Contemporary Polish literature. "Lviv Mathematical School" Mariusz Urbanek
About five hundred names of writers are mentioned on the pages of “Alchemy of the Word”. According to the tradition that has developed in our literary studies in the past about writers Western Europe for many decades they wrote, perhaps, enough: both in various courses in the history of literature, and in various kinds reference books, including multi-volume encyclopedias. We know much less about the literatures and writers of Slavic countries, including Polish writers, although the development of Polish studies in our country has been last years began to bear fruit. Therefore, leaving aside the literature of countries to the west and south of the Polish People's Republic, we will dwell on the names of Polish writers, fortunately Parandovsky’s book provides not only a reason for this, but also a outline.
Let's start with a name that is not mentioned in the text of the book, but is on its cover.
PARANDOVSKY YAN (born in 1895). Born in Lvov, he graduated from high school and university there. In 1923 he was awarded the title of Master of Classical Philology and Archeology. In 1913 and 1914, while still a student, he visited Italy, in 1924-1926. was in Italy, Greece and France; in all these countries he was mainly interested in museums and excavations. In the 1920s he led the publication of the “Great Writers” series. In 1929 he moved to Warsaw. In 1930-1931 was one of two editors of the scientific and literary magazine "Pamentnik Warsaw", in which poets J. Lechon and E. Libert, writers M. Dąbrowski and Z. Nalkovskaya, and many famous Polish philologists collaborated. In 1932, in connection with work on the story “The Olympic Discus,” he visited Greece; the book was published in 1933. In the same year, Jan Parandowski was elected chairman of the Pen Club of Polish Writers. He currently holds this post. In the 1930s he gave lectures on literature in different cities Poland, in 1937 and 1939 - in Paris and other cities of France. During the war he lived in Warsaw, after the Warsaw Uprising - in the village. In 1945-1946 - Professor at the University of Lublin (ancient literature and comparative literature). Since 1948 - member of the Warsaw Scientific Society.
In his youth, by his own admission, he wrote poetry. He made his debut in 1913 with an article about J.-J. Rousseau. A significant part of Parandovsky’s novels, short stories, articles, and essays is devoted to antiquity and the Renaissance. “Mythology” brought him fame among the widest Polish reader. Beliefs and traditions of the Greeks and Romans" (1924; the last, 13th Polish edition - 1969, a Russian translation of "Mythology" is being prepared) and popular retellings of Homer's poems (" Trojan War, 1930; "The Adventures of Odysseus", 1935). Among the writer's pre-war prose, what stands out is autobiographical novel“The Sky is on Fire” (1936; Russian translation - M., 1969). Of his post-war works, noteworthy is the book about Petrarch (1956) and the book of stories about childhood “Sundial” (1953), translated in many countries. J. Parandovsky is also known in Poland as a translator ancient literature- translated the book of Julius Caesar “On civil war"(1951), Long's Daphnis and Chloe (1948), Homer's Odyssey (1953).
Fragments of “The Alchemy of the Word” appeared in Polish magazines in 1946-1947. The first edition of the book was published in 1951, the 4th in 1965.
While working on this book, Parandovsky lived in Vigbyholm, one of the suburbs of Stockholm (1946), then in Paris, he recalls Boulevard Saint-Michel in his essay “Paris, 1946” (in the book “Literary Travels”); finally in Ustka - this is a town at the mouth of the river. Słupi on the Polish Baltic coast, in the XIV-XVIII centuries. was a trading port.
ANDRZEIZ JASZOWICE. Chaplain to Queen Zofia, translated the Bible for her (1455). Some of the books have survived from this so-called “Queen Zofia's Bible” Old Testament- a valuable monument of medieval Polish writing (published in Poland in 1871).
BIELSKI MARCIN (c. 1495-1575). Poet, historian, translator. His “Chronicle of the Whole World” was the first attempt in Poland to present universal history. Translated into Russian back in 1581, it influenced the development of Russian and Ukrainian historiography in the 17th century.
Parandovsky describes the furnishings of M. Belsky's office from an engraving placed in the 1564 edition of the Chronicle, which has been reproduced several times since then. Under this image of himself in the book, M. Belsky wrote his motto: “There is no reason against the truth.”
M. Belsky’s satirical poem “The Women’s Diet” (1566) dates back to Erasmus of Rotterdam; it criticizes the vices of the then Polish society.
BERENT VACLAV (1873-1941). Prose writer. A biologist by training, he studied in Zurich, Munich, and Jena. In one of the Western European cities (it is believed that in Munich) the action of the novel “Rotten” (1901, Russian translation - “Gnilushki”, M., 1907) takes place, depicting the bohemia of the late 90s. The novel The Living Stones (1918) depicts a Polish city in the late Middle Ages.
V. Berent was Parandovsky's predecessor in the position of editor of the magazine "Pamentnik Warsaw" (1929).
BIRKENMAIER LUDWIK ANTONY (1855-1929). Physicist and mathematician, historian of exact sciences, author of substantial works on Copernicus and his contemporaries. A rare advantage of his books is the feeling of unity and interweaving of the exact sciences and the humanities in the context of the culture of the era under study.
BIRKENMAIER JÖZEF (1897-1939). Son of L.A. Birkenmaier, poet, literary historian, author of works about Sienkiewicz.
THE BATTLE - cm. ZELENSKI TADEUSZ.
BRUCKNER ALEXANDER (1856-1939). Historian of Polish literature and culture, philologist. “Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language” was published by him in 1927 (reprints: 1957, 1970). In connection with the publication of Brückner’s Dictionary, Parandovsky wrote an enthusiastic article about him, “The Life of Words” (newspaper “Vyadomosti Literatske”, 1927). Only one of A. Brückner’s minor works was translated into Russian - “Russian literature in its historical development"(St. Petersburg, 1906).
WEISENHOF JÖZEF (1860-1932). Prose writer. The story “Sable and Panna” was published in 1911. In “ Literary Memoirs"(1925). Y. Weisengof calls this his favorite story a “poem”, a “Lithuanian idyll”. The story is to a certain extent autobiographical.
VITKATSIY - VITKEVICH STANISLAV IGNATIY (1885-1939). Philosopher, artist, prose writer and playwright. Author of several novels and more than twenty dramas. Witkacy was one of the largest and most original figures in Polish cultural life 20s-30s. He was appreciated only after his death. Big interest An exhibition of his paintings prompted a color film based on his paintings. His unfinished novel “The Only Exit” (1931-1933) was published posthumously in 1968. His dramas are currently enjoying enormous success and have been translated into many languages, and do not leave the stages of Polish and foreign theaters.
