Cultural and historical monuments of Kuban of world significance. Historical monuments of Kuban
KUBAN AND THE BLACK SEA REGION DURING THE PERIOD OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY AND SLAVE SYSTEM 2
III - II MILLENNIUM AD.................................................... ........................................................ ...................... 2
PEOPLES OF THE KUBAN REGION IN THE 1st MILLENNIUM BC................................................... ........................... 3
ANTIQUE COLONIES ON THE NORTH COAST OF THE BLACK SEA. BOSPORUS KINGDOM 3
NEW HISTORY IN KUBAN.................................................... ........................................................ .............................. 4
DECEMBERISTS IN KUBAN.................................................... ........................................................ ......................................... 5
THE MEMORY OF THIS LAND IS SACRED.................................................... ........................................................ ........................ 7
FIRE MILES OF FISHERMANS.................................................... ........................................................ .................................. 10
GOLDEN CONSTELLATION................................................... ........................................................ ................................................ 13
NATURAL MONUMENTS.................................................... ........................................................ ............................................ 15
COMPLEX NATURAL MONUMENTS.................................................................. ........................................................ ..... 16
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL VALUES: CAPES, COASTAL ROCKS AND SPITS......... 18
MUD VOLCANOES.................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 19
CAVES........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ................... 20
HYDROLOGICAL UNIQUES: WATERFALLS.................................................... ................................................... 21
SOURCES......................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ .......... 22
GLADE OF FRIENDSHIP................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ..... 23
APPENDIX 1. MAP OF NATURAL MONUMENTS OF KUBAN.................................................... .................... 24
The settlement of the Caucasus by primitive man came from the south and was long and complex. The oldest remains of human life in our region date back to 700-600 thousand years ago. One random find helped establish this. On the bank of the river Psekupsa a tool of primitive man was found - a hand ax.
The climate of our region was then relatively warm. Its lands were previously distinguished by their fertility. The vegetation was very diverse. In the steppe part, forbs and the duration of green cover were striking. At that time, plants such as boxwood and yew were preserved to a greater extent. It abounded in diverse animal life of the mountains and forests. We met here deer and roe deer, bison, bears and leopards. The waters of the region and the seas washing it abounded in fish. Man wandered around, collecting edible plants, roots, fruits and hunting animals. Traces of the presence of this ancient man were found not only on the river. Psekupse, but also along the flow of neighboring rivers Apchas, Marta, as well as on the river. White. With the gradual cooling of the climate associated with the advance of the glacier from the north, human life changed. Hunting large animals is becoming one of the main human activities. He uses caves as dwellings, and where there were none, he settles under rocky overhangs and builds simple dwellings, covering them with animal skins. There are many known cave sites. This - Big Vorontsovskaya cave, Khostinsky, Navalishenskaya, Atsinskaya, Lkhshtyrskaya .
Hordes of primitive hunters at this time lived not only along the Black Sea coast, but also along the northern slope of the Caucasus Range. On the vast steppe expanses Kuban region herds of mammoths, bizos, deer grazed, wild horses and donkeys. All oci became prey for humans. One of the most studied sites - Ilskaya. People here lived in huts fortified at the foundations and I stones Men were engaged in hunting, mainly bison, while cabbage soup was engaged in gathering. Edible plants could provide people with food for a long time during unsuccessful hunts. They hunted as a whole team through raids and drives. The tools would no longer be hand choppers, but pointed tips, scrapers, flint knives and spear tips.
In the Neolithic era (V-IV millennium BC), the tribal communities that lived in our region switched to animal husbandry and began to engage in agriculture. But agriculture finally gained a strong place in the era of the Copper-Stone Age (3rd millennium BC). The most ancient ones date back to this time. Prikubanye agricultural villages. They were discovered relatively recently in the foothills south of the city of Maykop. One of these settlements is located on the outskirts of the village Kamennomostsky. It was fenced with a stone wall, houses were located along the walls, and the central part of the settlement served as a cattle pen. The population was engaged in hoe farming and cattle breeding. Hunting began to have an auxiliary significance. The main tools - axes, adzes, knives, arrowheads, scrapers, inserts for sickles and others were also made from stone There were few copper products.
At a time when the Scythians lived in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region, Prikubanye and the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov was inhabited by tribes Meotov. In their lifestyle, occupation and culture, the Ochi resembled the Scythians, but belonged to the Caucasian group of tribes. Just like the Scythians, part Maeotian tribes that lived in the steppe regions of the Kuban region led a nomadic lifestyle, raising huge herds of horses, flocks of sheep, herds cattle, moving from place to place in search of new pastures. In a mound near the village Ulyap About 500 horses were buried along with the leader - a whole herd. But the bulk of the population were farmers. They lived sedentary lives in small villages located near rivers and estuaries. The right bank of the river was especially densely populated. Kuban. The river with its steep banks provided reliable protection from enemy attacks. On the ground side, the villages were surrounded by earthen ramparts and ditches. Fortress walls were sometimes erected along the rampart, built from two rows of fence with earth poured between them. Behind the walls, small adobe houses, covered with straw and reeds, huddled closely together. Life in the settlement began when the first rays of the sun illuminated the east and the darkness of the night left the steppe. Plowmen were in the fields, shepherds were driving herds of cows and sheep, fishermen were going down to the river to cast large nets. Plowing was done with a wooden plow harnessed to several pairs of oxen. They sowed wheat, barley, and millet. They stored grain not in barns, but in pits - grain storage isch. In the courtyards there were stone hand mills ». They consisted of a wooden table with a vertical stand and two rectangular stone slabs - millstones. The grains were used to make flour and various cereals.
The population consisted not only of farmers and cattle breeders; artisans also lived in the villages. From time to time, thick columns of smoke rose on the outskirts of the village - these were the potters starting to light the kilns in which the dishes were fired. And what kind of vessels did the ancient masters not make! There were also jugs of various shapes and sizes, bowls, glasses, cups, mugs, vases, etc. Some jugs were painted with white and pink paints. In addition to potters, there were other artisans: metallurgists, blacksmiths, foundries, gunsmiths, carpenters and joiners, tanners and shoemakers, bone carvers, and jewelers. Every house had a loom on which women spun yarn.
Sometimes large rowing ships loaded with various goods sailed to the village. The entire population hurried to the market place. Bosporan merchants unloaded expensive multi-colored fabrics, gold jewelry and beads, copper helmets and armor sparkling in the sun, and other products of the craftsmen of the Bosporan cities. Residents of the village offered leather and furs and grain bread in exchange. dried fish and “live” goods - slaves. These were prisoners of war who were sold into slavery to the Greeks. The military leader becomes the head of the squad. Former equality in gender. The tribe disappears, rich and wealthy families emerge. They bury their leaders in large mounds with magnificent burial rites. Just like the Scythians, Meotians they killed the leader's servants, his male and female slaves, horses and buried them in the grave along with their ruler.
CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF WORLD IMPORTANCE IN KUBAN AND THEIRRESEARCHERS
5th grade
MBOUSOSH No. 8
Teacher of fine arts, Kuban studies V.L. Panchenko
Cultural and historical monuments of Kuban of world significance and their researchers
5th grade
Target: expand children's knowledge about the monuments of ancient Kuban; summarize previously obtained information about researchers of historical monuments; develop an attentive attitude towards the surrounding world.
Tasks:
Promote search and research activities of students;
Develop interest in the history of your small homeland;
To cultivate a sense of beauty and respect for cultural heritage.
Equipment: computer with multimedia projector, presentation, map of the Krasnodar region.
During the classes
Teacher's opening remarks:
Slide number 1
What is included in the concept of “small homeland”? Of course, this is the place where I was born, grew up, experienced the beauty of nature, and got acquainted with life. But, in addition to memories of one’s own childhood, this concept also includes knowledge of a unique “childhood”, the history of one’s native land, knowledge of the names of people who devoted their lives to researching the past.
The most famous historical monuments are dolmens, mounds and ancient settlements.
As the story progresses, the presentation is viewed and the geography of the presented objects is traced on the map.
There are thousands of monuments scattered throughout the Krasnodar Territory, which in terms of historical and cultural significance are on a par with the famous Stonehenge and are the same age as the Egyptian pyramids.
Slide No. 2-5
These are dolmens. For 200 years now, historians and archaeologists have been trying to unravel the mysteries shrouding these structures. Dolmens are ancient megalithic (that is, made of large stones or stone slabs) man-made structures of a certain shape. In our region, dolmens are mainly concentrated on the coast. The Circassians have an ancient legend about dolmens. According to him, once upon a time, giants (narts) and weak, helpless dwarfs lived on the site of their buildings. Out of pity for them, the Narts erected houses of stone slabs for these people, leaving only a small hole so that a very small person could pass through it. Therefore, translated from Adyghe, the name of these buildings means “dwarf houses.”
Currently, work on the study of dolmens is being carried out no less actively, more and more expeditions are being undertaken.
Question to the class: What are dolmens? What legends are associated with them? What monuments of world culture do they resemble?
Slide number 6
Along with dolmens, mounds are clear evidence of vanished cultures. Mounds are burial mounds of significant historical significance. The kurgan method of burial is characteristic of almost all nomadic and sedentary tribes that lived on the territory of the Kuban during the Early Iron Age.
One of the most famous researchers who made an invaluable contribution to the development of the history of Kuban is Nikolai Ivanovich Veselovsky.
Immediately upon his arrival in Kuban in 1895, N. I. Veselovsky visited Ekaterinodar on July 18, toured the sights and antiquities of the museum, created on the initiative of the historian E. D. Felitsyn at the Kuban Regional Statistical Committee back in 1879. The scientist took photographs of some rare historical objects. And then he left for the excavation site in the yurt of the village of Varenikovskaya. In July-August of the following year, the archaeologist studied burials in the area of the village of Belorechenskaya, and in 1897 he conducted excavations between the villages of Yaroslavskaya and Kostroma and at the same time in the city of Maikop.
In 1898, Nikolai Ivanovich explored one of the ten Ul mounds (in the current village of Ulyap) with a rich burial of a tribal leader.
In 1906, Professor N.I. Veselovsky explored the mounds of the villages of Kaluga and Afipskaya, in 1908-1909 he continued to work in the village of Ulsky, in 1911 in Bryukhovetskaya and Novodzherelievskaya, and in 1912 in Rogovskaya, Maryanskaya and in the yurt of the village of Tula.
It should be said that all the long and dedicated work of Nikolai Ivanovich Veselovsky was only the threshold to multifaceted and large-scale archaeological research, which is now carried out annually and systematically in the Kuban...
Question to the class: What is a mound? Who is one of the famous researchers of Kurgan culture? What mounds did he study?
Slide No. 7-10
We also include settlements as cultural and historical monuments. An ancient settlement is a place where in ancient times there was a city or a fortified settlement.
There are many such historical sites on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. In particular, the Ilyichevskoye settlement is located in the Otradnensky district.
Its first researcher was Mikhail Nikolaevich Lozhkin. He personally discovered and excavated, together with scientists and students of KubSU, the Ilyichevskoe ancient settlement, where he discovered scientifically valuable remains of the medieval urban center of the western outskirts of the famous Alanya. The settlement was explored in the 1960s by N.V. Anfimov and in the early 1990s by V.N. Kaminsky. Excavations made it possible to classify the settlement as an urban-type settlement and date it to the 9th-13th centuries. The city stood on the Darin branch of the Great Silk Road and was one of the largest trade, craft and military centers of the Alanian state in the North-West Caucasus. In the surrounding area there are other archaeological sites from different eras.
