Printed graphics and drawing. Types of graphics by purpose

Types of graphics are classified according to the method of creating the image, its purpose, and as a manifestation of mass culture.

According to the method of creating the image, the graphics can be printed(circulation) and unique.

Printed graphics and their types

Printed graphics are created using copyrighted printed forms. Printed graphics make it possible to distribute graphic works in numerous equivalent copies.
Previously, printed graphics (prints) were used for repeated reproduction (illustrations, reproductions of paintings, posters, etc.), because in fact, it was the only way to mass-produce images.
Currently, duplicating technology has developed, so printed graphics have become an independent art form.

Types of printed graphics

Print

A print (French Estampe) is an impression on paper from a printing plate (matrix). Original prints are considered to be those made by the artist himself or with his participation.
The print has been known in Europe since the 15th century. At first, printmaking was not an independent branch of fine art, but only a technical method of reproducing images.

Types of printmaking

Types of printmaking differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main printmaking techniques.

Letterpress: wood engraving; linocut; engraving on cardboard.

Woodcut

Woodcut is an engraving on wood or a print on paper made from such an engraving. Woodcut is the oldest wood engraving technique. It originated and became widespread in the countries of the Far East (VI-VIII centuries). The first examples of Western European engraving made using this technique appeared at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries.
The masters of woodblock printing were Hokusai, A. Dürer, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, V. Favorsky, G. Epifanov, Y. Gnezdovsky, V. Mate and many others. other.

Ya. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card

Linocut

Linocut is a method of engraving on linoleum. This method arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. with the invention of linoleum. Linoleum is a good material for large prints. For engraving, linoleum with a thickness of 2.5 to 5 mm is used. The tools for linocut are the same as for longitudinal engraving: corner and longitudinal chisels, as well as a knife for precise cutting of small parts. In Russia, the first to use this technique was Vasily Mate’s student N. Sheverdyaev. Subsequently, this technique was used for the production of easel engravings and especially in book illustration by Elizaveta Kruglikova, Boris Kustodiev, Vadim Falileev, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexander Deineka, Konstantin Kostenko, Lidiya Ilyina and others.

B. Kustodiev “Portrait of a Lady.” Linocut
Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, France Maserel, German Expressionists, and American artists worked abroad using the linocut technique.
Among contemporary artists, linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, and Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocuts are used.

R. Guseva. Colored linocut. Still life "Fried egg"

Engraving on cardboard

A type of print. A technologically simple type of engraving, it is used even in fine arts lessons.
But in the twentieth century. Some significant graphic artists have used cardboard engraving in their professional practice. A relief print for printing is made using an applique made up of individual cardboard elements. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 mm.

Engraving on cardboard

Intaglio printing: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, dry point; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).

Etching

Etching is a type of engraving on metal, a technique that makes it possible to obtain impressions from printing plates (“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids. The etching has been known since the beginning of the 16th century. Albrecht Durer, Jacques Callot, Rembrandt and many other artists worked in the etching technique.

Rembrandt "The Preaching of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, burin

Mezzotint

Mezzotint (“black manner”) is a type of engraving on metal. The main difference from other etching styles is not the creation of a system of indentations (strokes and dots), but the smoothing of light areas on a grained board. Mezzotint effects cannot be achieved by other means. The image here is created by different gradations of light areas on a black background.

Mezzotint technique

Flat printing: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

Lithography is a printing method in which ink is transferred under pressure from a flat printing plate to paper. Lithography is based on a physical and chemical principle, which involves obtaining an impression from a completely smooth surface (stone), which, thanks to appropriate processing, acquires the ability to accept special lithographic paint in its individual areas.

University embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Müller based on a drawing by I. Charlemagne

Monotypy

The term comes from mono... and Greek. τυπος – imprint. This is a type of printed graphics that involves applying paint by hand onto a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate and then printing it on a machine; The print obtained on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop imagination in children of senior preschool age.

Monotype
Anyone can master the monotype technique. You need to randomly apply paints (watercolors, gouache) onto a smooth surface, then press this side to the paper. When the sheet is torn off, the colors are mixed, which subsequently form a beautiful harmonious picture. Then your imagination begins to work, and based on this picture you create your masterpiece.
The colors for the next composition are chosen intuitively. It depends on the state you are in. You can create a monotype with certain colors.
Screen printing: silk-screen printing techniques; cut out stencil.

Silkscreen printing

A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color), using a screen printing plate through which ink penetrates onto the printed material.

I. Sh. Elgurt “Vezhraksala” (1967). Silkscreen printing

Unique graphics

Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, appliqué, etc.).

Types of graphics by purpose

Easel graphics

Drawing- the basis of all types of fine art. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.

Drawing can be performed as an independent work of graphics or serves as the initial stage for creating pictorial, graphic, sculptural or architectural designs.
Drawings in most cases are created on paper. Easel drawing uses the entire range of graphic materials: a variety of crayons, paints applied with a brush and pen (ink, ink), pencils, graphite pencil and charcoal.