Witkacy's attempt to create his “own” language (and it cannot be called “abstruse”) is associated with attempts to synthesize artistic prose and philosophy.
VITVITSKY VLADISLAV (1878-1948). Philosopher and psychologist, author of the first Polish psychology textbook, translator and commentator on Plato. When translating Plato's dialogues, he made extensive use of modern colloquial Polish, for which some Latinists reproached him for “vulgarization.” For Polish readers and radio listeners, the dialogues (they were staged on the radio and performed by famous Polish artists) had big success.
WUEK YAKUB (1540-1597). Catholic theologian, preacher and polemicist, Bible translator. The text of the translation was published posthumously, in 1599, after editing it by a commission of spiritual censors. The translation is distinguished by its vivid, figurative language, which influenced the language of almost all the major Polish poets of the 17th-20th centuries.
WYSPIANSKI STANISLAV (1869-1907). Outstanding playwright, poet and artist. In the book “Dramas” (M., 1963) you can read his famous plays “Wedding” (1901), “Liberation” and one of the dramas on an ancient plot - “Meleager” (1898).
“The Wedding” was written under the influence of the wedding of the poet Lucian Rydel with the daughter of a peasant from the village of Bronowice, Jadwiga Mikolajczyk. The third poet present was Włodzimierz Tetmajer, married to older sister bride, the wedding was celebrated in his house.
GALL ANONYMOUS (XI-XII centuries). Chronicler, author of the first Polish chronicle on Latin. Russian translation - “Chronicle and deeds of Polish princes or rulers” (M., 1961). Experts compare Anonymous’s “Chronicle” with Western European knightly epics, noting its high artistic merits.
GOSZZINSKI SEVERIN (1801-1876). Poet, publicist, political figure. He took an active part in the uprising of 1830-1831. After the suppression of the uprising, he went into hiding and carried out secret work until 1838.
In 1835, an article by S. Goszczynski “The New Age of Polish Poetry” appeared in a Krakow magazine, where several paragraphs were devoted to the comedies of A. Fredro (see). Sharp criticism of A. Fredro, who after the suppression of the uprising was an opponent of the secret circles, was apparently explained by political motives.
GURNITSKY LUKASH (1527-1603). Prose writer, historian, translator. His main work is “The Polish Courtier” (1566), an adaptation of the book by the Italian humanist B. Castiglione “The Courtier” (1528). L. Gurnitsky's book is written in the form of a conversation between several educated Poles about the ideal of a nobleman. L. Gurnitsky speaks out, in particular, against the use of foreign words in Polish speech, but ardently supports the study of languages, not only the then generally accepted Latin and Ancient Greek, but also German, Italian, and French.
DEOTIMA - see LUSCHEVSKAYA YADVIGA.
DLUHOSH JAN (1415-1480). Historian, author of the 12-volume “Chronicle of the Glorious Kingdom of Poland” in Latin. Dlugosz worked on it in 1455-1480. By the way, he used Russian chronicles, among other sources. The Chronicle was published in Latin in 1711, and a full translation into Polish was published in 1961. Philologists emphasize Dlugosz's literary skill, historians - his erudition and outlook. Dlugos visited the Czech Republic, Hungary, Basel, Venice, Florence, Rome, Jerusalem, and was familiar with Italian humanists.
DMOCHOWSKI FRANCISZEK XAVERY (1762-1808). Poet, translator, critic. In the preface to the poem “The Art of Versification” (1788), he mentioned Horace and Boileau: “... That I owe a lot to these great teachers, I readily admit, but I also do not deny my thoughts.” Indeed, F. K. Dmokhovsky somewhat expands the scope of the canons of classicism from the time of Boileau. But for Polish romantics even such a framework was too small. A. Mickiewicz, who valued F. K. Dmokhovsky only as a translator of the Iliad, spoke mockingly of his “rhymed prose treatise” (see the article “On Warsaw critics and reviewers” in the “Collected Works” of A. Mickiewicz, M., 1954 , vol. 4).
DOMBROVSKAYA MARIA (1889-1965). Contemporary writer. The most famous work, the tetralogy “Nights and Days” (1928-1934), was recently published in Russian translation (M., GIHL, 1964, vol. 1-2). The novel is written in the traditions of 19th century realism. and presents a panorama of Polish life from 1863 to 1914.
Barbara Nechtitz - Chief female image novel.
FRIENDSHIP ELZBETA (ca. 1695-1765). Polish late Baroque poetess. The poem “Fortecia, exalted by God, closed with five gates, that is, the human soul with five senses” was published in her book “Collected Poems of Spiritual, Panegyric, Moral and Secular” (1752).
DYGASINSKI ADOLF (1839-1902). Prose writer. In the collection of his prose “Margelya and Margelka. Tales and Stories" (M., GIHL, 1961) you can also read the story "Beldonek" about an orphan peasant boy who had an adventure on his way to Czestochowa. Published in 1888, the story aroused sharp criticism from M. Konopnitskaya due to the fact that the writer used folk dialect not only in the characters’ dialogues, but also in the author’s speech. Already in the 90s, and even more so in the 900s, it was precisely this approach to language that was credited to A. Dygasinsky, who in this regard turned out to be the predecessor of K. Tetmyer (q.v.) and V. Reymont (q.v.).
ZELENSKI TADEUSZ (1874-1941). He wrote under the pseudonym Boy. A doctor by training. In literature, “theater reviewer, literary critic, Polish researcher, sociologist, feuilletonist, author of biographical works, memoirist...” (quote taken from the book “History of Polish Literature”, M., 1969). He translated 100 books by French authors, from Villon and Rabelais to France and Proust; in Poland these 100 volumes are called the “Boy Library”. In 1939-1941. - Professor at Lviv University. In 1941 he was shot by the Nazis.
STEFAN ZEROMSKI (1864-1925). Prose writer, playwright, publicist. Cm. " Selected Works"in 4 volumes, M., 1958, novels "Ashes", M., 1967, "Faithful River", M., 1963, "The History of Sin", M., 1961, monograph by V. V. Witt "Stephen Zheromski", M., 1961. A. Wajda’s film “Ashes” based on the novel by S. Zheromski is widely known.
Nalečov is a town in the Lublin province, where S. Żeromski lived for a long time, gave lectures, organized a folk theater, a museum, a library, and set up a school in his house.