Question to the class: What is a fortification? What ancient settlement is located in our area? Which archaeological scientists studied this historical monument?
Student presentations based on pre-prepared materials.
Slide number 11
1st student:
Dolmens as monuments of art. By placing slabs with precise construction calculations, the creators of dolmens also proved themselves as architects. Almost everywhere the side slabs and roof protrude somewhat above the front wall. This results in a U-shaped portal. The back wall is usually lower than the front, and the roof lies at an angle. All this made it possible to highlight the structural elements in the building - the supports supporting the arch - and to express the feeling of strength and inviolability of the dolmen. It was the desire for strength that required the construction of dolmens from five large slabs, and not from paving stones or torn stone. Solidity and indestructibility make Caucasian tombs similar to Egyptian pyramids. The similarity is natural. Both were supposed to serve as eternal dwellings for people who considered this life a temporary refuge and embodied their faith in another life in monumental stone tombs. The outside of the dolmens was not decorated in any way, although their walls are an ideal surface for an ornamental frieze. But such a frieze will inevitably destroy the plane of the entire architectural structure. Therefore, in those rare cases when dolmens have an ornament, it is reduced to narrow belts of the pattern: for example, in the valley of the river. Janet - zigzags on the portal of the side slabs protruding in front of the entrance to the dolmen. The solidity of the walls is not disturbed by this.
Slide number 12
2nd student:
Big Maykop
mound -
Bronze Age monument. Having worldwide fame, it served as a standard for highlighting the Maikop culture. Explored in Maikop (now Kurgannaya Street) in 1897 on the instructions of Professor N.I. Veselovsky. Under a mound over 10 m high there was a burial pit, divided into three parts by wooden partitions. In the cells, a man and two women were lying in a crouched position, on their right sides; the man was covered with a veil, richly embroidered with gold plaques in the form of walking bulls and lions. Next to it were 8 silver rods, tools made of bronze and stone, weapons, ceramics, 14 silver and 2 gold vessels. Jewelry was also lying near the women. Finds from the mound date back to the 3rd millennium BC. and still surpass in richness other complexes of the Maykop culture.
Slide number 13
3rd student: Elizavetinskoe settlement - located on the southern outskirts of the station. Elizavetinskaya, stretched along the bedrock terrace of the Kuban River. The area of the settlement is built up with estates of the village. It is original in that it has two mound-shaped citadels surrounded by a common ditch. This part of the settlement has not been built up and is accessible for inspection. In the cliff of the terrace, cultural layers are exposed, and fragments of ceramics, bones and other objects fall down to its foot. Researched since 1934 by V.L. Gorodtsov, V.P. Shilov, M.V. Pokrovsky, N.V. Anfimov. It has been established that the settlement existed from the 5th century BC as a fortified settlement of the Meotian tribe and a trading post of the Bosporan Greeks. A center of crafts, primarily ceramic production. The area of the fort was up to 200 x 500 m. In addition, a separate ditch and rampart cut off several more hectares of area from the steppe (the latter has not survived). The burial grounds of the settlement are known.
Teacher's word:
Slide 14-15
Time changes, old cultures disappear, and new ones take their place. But we, descendants, are obliged to preserve and increase knowledge about them. After all, without the past there would never be either the present or the future.
Lesson summary.
Grading.
Homework:
Slide number 16
prepare mini-messages about various cultural monuments.
Plan
Name
Location
Who researched
List of used literature
Trekhbratov B.A. "Who's who in Cuban studies." Bibliographical dictionary-reference book. Publishing house "Tradition", 2007.
Bardadym V.P. "Guardians of the Kuban land." Krasnodar: “Soviet Kuban”, 1998.
Dolmens. Tourist guide.
On April 13, 2013, Kornilov commemorations were organized in Krasnodar. The event is dedicated to the commander of the Volunteer Army on the 95th anniversary of his death. On this day, a monument to the white general Lavr Kornilov was solemnly unveiled.
st. Kalinina, 100Memorial Arch “Kuban is proud of them”
The Memorial Arch “Kuban is proud of them” is located on the former cathedral square back in the 60s of the 20th century, where the military temple of Alexander Nevsky was previously located.
st. RedMonument to Catherine II
The monument to Catherine II was originally erected in 1907 in Krasnodar and destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1920. The monument was restored and inaugurated in 2006.
st. RedMonument to A.S. Pushkin
Bicentennial anniversary of the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin was solemnly celebrated in Kuban and throughout the country in 1999. Over the course of two centuries, much has changed in the country, as well as throughout the world, but Pushkin’s personality and his contribution to world culture will never be questioned. Alexander Sergeevich wrote poems that bring people kindness, respect, and love for the traditions of past generations.
st. Krasnaya, 8Monument to Klara Luchko
The wonderful actress Klara Luchko, who is loved and remembered on Kuban soil, is immortalized on the monument in the image of the young Cossack girl Dasha Shelest, the heroine of the film “Kuban Cossacks”.
st. GuardhouseMonument to the soldiers of the Red Army
The obelisk is dedicated to the soldiers who took part in the liberation of the city from the White Guards in 1920.
Rostov highwayMilitary-Brotherly Memorial Complex
The memorial complex was inaugurated on the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory on May 9, 1985 in the city center along Severnaya Street.
st. NorthernObelisk in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack army
The monument has a truly amazing destiny. It was installed at the end of the 19th century and for several decades was, along with the Arc de Triomphe and the monument to Catherine II, the calling card of the capital of Kuban, so to speak. However, the turbulent revolutionary years did not spare this wonderful work of art.
st. RedMonument to Ekaterinodar residents, victims of the Civil War in Russia
On November 7, 1998, the memorial monument “Reconciliation and Harmony” was inaugurated on the central alley of the park named after. Gorky. The monument is dedicated to the civilians and Civil War soldiers who burned in the flames, regardless of their beliefs or affiliation. Only eight decades after the end of the Civil War, the residents of Krasnodar honor the memory of both.
st. Zakharova, 34Memorial complex to Kuban citizens who died in the fight for their homeland
The grand opening of the memorial complex took place in 1967 on the significant day of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution almost in the very center of the city along Severnaya Street. The memorial monument is dedicated to the heroes of the Great Patriotic and Civil Wars.
The city is the most effective, active form of “cultural memory” of humanity. It expresses and consolidates, concentrates in itself all the processes of life of society, the institutions and norms it has developed. It combines new and old, gradually updating itself. And the image of the past that the city carries is not only a memory, but also a support, a starting point for its future existence.
Modern urbanization processes are characterized by rapid changes in the spatial structure of cities and the lifestyle of their inhabitants. In these conditions, the most important problem becomes the regulation and planning of the development of the urban environment, the preservation of its historical and cultural exchange. Another equally important problem is overcoming the stylistic discrepancy between old and new urban development.
In solving these problems, an important role should be played by scientific analysis of the nature of the historical development of cities, identifying the features of the process of territorial growth, the formation of a planning framework, architectural content, and style formation processes.
These are the goals we are pursuing in relation to Krasnodar. This work represents a stage in a comprehensive scientific understanding of the nature of the architectural exchange between Yekaterinodar and Krasnodar; it extends chronologically from 1792 (the time of the city’s founding) to 1917, when revolutionary events on an all-Russian scale radically changed the nature of the historical development of both the capital of Kuban and the entire country.
The relevance of the circulation and history of Ekaterinodar architecture is further supported by the fact that until now it has not been the subject of special research. All works available on this topic are either of a review nature or relate to a specific problem. Local history publications covering individual pages of the history of Ekaterinodar architecture are popular in nature and cannot fill the gap in the scientific understanding of this vast topic.
The proposed work is based on the generally accepted principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity, without which a serious retrospective study is impossible. The methods used in the course are: diachronic, comparative, typological, cartographic and visual.
The historical base (subject) of this study consists of published materials of various nature, archival documents, periodicals, and legislative acts. In addition, the historical core of the city itself, which contains the preserved elements of the spatial environment of Ekaterinodar, is a complex source.
The expected practical significance of the proposed work lies in the possibility of using its results in the process of forming a comprehensive program for preserving the historical and cultural exchange of Yekaterinodar-Krasnodar, in solving the problems of combining modern and historical development of the city.
Chapter 1. Architecture of the military city of Yekaterinodar
1.1. Location of the city, its initial development and layout
Each settlement is a folk-social phenomenon that has no absolute analogues. A distinctive element of the settlement is its historical core, which everywhere and always optimally fits into the design of the local landscape according to historical criteria. In the process of human activity and under the influence of natural factors, the original (at the time of the settlement) landscape gradually changes, but the main natural and climatic characteristics of the area can remain unchanged for a long time.
Ekaterinodar was founded as the military-administrative center of the Land of the Black Sea Army, and therefore the main criterion when choosing a location was strategic feasibility.
The Karasunsky Kut tract, formed by the bend of the Kuban and the Karasun flowing into it, dominating in height above the left Kuban bank and having a wide swampy floodplain in the southern part, had high strategic qualities. The city that arose here was protected on three sides by a natural water barrier. These benefits of the area were used in ancient times by the methods that lived here, in the Middle Ages by the Bulgarian tribes, Adygs, Polovtsians and Nogais. In addition to the above-mentioned landscape conditions, the Karasuksky Kut was also convenient because it was located in the middle of the Black Sea cordon line that was being established on the right bank of the Kuban.
The part of the tract suitable for settlement occupied the second terrace above the floodplain, extending beyond the boundaries of its own tract (peninsula), bounded by a line from Orekhovatoye Lake, located in the northwestern part of the city, to the eastern end of the northern gully of Karasun (the Oil and Fat Plant area). The second terrace was almost horizontal, and in its small depressions, which had no drainage, water remained for a long time, which rotted and poisoned the air with swamp fumes.
In addition, the dense oak forest that covered a significant part of the Karasun Kug delayed the evaporation of moisture and prevented the drying effect of the winds. These obligations led to widespread fever among city residents and frequent deaths. For this reason, in 1802 and 1821, attempts were made to move the search center to other places.
The most convenient part of the tract was the right bank of the Karasun, in front of which there was no floodplain. It was here that the first buildings were erected in 1793-1794. From the “Gazette of elders and Cossacks living in the city of Yekaterinodar...” dated November 11, 1794, it follows that with 580 inhabitants, of which 42 did not have their own housing, and the city had 154 “dugouts” (adobe dwellings buried in the ground), 74 huts “on verei” (that is, on the surface of the earth) and 9 houses (apparently wooden). This document does not indicate military buildings, but it is known that since the summer of 1793, wooden “chambers” were built for military governments. Apparently, timber was initially used as a building material (for its harvesting, the first persons in the army were even allocated specific areas), but intensive cutting of it could lead to deforestation of the area, and already in March 1794, logging was prohibited. Probably, from this time on, mainly turluch and adobe dwellings began to be built in Yekaterinodar, as in the entire Black Sea region.