Book graphics

This includes book illustrations, vignettes, headbands, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. Book graphics can also include magazine and newspaper graphics.
Illustration– a drawing, photograph, engraving or other image that explains the text. Illustrations for texts have been used since ancient times.
Old Russian handwritten books used hand-drawn miniatures. With the advent of printing, hand-drawn illustrations were replaced by engraving.
Some famous artists, in addition to their main occupation, also turned to illustration (S. V. Ivanov, A. M. Vasnetsov, V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, A. N. Benois, D. N. Kardovsky , E. E. Lansere, V. A. Serov, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, V. Ya. Chambers.
For others, illustration was the basis of their creativity (Evgeny Kibrik, Lydia Ilyina, Vladimir Suteev, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov, Viktor Chizhikov, Vladimir Konashevich, Boris Diodorov, Evgeny Rachev, etc.).

(French vignette) – decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or end of the text.
Typically, the subjects for vignettes are plant motifs, abstract images, or images of people and animals. The purpose of the vignette is to give the book an artistic appearance, i.e. This is a book design.

Vignettes
In Russia, decorating text with vignettes was in great fashion during the Art Nouveau era (vignettes by Konstantin Somov, Alexandre Benois, and Evgeniy Lanceray are known).

Dust jacket

Applied graphics

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster– the main type of applied graphics. In modern forms, the poster emerged in the 19th century. as trade and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to carry out the tasks of political propaganda (posters by V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Moor, A.A. Deineka, etc.).

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

In computer graphics, computers are used as a tool for creating images and for processing visual information obtained from the real world.
Computer graphics are divided into scientific, business, design, illustrative, artistic, advertising, computer animation, and multimedia.

Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song". Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

A type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Originally a type of folk art. It was made using the techniques of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was supplemented with hand coloring.
Popular prints are characterized by simplicity of technique and laconism of graphic means (rough strokes, bright colors). Often the popular print contains a detailed narrative with explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.

Splint

Letter graphics

Letter graphics form a special, independent area of graphics.

Calligraphy(Greek kalligraphia - beautiful writing) - the art of writing. Calligraphy brings writing closer to art. The peoples of the East, especially the Arabs, are considered unsurpassed masters in the art of calligraphy. The Koran forbade artists to depict living beings, so artists improved in ornaments and calligraphy. For the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the hieroglyph was not only a written sign, but also a work of art. A poorly written text could not be considered perfect in content.

The art of sumi-e(sumi-e) is a Japanese adaptation of the Chinese ink painting technique. This technique is as expressive as possible due to its brevity. Each brush stroke is expressive and significant. Sumi-e clearly demonstrates the combination of simple and elegant. The artist does not paint a specific object, he depicts an image, the essence of this object. Works using the sumi-e technique are devoid of excessive detail and provide the viewer with room for imagination.

Types of printed graphics

Print

Types of printmaking

Letterpress

Woodcut

Linocut

Engraving on cardboard

Engraving on cardboard

Intaglio printing

Etching

Mezzotint

Mezzotint technique

Flat printing: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

Monotypy

Monotype

Screen printing:

