Peoples of the Urals The Urals are known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others. The appearance of man in the Urals The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory. Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food. A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including unique monument– Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) river in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan. Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake. It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity. The drawings of the Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash) were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France. Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls - Russian Hungarians Original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these nations given land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”. Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. Ancient times given people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik River (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”. The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism occurred in 1714, the second - in 1732, and later - in 1751. After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay a tax - yasak - submitting to His Cabinet Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties. The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark. Mansi The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered elk, from whose skin it was sewn National clothes. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal. A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, and sacrifices were still made to them. The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Started to be created mixed marriages. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting. Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Youth is looking for better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi (Zyryans) This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar - was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard. Komi-Zyrians Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu's brother. When the Golden Horde disintegrated, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, and the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period he became famous national hero Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural. The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through the central regions of Russia. An important point in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was considered offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Agafurovs Agafurovs - in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars The culture of the peoples of the Urals The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian. The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures. It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia. The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi people, it is customary to install wooden figures birds. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. What are ancient figurines worth? mythical creatures, cast in bronze, found during excavations. Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained credibility in the European market. A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

Located in the very center of Eurasia, the Ural Mountains have been a real crucible of migration flows throughout human history. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, this region was a kind of corridor along which various tribes roamed in search of better lands.

The ancient Aryans, Huns, Scythians, Khazars, Pechenegs and representatives of other nationalities, as scientists believe, came from the Urals, leaving their mark there. That is why the modern population of this region is so ethnically diverse.

Ancient arias

In 1987, on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region, participants of the Ural-Kazakh archaeological expedition discovered a fortified settlement built at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The historical monument called Arkaim. According to scientists, it was once a city of ancient Aryans, who subsequently migrated from the lands of the Southern Urals to the territory of modern Iran and India.

Archaeologists have discovered several monuments of the Arkaim type in the Chelyabinsk region, in the southeast of Bashkortostan, in the Orenburg region and in the north of Kazakhstan. All these settlements were built about 4 thousand years ago, in the Bronze Age. They belong to the so-called Sintashta culture, which arose during the Indo-European migration of the Aryans.

Arkaim was a well-fortified fortress city; it was protected by two circular walls. Residents ancient settlement, according to anthropologists, belonged to Caucasian race. They were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. There were pottery workshops in the city, local craftsmen made various products from metals.

Some ethnographers consider the inhabitants of Arkaim to be the ancestors of the Slavs.

Scythians

Iranian-speaking tribes of nomadic pastoralists, who originated in Altai, more than once conquered the territory of the Urals during their migrations. Returning from a campaign in the Middle East, the warlike Scythians settled in this region in the 7th century BC. They had a huge influence on the development of local culture; almost everything - from livestock equipment to clothing - was borrowed by the inhabitants of the Ural steppes from the Scythians.

Weapons and horse harnesses, the first bronze mirrors, molded vessels and many other household items related to the Scythian culture are found by scientists in archaeological excavations in the Urals. Until the 4th century AD, representatives of this ancient people lived in this region, then they migrated to the south of Eastern Europe.

Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sauromatians) migrated to the Urals, according to scientists, from the lands of modern Mongolia. They coexisted with the Scythians, sometimes on friendly terms, sometimes in irreconcilable hostility. Many ethnographers call these tribes related in origin. The ancient historian Herodotus even believed that the Sarmatians descended from the marriages of Scythian youths with representatives warlike tribe Amazons.

Between 280-260 BC, the Sarmatians invaded the Urals from the Don steppes, but failed to completely enslave the local population. Long-term proximity led to the fact that the Sarmatians adopted many customs and traditions from the Scythians.

In 2007, near the village of Kichigino, Chelyabinsk region, archaeologists discovered amazing gold jewelry created by the Sarmatians. The burial of a noble woman included a diadem, various bracelets and beads, as well as a bronze vessel. Despite belonging to the Sarmatian culture, these products of ancient craftsmen are similar in manufacturing technology to the famous Scythian gold.

Later, the Sarmatians were driven out of the Urals to the west by the warlike Huns.

Huns

The first Turkic-speaking Xiongnu came from China to the Ural steppes in the 4th century AD. Here they mixed with local Ugric tribes - this is how the Huns appeared. They created a huge empire that stretched all the way to the German lands. It was the invasion of the Huns into Europe that gave impetus to the great migration of peoples. Thanks to them, the eastern Proto-Slavs freed themselves from the influence of the Goths and Iranian-speaking tribes.