Judging by the early plans of Ekaterinodar, the initial development was carried out chaotically, but did not last long. Already in November 1793, as evidenced by the “Order” of the Ataman of the Czech Republic to Mayor Volkorez, the Army drew up a plan for the development of Ekaterinodar, guided by which, the mayor should ensure “so that... they build decently in the city.” It can be assumed that this plan covered only the southern part of the settlement, since later the Military Government asked the Tauride Governor to send a land surveyor to “determine the decent settlement of the city of Ekaterinodar.”
Land surveyor Sambulov, who arrived in April 1794, “took the location on the map” for agreement with the governor. The plan was approved, and on September 18 of the same year, land surveying of the city began. In the summer of 1795, when land surveying was completed, the allocation of planned sites for construction began. Then the city was planned to the current street named after. Gorky in the north.
In the process of land surveying, the city received a regular orthogonal layout, like most settlements of a military nature in the second half. XVIII - first half. XIX. centuries The area was divided into rectangular blocks, the streets were laid out perpendicular to parallel to each other. This layout excluded the existence of a single center, but implied the main axis of the current Krasnaya Street.
The fortress, built in 1797, fit into the rectilinear planning pattern of Yekaterinodar. It was not a fortress in the full sense of the word, since it lacked a number of mandatory fortification elements. The status of a fortress was given to this fortification of a closed mud with earthen ramparts only by its size and location near the military capital. The fortress had the shape of a square; inside, along its perimeter, there were kurens (barracks). A military cathedral was built in the center of the square formed by the kurens.
1.2. Development of the spatial environment of Ekaterinodar in the 1800–1870s.
Initially, the area occupied by Ekaterinodar was disproportionately large. This vastness of the territory predetermined, firstly, the “dispersal” of dwellings in the city space and, as a consequence, the emergence of large:; city estates; secondly, a significant proportion of undeveloped or partially built-up neighborhoods even in the 1810-1820s. The French traveler Charles Sicard, who visited Ekaterinodar in July 1808, wrote that “... the city and its surroundings are as large as Paris... The streets in it are extremely wide, and the places are vast plains that provide good grazing for horses and pigs. The houses are built as housing only and are covered with thatch; everyone has their own garden, and sometimes a nice little wood off to the side.” A certain St., who visited the capital of the Black Sea region in 1809, had a similar idea about the city: “The city consists mostly of widely spaced, thatched houses or huts, with gardens, platforms, open turf, and arable land. On wide streets and in large spaces between houses you often see cattle grazing.”
As already mentioned, initially Ekaterinodar was planned to the current street named after. Gorky in the north. By 1818, judging by the “General Plan of the Fortress and City of Ekaterinodar,” drawn up by lieutenant engineer Barashkin in September 1818, the city stretched in a northern direction along the entire width of two blocks, that is, to the present Long Street, while the number of blocks increased from 102 in 1795 to 139. Of the 139 blocks, 21 remained undeveloped, 11 were partially built-up, and 4 squares. In 1819, according to P.V. Mironov. Ekaterinodar occupied an area of 396.5 dessiatines (i.e. 381.5 hectares).
In the middle of the century, Ekaterinodar increased somewhat in territorial terms. Judging by the plan drawn up in 1848, the city had grown by this time (compared to 1819 in the northern (one block along the entire width of the northern defensive rampart was no longer there in 1848) and northeastern (several blocks) directions , two new quarters appeared in the southern part, to the west of the fortress. Under the southern rampart, a Soldatskaya Slobodka appeared (in the 1830s), later called the village of Forshtat. In total, in 1848 there were 173 quarters in the city (there were no undeveloped quarters) at 480 acres of total area (523.2 hectares).The territorial growth of Ekaterinodar during the “military” period of its history stopped here: from 1848 to 1867 the city did not grow at all and, apparently, this was due to the extremely slow rate of population growth and some compaction of buildings.
In Ekaterinodar at the end of the 18th - 60s. XIX centuries dwellings were not built with a facade facing the street, as was customary in cities, but inside planned locations, together with other courtyard buildings. This type of development of urban estates, combined with the vastness of courtyards, mainly occupied by gardens, gave the city a unique flavor. “The city of Ekaterinodar is so original in its appearance that, in all likelihood, it is the only one of its kind. Imagine a flat area laid out very regularly into straight and wide streets intersecting at right angles. But the blocks between the streets are filled with a dense forest... which consists of mighty leafy oaks... large white acacia trees... and thickets of fruit trees, between which there are no paths or other signs of a garden, but all the space between them, as in a dense forest, is overgrown with tall grass and weeds Under the canopy of trees, beautiful one-story rural houses can be seen here and there... Near the house there is always a large yard with various services, outbuildings, a haystack, and behind the yard there is a dense orchard. In some places, such a forest occupies the entire block, and only in one corner is the house of the owner of this forest.”
I. D. Popka wrote the following about the location of the huts inside the courtyard: “The huts stand in such positions as if they were commanded to “go solo, guys”: they stand with their faces, backs, and sides facing the street, which one is in what mood or how what happened according to the signs of house-building divination that preceded its production. Some of them peek out from behind the fence, others from behind the picket fence, others, and a few, from behind the plank fence, but not a single one is exposed, openly, in the line of the street...”
The residential development of Ekaterinodar during the period described was carried out mainly by tourist huts, covered with reeds or thatch, but in the first decades of the city’s life there were also “dugouts” and wooden log houses. “Dugouts” were small adobe or adobe houses sunk into the ground, which had no ceiling or attic space and were covered with gable roofs with a slight slope of the earthen roof. As S. Ya. Erastov wrote, who saw Cossack “dugouts” no longer in the city (his memories date back to the 50-60s of the 19th century), but in the steppe, on Cossack farmsteads, “Dug in the ground, the smokehouses were coated with clay and they were whitewashed with chalk, had neat shelves and shelves (shelves located above the window line parallel to the benches) and were cozy and cool.”
The house of Ya.G., which has survived to this day, gives an approximate idea of the Ekaterinodar log houses. Kukharenko (Oktyabrskaya St., 25; the house, which is an architectural monument, now houses the Kuban Literary Museum), built at the beginning of the 19th century. This multi-room log building with a protruding entryway is clad on the outside with planks imitating rustication. Classicism motifs were used in the design of the facades: the edges of the main facade are accentuated by pilasters, above the entrance there is a triangular pediment decorated with wooden carvings in the tympanum.
P.D. wrote in detail about the dominant type of residential buildings among the Black Sea residents, tourist huts, which were mainly used to build up Ekaterinodar during the “military” period of its history and even in several decades of its “civil” existence. Popka: “The dominant buildings among the Black Sea people are turluch or daub, which contain much less wood than clay. Pillars called plows are dug into the ground, and a “crown” is placed on top of them, that is, a log connection that serves as the foundation for the roofing rafters and mat. The wall spaces between the plows are sealed with wickerwork made of reeds or brushwood. Rarely laid boards from the mother to the crown with a reed covering on top of them form the ceiling. This frame of the building receives its flesh and skin from clay mixed with dung." Examples of turluch dwellings are also found in the modern city, in the western part of the historical core, on Pokrovka and on Dubinka. The turluchny, brick-lined house of Ataman Bursak, built at the beginning of the 19th century (the building has been preserved as a reconstruction - Krasnoarmeyskaya St., 6) had primitive facades, but the main entrance was accented by a wooden four-column Doric portico> completed triangular pediment, in the tympanum of which are the descendants The ataman was placed with the family coat of arms of the Bursaks.
Despite the fact that when building dwellings, the Cossacks adhered to the ancient rule: “Don’t build light rooms on the border,” differences in official position and degree of material wealth were also visible in the external decoration of the huts: “If this is a master’s dwelling, there will be a lot of windows in it... if the policeman, then he will have prisenki, a porch on two posts... New prisenki at the old hut show that the owner’s hat was recently decorated with the policeman’s braid. If there is order and contentment in the house, then a wooden pointed cap with a cockerel will be put on the chimney...”
1.3. Specifics of the spatial appearance of a military city. Level of improvement of the city
In general, the architectural appearance of Ekaterinodar in the “military” period of its history was determined by primitive “ordinary” (mainly residential) buildings that had no artistic content. Almost all contemporaries describing the military city of Yekaterinodar noted that the capital of the Black Sea region, with its unsightly appearance, was more like a rural settlement than a city. Thus, a traveler, state councilor Gabriel Gerakov, who visited here in 1820, wrote in his “Travel Notes”: “Ekaterinodar is the capital of the Black Sea Cossacks, where there is a military office; The city is vast, but poorly built...” An unknown officer of the Navaginsky regiment, who saw Ekaterinodar in April 1837, was more categorical, writing in his diary: “Ekaterinodar is a city only in name, and, really, it’s worth another village... There are no good houses at all...” Ekaterinodarets V.F. Zolotarenko in his “Lamentation...” spoke about the main city of the Black Sea region in the mid-40s: “The building in Ekaterinodar is generally poor. Tourist houses. Only in the head of the city, near the fortress, are the roofs of houses green; There is not a single stone or two-story house. The most public places are tourist places (stone ones were built in the 50s). All the buildings have reed roofs.”
It is obvious that neither the military administration nor the townspeople themselves attached much importance to the external appearance of Ekaterinodar streets, being content with the architectural merits of churches and a small number of military and public buildings. Until the end of the 1840s, there was no talk of any urban planning policy in Yekaterinodar. Even the activities of the Temporary Construction Commission, created in 1847, headed by the appointed ataman, at first were limited only to organizing the construction of buildings according to the “highest approved” projects: a military cathedral, public places, a noble assembly and a trade verbal court, an artillery arsenal, as well as organizing work on "draining the city of Ekaterinodar." There was virtually no outside control over the development of planned sites, even in the city center.
Only in May 1863, the appointed ataman of the Kuban Cossack army, Major General Ivanov, drew the attention of the Yekaterinodar police chief and the Provisional Construction Commission to the ugly appearance of the central street of the military capital Krasnaya: “Residents of the city of Yekaterinodar, as well as people temporarily living in it, are building arbitrarily on planned In places, even on the main street, there are ugly and clumsy houses and shops, not only without asking for approval of the facades, but more often than not even without the knowledge of the authorities. I propose... to announce to the residents that for the construction of any buildings... they must first submit facades to the military board for approval, without which construction is prohibited. The police are obliged to strictly monitor the observance of this legal order, meanwhile, immediately provide me with a statement of who and what buildings were built on the main street without approval of the facades.” In the “List of houses built by residents of the city of Ekaterinodar along the main street” presented almost 2 years later (to another ataman - Count Sumarokov-Elston), out of 107 buildings, only 14 were noted as military and public, while the bulk of the buildings were houses, huts and shops , built at different times. There is no doubt that Red Street reflected the nature of the development of the entire city.