Silkscreen printing

Unique graphics

Easel graphics

Drawing

Book graphics

Illustration

Vignette

Vignettes

Dust jacket

Applied graphics

Poster

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

Letter graphics

Calligraphy

The art of sumi-e

Graphics as an art form originated in the times of rock painting, although the word itself has Greek roots and means “writing”, “drawing”. Nowadays, it is an independent and multifaceted species, which has its own genres and canons. Types of graphic art According to their purpose, graphic works are divided into the following types: Easel graphics. As an art form it is close to painting, as it conveys the vision and emotional world of the artist. Moreover, the master achieves this not through the diversity of the palette of colors and various techniques for applying them to the canvas, but with the help of lines, strokes, spots and the tone of the paper. Applied graphics as a form of fine art. Examples of it surround us everywhere; it has a specific purpose. For example, illustrations of books help the reader to more easily perceive its content; posters and posters convey knowledge or advertising information. This also includes product labels, the design of envelopes, stamps, caricatures and many others. Any type of fine art (graphics, pictures are no exception) begins with a sketch of the drawing. All artists use it as the first step before painting the main canvas. It is in it that a projection of the position of the painting object in space is created, which is subsequently transferred to the canvas. Graphic drawing Graphics as a form of fine art, types of graphics of any direction begin with a drawing, just like canvases in painting. For graphic drawings, paper is used, most often white, although variations are possible. Its main distinguishing feature is the contrast of two or more colors - black, white, gray. Other types of contrasts are possible, but even if the master uses a black pencil on white paper, the shades of the strokes are rich in variety, from soft black to deep black. Drawings in black and white with the addition of one contrasting color are emotionally strong. This attracts the eye, and the viewer's gaze is focused on the bright spot. Such graphics as a form of fine art (the photo shows this very clearly) become an associative work when a bright accent evokes personal memories in the viewer. Tools for creating a graphic drawing The simplest and most accessible means are graphite pencils and a regular ballpoint pen. Masters also like to use ink, charcoal, pastel, watercolor and sanguine. Graphite pencil is the most popular tool. This is a wooden or metal body into which either a grayish-black graphite rod is inserted, or a colored rod in which dyes are added. Pastel pencils do not have a body, but their colors can be mixed to create new shades. The ink has a rich black color, easily applies to paper, and is used for calligraphy, sketching and painting. It can be applied with a pen or brush. To obtain different shades of black, mascara is diluted with water. Graphics as an art form has not bypassed such a tool as coal. Charcoal was used for drawing in ancient times, and in the 19th century, artistic charcoal was created from compressed charcoal powder and adhesive materials. Modern graphic artists also use felt-tip pens with different thicknesses of the rod. Printed Graphics This category of fine art includes: Woodcut is a woodcut from which an image is printed using ink applied to it. It originated in China back in the 6th century AD, appeared in the East in the 9th century, and in Europe in the 15th century. Metal engraving, for which plates made of brass, copper or lead were used, was divided into in-depth, relief and incisive. Depending on the method, the design was applied to metal, covered with paint and then transferred to paper. Linocut appeared in the 20th century along with materials such as linoleum, plexiglass and plastic. It is distinguished by the simplicity and speed of creating artistic templates. This technique is characterized by pronounced black and white contrasts and any size. Many famous masters worked in this type of graphics. For example, Picasso, Matisse, Ivan Pavlov. These are not all types used in printing. Book graphics This type of fine art includes the following: Book miniatures. An ancient method of designing manuscripts, which was used back in Ancient Egypt. In the Middle Ages, the main theme of miniature paintings was religious motifs, and only from the 15th century did secular subjects begin to appear. The main materials used by miniature masters were gouache and watercolor. The cover design conveys the emotional message of the book, its main theme. Here the font, the size of the letters, and the design corresponding to its name should be harmonious. The cover introduces the reader not only to the author of the work, his work, but also to the publishing house and the designer himself. Illustrations are used as an addition to the book, helping to create visual pictures for the reader to more accurately perceive the text. This graphics as an art form originated during the time of printing, when hand-made miniatures were replaced by engravings. A person encounters illustrations in very early childhood, when he still does not know how to read, but learns fairy tales and their characters through pictures. Book graphics as a form of fine art in preschool educational institutions is learned through illustrated books that carry information in pictures for the youngest children, and through text with explanatory images for older children. Poster as a form of art Another representative of graphic painting is the poster. Its main function is to convey information using a short phrase with an image that reinforces it. By area of application, posters are: Political, the purpose of which is a call to action. The topics of political campaigning are diverse - from protection (peace, animals, democracy, ecology) to exposure. Social posters encourage people to change something or join those who are doing it. Advertising poster graphics carry information about the product, events and their participants. As an example, these are film and theater posters, advertising stands. Their main task is to attract the viewer’s interest and desire to purchase what they inform about. They are distinguished by bright colors and sonorous slogans that are easy to remember. Educational posters provide educational information that should help reinforce students' knowledge. This category also includes pictures with safety rules, prevention and treatment of diseases, and many other types of warnings. Poster is one of the most common types of graphics. Applied graphics Another type of graphic art is the design of labels, envelopes, stamps and covers for videos and music discs. A label is a type of industrial graphics, the main purpose of which is to provide the maximum amount of information about the product with a minimum image size. When creating a label, the color scheme is taken into account, which should evoke sympathy and trust in the product in the viewer. Disc covers carry maximum information about a film or musical group, conveying it through a drawing. The graphic design of stamps and envelopes has a long history. The subjects for them most often are events taking place in different countries, the surrounding world and major holidays. Stamps can be issued both individual copies and entire series, united by a single theme. Stamps are perhaps the most common form of graphic art that have become collectibles. Modern graphics With the advent of computer technology, a new type of graphic art began to develop - computer graphics. It is used to create and correct graphic images on a computer. Along with its emergence, new professions appeared, for example, computer graphics designer.

Stages of working on a monotype

1. Take glass (or any smooth, flat surface: plastic, oilcloth) and apply lightly, but quite wet paints on it: watercolor or gouache (colors are arbitrary).

2. Then place the paper of the size you need on top. Press the paper lightly and remove it little by little in any direction. Or you can slightly pull the sheet from one side to the other.

3. When you look at the paper, there should be ink imprinted there. Having examined this print, you may see some kind of drawing. If you come up with an image of something or just a successful composition, then you can say that the result is a monotype.

4. Carefully examine the dried print and trace everything you see: (creatures, plants, architecture, etc.) with a pencil or pen, felt-tip pen or ink, adding the necessary details as desired. And if necessary, correct it a little with the desired paint.

Narbut Georgy Ivanovich(1886-1920) - Ukrainian graphic artist. A significant influence on the formation of the master’s creative style was exerted by his connection with the St. Petersburg art association “World of Art,” whose members paid much attention to the revival of the art of books. Narbut's early works are illustrations for fairy tales. In illustrations for I. Krylov’s fables, the artist uses an ancient graphic style - a silhouette, which he later turned to more than once.