“Wind from the Sea” (1922) - cycle historical paintings Polish Baltic coast, from Viking times to the present day. For this book, which asserted Poland's rights to Pomerania, S. Żeromski received the State Prize. The ceremony of posthumous awarding and funeral of S. Żeromski (infantry, cavalry, horse artillery were lined up in front of the Warsaw Castle, and planes were flying over the city) contrasted sharply with the persecution that had just taken place of the writer in connection with the release of his novel “Spring Eve” (1925).
ŽMICHOVSKA NARCYZA (1819-1876). Writer, public figure, teacher. Her stories “The Pagan Woman” (1846), “The Book of Memories” (1847-1848), and others laid the foundation for Polish psychological prose.
The personality of N. Zmichovskaya herself is of great interest. Her students, including V. Grabovskaya, mother of T. Zhelensky (see), painted the image of N. Zmichovskaya - an ascetic ascetic and moralist. T. Zhelensky gave a different portrait: a passionate, impulsive woman challenging “decent society.”
N. Zmichovskaya dared to challenge not only “decent society,” but also the tsarist autocracy. In 1849, she was arrested for participating in secret circles; the two-year investigation did not break her; the famous “Testimony” she wrote was an indictment of tsarism.
Her Letters, recently published in Poland, give an insight into the era and personality of the writer.
ZALESKI JÖZEF BOGDAN (1802-1886). Romantic poet of the so-called “Ukrainian school”, friend of A. Mickiewicz during the years of emigration. “Little Romantic” Yu. B. Zalesky, unlike the “great romantics,” was not a rebel, and his people are somewhat sentimental. Nevertheless, his poems left a mark on Polish poetry; they are not without charm, which to some extent is preserved even in translations (see “Polish Poetry”, M., 1963, vol. I).
ZIMOROWICH (ZIMOROWICZ) JÓZEF BARTŁOMIEJ (1597-1677). Poet. Towards the end of his life he was the burgomaster of Lvov. In 1663 he published a book of his idylls. The lines about tobacco are taken from the idyll “Toilers,” which is built in the form of a conversation between the peasant singer and farmer Milosz and two peasants who came from afar to visit him and listen to his new songs. Milos compares a poet who has surrendered to the will of inspiration with a smoker who is stupefied by tobacco.
ZAPOLSKAYA GABRIELLA (1860-1921). Prose writer and playwright. In 1882 -1900. acted as an actress. G. Zapolskaya's prose, which reveals what lies behind the façade of bourgeois society - prostitution (the story "What They Don't Talk About", 1909), alcoholism ("In the Blood", 1893), etc. - initially aroused the indignation of critics , who dubbed her works “obstetric lessons.” Her plays - among them “The Morals of Mrs. Dulskaya” (1906) - expose the hypocrisy and hypocrisy of the “virtuous” bourgeoisie.
The latest Russian publications by G. Zapolskaya: “Pies”, M., 1958; “The morals of Mrs. Dulskaya. Plays, stories, novels”, M., 1965. See also “Collected works in 7 volumes”, M., 1911-1913 (stories and novels).
IVASHKEVICH YAROSLAV (born in 1894). Poet, prose writer, playwright, translator. Born in Ukraine. Graduated from Kiev University (Faculty of Law) and the Conservatory.
His “Stories” were published in Russian, M., 1958, the novels “Praise and Glory”, M., 1965, and “Red Shields”, M., 1968, a book about Chopin, M., ZhZL, 1963, and a play about Chopin “Summer in Nohant” (in the book “ Selected works", M., 1964; The book is preceded by the memoirs of K. Paustovsky “Meetings with Ivashkevich”). The poetry of Y. Ivashkevich is less known in our country; some of his poems can be found in the anthology “Laureate Poets people's Poland", M., 1954, "Polish poetry", M., 1963, and "Modern Polish poetry", M., 1971.
IZHIKOVSKY KAROL (1873-1944). In the 900s, a major innovative prose writer, appreciated by only a few in those years; in the 20s-30s he acted as a critic, distinguished by his high culture, insight and depth of judgment. He titled his book of articles from the 1920s “The Struggle for Content” (1929).
In recent years, his novel, stories, articles, a book about cinema have been republished in Poland, and theater reviews that he published in 1924-1934 have been collected in a book. in the newspaper "Robotnik".
K. Izhikovsky in 1919-1933 was the head of the stenographic service of the Polish Sejm, upon reaching 60 years old he was dismissed, believed to be for anti-government statements. During the Warsaw Uprising he was wounded and died near Warsaw in Zyrardow at the end of 1944.
KADEN-BANDROWSKI JULIUSZ (1885-1944). Prose writer closely associated with the Piłsudski camp. His fame was brought to him by the political novels “General Bartsch” (1922, Russian translation - 1926) and “Black Wings” (1925-1926), where the writer substantiated the need for “strong power” in Poland and the right of Pilsudski’s supporters to this power, but in At the same time, the novels reflect some aspects of the complex Polish reality. After Piłsudski's coup in May 1926, he became one of the pillars official culture times of reorganization.
Y. Parandovsky in the book “Memories and Silhouettes” (1969) writes about the novel “General Bartsch”: “As for me, I considered the style of this novel pretentious, and the pursuit of unusual comparisons was like juggling and irritated me.”
KADLUBEK VINCENTY (c. 1150-1223). Bishop of Krakow, author of the “Polish Chronicle” in Latin. The Chronicle's value historical work small. Philologists are more favorable to her. Polish poets especially appreciated the Chronicle, since Kadlubek collected the most ancient Polish legends in the Chronicle.
CALLIMACHUS (BUONACCORSI) PHILIP (1437-1496). Italian humanist. Participant in a conspiracy against the pope, fled to Poland. Here he found himself at the court of the Polish humanist Grzegorz from Sanok, poet, historian, Lviv archbishop. Callimachus then falls on royal court, is engaged in literature. In addition to Latin poems, he left behind the book “The Life and Customs of Grzegorz of Sanok” (1476; published in 1835).
KASPROVICH JAN (1860-1926). An outstanding poet. The son of a poor peasant, he barely received a secondary education, passing the gymnasium exam at the age of 24. His university studies were interrupted by his arrest in 1887 in connection with the socialist trial. In 1904 he defended his dissertation. In 1909-1925. headed the department of comparative literature at Lviv University. He usually spent the summer in Poronin, and for the last two years he lived in his own house (the famous “Harenda”), which he built on the banks of the Dunajec, halfway between Poronin and Zakopane.
Books of Russian translations: “Poems”, St. Petersburg, 1908: “From poems in prose”, St. Petersburg, 1909.
KLENOVICH (KLENOVITS) SEBASTIAN FABIAN (1545-1602). Poet. He lived in Lublin, where in 1594 he was elected burgomaster.