Its amenities were in the same desolation as the architectural appearance of Yekaterinodar. The natural and climatic conditions of the Karasun Kut predetermined the almost complete absence of natural drainage of rainwater from the territory occupied by the city, which, in turn, was the cause of incredible dirt on the streets of Ekaterinodar, making them impassable. Almost everyone who described the capital of the Black Sea region mentioned it as a kind of disaster, about impassable mud. Thus, Major General Debu, who collected information about the Black Sea army in 1816–1826, noted in his book that “the lowland of the place chosen for the construction of this city (Ekaterinodar) and the negligence of the inhabitants... so multiplies the dirt in the city itself that it is difficult you can drive through it,” and the already mentioned unknown officer of the Navaginsky regiment left the following entry in his diary: “I’m afraid to leave the room, so as not to drown, on the street in the mud. I have never seen such dirt; It’s also good that it will dry out very soon, otherwise it would be impossible to walk, because the riding horse... is up to the belly.” V.F. described this side of Ekaterinodar life in detail, in relation to the 40s of the 19th century. Zolotarenko: “When autumn comes, the mud is so deep that they don’t walk, but wander (in the literal sense of the word) up to their knees... Men at such times ride on horseback, and whoever needs to ride in a carriage, it’s not a couple, but Four horses are hardly carrying... an unloaded carriage. The poor, for fear of losing their boots in the mud, tie their boots above the knees. The mud can be so thick and sticky that the horse can barely walk. In this case, the wheels of the cart take on the appearance of large piles of dirt. On many streets you will see carts sticking out... all the streets, especially the longitudinal ones, take on the appearance of one rocker, rarely crossed by an embankment or the most insignificant hill. This kind of mud happens almost every year, from October to April.”
A lot of efforts were made to bring Ekaterinodar streets into a “proper form,” that is, to elevate them and arrange artificial water drainage. If at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. the streets were simply “rotted” with turf, sand, earth and manure, which gave almost no results, then in the 20s they began to take more effective measures. Since 1823, public works were organized in Yekaterinodar to dig ditches to drain rain and flood waters into Kuban, Karasun and Orekhovoye Lake, and to fill low-lying areas. By the early 30s it was the main street of the city. Red, was raised by laying fascines of brushwood, secured on the ground with stakes and covered with sand. But even this arrangement of the city faded away after a while - the ditches became clogged with garbage and dirt, water again filled the streets, and the embankments gradually subsided. Even in the 50-60s, when sidewalks already existed on three streets (on Krasnaya Street - from the mid-40s), and bridges were built at the intersections of streets across expanded gutters, Ekaterinodar mud was considered one of the main attractions of the city. As before, the crews stuck in the autumn mud were left to spend the winter because it was impossible to get them out; women did not see relatives living next door for months because it was impossible to cross the street; in order to close the shutters, they rode out on horseback. As N. Filippov noted, “you consider the stories about the Ekaterinodar mud fabulous until you are convinced of their truth with your own eyes and from your own experience.”
Of course, none of the inhabitants of the military capital even dreamed of such benefits of city life as paved and illuminated streets, water supply and sewerage - real improvement was a matter of the distant future. The “rural” nature of the spatial environment of Ekaterinodar at the end of the 18th - 60s of the 19th century was due to the functional limitations of the settlement itself, its “military status and, consequently, the impossibility of settled residence in it for persons belonging to urban, “mobile” classes in the economic sense.
Chapter 2. Architecture of Ekaterinodar in the 70s. XIX - early XX centuries.
2.1. Territorial growth and increase in the pace of city development
In 1857, the transformation of the wax city of Ekaterinodar into a civil city was formalized by law, with princes of governance and class composition of the population common to all urban settlements of the Russian Empire. Back in 1860, with the formation of the Kuban region and the Kuban Cossack army, Ekaterinodar became an administrative center with a more extensive territory than the former Montenegro; multi-membered than the former Black Sea, Kuban Cossack army. In addition, the end of the war in the Western Caucasus in May 1864 meant for Ekaterinodar a long-awaited opportunity for peaceful development. The listed circumstances prompted the government to lift restrictions on the right of settled residence and ownership of real estate of persons of all classes of the empire, which was enshrined in the publication of the “Regulations on the Settlement and Management of the City of Ekaterinodar” on June 8, 1867.
The transformation of Ekaterinodar into a civil city entailed a rapid growth in the number of its inhabitants. If in 1868 8.3 thousand people lived in Ekaterinodar, then by 1871 this number increased to 17.6 thousand, in 1880 there were already 27.7 thousand Ekaterinodar residents, in 1886 - 37.8 thousand, and in 1895 - 79.3 thousand. By the beginning of the 20th century, the rate of population growth had slowed down, but gradually by 1913, the number of citizens reached 100 thousand. At that time, Ekaterinodar was the tenth largest city in the Russian Empire by population. In 1517, 106 thousand people lived in the capital of the Kuban region. Rapid population influx in the 70s and 80s. XIX century, the opportunity to purchase real estate and build up newly allocated territories led to the penetration and development of commercial and industrial capital in the city, and the expansion of urban infrastructure.
Back in the late 60s of the 19th century in Ekaterinodar there was a question about the allocation of places for the construction of residential buildings, but only in 1870 the Caucasian governor approved the “Rules on the allocation of empty places in the city of Ekaterinodar for private buildings” - it was from this time that intensive development of new urban areas. Initially, places were allocated in the so-called “northern extension?” and beyond Karasun. “Northern Cut-off” was a section between modern streets named after. Budyonny from the south, Northern from the north, Krasnaya from the west and consisted of 38 blocks. The Zakarasun part, or Dubinka, was separated from the city by an oak grove and Karasun, which led to less demand for space for private construction than in the “northern extension”.
In the early 80s, the city government allocated for development the space between the city and the All Saints Cemetery - the “northwestern extension”, which was developed rather slowly: by 1885, the territorial expansion of the city had stopped and development was carried out within the boundaries of the existing settlement. Since 1887, after the Novorossiysk line of the Vladikavkaz Railway was built through Yekaterinodar, vacant lots between residential areas and the railroad bed began to be built up. In the 1890s, part of Karasun was filled up and buildings arose on this site, at the same time the territory of the former Dubinka grove was built up. From that time until the mid-20s of the 20th century, the city practically did not increase in size.
The growth rate of the area occupied by Ekaterinodar and the number of blocks can be indicated by the following figures: in 1867: the city occupied 530 hectares with 173 blocks, in 1907 - 1147 hectares with 369 blocks, and in 1912 - 1260 hectares with 370 blocks. It is obvious that if before 1907 the increase in the number of blocks was proportional to the increase in the area occupied by the city, then in 1907 - 1912. The area increased due to small settlements remote from the city, not included in the street-block network - Pig Farm, villages near tanneries and brick factories.
The functional nature of development has also changed since the beginning of the 20th century - this is evidenced by the fact that in 1900 in Ekaterinodar there were 10.6 thousand buildings with 67.7 thousand inhabitants, and in 1913 - 28 thousand buildings with 100 thousand inhabitants. There is no doubt that at this time the city was built up mainly with public, commercial and industrial buildings.
With the introduction of the “City Regulations” in Ekaterinodar in 1874, the entire city economy was transferred from the Kuban Cossack army to the Ekaterinodar city government. From that time on, the improvement of the city acquired a measured character. Already in 1875, street lighting appeared in the main city of Kuban: kerosene lamps on poles were located in the center of street intersections. In 1894, the main street, Red, was illuminated with electric light. Since the mid-70s of the 19th century, paving of the city streets was carried out, funds for which came from the collection of asphalt. By 1912, half of the streets in Ekaterinodar were paved (and their number was then 95 with a total length of 118 km). At that time, 2.5 thousand draymen and 400 passenger cabs, and 20 cars moved along the cobblestone streets and unpaved streets of the city.
Before the revolution, Ekaterinodar did not have a sewer system. At that time, the city had a system of drains that ran along the sides of the streets along the sidewalks and directed the drains to the Kuban and Karasun. The total length of the drains by 19.17 was almost 70 km. To remove sewage from cesspools, a sewage train was maintained at the expense of the city.
The water supply began to function in 1894. At first, water was supplied to special water intake booths, and later main pipes were supplied to residential courtyards and individual buildings. By 1912, the total length of the main pipes of the Ekaterinodar water supply system was 31 km.
Urban transport appeared in Yekaterinodar in December 1900: then an electric tram line was launched from the Bread Market (Novokuznechnaya Street district) along Krasnaya to the gates of the City Garden (now Gorky City Park). At the intersection with Ekaterininskaya Street (now Mira Street) there was a transfer to the line leading to the railway station. In 1909, a motor-electric tram line (with an internal combustion engine and an electric generator) was built from the New (now Cooperative) market through Dubinka to Pashkovskaya Stanitsa. By 1911, an electric tram line was launched along the street. Dmitrievskaya, the main line was extended to Chistyakovskaya Grove (Pervomaisky Park), and Ekaterininskaya - to the steamship pier, and the latter line was used at night to transport goods from the pier to the station and vice versa. In 1913, the length of the line was 18 km.
The system of external communications of Ekaterinodar, in addition to horse-drawn roads, consisted of the Novorossiysk branch of the Vladikavkaz railway and a steamship connection along the Kuban with Temryuk. In 1913, traffic opened on the Black Sea-Kuban railway, connecting the capital of Kuban with the Timashevskaya village. A year later, a viaduct was built across the bed of this line in the Chistyakovskaya Grove area, which is still functioning (in a modernized form) today (Officerskaya Street). The construction of the viaduct at the beginning of Stavropolskaya Street and on Gorskaya Street (now Vishnyakova) dates back to the end of the 19th century. Back in the early 1880s. years, two bridges were built across the Kuban within the boundaries of Yekaterinodar (in the area of the current KRES), one - at the expense of the city, the other - through private investments. In 1888, a railway bridge was built 2 versts to the south of the city (reconstructed and still in operation).
2.2. Characteristics of the development process of Ekaterinodar in the 70s. XIX – early XX centuries.
The loss of Ekaterinodar's status as a military city, the rapid growth of population, and the rapid development of trade and industry determined not only a sharp increase in the pace of city development, but also a qualitative change in the nature of this development.
There is no doubt that the holistic architectural appearance of the main city of the Kuban region was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, when Ekaterinodar itself became, while maintaining its administrative functions, one of the largest economic and cultural centers in the South of Russia. But the beginning of the formation of this appearance dates back to the late 60s and 70s of the 19th century, when the new, already civil, city authorities became concerned with “cultivating” the appearance of Ekaterinodar. For these purposes, the position of city architect was established in August 1868 (the first to occupy this position was a graduate of the Academy of Arts, Ivan Ermolaev). Also, the military (later regional) architect was in charge of the development of Ekaterinodar.
Little information has been preserved about the nature of the city’s development in the first years of its civil existence, but it also makes it possible to assert that the spatial appearance of the former military settlement was quickly changing for the better. So, back in September 1868, Ekaterinodar mayor K. II. Frolov noted that “the squares are built up with, although not huge, but regular and beautiful buildings...”. These were mainly stone (brick) buildings - this can be judged by the fact that the number of stone buildings in Yekaterinodar from 1864 to 1875 increased from 49 to 410, that is, almost eight and a half times!
Among the most significant buildings in Ekaterinodar in the 70s. The buildings of the Kuban Women's Mariinsky School, the Kuban Military Gymnasium and the military prison castle should be attributed to the 19th century.
The two-story building of the Mariinsky School, built in September 1870 according to the design of the architect E.D. Blueberry, stretches almost the entire block along Pospolitakinskaya (now Oktyabrskaya) street to the south from its intersection with Pochtovaya (Postovaya). In this building, which consisted of 54 internal rooms, there were, in addition to classrooms, dormitories for pupils and apartments for teachers. A local water supply system was built near the building; water was supplied to the second floor by a pump. The exterior of the building was extremely simple: the floors on all facades are separated by an interfloor cornice, three risalits of the symmetrical main facade are completed with classic triangular pediments with recessed tympanums.