In 1917-1920, Narbut worked in Kyiv; His passion for ancient Ukrainian art prompted him to create a series of outstanding works. Since January 1919, Narbut was the rector of the Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

Pablo Picasso. Don Quixote

Types of printed graphics

Print

Types of printmaking

Types of printmaking differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main printmaking techniques.

Letterpress: wood engraving; linocut; engraving on cardboard.

Woodcut

Ya. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card

Linocut

B. Kustodiev “Portrait of a Lady.” Linocut
Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, France Maserel, German Expressionists, and American artists worked abroad using the linocut technique.
Among contemporary artists, linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, and Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocuts are used.

R. Guseva. Colored linocut. Still life "Fried egg"

Engraving on cardboard

Engraving on cardboard

Intaglio printing: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, dry point; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).

Etching

Rembrandt "The Preaching of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, burin

Mezzotint

Mezzotint technique

Flat printing: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

University embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Müller based on a drawing by I. Charlemagne

Monotypy

Silkscreen printing

A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color), using a screen printing plate through which ink penetrates onto the printed material.

I. Sh. Elgurt “Vezhraksala” (1967). Silkscreen printing

Unique graphics

Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, appliqué, etc.).

Types of graphics by purpose

Easel graphics

Drawing- the basis of all types of fine art. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.

Book graphics

Vignette(French vignette) – decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or end of the text.
Typically, the subjects for vignettes are plant motifs, abstract images, or images of people and animals. The purpose of the vignette is to give the book an artistic appearance, i.e. This is a book design.

Vignettes
In Russia, decorating text with vignettes was in great fashion during the Art Nouveau era (vignettes by Konstantin Somov, Alexandre Benois, and Evgeniy Lanceray are known).

Dust jacket

Applied graphics

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster– the main type of applied graphics. In modern forms, the poster emerged in the 19th century. as trade and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to carry out the tasks of political propaganda (posters by V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Moor, A.A. Deineka, etc.).

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song". Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

Letter graphics

Letter graphics form a special, independent area of graphics.

Woodcut (woodcut)

The most ancient technique of engraving. Until the end of the 18th century, only edged, or longitudinal, woodcuts existed. A flat polished board (cherry, pear, apple tree) must be cut longitudinally along the grain of the wood, primed, a drawing is applied on top of the primer with a pen, then the lines on both sides are cut off with sharp knives, and the wood between the lines is selected with a special chisel to a depth of 2-5 millimeters. When printing, paint is applied (first with tampons, later with a roller) on the convex part of the board, a sheet of paper is placed on it and evenly pressed - with a press or by hand, in this way the image from the board is transferred to the paper. In cut engraving, the composition turns out to be a combination of black lines and contrasting spots.

Edge or transverse woodcut. The board is sawn across the trunk, so that the grain of the wood runs perpendicular to the surface of the board. When woodcutting is done, dense wood is used (beech, boxwood) and cut with a special cutter - a gravel, the trace of which in the print gives a white line. Edge woodblock printing allows you to work with a finer stroke, the varying degrees of saturation of which allow you to vary the tone.

Linocut (linoleum engraving)

It arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Linoleum is processed with cutters that look like small curved chisels, in the same way as in edging woodcuts. The paint is applied with a roller and printed like a woodcut.

Engraving on cardboard

Letterpress type. Cardboard of various densities is used as material for the printing form. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 millimeters.

The strokes are cut with a needle or knife; tone planes are achieved by loosening the surface of the cardboard in various ways. The artistic possibilities of engraving on cardboard are limited. With a successful choice, this technique (for certain solutions) produces a soft, picturesque print. The linework in the engraving on cardboard is torn, unclear and unstable; the print run is not large.

In-depth engraving.

In a metal plate (copper, brass, zinc, iron), a pattern in the form of combinations of lines and dots is deepened by mechanical or chemical means. Then paint is driven into the recesses with swabs, the board is covered with damp paper and rolled between the rollers of the printing press. The main types of in-depth metal engraving:

Etching

It arose at the beginning of the 16th century. The board is coated with acid-resistant varnish, and the design is scratched into the varnish with a needle, exposing the surface of the metal. After immersing the board in acid, the design is etched into the metal.

Drypoint engraving

The copper board is scratched directly with an etching needle onto the metal board, without varnishing or etching. When printing, ink gets stuck in scratches and burrs.

Aquatint

Invented in France in the mid-18th century. The heated board is evenly coated with resinous powder, the individual grains of which stick to the warm metal and to each other. During etching, the acid penetrates only into the pores between the powder particles, leaving a mark on the board in the form of a mass of individual pinpoint depressions. Those places that should be darker on the print are etched longer; after short-term etching, light areas are covered with liquid varnish.

Mezzotint

The engraving was made using this technique in 1642. Using a special tool - a “rocker” - numerous indentations are applied to the board so that it acquires a uniform roughness, and when printing, a thick, velvety tone is obtained. The drawing on the board prepared in this way is smoothed and sanded with a “smoothing iron”, and the more the board is smoothed, the weaker the paint sticks to it, and in the print these places turn out to be light.

