Fundamentals of the constitutional system, state power and state structure of the Russian Federation. State symbols of Russia

The state exercises its power in accordance with certain principles. The most important of them are elevated to the rank of constitutional and form the foundations of the constitutional system.
The foundations of the constitutional system are the basic principles underlying the political system of society, the form of government and government, the relationship between the state and the citizen.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes an integral system of principles of the constitutional system:
- human rights and freedoms, citizens as the highest value;
- democracy and republican form of government;
- federal structure;
- separation of powers;
- state sovereignty;
- the rule of law;
- political and ideological diversity;
unity of economic space and freedom of economic activity;
- social character of the state;
- secular nature of the state;
- recognition and guarantee of local self-government.
All these provisions are set out in Chapter I of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “Fundamentals of the Constitutional System”. They determine all subsequent contents of the Basic Law, and their other norms cannot contradict them. The provisions of the chapter in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establish the foundations of the constitutional system, are not subject to revision by introducing amendments and changes to the Constitution - only the adoption of a new Constitution is possible.
Article 1 of the Constitution defines the Russian Federation as a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.
The characterization of Russia as a democratic state expresses the need to ensure in the country the real operation of human rights and freedoms, democracy, ideological and political pluralism, separation of powers, as well as local self-government.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the basic political rights of man and citizen at the level of international standards (freedom of speech, the right to association, the right to participate in the management of state affairs, the right to elect and be elected, etc.). Human rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest value. The state is obliged to respect and protect them.
The bearer of power in Russia and its sovereignty is the multinational people. This means that our country is proclaimed a state of democracy. Democracy means that all state power belongs to the people, as well as the free exercise by the people of this power in accordance with their sovereign will and specific interests. The people of Russia exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local self-government.
A characteristic attribute of a democratic state is ideological diversity. No ideology can be established as state or mandatory. This principle is also complemented by the constitutional recognition of a multi-party system. This principle helps to increase the effectiveness of democracy, the involvement of wider sections of the population in political activities, legalizes political opposition, and helps overcome apathy and alienation of citizens from power.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that Russia is a legal state. Constitutional state
is a constitutional state. The Constitution is the center of the legal system; the entire mechanism of the legality of the state is built on its basis. It has the highest legal force, direct effect and is applied throughout Russia.
The foundations of the state and territorial structure of Russia are defined in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and are based on the principle of federalism.
Russian federalism is not only a form of resolving the national issue in a multinational country, but also a form of democratization of government. Decentralization of state power and its distribution among regions is an important guarantee of democracy. Based on the principle of federalism, the decentralization of unified state power is ensured by the delimitation of the subjects of authority between the Russian Federation and its subjects and local governments.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation established a republican form of government in Russia. The Russian Federation is a mixed (semi-presidential) republic, since it simultaneously has the characteristics of both a presidential and a parliamentary republic. Supreme state power and local self-government in the country are exercised by elected bodies elected by the population for a certain period of time, which provides ample opportunities for the real implementation of the principle of democracy.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that Russia is a secular state. No religion can be established in the country as a state or compulsory religion. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. Article 28 guarantees everyone freedom of conscience and freedom of religion.
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation lays the foundation of the constitutional system for the concept of a “social state”, the main task of which is to achieve such social progress that would be characterized by an increase in the well-being of citizens, an improvement in their lives, and the satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs. At the same time, the Basic Law proceeds from the fact that ensuring a decent life and free development of a person should also be a matter of his mind, hands, initiative, and the basis of social statehood is to create the necessary conditions for this.
The basis of the economic system of any state is the regulation of relations
property. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, property is regulated much more widely than in most foreign constitutions. First of all, the existence of various forms of property, equally protected by the state, is established. In accordance with Article 6 of the Constitution, these are: private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership. Particularly noteworthy is Article 36, which established the right of citizens and their associations to own land in private ownership, giving it the status of one of the basic constitutional rights of citizens and their associations.
Based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 11), state power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Council of the Federation and the State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation and the courts (Constitutional, Supreme, Supreme Arbitration) (see diagram).

The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in December 1993 marked the milestone at which a radical break with the state-political system of the USSR was legitimized, which in turn laid the foundation for a new era in the development of Russian statehood. As noted in the preamble of the constitution, its adoption ensured the revival of Russia's sovereign statehood based on the principles of political democracy.

The fundamentals of the constitutional system, enshrined in Chapter. 1 of the Constitution, determine the foundations of the state and social structure of the Russian Federation. So, in Art. 1 states: “The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.” Consequently, Russia is a state, firstly, federal, secondly, legal and, thirdly, based on a republican form of government. Here “federalism”, “political democracy” and “rule of law” act as components of a unified model of government.

The constitution reflects such fundamental principles of political democracy and the rule of law as political and ideological pluralism, separation of powers, subordination of state power to law and order, election of the highest bodies of state power, etc. A central place in the constitution is occupied by the guarantee of human rights and freedoms and citizen. So, in Art. 2 says: “Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state.”

The Constitution of the Russian Federation has direct effect. As Part 1 of Art. 15, “The Constitution of the Russian Federation has supreme legal force, direct effect and is applied throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.” This means that it is mandatory throughout the Russian Federation and for all its citizens without exception. The obligation to comply with the constitution and federal legislative acts applies to all government bodies, including the authorities of the constituent entities of the federation, local governments, as well as to all officials without exception, regardless of their rank and status.