Built in 1871 according to the design of the architect V.A. Filippov on the main street of Yekaterinodar - Krasnaya - is a two-story (a few years later a third floor was added) public meeting building. It is known that there was a huge dance hall here. The building survived, but was heavily damaged by bombing and shelling during the Great Patriotic War, and was thoroughly rebuilt. We can judge what the street facade of this building looked like at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries from the surviving images of the even side of Krasnaya Street near its intersection with Ekaterininskaya.
The monumental, classicist two-story building of the Kuban Military Gymnasium was built according to the design of the architect V.L. Filippov in 1876. The building, facing Krasnaya Street with its main façade, occupied a significant part of the block allocated to the gymnasium (now the building of the Krasnodar Territory Administration stands on this site - Krasnaya Street, 35). Judging by the surviving images, the building was symmetrical, with a central volume round in plan, topped with a flat spherical dome (after the opening of the house church, a high dome topped with an onion dome was built), accentuated from the street by a protruding flat risalit. Symmetrically adjacent, two volumes elongated along the north-south axis were flanked by risalits, extended to the line of the central risalit. The flanking risalits were crowned with flat horizontally elongated attics, the central one with a triangular pediment with a round window in the tympanum. There were interfloor and crown cornices along the entire perimeter of the building. The planes of the facades at the ground floor level were rusticated. The building was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Nowadays the building of the administration of the Krasnodar region is located on this site (Krasnaya St., 35).
Simultaneously with the building of the gymnasium, a “military prison castle” was built behind the south-eastern border of Yekaterinodar (now Voronezhskaya Street). As follows from the book by V.P. Bardadym “The Architects of Ekaterinodar”, the design of this complex of buildings took into account all European innovations in the field of prison construction, primarily the Moabit prison in Berlin and the Pennsylvania prison in London. Designed for 450 prisoners, the military castle consisted of five buildings located in a semicircle; and in the center there was an octagonal pavilion connected to the buildings by corridors. Workshop buildings were also built here and a house church was equipped.
2.3. Spatial composition of the city. Features of the formation of its architectural appearance
The planning basis of Ekaterinodar, which was formed at the end of the 18th century, was gradually filled with architectural content in the 70s of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The development of this period formed the holistic spatial appearance of the capital of Kuban by 1917.
The compositional axis of the historical core of the city was (and remains) Krasnaya Street. The high-rise dominant feature of its beginning was the Resurrection Church, and the place where Krasnaya ended, turning into Rostovskaya Street and Boulevard (at the intersection with Novaya Street, now Budyonny), was accentuated by an obelisk erected in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack Army in 1897. project by architect V.A. Filippov (destroyed in the 1920s, restored in 1999). Adjacent to the main street from the east, in the middle of it, was Cathedral Square, on which the military Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was located, which, together with the buildings surrounding the square (the buildings of the First Women's and First Men's Gymnasiums, the "Grand Hotel" of E.F. Gubkina, the house of Kh. Bogarsukov, the building of the Central Hotel, the Military Gymnasium) architectural ensemble of the square. At the beginning of Krasnaya Street there was Catherine Square, in the center of which in 1907 a grandiose monument to Empress Catherine the Great was built, according to the design of Academician M.O. Mikeshina (sculptor B.V. Eduarde). Adjoining the square on the eastern side was the Palace of the Ataman and the Head of the Region, behind which there was a palace garden that was unique in the composition of the plants it contained. The western side of the square overlooked the monumental building of the District Court. The symmetry axes of the facades of the palace and the District Court building coincided and divided the square area in half, passing through the sculptural image of the empress. But on both sides of the monument there were pools with fountains, the paths of the square were lined with bushes and trees, and medieval stone sculptures - “Polovtsian women” - were placed along the paths. At night, the central part of the square was illuminated by the light of electric lanterns.
Red Street was also the main transport route of Yekaterinodar - a tram line ran along it and stop pavilions were located. Along the sides of the tram line there was a cobblestone roadway for horse-drawn vehicles and cyclists.
In addition to the central axis, Ekaterinodar had several more “nodes” of spatial composition. These were the squares around the churches - Dmitrievskaya, Pokrovskaya, Uspenskaya, Ekaterininskaya. These religious buildings, like others, around which there were no squares (Georgievskaya, Nikolaevskaya, Troitskaya), were dominant in the high-rise composition of the city, built up mainly with one or two-story buildings. There were few three-story buildings, and only a few four-story buildings. This “stunted” development of the Kuban capital is explained by the climatic conditions of the city’s existence, namely, the long hot summer. The buildings were built in such a way that the upper floors were in the shade of the trees growing in the streets and courtyards.
A special role in the organization of the urbanized space of Ekaterinodar was played by the City Garden and small gardens located inside the city blocks - “Family”, “Renaissance”, “Variety”, “New Bavaria”, “Sans Souci”, etc. - places of recreation and entertainment townspeople The city garden, located at the southern tip of the city and occupying a huge space, had its own layout - it was crossed in different directions by several alleys that had their own names - Pushkinskaya, Lermontovskaya, Turgenevskaya, Vorontsovskaya, etc., along which there were benches. In the garden there were wooden buildings of the Summer Theater, buildings of clerks' clubs, merchant and noble assemblies, and a wooden stage. In the central part of the garden there was a bulk hill with an “Aeolian” gazebo, in the lower, south-eastern part, there was a large pond (the remnant of Karasun). The main entrance to the city garden, designed in the form of an arch in the “Russian national” style, was located on Pochtovaya (Postovaya) street. Founded in 1900, Chistyakovskaya Grove was located outside the city and was not included in its planning composition.
The specificity of the spatial appearance of Ekaterinodar manifested itself in the organization of the architectural environment of the intersections. The monotony of the orthogonal layout was visually “enlivened” by various methods of solving the street facades of corner buildings. They used “beveling” the corner of the facade, rounding it to a larger or smaller radius, constructing an internal corner, corner towers, bay windows, and accentuating the corner design of buildings with domes of various shapes. In the latter case, the buildings also served as high-rise accents.
A certain specificity to the architectural appearance of Yekaterinodar was given by the abundance of forged elements used in the design of the exteriors of buildings, primarily parapets, balcony railings and brackets, and valances of roof umbrellas. Forged door and window grilles, balcony brackets, and flag brackets were also used. In general, the description, systematization, formal and stylistic analysis of Ekaterinodar forging is the subject of a separate scientific work.
Characterizing the architectural appearance of Yekaterinodar at the beginning of the 20th century as a whole, it should be noted its pronounced eclecticism, expressed in the fact that the classical orthogonal planning basis was filled with architectural content related to various artistic styles - from the “Ukrainian Baroque” to the late forms of Art Nouveau. This phenomenon is not unique—city formation processes in former military settlements followed similar scenarios.
Chapter 3. Architects of Ekaterinodar
3.1. Brothers Ivan and Elisha Cherniky
Once upon a time in the center of Ekaterinodar there was a magnificent Temple of God - the Military Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky. The elegant brick building in the Old Russian style, topped with gilded crosses, attracted both the native resident and the casual traveler. Like a white airship, the temple, having soared into the sky with its five domes, was visible from afar, many miles away - from the south, from across the Kuban River and from the north - from the road, and gave birth to a joyful feeling, a prayerful mood in the soul.
The residents of Ekaterinodar remember both this temple and its builders, the Black Sea Cossacks brothers Chernikov. The army did not skimp and sent gifted brothers to study in St. Petersburg, at the Academy of Arts. Having brilliantly graduated from the academy, they clearly demonstrated their talent by creating original buildings on the banks of the Neva, Moscow River and Kuban that beautified the Russian land.
The eldest son of the constable Dionisy Chernik, Ivan, was born in 1811 in Yekaterinodar. The boy early discovered his ability in drawing. He, while still a student at the Black Sea Gymnasium and possessing a vivid imagination, dreamed of studying in St. Petersburg, at the Academy, to become an artist-architect and build many houses.
Ivan Chernik made a plan for the facade and profile of a new church for Ekaterinodar, which had three altars - a large one in the name of the Resurrection of Christ and two small ones - in the name of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Chernik proposed this project of a stone temple, designed to last several centuries, instead of the wooden one built in the fortress in 1802 and already very dilapidated. The cost of the new church (without the iconostasis) was estimated at 300 thousand rubles in banknotes. Fulfilling the request of the ataman and chief of the Black Sea region N.S. Zavodsky, he also drew up an interesting project for the Military tabernacle and treasury. Chernik planned in it, in addition to the premises for the military treasury, a large hall for military trophies and portraits of sovereigns, hetmans and atamans, as well as a room for storing royal gifts.
The architect designed the facade of this magnificent house in the form of a Greek temple and decorated it with two bronze statues. One of them was a brave Zaporozhye Cossack, the others were the current Black Sea residents. On the pediment, in a bas-relief, military trophies were placed, covering the coat of arms of the Russian Empire with a shield, which meant, according to Chernik, “the current state of the army.” In the metopes (a metope is a gap in the frieze of the Doric order), filled with slabs, he placed symbolic Cossack fittings - two sabers, cross-linked with the hetman's mace and decorated transversely with either a hetman's cap or an ataman's shako - “of the real form.”
Occupying the position of senior architect in the Department of Military Settlements, Major Chernik at the end of 1842 was sent to the army to draw up projects “for the construction of the Cathedral Church and other military buildings in the stake.”
Chernik’s younger brother Elisha also chose the path to architecture, inspired by his successful brother Ivan.
Elisha Chernik, who specialized in architecture under the guidance of his brother, began to draw up estimates for the Cathedral Church for his native city of Ekaterinodar.
Elisha Chernik remained in the Russian capital, assigned to the Department of Higher Settlements and busy drawing up projects for the army and construction work in St. Petersburg. For his diligent and excellent service in the construction of the barracks of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment and the General Headquarters, he received royal favor on April 7, 1845, and on November 12 of the following year he was appointed architect of the Black Sea Army with the rank of captain. Only on August 5, 1847, Elisha Chernik arrived in his native army, where his architectural work began. He worked with all the strength of his talent. And in 1849 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree with a crown.
Elisey Denisovich draws up a design for the Church of All Saints for the Ekaterinodar cemetery (built in 1850, consecrated on August 31, 1852). Takes part in the construction of a residential building (almshouse) in the Mary-Magdalene women's communal hermitage and in the reconstruction of the church in the name of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Among the numerous buildings conceived by E. Chernik, was the most cherished and most complex - the Military Cathedral. Both his elder brother Ivan and he personally, Elisha, worked a lot on the project and estimate of the cathedral.
And the day has come. On Market Square, where until recently shopping shops, stalls and booths were crowded next to each other, on April 1, 1853, at 10 a.m., in the presence of Colonel Ya.G., the acting ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army. Kunarenko, military and civilian, clergy and Cossacks, the Military Temple was founded! Atman himself took the first stone and laid it at its foundation: “May the Lord God bless the construction that has begun!”
According to the design of the Chernikov brothers, it was decided to build the cathedral from military factory bricks - iron ore, semi-iron or the best red.
