What an architectural monument it was. Famous architectural monuments of Russia

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"Moscow. Architectural monuments." The scheme was drawn up, designed and prepared for printing by the Scientific and Editorial Map Compilation Unit of the GUGK in 1973. Editor: Smigelskaya S.V. Paper format 100x72. Circulation 47,000. Price 30 kopecks.

We thank Roman Maslov for digitizing the material!

Scheme architectural monuments center of Moscow

Accompanying text for the diagram

Among Russian cities, Moscow ranks special place, as in its significance historical path, and by the unique originality of the architectural appearance. Having inherited a high artistic culture Ancient Rus', it has become the center of the best creative forces people. Monuments of Moscow architecture reflected various stages of the city's history and entered the golden fund of world architecture.

In Moscow, the foundations were laid not only for all-Russian statehood, but also for all-Russian artistic culture, which absorbed all the best that was achieved in other cities during the era feudal fragmentation. Expressing the leading ideas of their time through the means of architecture, Moscow architects introduced amazing diversity into the main types of structures characteristic of a particular era.

The core of the Kremlin ensemble - the historical and compositional center of the city - took shape at the time when Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state (in the 15th-17th centuries). Cathedral Square and fortifications of the Kremlin, created by Russians and Italian masters and reflecting the idea of greatness and power of the young state, amazed contemporaries with their scale and monumentality.

In the 16th century was created new type structures - triumphal pillar-shaped compositions, the so-called monument churches, and among them a masterpiece of Russian architecture - the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).

At this time, in the suburbs and settlements surrounding the Kremlin, stone church and residential buildings appeared, small in size, but interesting in their architectural forms. Widely deployed in the 16th century. and fortress construction: in the 30s, walls were built around the settlement (Kitai-Gorod), in the 80-90s - around White City, and at the beginning of the 17th century. Moscow received its last defensive belt - the Zemlyanoy Rampart with oak walls and towers (Zemlyanoy Gorod). In addition, over the centuries, powerful fortresses - monasteries - were built around Moscow.

The Polish-Swedish intervention caused a temporary decline in construction in Moscow, but from the middle of the 17th century. begins new stage in the development of Moscow architecture.

Numerous popular uprisings shook the foundations official ideology and contributed to the penetration into architecture folk motifs. Hence the richness of decorative decoration, colorfulness, and picturesque composition in the buildings of that time. TO end of XVII V. the desire for symmetry and balance is growing, a new type of tiered church buildings (“octagon on quadrangle”) appears. This new period in architecture it was called "Moscow" or "Naryshkin baroque".

Peter's reforms and victory in the Northern War put Russia among the leading European powers. Without breaking with national traditions, Russian masters creatively embraced artistic culture Western Europe. In the 18th century Two main stylistic directions were created - Russian Baroque and Russian Classicism.

Few Baroque monuments were created in Moscow, since the development of the style coincided with the development of St. Petersburg, and some of them were destroyed during the fire of 1812, but Moscow classicism brilliantly manifested itself in numerous buildings for various purposes. After the Patriotic War of 1812, classicism acquired features of great simplicity and rigor. WITH mid-19th V. its decline begins and it is replaced by various stylistic movements - the era of “all styles” begins. Emergence at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The Art Nouveau style further increases the diversity of the buildings. Capitalism puts forward the need to create new types of structures - apartment buildings, hotels, railway stations, etc.

Construction technology is developing rapidly at this time, but artistic value buildings, with some exceptions, does not reach a high level.

The Great October Revolution opened up unlimited opportunities for the development of all types of arts. Already in 1918 V.I. Lenin signs a decree on the protection and restoration of historical and cultural monuments. Enormous scope restoration work got these days.

The Party and government pay great attention aesthetic education Soviet people, and the works of Russian architects play in this big role, causing admiration for the talent of the Russian people, cultivating a sense of patriotism and pride in their country. Architectural monuments brought back to life by Soviet restorers occupy a place of honor in the ensembles of the new Moscow.

Soviet architecture went through a number of stages in its development. The twenties and early thirties were characterized by the search for new means of architectural expression, free from the eclecticism of the previous period. At this time, much attention was paid to the rational construction of building plans, the widespread use of new materials and structures, which made it possible to create a number of interesting and artistically valuable structures. However real opportunities construction at that time did not allow many architectural ideas to be realized.