The poem “Flis, or Rafting of ships along the Vistula and other rivers flowing into it” (1595) is a kind of poetic guide to the Vistula basin. The route of caravans transporting Polish grain to Gdansk, from where it went abroad, is described. The poem preserved pictures of the life and everyday life of flisak raftsmen, their jargon and folklore.
KOLLONTAI HUGO (1750-1812). Philosopher-educator, political and public figure, publicist. Excerpts from his books, political brochures, from his speeches in the Sejm, as well as an excerpt from the book by J. Snyadetsky (see) about him can be read in the anthology “Selected Works of Progressive Polish Thinkers”, M., 1956.
G. Kollontai did not always have the opportunity to “dictate”. He wrote his most important philosophical works “with his own pen,” since it was in prison (1794-1802), where he was thrown by the Austrian authorities after the suppression of the Kosciuszko uprising.
KONOPNITSKAYA MARIA (1842-1910). Poetess, writer. Widely known among us. See “Works” in 4 volumes, M., 1959, and the book by A. Piotrovskaya “ Creative path Maria Konopnitskaya", M., 1962.
KOKHANOVSKY JAN (1530-1584). The greatest poet of the Polish Renaissance. See “Selected Works”, M.,-L., 1960 (poems, lyrics, essays, drama, prose), and especially “Lyrics”, M., 1970, beautifully translated by L. Martynov and D. Samoilov.
“Crayfish” - that’s what they called it in Poland in the 16th-17th centuries. turn the poems around. In the “crayfish” written by Y. Kokhanovsky and Y. A. Morshtyn (see), with a mirror rearrangement of words within the lines, each line and the entire poem as a whole acquire the opposite meaning (in Kokhanovsky, praise for women turns into blasphemy against them). In addition, if the negation in the middle of each line is separated by commas, then “not” will turn into “no” and the meaning of each line changes again. In Russia, “crawfish verses” (in the 17th-18th centuries), and later “reversals” or palindromes, were lines that were equally read from left to right and right to left, for example: “And the rose fell on Azor’s paw” (A. Fet).
KOKHOVSKY VESPASIAN (1633-1700). Poet, historian. Author of lyrical poems, frames, religious poems. Like other baroque poets, he combined in his work the seemingly incongruous. If the epigrams, in Polish “frashki”, of V. Kokhovsky sometimes remind of M. Ray’s frashki with rude humor, then the “Polish Psalmody” (1695), written poetic prose, is marked by true flight, almost biblical power and at the same time is distinguished by simplicity.
KRASINSKI ZYGMUNT (1812-1859). Poet, playwright, prose writer. One of the three Polish “poet-prophets” (along with A. Mickiewicz and J. Słowacki), according to the formula that has been in circulation in Poland since the middle of the last century.
“The Undivine Comedy” (1833, published 1835; Russian translation - M., 1906) depicts the coming European revolution, which Z. Krasiński treated with hostility, but understood its inevitability. Analysis, retelling and fragments of the drama can be found in the 4th volume. Collection. op. A. Mitskevich (M., 1954), who dedicated four lectures to this “remarkable work in its genre.”
Thanks to his poetic genius and excellent knowledge of history and philosophy, Z. Krasiński sometimes rose above the interests and concepts of not only his class, but also most of his contemporaries. His drama “Iridion” (1836; Russian translation - St. Petersburg, 1904), which depicts Rome on the eve of its destruction (3rd century AD), is distinguished by its large scale.
IGNATIY KRASITSKY (1735-1801). Poet, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest writers of the Polish Enlightenment. In Russia back in the 10s - 20s of the 19th century. fables by I. Krasitsky in translations by P. A. Vyazemsky were published in magazines. In the book “Selected Works” (M., 1951) the reader will find translations of fables, satires and satirical poems, prose excerpts.
KRASHEWSKI JÖZEF IGNACY (1812-1887). Prose writer, poet, historian, critic, publicist, publisher. Wrote more than 500 volumes. “I usually write a novel of 6-10 thousand lines in ten days...” he admitted. The stories and novels of Yu. I. Krashevsky, especially historical ones, were widely popular (Russian translation, see - Collected works, St. Petersburg, 1899-1900; Collected works in 52 books, Pg., 1915; “Tales ", M., 1956; "Old Tradition", M., 1956). In addition, Krashevsky wrote a 4-volume history of Vilna, a 2-volume history of Lithuania, monographs about M. Rey and I. Krasitsky and much more.
KUBALA LUDWIK (1838-1918). Historian, researcher of the 17th century. His historical books, written vividly and vividly, were read with interest by the general public at one time. G. Sienkiewicz (q.v.) relied on his work, as well as that of K. Shainokhi (q.v.), when creating his “Trilogy.”
Krzyzanowski JULIAN (born in 1892). Researcher of Polish and Slavic folklore, Old Polish literature, Polish romanticism. After the work mentioned by J. Parandovsky “Henryk Sienkiewicz. Calendar of Life and Creativity" (Warsaw, 1956) published another book about Sienkiewicz (1966).
LELEWEL JOACHIM (1786-1861). Historian, political figure. About his life and scientific creativity see S. Kenevich “Lelevel” (translated from Polish, M., ZhZL, 1970). See also the translation of A. Mickiewicz’s ode “To Joachim Lelevel” (1822) - A. Mickiewicz “Collected. soch.”, vol. 1, M., 1948; There, in volume 5, M., 1954, the correspondence of A. Mitskevich with I. Lelevel was published.
J. Snyadetsky (q.v.) considered Lelevel's style to be “rough, tasteless, and dark in many places.” However, A. Mickiewicz believed that J. Lelewel was a greater writer than J. Sniadecki, and Z. Krasiński (q.v.) said that Lelewel’s style “is striking in its originality.”
LENARTOVICH THEOPHILE (1822-1893). Poet and sculptor, friend of Ts. K. Norwid (see). From 1849 he lived in exile, from 1856 he settled in Italy, where he died. The poems of Lenartowicz - the “Mazovian lyre player” - were popular among his contemporaries.
LESMYAN BOLESLAW (1877-1937). One of the greatest Polish poets of the 20th century. Therefore, everything that has survived is of interest: articles, essays, letters, inscriptions on books given to friends.
Born in Warsaw, he lived for a long time in Kyiv, where he graduated from the university. In his youth, he published two cycles of poems written in Russian - “Songs of Vasilisa the Wise” and “Moon Hangover” - in the magazines “ The Golden Fleece”, 1906, No. 11-12, and “Scales”, 1907, No. 10. These poems, against the backdrop of late Russian symbolism, would have gone unnoticed, but their individual motives foreshadow, as is now clear, the unique world of Polish poetry by B. Lesmyan.