Construction of the cathedral, as planned by academician I.D. Chernik, was supposed to last five and a half years - to gradually build a foundation with a plinth and, if possible, basement vaults; lay out the oval vaults of the basements, remove all the walls with cornices; make church arches and vaults, as well as 4 bell towers with domes and cover them with an iron roof; then sequentially build the main church tribune with a dome, rafters with proper fastening over the main dome, cover it with thick white iron (from the famous Demidov factories) according to the design, install crosses on all five domes, install door and window frames with bindings, make the interior plaster of the temple and fold the stoves. And finally, in the 6th summer - to carry out a clean final finishing - painting the domes, painting the walls and vaults according to the drawings, installing the iconostasis with images and altars.
The head of the construction commission was Ataman Ya.G. himself. Kunarenko, vigilantly observing production work and personally participating in the acquisition and supply of necessary building materials.
What kind of person was Elisha Chernik? One was built, another was planned, the third was rebuilt. It is no wonder that Chernik was forced to abandon the construction of the cathedral, which required exceptional attention. A lot of other urgent construction matters awaited him. For the zeal with which Chernik treated his duties, on April 30, 1858, he was “recognized” as an academician, about which the order was given to the Black Sea Cossack Army by the Punished Ataman, Major General Kusanov 1st. In 1869, Elisey Denisovich was promoted to colonel for excellent service.
One of the most difficult works of E.D. The blueberry of these years was the construction of a 2-story building for the Mariinsky Women's School. Construction proceeded economically under the supervision of Chernik himself.
On April 26, 1868, the school was founded both in terms of its internal importance and material value - “the first building in our renewed city,” as the local newspaper noted.
And on September 1, 1870, his solemn sprinkling of the walls with holy water took place. It was something to be proud of. This huge house, stretching along the entire block along Pospolitaninskaya Street (Mariinsky Boulevard), had dozens of classrooms, offices and dormitories, where 65 girls lived, supported by the army. Among the amenities, experts included a water tank skillfully arranged under the floor of the lower floor, so spacious that there would always be enough for all needs. It is typical that water flows to the second floor through a pipe in the wall using a pump. Gradually, the benefits of technical progress became the property of the Kuban people.
And the new temple rose uncontrollably to the heavens. Due to a shortage of materials, work was temporarily suspended.
The construction of the military temple was nearing completion. Unfortunately, Yenisei Denisovich Sernik, being only 53 years old, died prematurely on May 31, 1871, not living to see that solemn day, November 8, 1871, when the majestic cathedral in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky, the patron saint of the Cossacks, which had been under construction for about two decades, was consecrated and received the first parishioners under its arches. Ya.G. did not live to see this day either. Kunarenko, who laid his own carved first stone in the foundation of the Cossack temple.
Ivan Denisovich Chernik lived in distant St. Petersburg. He built a lot and very fruitfully in both the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire and received awards, ranks and orders for his labors, gaining fame and honor for himself everywhere. On May 27, 1874, academician of architecture and professor, Privy Councilor, Major General Ivan Denisovich died.
More than a hundred years have passed since the day when the architects, the Chernik brothers, lived, devotedly serving the Fatherland and their native Cossack land. Their main creation, the Military Cathedral, which adorned our city, was barbarically destroyed in 1932. An architectural monument of talented Kuban masters perished.
3.2. Vasily Filippov
In the old All Saints Cemetery, among marble rubble, mutilated crosses and lush weeds, stands a sandstone monument. There is an epitaph on it: “The famous architect of the Kuban region Vasily Andreevich Filippov is buried here. Peace be with you, good friend. A. Boguslavskaya.”
Vasily Filippov was born in 1843 in St. Petersburg, into the family of a tradesman. He showed his ability in drawing very early and dreamed of becoming an artist. A 16-year-old boy, after graduating from a city school, passes a competition and enters the Imperial Academy of Arts. Soon he finally determines his life path - he devotes himself entirely to architecture. In 1862, the Academy Council, having appreciated his Gostiny Dvor project, awarded Filippov a small silver medal.”
At the age of 26, Filippov came to Yekaterinodar and took the position of Military Architect of the Kuban Cossack Army. And some time later, on December 15, 1870, by order of the Viceroy of the Caucasus, he was appointed Kuban regional architect. The Cossack capital became a civilian city just three years ago. The city duma and the mayor were elected.
For the first time, the name of Filippov was mentioned in official papers in connection with the construction of a public meeting (club) - a two-story building (corner of Krasnaya and Ekaterinenskaya streets). Filippov drew up a project, an estimate and took over the contract. Literally before our eyes, brick walls rose, meter by meter. Construction began in August and was completed by the end of the year. This news pleased and surprised: how could such a stone mass be built and finished in a few months? Thanks to “the day and night work of Mr. Architect,” wrote the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper.
Filippov's first large construction was followed by others. In particular, the construction of a “military prison castle.”
Back in 1867, the castle project was approved by the Commander-in-Chief in the Caucasus. The architect took into account all the innovations of Europe: the Moabit prison in Berzin and the Pennsylvania prison in London. The grandiose building, designed for 450 people, looked like squares - 60 fathoms on each side. Fenced with a high and thick brick wall. It consisted of 5 separate buildings located along the radii of a semicircle, in the center of which there was an octagonal pavilion connected by a corridor system to the buildings. All possible workshops for the labor activities of prisoners were located here. And so on June 26, 1876, the military prison castle made of solid baked brick, which had been under construction for almost 10 years, was illuminated.
In the same month V.A. Filippov just as successfully completed another job in Yekaterinodar - a two-story military men's gymnasium, stretching along Krasnaya Street for the entire block. It took about 4 years to build. The building was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, and now the house of the regional administration is located on this site.
Along with the work of architect V.A. Filippov serves as a full-time agent of the St. Petersburg Insurance Society. In the newspaper he advertised “I consider it my duty to bring to the attention of the public that the board of the St. Petersburg fire insurance company has authorized me to accept at my own risk movable and immovable property, lifelong income and monetary capital in the city of Ekaterinodar and its environs... With requirements on this subject contact me..." He has been successfully working in this insurance company for more than 25 years.
Vasily Andreevich takes part in the public life of Ekaterinodar. On April 13, 1876, he writes a business letter to the mayor L.Ya. Verbitsky, in which he raises the then burning issue of draining the streets. It is known that since ancient times, the military and then the city administration tried to drain the streets from “the puddles standing on them, often all year round.” At that time, there was only one way to drain them - constructing open canals equipped with hundreds of bridges, which, of course, required a lot of labor and a lot of money. And Vasily Andreevich proposed to give a certain slope to these sewers (towards the Kuban River or to Karasun), level them and cover them with sand.
Filippov’s new work is the church in the name of St. Nicholas of Mir-Linisky. He built it for two and a half years - from the spring of 1881 to November 1883. The new brick church, shining with Kupala and crosses, decorated the unsightly city suburb of Dubinka.
Filippov's affairs were going well. Both the salary and fees are substantial. He profitably married Tambov noblewoman Gamburtsova. He entered the circle of the local family nobility. Started a family - need a home! It is allocated a place for development in the city center in the “aristocratic quarter” - on Fortress Square. And soon, on Pochtovaya (Postovaya) Street, an outwardly elegant, spacious brick house with extensive and all kinds of services in the courtyard grew up - a real manorial estate.
The children grew up: son Nikolai and daughters Olga and Sophia. (the eldest daughter Olga Vasilievna in 1892 married the Cossack Konstantin Konstantinovich Cherny, lieutenant general of the General Staff. After the revolution they left for Italy, to Milan, where the children and grandchildren of this famous Kuban family apparently live now.
In addition to Ekaterinodar, Filippov is building a lot in the villages. For example, in the late 70s he erected a majestic cathedral church (designed by architect E.D. Chernik) in honor of the Ascension of the Lord in the Mary-Magdalene women's desert; in 1884, in the village of Fontalovskaya (on Taman), he oversaw the construction of a brick church in the name of the Holy Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky (finished in 1887). He also deserves credit for the construction of another majestic Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in the Catherine-Lebyazhsky Nikolaevsky Monastery.
On May 15, 1985, he, the author of the project, is present at the ceremonial laying of a three-story brick church in the name of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Yekaterinodar. The newspaper reported that “the project represents a majestic and extremely beautiful structure that can easily compete with the best churches in both capitals” 1 . It took more than three years of his life to build this church. On December 21, 1888, the consecration of the main altar took place. In the same year, 1888, V.A. Filippov completed two more remarkable buildings - a two-story women's gymnasium (now school No. 36) and a brick arch - the "Royal Gate", hastily created with funds from the merchant society on the occasion of the arrival of Emperor Alexander III and his august family in Ekaterinodar.
Here is how an eyewitness describes them: “The main arch rests on side, very solid pillars, rising upward and ending in four turrets with spiers, on which are mounted four gilded eagles. Both the upper parts of the towers and the belt under the arch are decorated with hanging columns. In the middle part of the cornice, on both sides of the arch, two images are placed in niches, each under a special gilded canopy. On the side of the entrance to the city there is an image of Alexei Nevsky, on the other side - St. Catherine. Under the images in Mavian script there are embedded gilded inscriptions: “To Alexander III. May Your Guardian Angel overshadow You, Great Sovereign, with Divine Grace,” on the other hand: “In memory of the visit of Ekaterinodar to the city of Ekaterinodar by Emperor Alexander III, Empress Maria Fedorovskaya.” Both the middle part of the arch and its side parts are covered with a hipped scaly roof.” In 1826, a certain member of the City Council M.N. proposed to dismantle the “Tsar’s Gate” and use the resulting brick to pave the sidewalk from the end of Sadovaya to the New Plans. And indeed, in 1928 the arch was demolished.
In 1894, Vasily Andreevich built two two-story mansions, very original in layout: on the corner of Krasnaya and Dmitrievskaya - the house of Mrs. Kolosova (died during the war) and on Ekaterinskaya - the house of Akulov. The following year, the architect creates an openwork iron chapel on Fortress Square, over the grave of the Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army Fyodor Yakovlevich Bursan (destroyed).
In July 1896 - in honor of the upcoming 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack army - the city society decided to build an obelisk, designed by the same talented V.A. Filippov.
This is how a majestic 14-meter monument, crowned with a gilded eagle, appeared at the intersection of Krasnaya and Novaya (now Budyonny) streets, where the town once ended. This original monument is a clear success of a talented craftsman. In the 1920s, the double-headed eagle was knocked off the obelisk, and a decade later it was dismantled and destroyed.
The architect’s very major work was the design of the three-story building of the Diocesan Women’s School, which he drew up back in 1895. But only three years later, on April 16, the foundation of the school was founded. It took a long time to build it by the engineer Mnolyept, under the supervision of the city architect Malgerba. “In terms of its size and architectural beauty,” the newspaper wrote, “it ranks first in the city, and is thus a valuable decoration of this part of the city.”
In 1913, the main building was built by architect I.K. Malgerb made symmetrical buildings, which gave an even more majestic appearance to the school (now it houses a medical institute).
Already in his later years in 1906, they were decorating the house of the Mutual Credit Society, built in the Art Nouveau style, now the State Bank on Ordzhonikidze Street. This building is the last work of V.A. Filippova. The life of the architect, who never tired in his calling, gradually faded away. And on September 4, 1907, 64 years old, the wonderful architect passed away. The church register records that he died “from exhaustion.” The architect was buried by his children and friends.