The Constitution has supremacy over laws and other acts adopted at the levels of both the federation and its subjects, as well as local self-government. Laws and regulations that contradict it cannot have legal force. Therefore, it personifies state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the guarantee of the unity and indivisibility of the state.

As stated above, one of the key principles of a democratic state is the horizontal division of power into three branches - legislative, executive and judicial. The Legislative Assembly, elected on the basis of universal and equal suffrage by secret ballot, is considered as one of the key components of the structural organization of political democracy. This principle was legitimized in Art. 10 of the constitution: “State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial.”

A federal state, as a rule, is characterized by a bicameral structure of the Legislative Assembly. The two chambers are different

by their functions, power prerogatives, and in many cases by the method of electing their deputies. While the lower houses are usually formed through direct elections, the upper houses are formed differently in different countries. In this regard, the Russian parliament is no exception - the Federal Assembly, which also has a bicameral structure: the Federation Council and the State Duma.

Despite the fact that the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not define, as is customary in some countries, chambers based on the principle of “upper” and “lower,” nevertheless, by analogy with the parliaments of other countries, the Federation Council can be called the upper house, and the State Duma - the lower house. But at the same time, both of these chambers are called upon to solve the problem of ensuring an effective system of “checks and balances”, with the goal of blocking the possibility of establishing dominance of any one of the branches of government.

In accordance with Art. 95 of the constitution, the Federation Council includes two representatives from each subject of the federation, appointed respectively by the administration and the Legislative Assembly of each of the subjects of the federation. According to the criteria accepted in the scientific literature, the Federation Council is called upon to provide so-called territorial (or, as is sometimes called, geographical) representation. The State Duma, whose deputies are elected by universal, direct, secret ballot, in turn provides political representation or representation of the interests of the population of the Russian Federation as a whole. This emphasizes that the State Duma represents the entire Russian people, regardless of the constituent entities in which deputies are elected. The number of deputies in the State Duma is 450 people.

Since the State Duma is the body of national representation, it is entrusted with the main responsibilities for the adoption of federal laws. It is in the State Duma that the legislative process begins, since, according to Art. 105 of the constitution, federal laws are adopted by the State Duma. If the Duma passes a law in all three readings, it is sent to the Federation Council, which has the right to approve or reject it. Continuing the legislative process begun by the State Duma, the Federation Council, as it were, subjects the professional level of the laws it adopts to a kind of test.

A law that has received the approval of the Federation Council is submitted for signature to the president, who has the right to veto it if,

in his opinion, it does not comply with the constitution of the Russian Federation. In this case, the law, in the manner established by the Constitution, is again considered by both the State Duma and the Federation Council, and if it receives the support of the constitutional majority, i.e. 2/3 of the deputies, then it is subject to mandatory signature by the president.

The State Duma gives consent to the appointment of the head of government by a majority vote of Duma members. It exercises control over the activities of the government and, in accordance with Part 3 of Art. 117 of the constitution has the right to raise the question of trust in him. However, a vote of no confidence does not necessarily entail the automatic resignation of the government, since resolving this issue falls within the competence of the President of the Russian Federation. The only case of appointing the Chairman of the Government without the consent of the State Duma is provided for in Part 4 of Art. 111, according to which, in the event of a three-time vote of no confidence in the government, the president has the right to either dismiss him or dissolve the State Duma, calling new elections within three months.

The President does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma in the following cases:

In connection with her expression of no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation within a year after her election;

From the moment charges are brought against the President of the Russian Federation until the relevant decision is made by the Federation Council;

During a period of martial law or a state of emergency throughout Russia;

Within six months before the end of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma is also empowered to approve and dismiss the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia and the Commissioner for Human Rights, declare an amnesty, bring charges against the President of the Russian Federation and remove him from office.

The Federal Assembly considers all issues related to the main economic activities of the government: the federal budget; federal tax collection, etc. The Federation Council and the State Duma form the Accounts Chamber to monitor the execution of the state budget. Members of the Government of the Russian Federation are obliged, at the invitation of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, to attend their meetings and respond

to questions from members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma in the manner prescribed by the Rules of Procedure of the chambers.

As for the legislative and representative bodies of the constituent entities of the federation and municipal government, on issues of their exclusive jurisdiction they have the right to adopt legislative acts independently of the Federal Assembly, but within the framework of the constitution and laws of the Russian Federation.

ABSTRACT

for the course "Jurisprudence"

on the topic: “Constitutional foundations of the state structure of the Russian Federation”

Introduction

The Russian Federation is a state whose ancestor is the great, mighty and sacred Rus'. The history of the formation and development of Russia was not easy. For many centuries, our people had to fight against foreign invaders for their national existence and independence. All this affected the formation of national character, the attitude of Russians towards their defenders and towards military service.