For Russian translations of his Polish poems, see: “Lyrics”, M., 1971.
LEHON YAN (1899-1956). Poet, one of the founders of the Scamander group. A soulful and subtle lyricist, he edited a satirical magazine at the same time and wrote feuilletons. From 1931 he was in the diplomatic service, during the war he moved to Brazil, then settled in New York, where he committed suicide in 1956.
LIBERT HEDGEHOG (1904-1931). Poet. He lived in constant need and died early from tuberculosis. In the last years of his life, his religious lyrics gained recognition in some circles of the Catholic intelligentsia. After his death he became more interested wide circle readers.
Lushchevskaya YADVIGA (1834-1908). Poetess. She was known in the circles of the Warsaw intelligentsia for her improvisations, performing them in her mother’s salon, then in her own. She took the pseudonym of Deotima, an inspired prophetess from Plato’s dialogue “The Symposium”.
LUBOMIRSKY STANISLAV HERAKLIUSZ (1642-1702). Writer, politician. From 1676 until his death he was crown marshal. Political prose and moralism earned him the fame of the “Polish Solomon” among his contemporaries, which remained to a certain extent in the 18th-19th centuries. In our time, the poetry of S. G. Lyubomirsky, especially his lyrics, has aroused greater interest.
The book “Conversations of Artaxes and Evander” (1683), which Parandovsky quotes, is built in the usual way for the 16th-17th centuries. form of dialogues (cf. “The Polish Nobleman” by L. Gurnitsky), but its author already anticipates the genre of philosophical story characteristic of European literatures next century (Voltaire, and in Poland - I. Krasicki).
MITSKEVICH ADAM (1798-1855). See “Collected. soch.”, vol. 1-5, M., 1948-1954; “Poems. Poems”, M., 1968. About him: A. L. Pogodin “Adam Mitskevich. His life and work,” vol. I-II, M., 1912; M. Zhivov “Adam Mickiewicz. Life and creativity", M., 1956; M. Yastrun “Mitskevich” (translated from Polish), M., ZhZL, 1963, etc.
Russian translations of Mickiewicz’s early poems “City Winter” (1818), “Ode to Youth” (1820), “Song of the Filarets” (1820) mentioned by Parandovsky - see in the decree. collection cit., vol. I.
Secret society Philomatov (friends of science) arose at the University of Vilna with the participation of Mickiewicz in 1817; “Song of the Filarets” testifies to his closeness to the Society of Filarets (friends of virtue), formed in 1820. Both of these societies of Polish youth were opened by the tsarist government in 1823. In October 1823, Mickiewicz was imprisoned in one of the cells of the Basilian monastery in Vilna , turned into a prison for arrested members of societies. Here the poet spent six months under investigation, after which he was exiled to the inner provinces of Russia. In Part III of the dramatic poem “Dziady” (1832), it is in this cell-cell that the action of the prologue and scenes of the first act take place, including the scene where the hero of the poem, the poet-prisoner Conrad, pronounces the famous “Improvisation”.
Marylya was the name of Marianna Eva Vereshchak's family and friends. Her image runs through all of Mickiewicz’s poetry: from fragments of the first part of “Dziady” (1820), where she is depicted reading the then fashionable sentimental novel Barbara Krüdener's "Valeria", before the poem "Pan Tadeusz" (1832-1834), in the first book of which the description of Tadeusz's acquaintance with Zosia is autobiographical.
Podkomory is one of the characters in the poem “Pan Tadeusz”. Great place occupies in the poem the Bernardine monk - priest Robak.
MALCHEVSKY ANTONY (1793-1826). The poet, his poem “Mary” (1825) influenced all Polish romantics and laid, in particular, the beginning of the cult of Ukraine in Polish romantic poetry.
Further fate J. Slovatsky (see) tried to describe the hero of the poem “Mary” in the poem “Vaclav” (1839).
MNISHEK GELENA - Ravich-Radomyska (1870-1943). Author of stories from the life of the “higher spheres”. The public read her books avidly; one of her stories went through 20 editions.
MORAVIAN FRANCISHEK (1783-1861). Poet, translator. “Only the hops of the Lithuanian shores...” - lines from the introduction to “Conrad Wallenrod”, translated by A. S. Pushkin. While criticizing A. Mickiewicz's poem, F. Morawski treated the young A. Mickiewicz and his friends with obvious sympathy.
MORSZTYN JAN ANDRZEJ (c. 1620-1693). Poet, translator. A major nobleman, he did not publish his poems during his lifetime; they became known only in mid-19th V. and have since been very popular in Poland. The lines about coffee are taken from a poem dedicated to his brother Stanislav Morshtyn, also a poet. The main place in the poem is occupied by a cheerful listing of different types of wines (French, Italian, Spanish and others) drunk by the young Morsztyns during their travels across Europe.
At all times and on all continents the book - best gift. That is why we want to introduce our readers to five popular Polish writers whose books have been translated into different languages and popular all over the world.
Witold Gombrowicz
Famous Polish writer, native of the village of Maloszyce. Born on August 4, 1904 into a fairly wealthy family. He graduated from the University of Warsaw and also received a master's degree in philosophy and economics in Paris.
Witold has always been distinguished by his strange and unpredictable behavior. In his works, he often ridiculed the stereotypes and ideology of the Polish state of those years. During his life, Witold traveled a lot, worked in Buenos Aires, later returned to Paris and began publishing short essays on Polish language, which were later published in the form of a three-volume Diary. And the famous work “Trans-Atlantic”, where the author half described his own life and experiences, caused a resonance in Paris and was approved by critics.
The stories of Witold Gombrowicz have become extremely popular in Russia. "Pornography" And "Diary". And the play " Yvonne Princess of Burgundy" was staged in many theaters in European countries.
Ryszard Kapuscinski
Polish writer Belarusian origin. Born on March 4, 1932 in Pinsk. He graduated from the University of Warsaw and then worked for the newspaper “Sztandar Młodych” (Banner of Youth), but due to a rather compromising report and inappropriate for the then authorities, he was fired. A few years later, Ryszard got a job at the Polish Press Agency, traveled a lot, collected interesting reports, and also collaborated with the Parisian magazine “Culture”.
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Perhaps the most famous writer Poland, whose name is known to many residents of Eastern European countries.