Flat engraving

Lithography

The lithography technique was invented in 1796 in Germany by A. Senefelder. Lithography takes advantage of the ability of certain types of limestone to resist dye after being etched with a weak acid. The process of working on lithography is as follows: a limestone plate is smoothed, polished or made uniformly rough (this texture is called “corn” or “spine”). On the stone prepared in this way they draw with a special pencil or pen and brush, using lithographic ink. A stone with a completed design is etched with a mixture of acid and gum arabic. As a result of etching, areas covered with a pattern easily accept printing ink, while clean surfaces of the stone repel it. The board is coated with paint using a roller and printed in a machine on thick paper. Sometimes, instead of limestone, specially prepared zinc or aluminum plates are used.

Monotype

One impression technique. Paints are applied to an ideal smooth surface of a printing form that does not allow water to pass through (glass, plastic, etc.), followed by printing on a machine.

Silk-screen printing (seriography, see-through printing, screen printing)

A stencil as a printing form was initially made very simply; a negative design cut out of paper was applied to a smooth fabric, and the resulting template was filled with solid paint, which, in places not covered by paper, passed through the material and an image was obtained. At the same time, the fabric, which was like a sieve, contributed to the uniform distribution of paint and obtaining an even tone.

Through printing is fraught with inexhaustible possibilities, allowing the graphic artist to work on forms not in a “mirror” image, but in a direct way: with a brush, pencil, and absolutely does not bind the artist’s creative concept with execution technique (filling, brush stroke, stroke, dot in any combinations on one form).

Prints of finished images usually have a thicker layer of paint, which gives a special visual effect. Obtaining impressions with a paste-like character is possible only with this technique, although it requires a relatively longer drying time.

In silk-screen printing, the printing form is made manually or mechanically (manual and mechanical methods can be combined). In the first case, those areas of the image that should remain white, as in the old days, are sealed with figured paper templates or made in some other way impenetrable to paint. In another case, a positive is projected onto a silk sieve coated with a photosensitive layer, as a result of which all blank areas of the image are dulled. When washed with water, the untanned areas are washed away and the result is, as in the first case, a printing form.

Graphic arts

Graphics from the Greek - I write - a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main visual means, contrasting with the white (and in other cases also colored, black, or less often textured) paper surface - the main basis for graphic works

The most ancient and traditional type of graphic art, where the basis of the image is line and silhouette. In graphics, along with completed compositions, full-scale sketches and sketches for works of painting, sculpture, and architecture also have independent artistic value.

Classification:

Depending on the method of execution and replication capabilities, graphics are divided into unique and printed. Unique graphics— creation of works in a single copy (drawing, watercolor, monotype, appliqué, etc.). Printed graphics (engraving)— creation of printing forms from which you can receive several prints.

Unique graphics:

Watercolor, water paints on paper or silk. A technique that uses special watercolor paints, which, when dissolved in water, form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, and due to this, allows you to create the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.

Shanko Irina, paper, watercolor, 2014.

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Gouache, chalk based water paints. A type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte. Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the painting process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark tones with light ones. The dried image made with gouache is slightly lighter than the wet one, which makes color matching difficult. The foundation can also be susceptible to cracking if applied too thickly.

Shanko Irina, paper, gouache. 2012

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Pastel, colored crayons. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like round bars or bars with a square cross-section.

There are three types of pastel - " dry, oil and wax. Oil pastels are made from linseed oil pigment by pressing. “Dry” pastels are produced in a similar way, except that no oil is used. The basis for mixing wax pastels is the highest quality wax and pigments. Oil pastel is considered an educational material, while its dry counterpart is used both for educational purposes and for purely artistic purposes. In the “dry” pastel technique, the “shading” technique is widely used, which gives the effect of soft transitions and delicacy of color.

There are two main types of dry pastels: hard and soft. Soft pastels consist primarily of pure pigment, with a small amount of binder. Suitable for wide, rich strokes. Hard pastels are less likely to break because they contain a larger amount of binder. And they are great for drawing, because the side of the stick can be used for tone, and the tip for fine lines and detail work.

To paint with pastels, you need a textured surface that will hold the pigment. Pastel drawings are usually done on colored paper. The tone of the paper is selected individually, taking into account the objectives of the drawing. White paper makes it difficult to appreciate the saturation of the main colors.

Degas. Blue dancers.

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Sanguine, chalk or pencil of a “red” color. Often included in pastel kits (dry pastels).

Shanko Irina, Paper, sanguine

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Sepia, brown crayon or pencil, made from a substance produced by cuttlefish. Often included in a set for pastels (dry pastels).

Shanko Irina, paper, sepia

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Coal, in art, is a drawing material made from fired thin tree branches or planed sticks (in the 19th century also from coal powder with vegetable glue).