1. Brief physical-geographical and demographic characteristics of the Russian Federation

Russia is the largest state on the Eurasian continent in terms of area, population and economic power. It spreads over an area of over 17 million square kilometers and occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

The length of the territory of Russia in the meridional direction is 4 thousand km, in the latitudinal direction – 9 thousand km. The westernmost point is on the border with Poland, and the easternmost point is on Ratmanov Island, in the Diomede Islands group in the Bering Strait. The southernmost point is located on the border with Azerbaijan, the northernmost point is on the islands of Franz Josef Land (Rudolph Island). The territory of the Russian Federation is traversed by time zones from 2nd to 12th inclusive.

Russia borders on 16 countries on three continents and is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans. The total length of its borders is 60,933 km, of which 14,510 km are land, 7,141 km are river, 475 km are lake and 38,807 km are sea.

The expanses of the country are crossed by the largest rivers - Lena, Ob (the longest river in Russia - 5,410 km from the source of the Irtysh), Volga, Yenisei (the most high-water river - 19,800 cubic meters per second), Amur. The pride of Russia is Lake Baikal, the deepest in the world (depth 1,620 m; contains 1/5 of the fresh water of all reservoirs on the globe).

According to the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, the population of Russia amounted to 145.167 million people, of which 106.4 million were urban residents (73.3%) and about 38.8 million were rural residents (26.7%).

More than 120 nationalities and nationalities live on the territory of Russia. Of these: Russians 116 million people (80% of the total population). Among other nationalities, whose number exceeds 1 million people: Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians. The national composition is most visibly manifested in the internal structure of the Russian state, where almost every nationality and nationality has its own form of statehood. 78% of the population of our country lives in its European part, and 22% in the Asian part (in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East).

The administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation includes: 21 republics, 8 territories, 47 regions, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous region, 6 autonomous districts, 1,866 districts, 1,097 cities, incl. 13 – with a population of over 1 million people, 330 urban districts and districts, 1,794 urban-type settlements, 24,428 rural administrations.

Our Motherland has the richest natural resources and proven mineral reserves, and has powerful agricultural potential. The world's largest industrial enterprises and fuel and energy complexes are located on its territory. Russia is distinguished by a high educational and cultural level of the population, developed science, unique culture and spirituality, recognized throughout the world.

2. The emergence and development of constitutional foundations in Russia

Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The constitutional and legal formalization of the Republic of Soviets took place at the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which on July 10, 1918 adopted the first Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, approved by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918, was included as an integral part of the Constitution. In it, Russia was declared a Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which was established on the basis of a free union of free nations as a federation of Soviet national republics. The Constitution established that the highest authority in the RSFSR is the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which elects the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of no more than 200 people. The latter is entirely responsible to the congress and in the period between congresses is the highest authority of the Republic.

Local authorities were congresses of Soviets (regional, provincial, district, volost), consisting of representatives of lower-level Soviets. Congresses of Soviets elected their executive bodies - executive committees. Councils of deputies were formed in cities and villages. The term of office of deputies was 3 months. Naturally, for this reason, congresses of Soviets could not be permanent bodies.

Constitution of the USSR of 1924, Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR, consisting of representatives of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia, approved mainly the Declaration and the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. This was the result of the unifying efforts of the Soviet republics. The final formation of the new state ended with the approval by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924 of the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Constitution of the USSR established that the supreme body of power of the USSR was the Congress of Soviets, and in the period between Congresses of Soviets - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, consisting of the Union Council and the Council of Nationalities.

At the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in May 1925, the amended text of the Constitution of the RSFSR was approved, and in essence a new Basic Law was adopted, according to which the RSFSR was part of the USSR and was proclaimed a socialist state of workers and peasants, built on the basis of a federation of national Soviet republics, where all power belonged to the Soviets of workers, peasants, Cossacks and Red Army deputies.

The bearer of supreme power in the RSFSR was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. In the period between congresses, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee operated, which was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the number of members determined by the congress. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was convened by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee once a year, and then once every two years.

The highest bodies of state power within the territory of each autonomous republic that was part of the RSFSR were the congresses of Soviets of republics, and in the period between congresses - the central executive committees elected by them, the rights of which were determined by the constitutions of the autonomous republics. The highest authority in the territories, regions, provinces, districts, districts, districts and volosts were also the Congresses of Soviets. Representatives of all Councils located on the territory of this administrative unit took part in them.

In the mid-30s, according to party ideology, the foundations of socialism were built in the country, the signs of which were considered: the elimination of a multi-structure economy, the undivided approval of socialist property in its two forms - state and collective farm-cooperative, the elimination of exploiting classes, the formation of new socialist nations, democracy . The new Constitution of the USSR was intended to formalize these changes in the social and state system.

Constitution of the USSR of 1936. The new Constitution of the USSR was adopted at the VIII Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936. She declared the Soviet Union a socialist state of workers and peasants, the political basis of which is the Soviets of Working People's Deputies. All power in the USSR belonged to the working people of the city and village in the person of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies. At the same time, for the first time, the Soviet Constitution stated that the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) represents “the leading core of all workers’ organizations, both public and state.”

The supreme body of state power of the USSR was the Supreme Council, which was elected for a term of four years. It consisted of two equal chambers: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities. The Council of the Union was elected by citizens in electoral districts. The Council of Nationalities was elected by citizens in union and autonomous republics, autonomous regions and national districts.