Born on May 5, 1846 in Wola Okrzejska, at a time when this part of Poland belonged to the Russian Empire. The boy grew up in a family of impoverished gentry, his father came from the Tatars, his mother was from the Belarusian gentry.
After graduating from the Warsaw Gymnasium, Henryk entered the Faculty of History, Philology and Medicine at the University of Warsaw. While still a student, Henrik is gaining popularity in journalistic circles. His essays are published in the magazine “Weekly Review”, “Gazeta Polskaya”, as well as in the weekly “Niva”.
There were different directions in the work of Henryk Sienkiewicz. He loved to describe the life of ordinary peasants, difficult times for the Polish gentry, and also learned the basics of psychology and self-analysis.
His famous works are considered Polish classics. And in neighboring countries they are even included in school curriculum and analyzed by young readers: With fire and sword, Flood, Pan Volodyevsky, Crusaders, Whirlpools, Old servant, Letters from travels, Bright music, From the diary of a Poznan teacher, For bread, etc.
Stanislav Lem
Polish philosopher, and part-time writer, satirist, critic and science fiction writer.
Born on September 12, 1921 in Lvov, in the family of an otolaryngologist. He graduated from one of the Lviv gymnasiums, and later studied medicine at Lviv University.
Despite the fact that Lem's family had Jewish roots, they still managed to avoid exile in the ghetto. After World War II, Stanislav went to one of the oldest higher educational institutions Krakow, where he continued to study medicine and prepared to become a military doctor. However, he never received his degree, because... at the very last moment refused to take the final exams and became a military doctor.
Already in 1946, the works of Stanislaw Lem began to be published. And fame comes to the author after the release of the novel “Astronauts,” which caused a resonance and brought success to the aspiring writer.
It is worth noting that Stanislaw Lem’s books have been translated into the languages of 41 countries.
The most famous works of Stanislav: Man from Mars, Hospital of Transfiguration, Dialogues, Eden, Solaris, Fairy Tales of Robots, Invincible, Imaginary Magnitude, Peace on Earth and others.
Janusz Leon Wisniewski
Famous modern Polish writer. Born on August 18, 1954 in an ordinary family, his father is a driver, and his mother worked all her life in her own store.
Graduated maritime school in Kołobrzeg, where he received a diploma as a seafarer. After which he entered the University of Torun, where he studied physics. Janusz currently lives in Frankfurt am Main, where he writes his famous novels.
Success came to the writer in 2001 after the release of the novel "Loneliness on the Internet" which was immediately approved by the public, the books were translated into many languages of the world and even a film was made. Storybook "Mistress" also liked it modern readers and was a great success. “Martina”, “Repetition of Fate”, “Why Men Are Necessary”, “Bed”, “Scenes from Married Life”, “Grand”- all these works gain popularity and are published in different corners peace.
As we see, every country has its own outstanding people, which is admired by the whole world. That is why, if you have a free minute, be sure to read one of the novels of famous Polish writers.
Polish literature originated back in the distant 12th century. from chronicles and annals and has been constantly evolving since then. For today literary heritage Poland is huge, and Polish writers and poets are known throughout the world. We have prepared 10 popular books Polish authors of different genres and eras that are worth reading.
1. “With Fire and Sword” Henryk Sienkiewicz
("Ogniem i mieczem" Henryk Sienkiewicz)
“The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was devastated, and Ukraine was devastated. Wolves howled on the ruins of cities; a recently flourishing land turned into a gigantic tomb.”
"With Fire and Sword" is the first part historical trilogy, which also includes the books “The Flood” and “Pan Volodyovsky”. The novel was written in 1884-1888. The book describes the events of the Ukrainian-Polish war of 1648 - 1657 under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. However, the main storyline is the love story of Jan Skshetuski and Elena Kurtsevich.
The famous Polish director Jerzy Goffman made a film of the same name based on the novel. main role in which Ukrainian actor Bogdan Stupka played.
2. "Dziady" Adam Mickiewicz
("Dziady" Adam Mickiewicz)
"Dziady" is a poem by one of Poland's greatest poets, Adam Mickiewicz, written around 1822-1823. As the author himself writes, dzyady is an ancient folk ritual during which the dead are remembered. It is based on the pagan cult of ancestors (grandfathers), which the church tried in vain to eradicate. People began to hold dzyads secretly, at night in cemeteries and abandoned houses. They called upon restless souls with the hope of helping them find eternal peace.
3. “Loneliness on the Internet” Janusz Wisniewski
("S@motność w sieci" Janusz Leon Wiśniewski)
"Of all that is eternal, love has the shortest life"
"Loneliness on the Internet" is the first novel by today's popular Polish writer Janusz Wisniewski, published in 2001. The events of the novel take place in the mid-90s. The main characters of the book meet on the Internet. They communicate, fall in love, live part of their lives through online correspondence, and only then meet in Paris, where they face various challenges.
4. "Solaris" Stanislav Lem
("Solaris" Stanislaw Lem)
This is a fantasy novel by the famous Polish science fiction writer Stanislaw Lem, which was first published in 1961. Solaris is an exoplanet (that is, a planet that drifts in outer space). The novel takes place in the distant future. Dr. Chris Kelvin arrives on this planet, concerned psychological state members of the expedition at the research station on Solaris. Stanislaw Lem's novel shook up the world of science fiction and made a significant impact on the development of it. literary genre. The book has been translated into more than thirty languages. Three films were made based on it.
5. “The Barbarian in the Garden” Zbigniew Herbert
("Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie" Zbigniew Herbert)
Zbigniew Herbert is a famous Polish poet and playwright, born in 1924 in Lviv and lived here until 1944, from where he left for Krakow. Winner of many literary awards, holder of the Order of the White Eagle - the highest award in Poland.
The collection of poems "The Barbarian in the Garden" was written in 1958-1960 and dedicated to European culture. Here you will find a description of the masterpieces of Paleolithic mural painting in the Lascaux cave, visit the Roman ancient monuments architecture and Gothic temples, see the fall of the Templars and get to know creativity Italian artist Piero della Francesca.
6. "Emperor" Ryszard Kapuscinski
("Cesarz" Ryszard Kapuściński)
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World bestseller. Ryszard Kapuscinski's book "The Emperor" is a story-report written based on real events. The work describes the life of the last emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Sellasie I, who reigned from 1930-1975 and was killed by revolutionaries. The author, without any embellishment, exposes the intrigues in the imperial court, the struggle for power, meanness, fear, greed - what remained behind the scenes of Haile's reign.