During the time of the famous commander Attila, who ruled his people from 434 to 453, the Huns tried to capture not only Byzantium, but also the Roman Empire. After the death of Attila, the huge empire was destroyed by internecine strife, which was skillfully taken advantage of by numerous enemies, most of whom belonged to Germanic tribes.

Avars

In the 6th century, the Avars invaded the Urals from Asia. This people was a union of several tribes, the main part of which were Turkic-speaking. Although some researchers classify the Avars, rather, as Mongols. However, they also included the so-called Nirun clans, whose representatives belonged to the Caucasian race.

In the surviving chronicles Ancient Rus' representatives of this people are called obri. The Avars were nomadic pastoralists. They stayed briefly in the Ural steppes, moving to Europe. The Avar Khaganate was created between the Carpathians and the Danube, from where numerous raids were carried out on the lands of the Slavs, Germans, Bulgaria and Byzantium.

At the end of the 8th century, the Franks, as a result of a twenty-year war, defeated the Avars; subsequently, representatives of this people were assimilated by the Hungarians and Bulgarians.

Khazars

The next people who settled for some time in the Ural steppes were the Khazars. In the 7th century, they created a state whose lands extended far to the west, covering the Volga region, the Caucasus, the northern Black Sea region and part of the Crimean peninsula.

Initially, the Khazars were Turkic-speaking nomadic pastoralists, but sedentary life inevitably led to the development of agriculture and various crafts. Arose in Khazaria big cities, trade began to develop. At the end of the 9th century, after the collapse of the state, movement along the Great Silk Road from China to Europe resumed in the Southern Urals. And merchants from the Rus tribe began to visit these lands to exchange goods with the local residents.

Pechenegs

IN X-XI centuries the Ural steppes were flooded by the Pechenegs. Like the Avars, they were a union of nomadic tribes of Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Sarmatian origin. The Pechenegs were engaged in cattle breeding on the banks of the Yaik (Ural River) and in the lower reaches of the Volga.

Armed with bows, spears and sabers, the Pechenegs often carried out mounted raids on the Slavs and other neighboring tribes. Over time, some of the representatives of this people were assimilated by the Cumans, some mixed with Russians and Ukrainians, the rest became the ancestors of modern Gagauzes, moving to the territory of modern Moldova.

Cumans

Almost simultaneously with the Pechenegs, the Polovtsians migrated to the Urals. This Turkic-speaking people originated on the banks of the Irtysh. The Polovtsians are usually classified as Kipchak tribes, who are the ancestors of some of the present-day Bashkirs and Kazakhs.

Numerous stele-shaped stone sculptures, found by scientists on mounds and along the banks of the Ural rivers, were installed by the Polovtsians. It is believed that this people had a cult of ancestors. And the sculptures that marked the graves are a tribute to the memory of deceased relatives.

In the 11th century, the Cumans quickly captured new territories, as well as the south of Eastern Europe. They made frequent predatory raids on Rus'. In the 12th century, united Russian squads were already able to repel the invaders.

It is interesting that the enemy kings Tugarin Zmeevich and Bonyaka Sheludivy, known from Russian folk tales and legends, are real historical figures: the Polovtsian khans Tugorkan and Bonyak, who ruled their tribes at the end of the 11th century. beginning of XII centuries.

After the strengthening of Ancient Rus', realizing the futility of further raids, one part of the Polovtsians migrated beyond the Urals, the other part to Transcaucasia and Transnistria.

And in the 13th century, with the army of Khan Batu, representatives of many peoples conquered by the Mongols came to the Ural steppes. This region can well be called a real melting pot, where various Aryan, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Scythian and Sarmatian tribes left their mark.