The development of the country's economy gave rise to a desire for majestic forms and splendor of decoration. The appeal to different styles, which subsequently led to excesses and unjustified embellishment. This direction was rightly condemned by a government decree of 1955, which stated that “Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, rigor of forms and economical solutions.” Currently, Soviet architects are persistently working to create full-fledged works of art, capable of reflecting the spirit of our time and the pathos of building communism. The enormous scale of construction in our country confronts Soviet architecture with the need to construct complexes and ensembles capable of creating a holistic image of the city. L.I. Brezhnev pointed out that “it is a matter of honor for each of us to turn Moscow into an exemplary communist city.”

It is clear that it is impossible to present all the architectural richness of Moscow in a booklet. Only the most valuable monuments in the world are listed here. artistically or most characteristic of their time.

Architectural monuments are objects that were created, usually in honor of significant event or important person. The age of some is estimated at tens of years, while others remember the Egyptian pharaohs. This review contains the most famous monuments architecture about which the history of mankind can be written.

1. Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram)

The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca

The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the holiest site in Islam, as well as the oldest and most famous cultural monument in the world.

Muslim shrine of Kaba.

The Koran says that the Kaaba was built by Abraham (Ibrahim on Arabic) and his son Ismail, after the latter settled in Arabia. A mosque, Masjid al-Haram, was built around this building. All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are.

Pilgrims at Kaba.

One of the five fundamental laws of Islam requires that every Muslim perform the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in his life. In this case, you need to walk around the Kaaba seven times counterclockwise (when viewed from above).

2. Taj Mahal

White marble mausoleum located in Agra, India.

The Taj Mahal ("Crown of Palaces") is a white marble mausoleum located in the city of Agra, India. It was built by the king of the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely known as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the internationally recognized masterpieces of the world's heritage." The area of the Taj Mahal is about 221 hectares (38 hectares are occupied by the mausoleum itself and 183 hectares of protected forest around it).

3. Egyptian pyramids

Egyptian pyramids.

A total of 138 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Most of them were built as tombs for pharaohs and their wives during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. These are some of the oldest famous cultural monuments.

View of Egyptian pyramids above.

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids were found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. And the oldest of them is the Pyramid of Djoser, built in 2630 - 2611 BC. e., during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental brick-faced structures.

4. The Great Wall of China

The great Wall of China.

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood and other materials built along the historical northern borders of China to protect the country from invasions by various warlike peoples.

Sculptures on the Great Wall of China.

Several walls were built as early as the 7th century BC, and were later expanded to form what is today known as the Great Wall. Particularly famous is the part of the wall built between 220-206 BC. the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (very little remains of her).

By the way, in the Celestial Empire there are still many beautiful and interesting places China, which are worth seeing with your own eyes.

5. Angkor Thom (Greater Angkor)

Capital of the Khmer Empire

Angkor Thom is a 3 square kilometer walled royal city that was the last capital of the Khmer Empire. After Jayavarman VII recaptured Yashodharapura (the previous capital) from the Champa invaders in 1181, he built a city on the site of the ruined new capital empires. He started with existing surviving structures such as Baphuon and Phimeanakas and built a magnificent walled city around them, adding an outer wall with a moat and some of Angkor's greatest temples. There are five entrances (gates) to the city, one for each cardinal direction and a Victory Gate leading to the area Royal Palace. Each gate is topped with four giant faces.

6. Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis of Athens, also called "Cecropia" in Athens, is the most important place city and one of the most recognizable monuments in the world. This is the main landmark ancient greek culture, and also a symbol of the city of Athens itself, since it represents the apogee artistic development in the 5th century BC.

7. National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall

Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument and local landmark erected in memory of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, former president Republic of China. It is located in Chinese city Taipei. The monument, surrounded by a park, was built in the eastern part of Memorial Square. To the north of it is National Theater, and from the south is the National concert hall.

8. Potala Palace

Potala Palace

The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa in Tibet. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenrezig or Avalokiteshvara. The Potala Palace was main residence Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India during the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959.

Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the fifth Great Dalai Lama, began construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisors, Konchog Chopel, noted that the site between the Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa was an ideal location for the government. The Potala was eventually built on the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace, built by King Songtsen Gampo of Tibet in 637. Today the Potala Palace is a museum.

9. Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty in the USA.

The Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States of America, and it is a universal symbol of freedom and democracy. The Statue of Liberty was unveiled on October 28, 1886, and was recognized in 1924 National Monument.

10. Sultan Ahmed Mosque

Sultan Ahmed Mosque is a historical mosque in Istanbul, Turkey's largest city and capital Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1923. It is also popularly known as the Blue Mosque because of the blue tiles that line its walls.

Mosque interior.

The mosque was built from 1609 to 1616 during the reign of Ahmed I. Although it is still used as a mosque, the site has also become a popular tourist attraction.

Architectural monuments are objects that were created, usually in honor of a significant event or an important person. The age of some is estimated at tens of years, while others remember the Egyptian pharaohs. This review contains the most famous architectural monuments about which the history of mankind can be written.

1. Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram)

The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the holiest site in Islam, as well as the oldest and most famous cultural monument in the world.

The Qur'an states that the Kaaba was built by Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) and his son Ismail after the latter settled in Arabia. A mosque, Masjid al-Haram, was built around this building. All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are.

2. Taj Mahal

3. Egyptian pyramids

4. The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood and other materials built along China's historical northern borders to protect the country from invasion by various warlike peoples.

By the way, there are many more in the Celestial Empire

5. Angkor Thom (Greater Angkor)

Angkor Thom is a 3 square kilometer walled royal city that was the last capital of the Khmer Empire. After Jayavarman VII recaptured Yashodharapura (the previous capital) from Champa invaders in 1181, he built a new imperial capital on the site of the destroyed city. He started with existing surviving structures such as Baphuon and Phimeanakas and built a magnificent walled city around them, adding an outer wall with a moat and some of Angkor's greatest temples. There are five entrances (gates) to the city, one for each cardinal direction and a Victory Gate leading to the Royal Palace area. Each gate is topped with four giant faces.

The Acropolis of Athens, also called "Cecropia" in Athens, is the most important site of the city and one of the most recognizable monuments in the world. It is a major landmark of ancient Greek culture, as well as a symbol of the city of Athens itself, as it represents the apogee of artistic development in the 5th century BC.

7. National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument and local landmark erected in memory of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China. It is located in the Chinese city of Taipei. The monument, surrounded by a park, was built in the eastern part of Memorial Square. To the north is the National Theater, and to the south is the National Concert Hall.

The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa in Tibet. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenrezig or Avalokiteshvara. The Potala Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959.

7 chosen

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, historical Center St. Petersburg, white stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, the Kremlin of Rostov the Great, Kizhi Pogost, Peterhof, Solovki, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna and Pskov Kremlin - famous historical monuments Russia, the list of which goes on and on. Russia is a country with a huge cultural past, its history still keeps many secrets and mysteries, every stone of ancient Russian cities and monasteries breathes history, behind every human destinies. In these autumn days The multimedia project-competition "Russia 10" is coming to an end, giving us the opportunity to learn about the most famous and most beautiful places of our country and in the first place are the main historical monuments of Russia, the wonders of architecture and architecture, the magical creations of the hands of Russian masters.

Kizhi

On one of the islands of Lake Onega in Karelia there is the famous Kizhi churchyard: two wooden churches XVIII century and an octagonal wooden bell tower (1862). The architectural ensemble of Kizhi is an ode to Russian craftsmen, the pinnacle of carpentry art, “wooden lace”. According to the legend, Church of the Transfiguration was built with one ax, which the master threw into Lake Onega, finishing his work without a single nail. Kizhi is the real Eighth Wonder of the World.

The main historical value of Rus' is the hands of its masters...

Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon

The Moscow Kremlin is a real treasury of monuments of Russian history and culture. Some of them are the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon. They are famous not only for their size, but also for their amazing history...

The Tsar Bell was ordered to be cast by Empress Anna Ioannovna. At her request, foreign craftsmen were supposed to do this, but when they heard the required dimensions of the bell, they considered the empress’s desire... a joke! Well, who cares, and who cares. The father and son of Motorina, bell masters, began work. It didn’t take them as long to create the project as the subsequent approval by the Moscow Senate office, which lasted for 3 whole years! The first attempt to cast a bell was unsuccessful and ended in an explosion and destruction of the furnace structure, and after this one of the craftsmen, Father Ivan Motorin, died. The second casting of the bell was carried out by the master’s son Mikhail Motorin, and three months later, on November 25, 1735, the birth of the famous bell took place. The bell weighed about 202 tons, its height was 6 meters 14 centimeters, and its diameter was 6 meters 60 centimeters.