7. "Lviv Mathematical School" Mariusz Urbanek
("Lwowska szkoła matematyczna" Mariusz Urbanek)
Stefan Banach, Vladislav Orlich, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanislav Ulyam, Mark Katz, Hermann Auerbach and many other scientists created the so-called school of mathematics in Lviv during the interwar years. This was a group of mathematicians who met together in the "Scottish Cafe" in Lvov during 1918 - 1941, where they discussed various mathematical problems and made many discoveries. These were outstanding scientists whose fates developed differently during the war years. Their scientific activity, great discoveries and stormy personal life, which in most cases ended with Nazi bullets, is described in his novel by Mariusz Urbanek.
8. "Cinnamon Stores" by Bruno Schultz
("Sklepy cynamonowe" Bruno Schulz)
Bruno Schulz - Polish writer and artist of Ukrainian-Jewish origin, born and lived in Drohobych (1892 - 1942), died in the Gestapo. One of his most famous works is the collection of short stories "Cinnamon Shops", published in 1933 in Warsaw. The stories describe events from the life of a simple merchant family living in a small Galician town, in which you can easily recognize hometown author - Drohobych. The story is told on behalf of a young guy and the reader has the opportunity to look at the world through his eyes.
9. “Galicians” Stanislav Alexander Novak
("Galicyanie" Stanislaw Aleksander Nowak)
"The Galicians" is another Polish novel with a historical theme. It covers events from 1812 to 1915, which mainly take place in the Galician village of Zaborow near Rzeszow. Actually, the villagers are the main characters of the novel, whose fates are determined by the tragic pages of history, because the 19th and early 20th centuries are replete with wars and uprisings. At different times, Austrian, Russian, French and Polish troops passed through the village.
"Galicians" is an extraordinary story in which joy is combined with sadness, and life is constantly struggling with death. Colorful characters, descriptions of historical realities, and, above all, living language, with its inherent dialectisms, allow you to feel the atmosphere of Galicia in the 19th century.
10. “Mother Leaves” Tadeusz Ruzewicz
("Matka odchodzi" Tadeusz Różewicz)
Tadeusz Ruzewicz is one of the most famous contemporary Polish writers in the world, winner of numerous awards, honorary doctor of many Polish universities. One of his many works is the poetry collection “Mother Leaves,” published in 1999, for which the author received a Nike award (prestigious Polish literary prize, which is awarded for the most significant Polish book of the year) in 2000.
This is a kind of memory book that reflects the spiritual relationship between son and mother.
The literary connection between Russia and Poland should begin, perhaps, with Adam Mickiewicz. But in Russia he is traditionally known not so much for his poems and poems, but for the fact that he was friends with Pushkin. What can we say about two other great representatives of Polish romanticism - Juliusz Słowacki and Sigismund Krasinski, whom we practically do not know.
But in the second half of the 19th century, Russians read the novels of one of the first Nobel laureates, Henryk Sienkiewicz, as well as Boleslaw Prus and Eliza Orzeszko. On turn of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, the historical chronicles of Kazimir Waliszewski were very popular.
Without much success they tried to understand the epics of another Nobel laureate, Vladislav Reymont. But by that time, the minds of Russian-speaking, or rather Soviet, people were firmly dominated by a completely different Pole - Stanislav Lem.
In 1980, the wonderful Polish poet and essayist Czeslaw Milosz became a Nobel laureate, which pleased the small number of his fans in the USSR. But Ioanna Khmelevskaya enjoyed real success with Soviet readers at that time.
Who else? Brilliant satirist Stanislav Jerzy Lec. The tragic Janusz Korczak. Science fiction by Jerzy Zulawski. Poet Julian Tuwim. Prose writer Yaroslav Ivashkevich. Historical novelist Jan Parandovsky...
In general, in the Soviet years, when from foreign authors preference was given to writers from fraternal countries, Poland occupied, perhaps, the first place in this series. In the 70s, the “Library of Polish Literature” series was published: “Polish poets”, “Polish short stories”, “Modern Polish stories”, monographic collections...
In the 90s, when the previously existing prohibitions collapsed, publications by Polish masters, impossible in previous times, happened - Witold Gombrowicz, Stanislaw Witkiewicz, Marek Hlasko, Slawomir Mrozhek. IL continued to regularly publish works by Polish authors. Sometimes some publishing houses turned their favorable attention to the literature of modern Poland. In the 2000s, “Foreign Woman” released “Songs of Drinkers” by Jerzy Pilch, the first novel of young Dorota Maslowska “The Polish-Russian War under the White-Red Flag”, “ABC” - “Apocrypha of Aglaia” by Jerzy Sosnowski, and most recently “Text” published prose of the Polish classic Tadeusz Ruzewicz, whom we previously knew mainly as a poet and playwright.
Meetings of Russian readers with Polish writers
It is difficult to imagine a real writer who would be completely detached from outside world and is closed from its reader. Only a constant dialogue with the “listener” of the author’s thoughts will help to establish a close connection and mutual understanding between the writer and the reader. Polish writers are perhaps no exception here. The 21st century has opened the window into the mysterious world of Polish literature even wider. Polish seasons in Russia, book fairs, meetings - all this brings us closer to the culture of the “Slavic brother”, arouses interest and contributes to the formation of closer literary and cultural ties.
Since 1988, the Polish Cultural Center has been operating in Moscow, which conducts wide, varied and multifaceted activities with the aim of popularizing Polish science and culture. The PCC organizes: presentations of the best Polish films, concerts, art exhibitions, meetings with leading Polish scientists, journalists, writers and cultural figures. To date, thanks to this center, such famous personalities of Polish culture as A. Dravich, T. Ruzewicz, K. Penderecki, H. Czerny-Stefanska, M. Foltyn, A. Wajda, K. Zanussi, K. Kutz have visited our country and others.
The year 2005 in Moscow passed under the sign of Poland. “Polish season in Moscow” - a series of major art exhibitions and vernissages that took place here from spring to autumn. In contrast to the development of political relations, the development of cultural relations between Poland and Russia is more progressive, because the result of the latter is something indestructible - books. Poland and its associated associations are beginning to be perceived by Russians in a new context, becoming part of our cultural reality. If only five years ago there was not a single book publication in our country by contemporary Polish authors - neither the young nor the middle generation - now publishers are willing to print the latest Polish literature. A modern Polish writer can now not only be read, but also seen. This opportunity is provided primarily by book fairs.