The history of the Southern Urals is the history of all the peoples who have inhabited its territory since ancient times. Ethnographers note the ethnic complexity and heterogeneity of the population of the South Ural region. This is due to the fact that the Southern Urals from ancient times served as a kind of corridor along which in the distant past the “great migration of peoples” took place, and subsequently waves of migration rolled in. Historically, three powerful layers formed, coexisted and developed on this vast territory - Slavic, Turkic-speaking and Finno-Ugric. Since time immemorial, its territory has been an arena of interaction between two branches of civilizations - sedentary farmers and nomadic pastoralists. The consequence of their interaction over thousands of years was the heterogeneous ethnographic and anthropological composition of the local population. There is one important aspect of the population problem. In strict accordance with the definition of the concept “aboriginal” (“indigenous people”), there is no reason to consider any people in the region as indigenous. All peoples currently living in the Southern Urals are newcomers. The peoples who settled here at very different times chose the Urals as their place of permanent residence. Today it is impossible to divide the peoples into indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants of the region.

The purpose of my work is to tell how diverse the peoples inhabiting our region are, their language and culture.

To better understand the history of the settlement of the Southern Urals, I will briefly dive into the history of the Southern Urals region.

The first written information about the peoples of the Southern Urals dates back to ancient times.

Many ancient human sites have been discovered in the Southern Urals. Only near 15 lakes, about 100 of them were discovered. And there are more than three thousand lakes in our region. This is a parking lot at Lake Elovoe in the Chebarkul district, parking at Lake Itkul in the Kaslinsky district, at Lake Smolino near Chelyabinsk and many others.

People settled in the Urals gradually. They most likely came from the south, moving along river banks following the animals they hunted.

Around 15-12 millennia BC. e. the ice age is over. The Quaternary glacier gradually retreated, and the local Ural ice melted. The climate became warmer, the flora and fauna acquired a more or less modern appearance. The number has increased primitive people. More or less significant groups of them wandered, moving along rivers and lakes in search of hunting prey. The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) came.

Around the fourth millennium BC, copper came to serve man. The Southern Urals is one of those places in our country where man first began to use metal. The presence of native pieces of pure copper and fairly large deposits of tin created favorable conditions for the production of bronze. Bronze tools, being stronger and sharper, quickly replaced stone ones. In II-I millennium BC. The ancient inhabitants of the Urals not only mined copper and tin and made tools, but also exchanged these tools and bronze with other tribes. Thus, the products of ancient Ural craftsmen found distribution in the Lower Volga region and Western Siberia.

During the Copper-Bronze Age, several tribes lived in the Southern Urals, which differed significantly in culture and origin. Historians N.A. talk about them. Mazhitov and A.I. Alexandrov.

The largest group was made up of tribes that went down in history under the name “Andronovo”. They are named after the place where the remains of their life were first found in the Krasnoyarsk Territory back in the 19th century.

The forests at that time were inhabited by the “Cherkaskul people,” who are called so because the remains of their culture were first found on Lake Cherkaskul in the north of the Chelyabinsk region.

In the Southern Urals, an idea of ​​the time of the Bronze Age is given by mounds and settlements belonging to the Andronovo culture (Salnikov K-V. Bronze Age Southern Trans-Urals. Andronovo culture, MIA, No. 21, 1951, pp. 94-151). This culture, which existed on a vast territory from the Yenisei to the Ural ridge and the western borders of Kazakhstan, in the XIV-X centuries. BC e. extended to the territory of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. Its characteristic features are burial mounds in wooden frames and stone boxes with crumpled bones laid on their sides and the head facing west.

The development of the Early Iron Age in the Southern Urals covers the time from the 6th century. BC e. according to the 5th century n. e. Savromatian, Sarmatian and Alanian burial mounds and settlements give an idea of ​​it. The Sauromatians and Sarmatians lived in the Southern Urals at a time when the Scythians dominated the Black Sea region. Sarmatian culture is the culture of the period of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society, developed nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and crafts. All finds indicate that the Sarmatians had metalworking, ceramics, weaving and other industries. (Salnikov K.V. Sarmatian burials in the Magnitogorsk region: Brief communications of the Institute material culture, XXXIV, M.-L., 1950)

Late iron age The Urals coincides in time with the early Middle Ages in Europe. During the Iron Age, in the vast steppe expanses of the Southern Urals, the ancient sedentary pastoral and agricultural population began to switch to nomadic cattle breeding, and for more than two thousand years this territory became a place of nomadic tribes.

It was the time of the "great migration of peoples." The formation of Bashkir people and distribution Turkic language on the territory of the region.