Charcoal sticks

Charcoal sticks are made from grape, beech or willow knots, fired in a sealed oven at high temperature. Willow charcoal sticks are the most common option. Grape and beech sticks are more expensive, but they leave richer strokes. Sticks 15 cm long are sold in boxes, their degree of hardness and thickness varies. Soft carbon turns into powder faster and penetrates paper less well than hard carbon. Therefore, soft charcoal is more convenient for creating large tinted areas, as well as for imperceptibly transitioning from shade to shade and for shading.

Harder types of charcoal are suitable for writing details and drawing lines; they are less shading. The only drawback of charcoal sticks is their fragility: under strong pressure they usually break.

Pressed coal

This type of coal is made from ground coal chips mixed with a binder and pressed into short thick sticks.

Compressed charcoal is stronger than charcoal sticks, does not break as easily and leaves a rich, velvety finish.

But it is much more difficult to brush such coal off paper than natural coal.

Charcoal pencil (retouching)

The retouch is a thin “slate” of pressed charcoal encased in a wooden shell. These pencils do not stain your hands and are easier to control than charcoal sticks. They have a slightly firmer texture. You can only use the tip of this pencil, so you won't be able to make broad strokes. The tip of the pencil can be sharpened in the same way as lead pencils are sharpened.

Shanko Irina, paper, coal, chalk.

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Sauce, a material for drawings, in the form of short round gray and black sticks. A sauce is prepared from kaolin, chalk and pressed carbon black. Sauce is a type of pastel. It has the great strength and looseness of soft pastels. Drawing with sauce is done in two ways - dry and wet.

Student work. Photo from the Internet.

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Ink, paint for drawing and calligraphy made from soot.

Mascara can be liquid, concentrated and dry in the form of sticks or tiles. Apply to paper using pens or brushes.

Shanko Irina, paper, ink, pen, brush.

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Italian pencil, which appeared in the 14th century. It was a rod of clayey black shale. Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, held together with vegetable glue.

A. A. Ivanov. "A boy playing the pipe." Study for the painting "Apollo, Hyacinth and Cypress". Italian pencil. OK. 1831-34. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.

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Engraving, a type of circulation graphics, when several prints can be obtained from one original. Types of engravings:

Woodcut, woodcut.

A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva. "Mining Institute". Wood engraving for N. P. Antsiferov’s book “The Soul of St. Petersburg.” 1920.

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Lithograph, stone engraving.

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Linocut, engraving on linoleum.

I. V. Golitsyn. "In the morning at V. A. Favorsky's." Engraving on linoleum. 1963.

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Etching, metal engraving, there are several different techniques: mezzotint, aquatint, drypoint.

T.n. Master of playing cards. "Lady with a Mirror" Chisel engraving on copper. Mid 15th century

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Mezzotint

The pre-polished surface of a metal board is subjected to graining - it is covered with the help of a “rocker” (cutting machine) with many tiny depressions, acquiring a characteristic roughness. Graining is a long and very labor-intensive process. When printed, such a board (“blank”) produces a solid black tone. There are other methods of graining boards, including through etching.

In places corresponding to the light parts of the picture, the board is scraped and smoothed, achieving gradual transitions from shadow to light. Mezzotint engravings are distinguished by their depth and velvety tone, richness of light and shade shades. Mezzotint is also used for color printing.

An example of a mezzotint engraving by the Flemish artist Vallerant Vaillant

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Aquatint

An engraving print in this manner resembles a drawing with water paints—watercolors; This similarity determined the origin of the name. The essence of this technique comes down to the fact that before etching, an acid-resistant resin is applied to the printing plate - rosin, asphalt or other powder or powder, which, in the process of heating the printing plate, melts and forms a coating on the surface of the board, through the smallest gaps between the particles of which the metal is etched onto different depths, which creates different tonal planes on prints during printing, consisting of many dots; Thus, the size of the granules of resin powder or dust, its dispersion, affects the texture and tonal characteristics, which are the main purpose of this auxiliary type of metal engraving.

Jean-Claude Richard, Abbot de Saint-Non (from the original by Hubert Robert). View of the park at Villa Madama near Rome. 1765. Aquatint

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Drypoint is a metal engraving technique that does not use etching, but is based on scratching strokes on the surface of a metal board with the tip of a hard needle. The resulting image board is a form of intaglio printing.

A distinctive feature of prints from a form engraved in this way is the “softness” of the stroke: the needles used by the engraver leave deep grooves on the metal with raised burrs - barbs. The strokes also have a thin beginning and ending, as they are scratched with a sharp needle.

Jean-Michel Mathieux-Marie

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Short description

The technology proposed by the author has been tested and can be used by additional education teachers, parents and people simply interested in fine arts in classes with children and in individual activities, as a developing creative task and in creating their own works of art.
The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.