The highest bodies of state power in the union and autonomous republics were the supreme councils of these republics. The bodies of statehood in the territories, regions, autonomous regions, districts, districts, cities, and settlements were the Councils of Working People's Deputies.

Constitution of the RSFSR of 1937. The new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted at the XVII Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 21, 1937. The highest body of state power of the RSFSR was the unicameral Supreme Council of the RSFSR, which was elected by citizens of the Russian Federation in electoral districts. In an electoral district, one candidate was nominated for one deputy mandate (“one candidate – one deputy”). High voter activity during uncontested voting was largely ensured by the organizational measures of party organizations (at polling stations, under the leadership of party committees of enterprises and institutions, campaigning points were created, agitators were assigned to groups of voters, party committees were responsible for voter turnout). All this was explained by the intention of the ruling party to maintain its dictatorship, presenting, through “organized” elections, evidence of the population’s support for the political regime, the party’s course, and transformations in Soviet society and the state.

Constitution of the USSR 1977. At the seventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the ninth convocation on October 7, 1977, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Soviet power, the third Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR was adopted (in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, new constitutions of the union and autonomous republics were adopted in April - June 1978. The next Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted at the seventh session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of the ninth convocation, April 12, 1978). Its preamble noted that the Soviet state, having fulfilled the tasks of the dictatorship of the proletariat, became national. A developed socialist society has been built in the USSR. The CPSU was declared “the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations.”

For the first time, the Constitution introduced the principle of free elections, stipulating that citizens and public organizations are guaranteed a free and comprehensive discussion of the political, business and personal qualities of candidates for deputies, as well as the right to campaign at meetings, in the press, on television, and radio.

The Constitution of the USSR introduced the institution of mandates from voters (voters gave orders to their deputies), or, in other words, the so-called imperative mandate. In the mid-80s, the CPSU proclaimed a course for the development of democracy, which meant a transition from a one-party to a multi-party system and represented an attempt to reform Soviet power in order to preserve it in new conditions. Provisions concerning the leading role of the CPSU were excluded from the Constitution of the USSR, as well as the constitutions of the union and autonomous republics.

The political system enshrined in the Soviet Constitution and the system of representative bodies of state power existed for more than ten years, until in 1988 – early 1990s, fundamental changes were made to them, which were a reflection of the processes that had begun in the public life of the country.

Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993. In 1993, a fundamentally new stage in the development of Russian statehood began. For the first time in its centuries-old history, Russia has embarked on the path of establishing and developing a democratic state, ensuring freedom of economic activity, realizing the equality of all citizens, and unconditionally fulfilling their duties to the Motherland.

The Constitution, adopted on December 12, 1993 at a national referendum, drew a line under the Soviet period of development of the statehood of our Fatherland and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of domestic constitutionalism. It regulated the most important social relations, consolidated the constitutional foundations of the Russian Federation and the organization of state power in the country.

By consolidating at the highest legal level the new realities of public life in the political, social and economic spheres, the Constitution is designed to ensure the construction in Russia of a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government. These initial provisions reflect its most important and fundamental features and form the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia.

3. State structure of the Russian Federation

The foundations of the state and territorial structure of Russia are defined in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and are based on the principle of federalism.

Russian federalism is not only a form of resolving the national issue in a multinational country, but also a form of democratization of government. Decentralization of state power and its distribution among regions is an important guarantee of democracy. Based on the principle of federalism, the decentralization of unified state power is ensured by the delimitation of the subjects of authority between the Russian Federation and its subjects and local governments.

Russia, in accordance with the Constitution, consists of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, autonomous districts - equal subjects of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the legal status of the republic within Russia is determined both by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and by its own Constitution. The legal status of a territory, region, city of federal significance, autonomous region, autonomous district is established, along with the Constitution of Russia, by its own charters.

In accordance with the Constitution of Russia, ordinary (previously called administrative) territories and regions (for example, Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk territories, Smolensk, Ryazan, Pskov and other regions) became equal subjects of the Federation for the first time. Raising their status to the level of republics and autonomous entities within Russia reflects both the historical features of the formation of the Russian Federation itself, and the legal recognition of the role of the Russian people in strengthening statehood. The fact is that Russia, as is known, traditionally, from the very beginning of its existence, includes territories with an indigenous Russian population, and territories of republics, autonomous entities, where other nations and nationalities live compactly. And if previously national (autonomous) entities enjoyed sufficient independence in resolving many issues, the new Constitution of the Russian Federation granted similar rights to both territories and regions in whose territory the majority of the Russian population lives. It should be noted that this decision is fair: Russian people on the territory of a single federal state have the right to enjoy no less rights and opportunities than representatives of other fraternal nations and nationalities.

The state integrity of the Russian Federation is guaranteed by the fact that the sovereignty of Russia extends to its entire territory; the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws have supremacy throughout the entire territory of Russia. The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory. It, as a sovereign state, has the right to carry out this responsibility with the use of border troops, the Armed Forces and other state military organizations.