Anticipating the upcoming narrative about the history of peoples, I will make a reservation in advance. I'll start it with the history of the Bashkir people. And that's why. Among the modern peoples living in the Southern Urals, the first inhabitants of the region were the Bashkirs. Therefore, the beginning of the story with the Bashkirs in no way distorts the historical truth or diminishes the role of other peoples. At the same time, the historicism of the presentation of the material is observed.

The first historical information about the Bashkirs dates back to the 10th century. The traveler Ibn Fadlan reported that he visited the country of the Turkish people, called al-Bash-tird (Ibn Fadlan's Travel to the Volga. M.-L., 1939, p. 66).

Another Arab writer Abu-Zand-al-Balkhi (who visited Bulgaria and Bashkiria in the first half of the 10th century) wrote: “From the internal Bashjars to Burgaria there are 25 days of travel... The Bashjars are divided into two tribes, one tribe lives on the border of Georgia (the country Kuman) near the Bulgars. They say that it consists of 2000 people who are so well protected by their forests that no one can conquer them. They are subject to the Bulgars. Other Bashjars border on the Pechenegs. They and the Pechenegs are Turks "(Abu- Zand-al-Balkhi, Book of Land Views, 1870, p. 176.)

Since ancient times, the Bashkirs lived on the lands of modern Bashkiria, occupying territory on both sides of the Ural ridge, between the Volga and Kama rivers and the upper reaches of the Ural River. They were nomadic pastoralists; They also engaged in hunting, fishing, and beekeeping. In the western part of Bashkiria, agriculture developed, destroyed by the Tatar-Mongol conquerors and restored with the appearance of the Russian population in Bashkiria.

The craft of the Bashkirs was poorly developed. But still, as written sources testify, already in the 10th century. The Bashkirs knew how to extract iron and copper ores using artisanal methods and process them. They tanned leather, made pikes and arrowheads from iron, and decorated horse harnesses from copper.

Western part of Bashkiria in the 9th-13th centuries. was subordinated to the Bulgar kingdom, to which the Bashkirs paid tribute in furs, wax, honey and horses. According to Ibn Rust (around 912), each of the subjects who married the Bulgar khan had to give a riding horse.

In the pre-Mongol period, the population of Bashkiria traded with neighboring peoples and with Russian merchants in wax and honey. Bashkiria was divided into clans and tribes, headed by ancestors and collectors.

The most powerful of the bays subjugated other clan associations and sometimes became khans. However, the power of such khans was fragile, and not one of them managed to subjugate all the Bashkir tribes. Particularly important issues were resolved at public assemblies and at the council of elders (korolltai). People's meetings of the Bashkirs ended with festivities at which competitions were held in wrestling, horse racing, horse riding, and archery.

The decomposition of the clan system and the transition of the Bashkirs to class society falls on the X-XII centuries, and the end of the XII and XIII centuries. characterized by the emergence of feudal relations. In the XII-XVI centuries. The Bashkir people formed. Big role The tribes of Alans, Huns, Hungarians and especially Bulgars played a role in the formation of the Bashkir people. In 1236, the Tatar-Mongols conquered the Bulgarian kingdom and with it the southwestern part of Bashkiria. Following this, all of Bashkiria was conquered, becoming part of the Golden Horde formed in the Volga region. The Golden Horde khans imposed a tribute on the Bashkirs in the form of expensive furs, and possibly a tax in the form of one tenth of their herds.

The intensification of the struggle of the peoples conquered by the Tatar-Mongols for their liberation and, especially, the remarkable victory of the Russian united army on the Kulikovo field in 1380 weakened the Golden Horde. In the 15th century she began to fall apart.

With the collapse of the Golden Horde, a significant part of the population of Bashkiria fell under the rule of the Nogai Horde, which wandered between the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. in the west and the river. Yaik in the east. The Trans-Ural Bashkirs recognized their dependence on the Siberian Khanate, and the western regions of Bashkiria - on the Kazan Khanate. Bashkiria was dismembered.

In addition to the Bashkirs, the territory of the Southern Urals was inhabited by Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, Kazakhs, Kalmyks and other peoples. They, like the Bashkirs, were initially subordinate to the khans of the Golden Horde, and with the collapse of the latter - to the Kazan, Siberian and Nogai khans.

The severity of the Tatar-Mongol oppression was aggravated by the fact that the Bashkirs, being part of different khanates, were divided and used by khans and other feudal lords in the fight against each other. Civil strife was detrimental to the working masses. Often the khan or murza himself, when defeated, fled from the enemy, leaving his subjects to the mercy of fate. The latter were subjugated by another khan or Murza and established an even more cruel regime for them.

