only to the 19th century, and not only to Russia. In the twentieth century, he came to people of different countries as a contemporary and educator of noble feelings. Pushkin's traditions continued M.Yu.Lermontov. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” (1841) was in many ways in tune with Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin”, since it posed the burning questions of our time. N.A. Nekrasov and I.S. Turgenev paid close attention to the life of the people. In their works they reflected the life of the fortress village, its way of life and customs. For example, the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. During these years he worked and N.V.Gogol.

The serf theater is being replaced by state and private theaters. The centers of theatrical life were the Maly Theater and the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow and the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.

Russian music is experiencing an amazing blossoming. Already in the first decades of the 19th century. A number of excellent composers appear: A.A. Alyabyev, A.E. Varlamov, A.N. Verstovsky, M.I. Glinka. Glinka created a number of outstanding vocal works, including romances based on Pushkin’s poems, for example, “I Remember a Wonderful Moment...”, the operas “A Life for the Tsar”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, the symphonic poem “Kamarinskaya”, etc.

Glinka is considered the founder of Russian classical music and Russian symphony. In terms of the significance of his contribution to the development of musical culture, Glinka occupies a place equal to Pushkin in literature.

A flourishing was also observed in painting. Famous portrait painters O.A. Kiprensky, V.A. Tropinin. An outstanding Russian artist lived during these years K.P. Bryullov("The last day of Pompeii"). A.G. Venetsianov created his own school of Russian painting and contributed to the development of the everyday genre. His works: “On the arable land. Spring", "At the harvest. Summer", "Gumno" etc.

In the development of architecture there was a style of classicism, and after the Patriotic War of 1812 - the Empire style. The main feature of the Empire style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with objects of military emblems - swords, wreaths, shields, spears. Art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. There was a passion for construction of various kinds triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. The Empire style was used to express the idea of independence and the greatness of the Russian state. Among Russian architects the most prominent were: A.N.Voronikhin, A.D.Zakharov, K.I.Rossi. Large construction continued in St. Petersburg. Moscow was also intensively rebuilt after the fire of 1812. According to the architect’s design K.A.Tona The Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built.

First half of the 19th century marked by the flowering of Russian sculpture. It was during this period that monuments to outstanding Russian people, tombstones, etc. were created.

The largest sculptor Russia at the end of the XYIII - first half of the XIX centuries. and a prominent representative of classicism in sculpture is I.P.Martos. Martos's outstanding work is the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow. The erection of the monument opposite the Kremlin was symbolic evidence of patriotic upsurge.

On the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg you can see a portrait image of Peter I, and allegorical images like Neptune, Minerva, and images of Russian workers pulling nets and ships on ropes. This is the work of a sculptor I.I. Terebeneva. The sculptor prepared the statues and sculptural groups for the Admiralty F.F. Shchedrin. The allegories created by the master glorify the greatness of Russia as a maritime power and convey the triumph of man over the forces of nature. An outstanding role in sculpture belongs to P.K. Klodt. One of the early major works that brought him universal recognition were equestrian groups for the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg. These copies express the idea of man's conquest of nature. P.K. Klodt is the creator of the monument to I.A. Krylov. The sculptor was considered a virtuoso casting master. P.K. Klodt cast all his works himself and for a long time, being a professor at the Academy of Arts, directed its foundry. The achievements of the first half of the 19th century entered the treasury of world culture.

In general, the achievements of the first half of the 19th century entered the treasury of world culture.

Scientists:

N.I. Lobachevsky - mathematician

V.V. Petrov, E.H. Lenz, B.S. Jacobi, P.D. Schilling– physicists

V.Ya.Struve, Litrov, I.M.Simonov - astronomers

P.P.Zinin And K.K.Klaus, N.N.Beketov– chemists

N.I. Pirogov, N.F. Sklifosovsky– doctors

I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F.Lisyansky, F.F.Belinshausen and M.P.Lazarev– geographers and travelers

N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky - historians

Composers and musicians:

A.A. Alyabyev"Nightingale"

A.E. Varlamov“Red Sundress”, “A blizzard is sweeping along the street...”

A.N.Verstovsky"Askold's grave"

M.I.Glinka“I remember a wonderful moment...”, operas “A Life for the Tsar”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, symphonic poem “Kamarinskaya”

A.S.Dargomyzhsky opera "Esmeralda", opera "Rusalka", opera "The Stone Guest"

Painters:

O.A. Kiprensky – portrait painter“Self-portrait with brushes behind the ear”, “A.S. Pushkin”

V.A.Tropinin"The Lacemaker"

K.P. Bryullov"The Last Day of Pompeii", "The Horsewoman"

A.G. Venetsianov“On the arable land. Spring", "At the harvest. Summer", "Barnyard"

A.A.Ivanov"The Appearance of Christ to the People"

P.A.Fedotov“Fresh gentleman”, “Major’s matchmaking”, “Anchor, more Anchor!”

Writers:

N.M. Karamzmn"Poor Lisa"

V.A.Zhukovsky ballads “Lyudmila”, “Svetlana”