Among the writers brought to the Non-fiction fair were two prominent representatives of the younger generation of Polish literature. This is Slawomir Schuty, who realizes himself in various fields of activity (literature, photography, music, cinema, art projects). And the second hero is Michal Witkowski (“Lubevo”). From the generation of forty-year-olds, the guest of September 2006 was Jerzy Sosnowski, the author of action-packed bestsellers and books in other genres, as well as a famous literary critic in the past. In December, Olga Tokarczuk, winner of various awards and the most frequent Polish guest at foreign fairs, visited us. In conclusion of the review of the “Polish” year in Moscow, it remains to talk about one more guest, Cezary Wodzinski. Among all the authors still brought to Moscow by the Institute of Books, he was the only one who represented modern Polish philosophical thought.
But this is not the first step towards Poland. Book seasons have taken place before. In 2001, Tadeusz Ruzewicz, a classic and legend of Polish poetry, came to Russia. The noisy discovery of one of the seasons was the book of Dorota Maslowska, whose novel about the life of young people “The Polish-Russian War under the White-Red Flag” became a sensation. Another notable event, which also deserves special mention, was the awarding of the most prestigious Polish literary national prize, “Nike 2004,” to the young writer Wojciech Kuczok. It's nice that both of these authors came to the Moscow Fair.
In 2002, Joanna Khmelevskaya came. She is, perhaps, the only example, apart from Stanislaw Lem, of the unprecedented popularity of a modern Polish Author among Russian readers; we have even more fans of Khmelevskaya’s talent than in the writer’s homeland. Together with Chmielewska, Magdalena Tully, Dorota Terakovska, Katarzyna Grochola, and Krystyna Janda visited us.
In 2003, Janusz Glowacki, Manuela Gretkowska and Tadeusz Konwicki visited Moscow. Glowacki is a writer, playwright, one of the few Polish authors who managed to conquer not only Poland, but also the West. Gretkowska is a representative of the feminist wave in Polish literature, the author of plot and essayistic prose, Konwicki is a significant Polish writer of the second half of the twentieth century, the author of socially oriented psychological novels.
In 2004, five writers visited Moscow at once. These are Stefan Hwin, Pawel Hülle, Antoni Libera, Zbigniew Kruszynski and Adam Wiedemann. Khvin is a supporter of benign classical genres and classical philosophical issues, Hülle is a subtle stylist who plays with literary traditions, Libera is the creator of an adventurous educational novel based on historical and cultural material, Krushinsky is a moral writer demonstrating the social picture modern society, and finally Wiedemann is a deeply antisocial philosopher who slightly makes fun of his subjects - a “banalist”.
It is quite obvious that both Russian criticism and the ordinary Russian reader are becoming increasingly interested in Poland. This is noticeable in the lively reaction of the audience and the actively selling books. All this makes it possible to assume that the coming years will present even more Polish books, and meetings with Polish writers will continue, and, perhaps, some new forms of Russian-Polish literary and cultural dialogue will emerge.
Polish writers may not be so well known to Russian readers. However, the classical layer of literature of this country is very original and especially dramatic. Perhaps this is due to tragic fate Polish people, many centuries of conquest and division of lands, with the Nazi invasion, the destruction of the country and its difficult restoration from the ruins.
However, Polish writers are also known to us on the other hand, as the brightest representatives of such popular genres as science fiction and ironic detective. Let's talk about the most notable Polish writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, whose fame went beyond the borders of their native country.
Sienkiewicz Henryk
At the end of the 19th century, Sienkiewicz became the most famous Polish writer. Books by Polish writers are not often awarded major world prizes, but in 1905 Sienkiewicz received one for his entire literary work.
One of his most famous works is the historical saga “With Fire and Sword,” which tells about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1894, he wrote his next landmark work, Quo Vadis, in the Russian translation “Kamo Gryadeshi”. This novel about the Roman Empire secures Sienkiewicz's fame as a master of the historical genre in literature. To this day, this novel remains very popular and is translated into various languages. His next work was the novel “Crusaders” about the attacks of the Teutonic Order on Poland.
With the outbreak of World War I, Sienkiewicz went to Switzerland, where he died in 1916 and was buried there. Later his remains were reburied in Warsaw.
Lem Stanislav
The Polish futurist writer is familiar to the whole world. His pen includes such famous works, like “Solaris”, “Eden”, “Voice of the Lord” and others.
He was born in 1921 in the city of Lviv, which was then Polish. During the German occupation, he miraculously escaped the ghetto thanks to forged documents. After the end of World War II, he moved to Krakow under the repatriation program, where he studied to become a doctor. In 46, Lem published his first story, and already in 51 his debut novel “Astronauts” was published, which instantly made him famous.
All the writer’s work can be divided into several groups. One is serious works in the spirit science fiction. The other was written by him as a satirical writer. These are grotesque works such as “Cyberiad” and “Peace on Earth”.
Gombrowicz Witold
This is a Polish playwright from the 50s-60s of the 20th century. His first major novel, “Ferdydurka,” created a great resonance. He shared forever literary world Poland on fans and critics of his work, among whom were other Polish writers.
A month before the start of World War II, Gombrowicz sails on a boat to Argentina, where he experiences the terrible years of the war in exile. After the end of hostilities, the writer realizes that his work has been forgotten at home, but it is not easy to gain fame abroad either. Only in the mid-50s did his old works begin to be reprinted in Poland.
In the 60s, popularity returned to him, largely thanks to the new novels “Cosmos” and “Pornography”, which were published in France. In the history of world literature, Witold Gombrowicz remained a master of words and a philosopher, who more than once entered into an argument with history.
Vishnevsky Janusz
Few contemporary Polish writers are as famous in the world as Janusz Wisniewski. Despite the fact that he now lives in Frankfurt am Main, his works are always colored by the unique charm of Polish prose, its drama and lyricism.
Vishnevsky’s debut novel “Loneliness on the Internet” about virtual love literally blew up the world. For three years the book was a bestseller, it was filmed and translated into many languages.
Khmelevskaya Ioanna
The works of Mrs. Khmelevskaya are not considered high true literature, and it’s not surprising, because her genre is - However, one cannot deny her fame. Khmelevskaya’s books became so popular not only because of the intrigue and clever twists detective stories, but also the charm of its heroes. main character many books were copied from the author - brave, ironic, smart, gambling, Mrs. Joanna did not leave anyone indifferent. Khmelevskaya copied the rest from her friends, relatives and colleagues. By the will of her imagination, many became victims or criminals and, as they later noted with a laugh, could not get rid of the imposed image.
Her own life gave her many subjects - love stories, dizzying meetings, travel and much less pleasant events of the Second World War, the occupation of Warsaw, the difficult economic fate of the country. All this brought into her books that living language and sharp humor that spread far beyond the borders of her native country.