3.3. Nikita Senyapkin
Like the Chernik brothers, Nikita Grigorievich Senyapkin was a native Kuban. He was born in 1844 into a hereditary chief officer family. After successfully graduating from the Stavropol provincial gymnasium in 1856, the young man decided to go to St. Petersburg and enter the then prestigious construction school of the Main Directorate of Communications and Public Buildings. This was facilitated by a happy circumstance: the Caucasian linear Cossack army took upon itself the costs of maintaining a military student. Studying was difficult and intense. And on June 19, 1864, Nikita Senyapkin was awarded the title of architectural assistant, which gave him the right to engage in construction.
On that same blessed day, Nikita Senyapkin would have been assigned to the post of assistant military architect. Soon he married the young and pretty Elena, the daughter of the late centurion Philip Fedorovich Petin. Well, then ordinary life began (everyday service, family concerns, community service). At first, he, a military architect (since 1877), was content with a tourist hut, hastily built in Yekaterinodar. Unprepossessing, but what a warm and dry place to live! The time has come and he built himself a good-quality brick house on Pochtovaya Street, near the former Ekaterinodar fortress.
Nikita Grigorievich Senyapkin built a lot of various Cossack barracks, arsenals, warehouses, small school buildings, was engaged in the conversion and repair of old buildings - all this gave him a lot of exciting worries and joyful impressions. But years passed, and no real work fell to his lot.
And then a truly moment of luck arrived for him! The Yekaterinodar city government decided to surprise the world with the construction of a huge 2-story building. In addition, build it for the Army - where the Kuban regional government could be conveniently and spaciously located. At the same time, on April 22, 1881, the Duma allocated funds to pay for the work of the architect Senyapkin, who was engaged in the construction of a new building.
For a year and a half, Nikita Grigorievich did not know rest. And now his tireless labors and worries were completed and crowned with complete triumph. And a magnificent 2-story house appeared before the eyes of the residents of Ekaterinodar. On November 28, 1882, the solemn consecration of the new Kuban regional government took place (20 years later the city government was located in this building).
The architect was pleased with his work, feeling that this might be his finest hour in his fast-moving life. The ancient building, erected by N.G. Senyapkin, with a third floor added, is still intact today and its unpretentious architectural beauty, like other buildings of the century before last, makes our central street attractive. Nowadays it houses the district military registration and enlistment office (Krasnaya, 23).
Three years ago, the construction of an even larger house on Kotlyarovskaya Street (Sedina, 28) for the Theological Men's School was just as successfully started and completed. This building was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War.
The construction of a church in the name of the Ascension of the Lord brought a lot of trouble to the Pashkov Cossacks. For a long time, village residents were content with a small wooden church, erected back in 1797. But the village grew, and in order to more easily satisfy the urgent spiritual needs and requirements, the Pashkovites, using their labor and hard-earned money, decided to build a second church in the eastern part of the village.
Senyapkin proposed a project for a five-domed church with two boundaries with a bell tower, a gatehouse and a fence. This project was approved by the construction department of the Kuban regional administration and Bishop Seraphim, Bishop of Ansai, manager of the Stavropol Diocese.
Works under the constant supervision of architect N.G. Senyapkin were completed on time. And the village of Pashkovskaya was enriched with another five-domed temple of God with two altars - St. Alexander Nevsky and the Ascension of the Lord. For about forty years this elegant church delighted the souls of people. At the end of the 20s, she died from the “Komsomol fires.” And Tserkovnaya Street, where the temple stood, was named Yaroslavskaya - after the name of the militant atheist - fanatic Emelyan Yaroslavsky (Gubelman).
Nikita Grigorievich devoted a lot of his time to public affairs. Being a member of the city duma, in 1896, at a regular meeting, he read a report on water supply facilities in the city of Ekaterinodar. Being, like the architect V.A. Filippov, a permanent member of the commission for the construction of the city water-electric station, Senyapkin tried to make his city both more comfortable and more beautiful. Without exaggeration, we can say that civil engineer Nikita Grigorievich Senyapkin, a former student of the Kuban Cossack Army, fully devoted his 40-year working life to the heyday of Yekaterinodar. The builder died on December 30, 106.
3.4. Nikolay Malama
The talented architect came from hereditary nobles of the Poltava province. Nikolai Dmitrievich Malama was born on March 10, 1845. And after 6 classes at the Odessa gymnasium, the young man, having material wealth and possessed by the romantic spirit of wandering, left for Belgium. In Belgium he studies at the university. He studies brilliantly. And on October 29, 1869, at the age of 24, he completed a full university course with a degree in civil engineering. In one respectable house he met the maiden Virginia, the daughter of the Belgian subject Joseph John of Savens. The girl made a strong impression on him. On November 2, 1870, Nikolai Malama married Virginia and returned to his homeland.
By order for the management of communications in the Caucasus, the young engineer is enrolled as a clerical employee of the 1st category with an appointment to the Management as an official of the XII class to strengthen funds.
In 1885, the City Duma decided, as recorded in the minutes, to allocate an empty block on Fortress Square for indefinite and free use for the construction of housing for the head of the region. A design and estimate for the building were drawn up. In June 1892, “tenders without rebidding” took place for the construction of this house with all services and a bathhouse. The total cost was a fairly round sum - 78,399 rubles 44 kopecks. The contractor was a local resident, retired warrant officer F.M. Akulov. It was necessary to build a 3-story building, including the basement, which had a facade of 18 fathoms of 1 width, and equip it with air-heating heating.
And then the ceremonial laying of the house took place. A copper plaque with the inscription was laid in its foundation: “By order of Emperor Alexander III, this courtyard was founded on April 18, 1893, under the military Ataman, Adjutant General Sheremetev, the head of the region and the Ataman of the Kuban Cossack army, Yakov Dmitrievich Malama, senior assistant General Yatskevich and junior assistant General Averin. The consecration was performed by Archpriest I. Voskresensky. The construction was carried out under the supervision of regional engineer Lieutenant Colonel Aleksandrovsky and regional architect N. Malam, contractor Philip Matveevich Akulov.
The work progressed successfully and quickly. And on December 6, 1894, the ataman’s house was consecrated. The house of the head of the region, which the Cossacks rightly called a palace, became the true administration of the Cossack city. And the author of the project, who is also the builder - Nikolai Dmitrievich Malama, Ataman’s brother - we are proud of our work. But, unfortunately, the Ataman's palace was blown up during the war, in August 1942.
In 1893, he designed an original 3-story commercial bathhouse for the sunset merchant M.M. Likhatsky. And it is being built, the pace of which literally surprised everyone: in six months, a colossal house built exclusively from brick and iron has grown. Already on December 9, the house was sprinkled with holy water. After which the hospitable owner M.M. Likhatsky invited the guests present at the celebration to the dinner table with a rich appetizer and a variety of drinks. The dinner ended with a lighting effect rare in the province - the glow of numerous bright lights - just think, the house was illuminated by 110 electric light bulbs, first used in such a quantity in the Cossack city!
The first floor of the building was intended for the common people, the second for nobles, and the entire third was reserved for 14 family rooms. There were also two huge tanks for hot and cold water, which was supplied from a newly discovered artesian well. The building had steam heating. And in general, as experts noted, all the hydraulic equipment of the bathhouse was striking in its complexity and novelty. In the basement there was a laundry room with advanced washing machines.
This ancient building on Dlinnaya Street (K. Zetkin) is intact and, despite its size, can easily compete with the adjacent administration building.
In 1902, trustee of the community of nurses of the Russian Red Cross Society E.I. Malama turned to her brother-in-law, regional architect N.D. Malasha for help. And he willingly responded to her request - they drew up a project for a one-story building free of charge and volunteered to monitor the progress of construction. And soon a new brick house with an elegant facade adorned the city block, where 9 years ago the same architect built M.M.’s bathhouse. Likhatsky.
With the departure of Yakov Dmitrievich Malam from the ataman post in October 1904 and his brother Nikolai Dmitrievich moving to St. Petersburg, he had to seriously think about his future tenure as a regional architect. Yes, and the inexorable years took their toll - I turned 60! He served as a regional architect for 14 years, and his place was taken by a 40-year-old civil engineer. A.P. Kosyakin, son of the senior assistant of the Nakazny Ataman.
In July 1906, Malama was approved as a hydraulic engineer of the Kuban region. And in his new position he shows his best side.
In February he made his last official trip, and on July 9, 1913 he passed away. The obituary published in the newspaper noted that N.D. Malama, State Councilor, died after a serious and short illness.
At the All Saints Ekaterinodar Cemetery, from a preserved marble tombstone, a Kuban engineer-architect who lived, worked honestly and left a long and bright memory of himself looks thoughtfully at us.
3.5. Nikolay Petin
It happens that you walk along the streets past old houses for years and don’t notice their appearance: your gaze glides over the familiar façade and doesn’t stop at the details. But it happens differently. The house suddenly, literally overnight, disappears from the face of the earth. You will only gasp and lament, but you will not be able to compensate for the loss with anything. But really, why was this or that house that decorated the street doomed to become a dream? Who did he bother?
What do we, for example, know about the three-story majestic Palace of Pioneers? Or in a small church, lonelyly nestled at the intersection of Pashkovskaya and Oktyabrskaya streets? When were they built? By whom? What have you experienced in your long, patient life?
In 1903, the city architect proposed a competition program to draw up a project for the construction of a gymnasium. The program was sent to the Society of Civil Engineers. In March of the following year, several drawings were received. Two of them received approval. We settled on the most interesting and original project proposed by 28-year-old civil engineer N.G. Petin. But it turned out that the city did not have enough money to implement the planned grandiose construction. After all, at least 250 thousand rubles were required!
The author of the approved project, Nikolai Georgievich Petin, was born in Yekaterinodar in 1875 in a hereditary Cossack family, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineers named after Emperor Nicholas I, after receiving his diploma, he returned to his hometown and in 1898 worked as a junior engineer in the Kuban regional government. At first, he mainly built and rebuilt military buildings.
Petin’s skill, commitment and dexterity attracted the attention of the city community. In 1904, the Board of the Ekaterinodar Theological Men's School ordered him to draw up a project and estimate for a new school building on two floors. Nikolai Georgievich successfully completed the assignment. His work was approved. In 1903 I.K. Malgerb left the post of city architect, which limited his indefatigable creative initiative, and recommended N.G. for the vacant position. Petina. In May 1904 N.G. Petin took the position of city architect. And then soon the project of the new gymnasium, drawn up by him for the competition, received the highest rating. The young man could be proud of his success.
For the construction of the gymnasium, the city government chose a convenient location with the facade facing the square of the Military Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - on June 1, 1904, the foundation stone for the men's gymnasium was completed. Construction lasted a year and a half.
Before the eyes of the townspeople, by leaps and bounds, the walls of a new house made of beautiful bricks were growing. On January 10, 1906, the gymnasium was consecrated. Bright, spacious classrooms, a spacious recreational hall, classrooms well equipped with teaching aids, wide staircases - everything was done in an exemplary manner and aroused admiration. This wonderful building has survived the revolution and wars, and to this day adorns the regional center.
Being a native Ekaterinodar resident, N.G. Petin witnessed the terrible epidemic of cholera that hit the city in the summer of 1892 and claimed thousands of lives. And when the city’s well-wishers decided to build the Ilyinsky Brotherhood Church in memory of the untimely dead, he heartily responded to public needs. In 1903, he drew up a project for the future structure free of charge. He supervised the work himself. It took several years of fundraising to build this small, elegant church. It is characteristic that the planned place (worth 4 thousand rubles) was donated by sisters I.A. Roshchina and N.A. Minaveva. On November 2, the foundation stone of the church was completed. V.A. and N.V. Swedes and other residents of Ekaterinodar brought 21 thousand 580 bricks free of charge. G. Karpenko - 70 pounds of lime, water carrier A.A. Kornienko and V. Dyatlov delivered more than 100 barrels of water to prepare the solution. Everyone helped to the best of their ability.