Description

State budgetary educational institution
additional education for children
Children and Youth Center "Vasilievsky Island"
Making a print with your own hands. Printed graphics. Brandina Olga Alexandrovna, additional education teacher Saint Petersburg 2012 “Creativity develops
only in creativity" In the old days they said this: painting without drawing is the same as a person without bones. XVI century Tintoretto never stopped seeing students. They all wanted to find out the secrets of mastery and asked what they should do? But he answered everyone the same way: you need to draw. The young men were worried: “And also, what secrets?” Tintoretto stuck to his line: “Draw. He was silent and added: and still draw.” Probably, drawing or graphics are the fundamental basis of any work of art. These are the first sketches, and sketches, and the first sketches. The term graphics comes from the Greek word graphike, from grapho - I write, draw, draw. This , including drawing and printed works of art (engraving, lithography, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities. Graphics are simpler than painting or sculpture, which is why graphics are often called art for everyone. Graphics classes can be started at any age, even with the whole family. The process of classes itself is excitingly interesting. Graphics classes develop spatial imagination and extraordinary thinking, cultivate in a person the ability to search, think, fantasize, and make independent decisions. And these traits will always be useful to a person, even if his professional activity is not related to the fine arts.
Graphics classes are a real generator of good mood. You can create a print with your own hands and, placing it in a beautiful frame, decorate your apartment, you can come up with and make your own bookplate - a book sign for your home library. Every child, from 2-3 years old to adolescence, draws with ecstasy. Children draw everything they see, know, hear and feel. They even paint smells. Graphics classes, particularly printed graphics, can deepen children's interest in drawing. Fine art, to a greater extent than, for example, literature or music, is associated with a material basis . Outside the material, artistic images of painting, sculpture, and in particular graphics, are not perceived by the viewer, and it is technique– one of the main means of artistic expression. With the help of specific operations, that is, physical actions with materials and tools, the child embodies in works of fine art: shape, color, composition, organization of space, which make up the artistic image as a whole. Mastering technical techniques - mastering practical skills through free manipulation of materials and artistic means - is the first step towards a child discovering that he can draw, and can draw what he wants. When doing work using the “Printing by Applique” technique, the child “draws” a lot at once with scissors, without resorting to a pencil and eraser, using the most ordinary paper as the material with which he draws. This helps him not to control the accuracy of the image. The use of technologies such as “applique printing” is aimed at liberating the creative potential of the child himself. Also, by performing work using this technique, children playfully become familiar with the “sacrament” of working with paints, scissors and paper—the tools of a graphic artist—and also become familiar with professional letterpress printing technologies. qPRINTING BY APPLICATION

This technology refers to letterpress printing, since the paint is rolled onto the protruding parts of the board, in this variation - cardboard.
One of the accessible, inexpensive and harmless technologies that can be used in working with preschoolers. It is also one of the most suitable technologies for quickly completing work, which introduces a preschool child to professional letterpress printing technologies.
The image itself can be adjusted as work progresses, which also helps the child.

- pressed cardboard (at least 2 millimeters thick);
- several sheets of paper of different tone, texture and density (for appliqué and prints), fabric, threads, ropes, carbon paper (or tracing paper);
- graphite pencil, cutter, glue brush, glue;
- etching press or photo roller, printing, oil paint or gouache, paint roller or foam sponge, odorless thinner, rags.

Execution technology:
Preparing the printed board is as follows: 1. A sketch is prepared in advance; 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper; 3. The image is transferred onto the cardboard in an inverted “mirror” form in relation to the sketch;
4. The applique elements are cut out. 5. Protruding parts are glued onto the surface of the cardboard itself - when printed they will be in dark tones; 6. Paint is applied to the prepared board with a roller; 7. Place a blank sheet of paper on top; 8. We roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself; 9. Carefully remove the sheet from the cardboard - you get a test print
1. Sketch. 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper.

4. From tracing paper we transfer the details onto paper for appliqué. Then we cut out the elements
applications.

5. On the surface of the cardboard itself
protruding parts are glued. 6. Roll up the prepared board with paint.

7. Select paper for printing. Place a blank sheet of paper on top of the cardboard.

8. Roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself. We get a print.

Rolled up board. Imprint.

Work should be carried out in a well-ventilated area. Good luck…… The technology proposed by the author has been tested and can be used by additional education teachers, parents and people simply interested in fine arts in classes with children and in individual activities, as a developing creative task and in creating their own works of art. The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.
Literature
Zorin L. Printmaking. A Guide to Graphics and Printing Techniques. - AST, Astrel, 2004.- 112 s.

Kovtun E. What is a print. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1963.- 94 s.
Favorsky V.A. Literary and theoretical heritage. - M., 1988.
Gerchuk Yu.Ya. History of graphics and book art. - M, 2000.
Essays on the history and technique of engraving. - M., 1987.
Rozanova N.N. History and theory of printing and graphic art: Textbook. 17. Vol. 1, - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. Lubok: the artistic world of Russian folk pictures: Textbook. Vol. 3. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the issue of visual interpretation of works of fiction: Textbook. Vol. 1. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the question of the plastic-shaped features of the Russian book XVII century: Textbook. Vol. 5. - M., 1999.

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article on the site - uchmet.doc

State budgetary educational institution

additional education for children

Children and Youth Center "Vasilievsky Island"

Making a print with your own hands.

Printed graphics.