The power of the people in any state cannot be exercised outside the organizational forms through which the people exercise their sovereignty. The people govern the state, freely express their will and give it a generally binding character by enshrining it in legislative acts. The general concept of “sovereignty” (translated as “supreme power”) emphasizes two properties of power – unity and supremacy. In science, this term usually covers three types of sovereignty: popular, national and state. In the organic combination of the characteristic features of each type of sovereignty, the central place belongs to the sovereignty of the people. It is he – the multinational people – who is the source of all state power. This key provision must be understood in such a way that all powers to exercise state power are acquired by state institutions and officials in one form or another as a result of the freely expressed will of the people. Only it makes power in the state legitimate and legitimate. On the scale of the Russian Federation, state power is the most general form of expression of the sovereignty of the people, their supreme will. Each subject of the Federation also has state power. The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides that the subjects of the Federation, outside the scope of its jurisdiction and powers, “possess the fullness of state power.” This state power is an expression of the general will of the people of the republic as part of the Federation, the population of the region, region, autonomy, etc. In the system of local self-government, power belongs to the population of the corresponding city, village, town, and this is part of the people. Local government bodies are not part of the state power system, but are obliged to comply with the Constitution and laws, acts expressing the state will of the people.

The implementation of democracy in the Russian Federation is carried out in various forms: through the system of state bodies, public organizations and parties, through institutions of direct democracy, local self-government. The unity, interconnection and functioning of these forms constitute the political system of the social order. The political system, therefore, is understood as a set of state and public associations through which the people exercise the power that belongs to them according to the Constitution, govern the state, determine and implement domestic and foreign policy.

The Constitution establishes the basic forms of the people's exercise of their sovereign power. “The people,” it is emphasized in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local self-government bodies.”

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, state power in the Russian Federation is exercised by: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, the courts of the Russian Federation (Diagram 1). The classic principle of separation of powers at the present stage of Russia's development is implemented with features that consist in removing the President from the system of executive power to an independent place in the system of supreme bodies of state power.

State authorities of the Russian Federation base their activities on the following constitutional principles:

Formation of state bodies by the people or on their instructions by the relevant authority;

Territorial organization of power structures;

Legality in the activities of public authorities;

The use of national languages along with Russian in government bodies;

Independence of legislative, executive and judicial authorities;

Distinction of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Exercising one’s powers in the interests of realizing the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The Russian Federation carries out its diverse functions through government bodies. A state body (state body) is an integral part of the state apparatus, formed in the manner prescribed by law and endowed with state powers necessary to carry out the functions of state power.

State bodies in the Russian Federation constitute a unified system of state power. Such unity is determined by the federal structure of Russia, its state integrity (Article 5, paragraph 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and is derived from the sovereignty of the multinational people of the Russian Federation and their ability to form state bodies (Articles 3, 32 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The structure of state bodies of the Russian Federation is understood as the ability of the highest and local bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power to carry out the functions of a unified state power in their inherent organizational and legal forms. Thus, the system of government bodies consists of the following main types: legislative bodies (representative bodies of state power); executive authorities and judicial authorities.

Legislative bodies (representative bodies of state power) consist of the Parliament of the Russian Federation, parliaments of the republics within Russia, representative (legislative) bodies of state power of other subjects of the Federation and local representative bodies of state power - assemblies of deputies, municipal councils, bodies at the rural and urban levels districts (Scheme 2).

The system of executive authorities includes: governments, ministries and other executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, heads of administrations of cities, rural and urban areas. The main task of executive authorities is the implementation (implementation) of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regulatory decrees of the President of Russia, as well as decisions of relevant higher (federal, republican, regional, etc.) executive authorities. Due to the fact that these bodies have not only executive, but also administrative power, they are also called executive-administrative bodies (Diagram 3).

The executive power system includes ministries, services, and agencies. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman, his deputy(s), federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies (Schemes 4.5).

Federal ministries managed by the Government of the Russian Federation, federal services and federal agencies subordinate to these federal ministries

· Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare;

Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development;

Federal Service for Labor and Employment;

Federal Agency for Health and Social Development;

Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

· Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage;

Federal Archival Agency;

Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography;

Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications

· Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks;

Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science;

Federal Agency for Science and Innovation;

Federal Agency for Education

· Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources;

Federal Water Resources Agency;

Federal Forestry Agency;

Federal Agency for Subsoil Use

· Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation:

Federal Agency for Industry;

Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services;

Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology;

Federal Energy Agency

· Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation:

Federal Customs Service;

Federal Reserve Agency;

Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency;

Federal Agency for Federal Property Management

· Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Transport;

Federal Air Transport Agency;

Federal Highway Agency;

Federal Agency for Railway Transport;

Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport;

Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography

· Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance;

Federal Fisheries Agency;

Federal Agency for Agriculture

· Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation:

The Federal Tax Service;

Federal Insurance Supervision Service;

Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision;

Federal Service for Financial Monitoring;

Federal Treasury (federal service)

· Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Communications;

Federal Agency for Information Technologies;

Federal Communications Agency

However, within the structure of federal executive bodies there are federal ministries, services and agencies, the activities of which are managed by the President of the Russian Federation (Diagram 6).

Federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies, the activities of which are managed by the President of the Russian Federation, federal services and agencies subordinate to these federal ministries
· Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation; Federal Service for Defense Orders; Federal Service for Technical and Export Control; Federal Agency for Special Construction.	· Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation: Federal Penitentiary Service; Federal Registration Service; Federal Bailiff Service.
· Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation The Federal Migration Service.	· Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief
· Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
· State courier service of the Russian Federation	· Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Control of Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)	· Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)

The judiciary is designed to administer justice through constitutional civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

The judicial system of the Russian Federation organizationally consists of several levels. At the federal level, these are the highest courts: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. In the republics within the Russian Federation there are constitutional, supreme and arbitration courts of the republics. In other subjects - regional, regional, federal cities and autonomous regions and autonomous districts, people's courts and arbitration courts. At the local level - district and city people's courts (Figure 7).

Scheme No. 7

Conclusion

Thus, the modern Russian state is proclaimed by the Constitution and is being built as a democratic, federal, legal state, with a republican form of government. The highest goal of this state is the realization of human rights and freedoms of all peoples of the Russian Federation, the protection of its integrity, sovereignty and other national values and interests.

In the system of state institutions of the Russian state, an important role belongs to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the internal troops, which are organizationally part of its structure. Throughout Russian history, internal troops have worthily fulfilled the tasks of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state, maintaining constitutional order in many regions of the country, and have been an example of fidelity to military duty.

Literature

5. Large encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2006.

Similar abstracts:

The essence and normative regulation of public administration; its institutions, forms and principles. Consideration of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as the legal basis of the country's legislation. Fundamentals of activities, functions and powers of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Legal foundations of the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, the concept and basic principles of its work and legal regulation of activities. Government of the Russian Federation: powers, structure, procedure for abdication of powers, place in the system of power.

History of the formation of constitutional law in the Russian Federation. Stages of formation of modern state power. Institute of Russian succession in relation to the USSR and the RSFSR. Institute of legal succession using the example of the Federal Constitutional Law.

Characteristics of the federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation. Their powers and functions for the development of state policy, in the customs, economic and financial spheres, for the management of state property, control and supervision of compliance with legislation.

Historical background and process of formation of the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics under the leadership of V.I. Lenin. History of the development, approval and enforcement of the first Constitution of the Union State of 1924; its content and structure.

Concept, system and structure of executive authorities. Tasks that are set for the structural units of the state mechanism. Federal state executive authorities. Concept, goals and types of administrative penalties.

The system of federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation. The general purpose and essence of the activities of the federal ministry. Basic rules for the internal organization of activities of the Government of the Russian Federation. Structure of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The scope and regulatory framework of the activities of the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones, the procedure for its formation, main tasks and competence. The place of the Federal Agency in the system of executive authorities.

Consideration of the structure of governing bodies in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management: highest (President of the Russian Federation, Parliament, Government), special (Ministry of Natural Resources) bodies, and familiarization with approaches to their systematization.

The relationship between the rights and powers of the USSR and the Union Republics according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924. Guaranteed rights of the Union Republics. The purpose of the constitution is to reflect the nature and structure of the USSR. Incident, inheritance according to the “Russian Truth” and the Pskov judicial charter.

Characteristics of executive authorities based on regulations. Holding an unauthorized rally is an administrative offense. Drawing up a prosecutor's protest in the manner of general supervision. Composition of an administrative offense.

Key powers that the Government of the Russian Federation must exercise. Legal forms of exercising powers. Structure of the Russian Federation Apparatus and its divisions. Legal status of federal executive authorities. Groups of powers of the federal minister.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation as the main normative source of constitutional law. Manifestation of the legal nature of the state and law in legislation. List of subjects of competence in spheres of public life and control over compliance with laws.

Constitutional status of the RSFSR. Fundamentals of the social system and politics, individual status, national state structure, systems, principles of organization and activities of government bodies, symbols of the republic in the Constitutions of the republics of the USSR.

ABSTRACT

for the course "Jurisprudence"

on the topic: “Constitutional foundations of the state structure of the Russian Federation”