Features of the formation of the national composition of the Sverdlovsk region

Chapter 1. Formation of the indigenous peoples of the Urals

For many centuries, the Urals remained a crossroads for many peoples. His geographical position at the junction of Europe and Asia largely predetermined the multi-ethnic composition of the population and a diverse and complex ethnic history. Researchers believe that the ancient Urals belong to the Ural-Altai ethnolinguistic community, and suggest that in the middle of 4 thousand BC. e ancient Ural population was divided into two branches: eastern (presumably the ancestors of the Samoyeds) and western (Finno-Ugric community). In 2 thousand BC. e. The Finno-Ugric community split into Finno-Perm (ancestors of the Komi - Permyaks and Udmurts) and Ugric (ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi) branches. It is these peoples who belong to the aboriginal population of the Urals.

1.1 Komi-Permyaks of the Kama region

The archaeological culture of the Komi - Permyaks - Rodanovskaya (9-15 centuries) - got its name from the settlement of the same name. Rodanovo ancient settlement is one of the largest and interesting monuments. Now over 300 similar settlements have been discovered in the forested Kama region. During this period, fortified settlements became not only craft and economic, but also administrative centers. The economy of the Rodonov people was complex, but at the same time it differed in the ratio of industries depending on natural conditions. In the southern regions, arable farming was developed (there are many archaeological finds millstones for grinding grain, braids - pink salmon, pits - grain storage), cattle breeding (mainly cow breeding), less - hunting and fishing. The settlements had large and small log houses. In the northern regions in to a greater extent slash-and-burn farming was developed, as well as commercial hunting and fishing. Of the wild animal bones found, about half belong to beavers. Metal processing reached a craft level among the Rodanites. The social structure of the autochthons of the Kama region was characterized by a transition from tribal community to the neighbor's.

1.2 Komi - Zyryans

The origin of the Komi-Zyryans is currently associated with the Vanvizda (5th - 10th centuries) and subsequent Vym cultures. Vanvizda monuments are distributed from the Middle Pechera to the upper reaches of the river. Kama, from the Ural Mountains to the Northern Dvina. These are unfortified settlements and ground burial grounds. At the settlements, above-ground dwellings, outbuildings and production sites were excavated, including metalological ones: accumulation of slag, crucibles, foundry molds). The main occupations of the population: hunting, fishing and animal husbandry. The center of the formation of the Komi-Zyryan culture was the river valley. Vym. During the formation of the Komi-Zyryan ethnic group, the Baltic Finns and Slavs had a great influence. Monuments of the Vym culture (settlements and burial grounds) are located near modern Komi villages (the topographical position of both is the same). Residents built above-ground dwellings. The funeral rite records the connection with the river and the cult of fire. The monuments contain many metal decorations - bells, strings, etc. A large number of settlements on the river. You could have been connected with the maintenance of the trade route from Rus' to Siberia. Objects of Russian and Western European origin (German, Czech, Danish coins, Russian jewelry and ceramics) were found in the burial grounds.

1.3 Udmurts

As already mentioned, at the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. The Udmurt language stands out from the general Perm linguistic community. In the formation of the Udmurt ethnos (old Russian name Udmurts - Otyaks or Votyaks, Turks - Ars) different groups of the population took part. Several are known archaeological cultures, reflecting these processes. At this time, fortified villages turned into proto-cities. One of these monuments was the Idnakar settlement on the river. Cap. Its area is about 40 thousand square meters. m. Between the outer and inner ramparts there was a populated area (like a posad in Russian cities), and the central area resembled a fortified Kremlin. This was the center of the northern Udmurts. It got its name from the name of the hero - Prince Idna.

At the site, objects made of metal and bone, made with great skill, were found. There are other known settlements associated with the names of heroes - princes - Guryakar, Vesyakar.

During this period, the Udmurt population experienced an increase in arable farming, the development of livestock farming, and crafts, including jewelry and metallurgy, which were not inferior in level to village ones. Based on the finds at the ancient settlements, we can talk about the influence and contacts of the Udmurts with the Volga Bulgars and Russia. The process of consolidation and formation of statehood among the Udmurts that had begun was disrupted in the 13th century. Due to the displacement of the population under the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars.