They took a cast, but didn’t pick it up! During a fire in 1737, a piece weighing more than 11 tons broke off from the bell, which was still in the smelting pit. The Tsar Bell was raised from the foundry pit only in 1836, thanks to Montferrand, knowledgeable in lifting heavy structures. However, Rus' never heard the voice of the Tsar Bell...

Tsar Cannon on Ivanovskaya Square is considered a monument to Russian artillery. The length of the bronze gun is 5 meters 34 centimeters, the barrel diameter is 120 centimeters, the caliber is 890 millimeters, and the weight is almost 40 tons. The formidable weapon was supposed to guard the Moscow Kremlin from the Execution Ground, but, according to weapons experts, its power was suitable for destroying fortress walls, but not for defense. Cast by the famous foundry master Andrei Chokhov in 1586 under Fyodor Ioannovich, it never took part in hostilities. According to legend, they fired from it only once - with the ashes of False Demetrius.

Mother Rus', everything is special for her - and the Tsar Cannon does not fire and the Tsar Bell does not announce good news...

Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God

On the Day of the Intercession of the Mother of God in 1552, Russian troops stormed Kazan, the capital of the Kazan Khanate. In honor of this event, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of the Church of the Intercession in Moscow. How many legends and traditions are associated with it...

Previously, another church stood on this site - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, where St. Basil the Blessed, the most revered holy fool in Rus', was buried, collecting alms for the construction of this temple. Later, others began to be built around the Trinity Church - in honor of the most significant victories of Russian weapons. When there were already about ten of them, Moscow Metropolitan Macarius came to Ivan the Terrible with a request to build one large temple on this site.

The central tent of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God was consecrated first, then a small church was completed on the grave of the holy fool, and the temple began to be called St. Basil's Cathedral. The cathedral symbolizes the Heavenly Jerusalem - its 8 chapters create an eight-pointed Star of Bethlehem. According to legend, at the end of construction, which lasted 6 years, the king, delighted unprecedented beauty temple, asked the builders if they could do something similar. The price for an affirmative answer was the blinding of the craftsmen by order of the sovereign, so that there would be nothing more beautiful on earth...

Several times they tried to destroy the Temple, services in it were banned and allowed again, but it survived for centuries, just as the Russian land resisted all troubles.

The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God is a beautiful and many-sided holy Rus'.

Peter-Pavel's Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress is the core of the city on the Neva, a historical, architectural and military engineering monument, one of the main symbols of Russian history. It was from Petropavlovka that the construction of the city of Peter began on May 16, 1703. All of it is history, the history of wars and revolutions, faith and love. Its bastions bear the names of Peter the Great's associates: Menshikov, Golovkin, Zotov, Trubetskoy, Naryshkin and Sovereign bastions.

In the center of the fortress is the Peter and Paul Cathedral - a symbol of the formation of a new city in Russia. It contains the history of the Imperial House of Romanov; the cathedral became the necropolis of Russian emperors, where their ashes from Peter I to Nicholas II rest. Near the walls of the Cathedral there is the Commandant's Cemetery, where 19 commandants are buried Peter and Paul Fortress(out of 32 who served her).

The fortress was both the defense of the Northern capital and its state prison: prisoners of the Trubetskoy bastion were Tsarevich Alexei, the Decembrists, Chernyshevsky, Kostsyushko and Dostoevsky, Narodnaya Volya, ministers Russian Empire, Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.

Petropavlovka, like Russia itself, is both an intercessor and a prison, but, nevertheless, the Motherland...

Monument "Millennium of Russia"

The monument "Millennium of Russia" was erected in Veliky Novgorod opposite the St. Sophia Cathedral and former building Public places in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the legendary calling of the Varangians to Rus'. The anniversary of its opening is celebrated these September days.

Authors of the monument project: sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin, Ivan Schroeder and architect Victor Hartman. To create a monument-symbol of Russian history, a competition was announced, to which several dozen works were submitted. The winner was the project of young sculptors - M. O. Mikeshin, who graduated from the Academy just a year ago, and I. N. Schroeder, a volunteer student in the sculpture class of the Academy of Arts.