Brandina Olga Alexandrovna,

additional education teacher

highest qualification category

Saint Petersburg

“Creativity develops
only in creativity"

In the old days they said this: painting without drawing is the same as a person without bones.

Great Venetian painter XVI century Tintoretto never stopped seeing students. They all wanted to find out the secrets of mastery and asked what they should do? But he answered everyone the same way: you need to draw. The young men were worried: “And also, what secrets?” Tintoretto stuck to his line: “Draw. He was silent and added: and still draw.”

Probably, drawing or graphics are the fundamental basis of any work of art. These are the first sketches, and sketches, and the first sketches.

The term graphics comes from the Greek word graphike, from grapho - I write, draw, draw.

This type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art (engraving, lithography, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities.

Graphics are simpler than painting or sculpture, which is why graphics are often called art for everyone. Graphics classes can be started at any age, even with the whole family. The process of classes itself is excitingly interesting.

Graphics classes develop spatial imagination and extraordinary thinking, cultivate in a person the ability to search, think, fantasize, and make independent decisions. And these traits will always be useful to a person, even if his professional activity is not related to the fine arts.

Graphics classes are a real generator of good mood. You can create a print with your own hands and, placing it in a beautiful frame, decorate your apartment, you can come up with and make your own bookplate - a book sign for your home library.

Every child, from 2-3 years old to adolescence, draws with ecstasy. Children draw everything they see, know, hear and feel. They even paint smells.

Graphics classes, particularly printed graphics, can deepen children's interest in drawing.

Fine art, to a greater extent than, for example, literature or music, is associated with a material basis . Outside the material, artistic images of painting, sculpture, and in particular graphics, are not perceived by the viewer, and it is technique– one of the main means of artistic expression. With the help of specific operations, that is, physical actions with materials and tools, the child embodies in works of fine art: shape, color, composition, organization of space, which make up the artistic image as a whole.

Mastering technical techniques - mastering practical skills through free manipulation of materials and artistic means - is the first step towards a child discovering that he can draw, and can draw what he wants.

When doing work using the “Printing by Applique” technique, the child “draws” a lot at once with scissors, without resorting to a pencil and eraser, using the most ordinary paper as the material with which he draws. This helps him not to control the accuracy of the image.

The use of technologies such as “applique printing” is aimed at liberating the creative potential of the child himself.

Also, by performing work in this technique, children playfully become familiar with the “sacrament” of working with paints, scissors and paper - the tools of a graphic artist, and also become familiar with professional letterpress printing technologies.

PRINTING BY APPLICATION

This technology refers to letterpress printing, since the paint is rolled onto the protruding parts of the board, in this variation - cardboard.

One of the accessible, inexpensive and harmless technologies that can be used in working with preschoolers.

It is also one of the most suitable technologies for quickly completing work, which introduces a preschool child to professional letterpress printing technologies.

The image itself can be adjusted as work progresses, which also helps the child.

Materials required for work:

Pressed cardboard (at least 2 millimeters thick);

Several sheets of paper of different tone, texture and density (for appliqué and prints), fabric, threads, ropes, carbon paper (or tracing paper);

Graphite pencil, cutter, glue brush, glue;
- etching press or photo roller, printing, oil paint or gouache, paint roller or foam sponge, odorless thinner, rags.

Execution technology:

Preparing the printed board is as follows:

A sketch is prepared in advance;

The sketch is transferred to tracing paper;

The image is transferred onto the cardboard in an inverted “mirror” form in relation to the sketch;

The applique elements are cut out.

Protruding parts are glued onto the surface of the cardboard itself - when printed they will be in dark tones;

Paint is applied to the prepared board with a roller;

Place a blank sheet of paper on top;

We roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself;

Carefully remove the sheet from the cardboard - you get a test print

1. Sketch. 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper.

4. From tracing paper we transfer the details onto paper for appliqué. Then we cut out the elements

applications.

5. On the surface of the cardboard itself

protruding parts are glued. 6. Roll up the prepared board with paint.

7. Select paper for printing. Place a blank sheet of paper on top of the cardboard.

8. Roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself. We get a print.

Rolled up board. Imprint.

Work should be carried out in a well-ventilated area.

Good luck……

The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.

Literature

Zorin L. Printmaking. A Guide to Graphics and Printing Techniques. - AST, Astrel, 2004.- 112 s.

Polyakov European circulation graphics from Goya to Picasso. Moscow, 2002. 284 p.

Kovtun E. What is a print?- L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1963.- 94 With.

Favorsky V.A. Literary and theoretical heritage. - M., 1988.
Gerchuk Yu.Ya. History of graphics and book art. - M, 2000.
Essays on the history and technique of engraving. - M., 1987.
Rozanova N.N. History and theory of printing and graphic art: Textbook. 17. Vol. 1, - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. Lubok: the artistic world of Russian folk pictures: Textbook. Vol. 3. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the issue of visual interpretation of works of fiction: Textbook. Vol. 1. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the question of the plastic-shaped features of the Russian book XVII century: Textbook. Vol. 5. - M., 1999.