INTRODUCTION The Russian Federation is a state whose progenitor This is the great, mighty and sacred Rus'. The history of the formation and development of Russia was not easy. For many centuries, our people had to fight against foreign invaders for their national existence and independence. All this affected the formation of national character, the attitude of Russians towards their defenders and towards military service. 1. Brief physical-geographical and demographic characteristics of the Russian Federation Russia is the largest state on the Eurasian continent in terms of area, population and economic power. It spreads over an area of over 17 million square kilometers and occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The length of Russian territory in the meridional direction is 4 thousand km, in the latitudinal direction - 9 thousand km. The westernmost point is on the border with Poland, and the easternmost point is on Ratmanov Island, in the Diomede Islands group in the Bering Strait. The southernmost point is located on the border with Azerbaijan, the northernmost point is on the islands of Franz Josef Land (Rudolph Island). Time zones from 2 to 12 inclusive pass through the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia borders on 16 countries on three continents and is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans. The total length of its borders is 60,933 km, of which 14,510 km are land, 7,141 km are river, 475 km are lake and 38,807 km are sea. The country's expanses are crossed by the largest rivers - Lena, Ob (the longest river in Russia - 5,410 km from the source of the Irtysh), Volga, Yenisei (the most abundant river - 19,800 cubic meters per second), Amur. The pride of Russia is the deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal (depth 1,620 m; contains 1/5 of the fresh water of all reservoirs on the globe). According to the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, the population of Russia was 145.167 million people, of which 106.4 million were residents cities (73.3%) and about 38.8 million rural residents (26.7%). More than 120 nationalities and nationalities live on the territory of Russia. Of these: 116 million Russians (80% of the total population). Among other nationalities, whose number exceeds 1 million people: Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians. The national composition is most clearly manifested in the internal structure of the Russian state, where almost every nationality and nationality has its own form of statehood. 78% of the population of our country lives in its European part, and 22% in the Asian part (in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East). The administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation includes: 21 republics, 8 territories, 47 regions, 2 federal cities values, 1 autonomous region, 6 autonomous okrugs, 1,866 districts, 1,097 cities, incl. 13 - with a population of over 1 million people, 330 urban districts and districts, 1,794 urban settlements, 24,428 rural administrations. Our Motherland has rich natural resources and proven mineral reserves, and has powerful agricultural potential. The world's largest industrial enterprises and fuel and energy complexes are located on its territory. Russia is distinguished by a high educational and cultural level of the population, developed science, unique culture and spirituality, recognized throughout the world. 2 . The emergence and development of constitutional foundations in Russia Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The constitutional and legal formalization of the Republic of Soviets took place at the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which on July 10, 1918 adopted the first Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, approved by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918, was included as an integral part of the Constitution. In it, Russia was declared a Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which was established on the basis of a free union of free nations as a federation of Soviet national republics. The Constitution established that the highest authority in the RSFSR is the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which elects the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of no more than 200 people. The latter is entirely responsible to the congress and in the period between congresses is the highest authority of the Republic. Local authorities were congresses of Soviets (regional, provincial, district, volost), consisting of representatives of lower-level Soviets. Congresses of Soviets elected their executive bodies - executive committees. Councils of deputies were formed in cities and villages. The term of office of deputies was 3 months. Naturally, for this reason, congresses of Soviets could not be permanent bodies. The Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR, consisting of representatives of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia, approved mainly the Declaration and the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. This was the result of the unifying efforts of the Soviet republics. The final formation of the new state ended with the approval by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924 of the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Constitution of the USSR established that the supreme body of power of the USSR was the Congress of Soviets, and in the period between Congresses of Soviets - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, consisting of the Union Council and the Council of Nationalities. At the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in May 1925, the amended text of the Constitution of the RSFSR was approved , in essence, a new Basic Law was adopted, according to which the RSFSR was part of the USSR and was proclaimed a socialist state of workers and peasants, built on the basis of a federation of national Soviet republics, where all power belonged to the Soviets of workers, peasants, Cossacks and Red Army deputies.

The highest bodies of state power within the territory of each autonomous republic that was part of the RSFSR were the congresses of Soviets of republics, and in the period between congresses - the central executive committees elected by them, whose rights were determined by the constitutions of the autonomous republics. The highest authority in the territories, regions, provinces, districts, districts, districts and volosts were also the Congresses of Soviets. Representatives of all Councils located on the territory of this administrative unit took part in them.

Constitution of the RSFSR of 1937. The new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted at the XVII Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 21, 1937. The highest body of state power of the RSFSR was the unicameral Supreme Council of the RSFSR, which was elected by citizens of the Russian Federation in electoral districts. In an electoral district, one candidate was nominated for one deputy mandate (“one candidate - one deputy”). High voter activity during uncontested voting was largely ensured by the organizational measures of party organizations (at polling stations, under the leadership of party committees of enterprises and institutions, campaigning points were created, agitators were assigned to groups of voters, party committees were responsible for voter turnout). All this was explained by the intention of the ruling party to maintain its dictatorship, presenting, through “organized” elections, evidence of the population’s support for the political regime, the party’s course, and transformations in Soviet society and the state.

The political system enshrined in the Soviet Constitution and the system of representative bodies of state power existed for more than ten years, until in 1988 - early 1990s, fundamental changes were made to them, which were a reflection of the processes that had begun in the public life of the country.

3 . State structure of the Russian Federationederations

The foundations of the state and territorial structure of Russia are defined in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and are based on the principle of federalism.

The power of the people in any state cannot be exercised outside the organizational forms through which the people exercise their sovereignty. The people govern the state, freely express their will and give it a generally binding character by enshrining it in legislative acts. The general concept of “sovereignty” (translated as “supreme power”) emphasizes two properties of power - unity and supremacy. In science, this term usually covers three types of sovereignty: popular, national and state. In the organic combination of the characteristic features of each type of sovereignty, the central place belongs to the sovereignty of the people. It is he - the multinational people - who is the source of all state power. This key provision must be understood in such a way that all powers to exercise state power are acquired by state institutions and officials in one form or another as a result of the freely expressed will of the people. Only it makes power in the state legitimate and legitimate. On the scale of the Russian Federation, state power is the most general form of expression of the sovereignty of the people, their supreme will. Each subject of the Federation also has state power. The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides that the subjects of the Federation, outside the scope of its jurisdiction and powers, “possess the fullness of state power.” This state power is an expression of the general will of the people of the republic as part of the Federation, the population of the region, region, autonomy, etc. In the system of local self-government, power belongs to the population of the corresponding city, village, town, and this is part of the people. Local government bodies are not part of the state power system, but are obliged to comply with the Constitution and laws, acts expressing the state will of the people.