In the forest belt of the Urals from the river. Vishera and Lozva to Pyshma and Iset in the 10th -13th centuries. There was a Yudin culture, the main features of which coincide with the later Mansi culture. Fortifications and burial grounds of this time are known. Fortifications were built on high river banks or on relatively low terraces. They were surrounded by a 2-3 meter ditch and a rampart, in the construction of which wooden structures were used. The area of ​​the settlements ranged from 400 to 300 square meters. At the Yudinskoye settlement, parallel to the rampart, there were two types of dwellings: tent-type (light) and log houses.

In the burial rite of the Yudin people, there is a cult of the horse, extensive use of fire, and the placement of broken things in the grave (Likinsky burial ground). At the monuments of the Yudin culture, pottery and figurines of seated people, iron knives, arrowheads, fishing hooks, axes, jewelry - bells, bracelets, earrings, noisy pendants. Among the listed things there are Slavic, Ural and local ones. The population was engaged in hunting and fishing. The Yudin culture is genetically connected with monuments of the 6th - 9th centuries. in this territory. By funeral rite, patterns, housing design, similarity of tribal signs and images on the writings, the Yudin culture can be defined as the culture of the Mansi ancestors.

1.5 Samoyeds

Polar zone Northern Urals and lower reaches of the river Ob in the 1st-2nd millennium AD. were the habitat of the ancestors of the Samoyeds. In the Ural language family The Nenets, together with the Enets, Nganasans and Selkups, form a special Samoyedic group.

Samoidians (Russian medieval sources called them Samoyeds) is an ancient ethnonym that is repeated in different forms in the names of tribes and clans of some peoples of Siberia. Some researchers are attracted here by the name males (the Sami or Lapps currently live on the Kola Peninsula, as well as in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland).

Some scientists associate the formation of the peoples of the Samoyed group with the Kulai culture (V century BC - V century AD), which developed in the territory of the Middle Ob region. Recently, another point of view has emerged about the autochthonous origin of the ancestors of the Samoyeds in the north of Western Siberia, where the continuity of archaeological cultures from the Chalcolithic to the early Iron Age can be traced. “Stone Samoyed,” as the Russians later called the Northern Ural Samoyeds, roamed the Bolshezemelskaya tundra - from Pechora to the Ural ridge.

The formation of the Mari ethnic community on the territory of the Volga-Vyatka interfluve dates back to the 1st millennium AD. Already Jordanes, a Gothic historian of the 6th century, knew the ancient Mari under the name “Oremiscan”. In a Khazar document of the 10th century. they are referred to as “ts-r-mis”, and the ancient Russian chronicler calls them “cheremisya”. The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of the Mari. The southern Mari, who lived in the vicinity of Volga Bulgaria, experienced Turkic influence. After the defeat of the Bulgarian state by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka.

In the economy and development of social relations among the Mari, processes similar to those observed among the Udmurts took place.

1.7 Bashkirs

The formation of the Bashkir ethnic group (self-name - “Bajgard”, “Bashkurt”) was difficult due to the high mobility of the tribes of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. According to some scientists, it was based on ancient Turkic tribes, which during the 8th-9th centuries. wandered in the Aral Sea region and in Kazakhstan. According to others, the role of the Ugric and Iranian components in the formation of the Bashkirs should be taken into account. The settlement of the ancestors of the Bashkirs into their modern territory began in the 9th century. This process was long, and at the same time there was an influx of new population groups. Perhaps in the XII-XIII centuries. The formation of the Bashkir ethnic group was influenced by the advance of the Kipchaks into this area. On a map of the 12th century. Arab geographer Idrisi identified the Bashkirs to the west of Ural mountains and east of Volga Bulgaria. The center of formation of the Bashkirs was the Belebeevskaya Upland. Their main occupations were pastoral or nomadic cattle breeding, and in the northern regions - hunting and beekeeping.

Thus, ethnic processes in the Urals they flowed fairly uniformly along both slopes of the ridge, although on the eastern slope they were somewhat delayed. These processes were based on the development of the aboriginal population, into which ethnic groups of different origins and numbers were constantly being added. This happened most intensively during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and in the subsequent period, when the development of tribal unions began. It was then that the foundations of large ethnic communities, who became the direct ancestors of the modern peoples of the Urals.

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