Only at the beginning of 1907 the decoration of the temple was completed. Craftsmen who arrived from Moscow installed an iconostasis of wonderful work.
Thus, a great spiritual work was accomplished, which required a lot of people's strength and resources. Five years later, according to the project of N.G. Petina, a bell tower is attached to the church. Then dark and difficult times came. The temple was sealed, turned into a warehouse and gradually fell into complete desolation and dismantled. And only quite recently, thanks to the constant efforts of the rector of the Brotherhood Church, Father Nicholas, the historical value was raised from the ruins and now shines before our eyes in its full original beauty.
In 1908 N.G. Petin left his position as city architect due to illness. His life was cut short on August 6, 1913, at the age of 38.
CONCLUSION
The city of Ekaterinodar was founded and existed for a long time as a military colonization center of the Kuban lands annexed to Russia. This historical meaning of existence, as well as the status of a “military” city, predetermined the specific spatial appearance of the capital of the Black Sea Cossacks.
The choice of location for the future city in the Karasun Kut was predetermined by the strategic benefits of the tract, without taking into account other natural and climatic conditions of the area. The first buildings – log houses, “dugouts” and tourist huts – were erected in the thicket of an oak forest and on the right bank of the Karasun. In 1794–1795 In the process of land surveying, the city received a regular orthogonal layout, traditional for military settlements.
At the same time, construction of an earthen fortress began in the southern part of the city.
The city, which was a large space covered with forest and intersected by clearing streets, was built up very slowly due to the small population and combat living conditions. In addition to housing, military buildings, special-purpose buildings in the fortress and religious buildings were erected in Yekaterinodar. The first Ekaterinodar churches were wooden, pillared, designed in the “Ukrainian Baroque” style. At first, public buildings did not differ in their architectural forms from ordinary dwellings. But from the 30s to 40s of the 19th century, separate buildings were erected on the main street of the city and near the fortress, designed in the techniques of classicism.
The main background of the development of Ekaterinodar in the late XVIII - 70s. XIX centuries consisted of turluch and adobe dwellings located inside planned places. The streets, except the main one, were not paved. The landscape and climatic conditions of the city determined the abundance of puddles and mud on the streets, about which legends were formed.
Characterizing the spatial appearance of Ekaterinodar during the period of its existence as a “military” city, we can state that its spatial appearance was not urban, but rural in nature, which is explained by the limited military-administrative functions of the settlement and the associated way of life of the inhabitants of the military capital.
With the transformation of Yekaterinodar into a civil city, the spatial appearance of the settlement began to change noticeably. The city expanded territorially, was intensively built up, and the very nature of the development changed. Such changes were caused by a massive influx of population and the emergence of many commercial and industrial establishments.
Already in the early 70s of the 19th century, motifs of an eclectic interpretation of classicist forms can be traced in the architecture of public buildings. Later, in the architecture of Ekaterinodar, eclecticism manifested itself in almost all its variants, and this applied not only to public buildings, but also to dwellings.
In line with one of the trends of eclecticism - national romanticism - the “Russian national” style developed, which left a significant mark on the history of Ekaterinodar architecture.
The facades of numerous buildings in the capital of Kuban were designed using decorative elements of Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical architecture, but this decor did not reveal either the constructive, compositional, or functional content of the building: this is the essence of eclecticism.
A different matter is Art Nouveau, which in the decoration of facades showed the tectonics of the structure, the material, and the purpose. By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, eclecticism in Yekaterinodar almost completely gave way to modernity. It was the buildings in the Art Nouveau style dating back to 1910-1916 that completed the formation of the holistic architectural appearance of the city. A few buildings in Ekaterinodar can be classified as neoclassical.
The central axis of the spatial composition of Yekaterinodar was Krasnaya Street. The most architecturally significant buildings were erected on it; the ensembles of Cathedral Square and Catherine Square were adjacent to it.
The high-rise dominants in the city space were religious buildings. The main background of the development consisted of one or two-story buildings, no higher than the trees on the street, which was explained by the need to protect the facades from the scorching sun in summer.
The orthogonal layout of Yekaterinodar was diversified by various methods of organizing intersection spaces by solving the facades of corner buildings.
In the architecture of most buildings in Yekaterinodar, forged parts were widely used as structural and decorative elements.
Summarizing the characteristics of the spatial development and nature of the development of Ekaterinodar in the 70s. XIX – early XX centuries, it should be noted that the holistic spatial appearance of Ekaterinodar, which was formed by the early 1910s, was eclectic, combining a classic orthogonal layout and architectural forms belonging to different eras and stylistic directions.
The spatial environment of the city of Ekaterinodar, including its architectural appearance, at the beginning of the 20th century was fully consistent with its administrative status and significance as a major economic and cultural center of the North Caucasus.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cleopatra
NATURAL MONUMENTS WATER NATURAL MONUMENTS - CASCADE OF WATERFALLS ON THE AGUR RIVER (IN THE SOCHI AREA); -WATERFALLS OF THE RUFABGO RIVER; - SALT LAKE (TAMAN) - TURKISH FOUNTAIN (TAMAN)
"Heart of Rufabgo" Waterfall Rufabgo "Maiden Braids"
On the southern coast of Taman, between Cape Zhelezny Rog and the Bugazsky estuary, Lake Solenoye is located. In summer, the lake dries up and a layer of table salt remains on its surface, under which a layer of black healing mud is hidden. Vacationers, without any embarrassment, take advantage of the healing properties of the mud right on the lake. And then, looking like penguins from afar, they go to “wash off the dirt” in the Black Sea, which is located 100 meters from the Salt Lake.
GEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS - GUAM GORGE (APSHERON REGION); - AKHTANIZOVSKAYA SOPKA (TAMAN PENINSULA); -ROCK COCK (HOT KEY); - ROCK SAIL (GELENDZHIK); -ROCK EAGLE; - CAVES (STALACTITES, STALAGMITES, STALAGNATHES);
ROCK SAIL The author of this majestic structure is Mother Nature. The height of the miraculous sail reaches almost thirty meters, and anyone can see it by driving a dozen kilometers south of the famous Kuban port of Gelendzhik. The mesmerizing view of the monument is complemented by the grove of the famous Pitsunda pine, located not far from the rock.
The Akhtanizovskaya hill is located in the northern part of the Taman Peninsula on the southwestern outskirts of the village of Akhtanizovskaya, Temryuk region, in the form of a cone rising 67 m above sea level. At the top of the hill there is a main ellipsoidal crater. A dark gray, silty mass bubbles in it. From time to time it suddenly rises and overflows, spreading along the slopes. Emitted gas bubbles (mainly CH 4 methane) create the impression that the mud is boiling, but in reality it is cold.”
AZISH CAVE Stalactites (Greek Σταλακτίτης - flowed drop by drop) - chemogenic deposits in karst caves in the form of formations hanging from the ceiling (icicles, straws, combs, fringes, etc.).
AZISH CAVE Stalagmites are “icicles” growing from the floor of the cave. Stalagmites are usually thicker than stalactites, because when water falls, it splashes and the crystals scatter. Both stalactites and stalagmites grow very slowly - hundreds and thousands of years. stalagmites and stalactites grow together over time, forming STALAGNATHES
BOTANICAL NATURE MONUMENTS OF THE KRASNODAR REGION - SOCHI SELECTION GARDEN AT THE RESEARCH OF MOUNTAIN GARDENING AND FLORICULTURE; -SOCHI DENDRARIUM; -OAKS: GIANT AND CENTURY IN ABINSK; HIGH, TITANIUM, BOGATYRI IN KRASNODAR; - MASSIVES OF JUNIPER, PISTACHIOS. CYPRESS; -PARKS, ALLEYS (PARK AT KUBAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY)
One of the most favorite vacation spots for Sochi residents and especially city guests is the Arboretum. This is a kind of nature museum, which contains representatives of the flora not only of the Caucasus, but also of many countries around the world. On an area of more than 49 hectares, we can see about 1,700 species and forms of plants from all over the globe.
An unusual oak grows in the courtyard of a house on Ordzhonikidze, 25 in Krasnodar. One can only guess how many human generations he has seen in his life - according to some sources, the tree is more than three hundred years old, according to others - over four hundred, and according to bioenergy testing - 644 years. In any case, the oak saw the first Cossacks who came to Kuban 215 years ago
Thanks to the special microclimate, a unique natural monument has been preserved in Khosta - the Yew-Boxwood Grove. The grove is the largest area of wild thicket of the ancient forest. Here you can see a 2000-year-old yew, up to 30 meters high (it is 200 years older than the capital of our homeland, Moscow), and hollow old linden trees; Yew forests - relict, very rare - are the most valuable botanical, cultural and aesthetic natural monuments of world importance. Yew is an evergreen coniferous tree that does not contain resin. Boxwood is the heaviest tree (sinks in water). Grows very slowly 1 mm. in year. Lives up to 300-500 years. This is a relict plant of the tertiary period.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS - OPEN AIR MUSEUM GORGIPPIA (ANAPA); - ATAMAN MUSEUM (ST. TAMAN); -MONUMENT TO THE COSSACKS ON TAMAN (ARTIST KOSOLAP); - ST. CATHERINE'S CATHEDRAL (ARCHITECT MALGHERB); -MONUMENT TO THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KUBAN COSSACK ARMY
Monument in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack Army, 1897 (restored in 1999), architect V. A. Filippov, author of the restored monument A. A. Apollonov. Located at the intersection of the street. Krasnaya and st. Budyonny
St. Catherine's Cathedral. between the modern streets of Mira and Ordzhonikidze, Kommunarov and Sedina, the Church of St. was built in 1814. Catherine. The initiator of its construction was military archpriest Kirill Rossinsky. . St. Catherine's Cathedral is the main church of the diocese. There is a Sunday school at the church. Catherine's Cathedral is also called the Red Cathedral
Gorgippia is an ancient city located on the site of the central part of modern Anapa. The city arose no later than the beginning of the 5th century. BC e. The original name of the city is not known. The city received the name Gorgippia in honor of Gorgippus, a member of the Spartokid royal family, in the second half of the 5th century BC. e.
TEST: TEST YOURSELF 1. On which river is the cascade of waterfalls located in the Sochi region? A) Pshada b) Agura c) Rufabgo 2. What does Akhtanizovsky volcano erupt? A) dirt b) min. water c) lava 3. In the area of which city is the Cockerel rock located? a) Gelendzhik b) Hot Key c) Sochi 4. The architect of the monument to the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack Army? A) Malgerb b) Phillipov c) Kosolap 5. Where is the famous Turkish fountain? A) Art. Akhtanizovskaya b) st. Severskaya c) st. Tamanskaya 6. What are the names of icicles growing from the ground? A) stalactites b) stalagmites c) stalagnates
ANSWERS TO TEST 1 -b; 2 -a; 3 - b; 4 -b; 5 -c; 6 - b. 6 points – “5” 4 -5 points – “4” 3 points – “3”