Scheme 1 State authorities of the Russian Federation build their activities on the following constitutional principles: - formation of state bodies by the people or on their behalf by the relevant authority; - territorial organization of power structures; - legality in the activities of state authorities; - use of national languages in state authorities along with Russian; - independence of legislative, executive and judicial authorities; - delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; - exercise of their powers in the interests of realizing the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The Russian Federation carries out its diverse functions through government agencies. A state body (state body) is an integral part of the state apparatus, formed in the manner prescribed by law and endowed with state powers necessary to carry out the functions of state power.

Federal ministries managed by the Government of the Russian Federation, federal services and federal agencies subordinate to these federal ministries

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare;

Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development;

Federal Service for Labor and Employment;

Federal Agency for Health and Social Development;

Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage;

Federal Archival Agency;

Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography;

Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks;

Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science;

Federal Agency for Science and Innovation;

Federal Agency for Education

Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources;

Federal Water Resources Agency;

Federal Forestry Agency;

Federal Agency for Subsoil Use

Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation:

Federal Agency for Industry;

Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services;

Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology;

Federal Energy Agency

Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation:

Federal Customs Service;

Federal Government Reserve Agency;

Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency;

Federal Agency for Federal Property Management

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Transport;

Federal Air Transport Agency;

Federal Highway Agency;

Federal Agency for Railway Transport;

Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport;

Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance;

Federal Fisheries Agency;

Federal Agency for Agriculture

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation:

The Federal Tax Service;

Federal Insurance Supervision Service;

Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision;

Federal Service for Financial Monitoring;

Federal Treasury (federal service)

Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Communications;

Federal Agency for Information Technologies;

Federal Communications Agency

At the same time, in the structure of federal executive bodies there are federal ministries, services and agencies, the management of which is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation (Diagram 6).

Federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies, the activities of which are managed by the President of the Russian Federation, federal services and agencies subordinate to these federal ministries
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation; Federal Service for Defense Orders; Federal Service for Technical and Export Control; Federal Agency for Special Construction.	Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation: Federal Penitentiary Service; Federal Registration Service; Federal Bailiff Service.
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation The Federal Migration Service.	Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
State Courier Service of the Russian Federation	Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Control of Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)	Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)

The judiciary is designed to administer justice through constitutional civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Scheme No. 7

Conclusion

Literature

5. Large encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2006.

ABSTRACT

for the course "Jurisprudence"

on the topic: “Constitutional foundations of the state structure of the Russian Federation”

Introduction

1. Brief physical-geographical and demographic characteristics of the Russian Federation

More than 120 nationalities and nationalities live on the territory of Russia. Of these: Russians - 116 million people (80% of the total population). Among other nationalities, whose number exceeds 1 million people: Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians. The national composition is most visibly manifested in the internal structure of the Russian state, where almost every nationality and nationality has its own form of statehood. 78% of the population of our country lives in its European part, and 22% in the Asian part (in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East).

2. The emergence and development of constitutional foundations in Russia

3. State structure of the Russian Federation

The foundations of the state and territorial structure of Russia are defined in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and are based on the principle of federalism.

Scheme 1

State authorities of the Russian Federation base their activities on the following constitutional principles:

Formation of state bodies by the people or on their instructions by the relevant authority;

Territorial organization of power structures;

Legality in the activities of public authorities;

The use of national languages along with Russian in government bodies;

Independence of legislative, executive and judicial authorities;

Distinction of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Exercising one’s powers in the interests of realizing the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Federal ministries managed by the Government of the Russian Federation, federal services and federal agencies subordinate to these federal ministries

· Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare;

Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development;

Federal Service for Labor and Employment;

Federal Agency for Health and Social Development;

Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

· Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage;

Federal Archival Agency;

Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography;

· Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks;

Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science;

Federal Agency for Science and Innovation;

Federal Agency for Education

· Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources;

Federal Water Resources Agency;

Federal Forestry Agency;

Federal Agency for Subsoil Use

· Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation:

Federal Agency for Industry;

Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services;

Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology;

Federal Energy Agency

· Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation:

Federal Customs Service;

Federal Government Reserve Agency;

Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency;

Federal Agency for Federal Property Management

· Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Transport;

Federal Air Transport Agency;

Federal Highway Agency;

Federal Agency for Railway Transport;

Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport;

Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography

· Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance;

Federal Fisheries Agency;

Federal Agency for Agriculture

· Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation:

The Federal Tax Service;

Federal Insurance Supervision Service;

Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision;

Federal Service for Financial Monitoring;

Federal Treasury (federal service)

· Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation:

Federal Service for Supervision of Communications;

Federal Agency for Information Technologies;

Federal Communications Agency

Federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies, the activities of which are managed by the President of the Russian Federation, federal services and agencies subordinate to these federal ministries
· Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation; Federal Service for Defense Orders; Federal Service for Technical and Export Control; Federal Agency for Special Construction.	· Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation: Federal Penitentiary Service; Federal Registration Service; Federal Bailiff Service.
· Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation The Federal Migration Service.	· Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief
· Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
· State courier service of the Russian Federation	· Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation	Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)	· Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency)

The judiciary is designed to administer justice through constitutional civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Scheme No. 7

Conclusion

Literature

5. Large encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2006.