Historical theme in Russian literature. Historical theme in Pushkin's works
Russian literature has given us a cavalcade of both positive and negative characters. We decided to remember the second group. Beware, spoilers.
20. Alexey Molchalin (Alexander Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”)
Molchalin is the hero “about nothing”, Famusov’s secretary. He is faithful to his father’s behest: “to please all people without exception - the owner, the boss, his servant, the janitor’s dog.”
In a conversation with Chatsky, he sets out his life principles, consisting in the fact that “at my age I should not dare to have my own judgment.”
Molchalin is sure that you need to think and act as is customary in “Famus” society, otherwise they will gossip about you, and, as you know, “ gossips worse than pistols."
He despises Sophia, but in order to please Famusov, he is ready to sit with her all night long, playing the role of a lover.
19. Grushnitsky (Mikhail Lermontov, “Hero of Our Time”)
Grushnitsky has no name in Lermontov's story. He is the “double” of the main character - Pechorin. According to Lermontov’s description, Grushnitsky is “... one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions, who are not touched by simply beautiful things and who are importantly draped in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. Producing an effect is their pleasure...”
Grushnitsky loves pathos very much. There is not an ounce of sincerity in him. Grushnitsky is in love with Princess Mary, and at first she responds to him with special attention, but then falls in love with Pechorin.
The matter ends in a duel. Grushnitsky is so low that he conspires with his friends and they do not load Pechorin’s pistol. The hero cannot forgive such outright meanness. He reloads the pistol and kills Grushnitsky.
18. Afanasy Totsky (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Idiot”)
Afanasy Totsky, having taken Nastya Barashkova, the daughter of a deceased neighbor, as his upbringing and dependent, eventually “became close to her,” developing a suicidal complex in the girl and indirectly becoming one of the culprits of her death.
Extremely averse to the female sex, at the age of 55 Totsky decided to connect his life with the daughter of General Epanchin Alexandra, deciding to marry Nastasya to Ganya Ivolgin. However, neither one nor the other case burned out. As a result, Totsky “was captivated by a visiting Frenchwoman, a marquise and a legitimist.”
17. Alena Ivanovna (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
The old pawnbroker is a character who has become a household name. Even those who have not read Dostoevsky’s novel have heard about it. Alena Ivanovna, by today’s standards, is not that old, she is “about 60 years old,” but the author describes her like this: “... a dry old woman with sharp and angry eyes with a small pointed nose... Her blond, slightly gray hair was greasy with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg...”
The old woman pawnbroker is engaged in usury and makes money from people's misfortune. She takes valuable things at huge interest rates, bullies her younger sister Lizaveta, and beats her.
16. Arkady Svidrigailov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Svidrigailov is one of Raskolnikov’s doubles in Dostoevsky’s novel, a widower, at one time he was bought out of prison by his wife, he lived in the village for 7 years. A cynical and depraved person. On his conscience is the suicide of a servant, a 14-year-old girl, and possibly the poisoning of his wife.
Due to Svidrigailov's harassment, Raskolnikov's sister lost her job. Having learned that Raskolnikov is a murderer, Luzhin blackmails Dunya. The girl shoots at Svidrigailov and misses.
Svidrigailov is an ideological scoundrel, he does not experience moral torment and experiences “world boredom,” eternity seems to him like a “bathhouse with spiders.” As a result, he commits suicide with a revolver shot.
15. Kabanikha (Alexander Ostrovsky, “The Thunderstorm”)
In the image of Kabanikha, one of central characters Ostrovsky's play "The Thunderstorm" reflected the outgoing patriarchal, strict archaism. Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna, “a rich merchant’s wife, widow,” mother-in-law of Katerina, mother of Tikhon and Varvara.
Kabanikha is very domineering and strong, she is religious, but more outwardly, since she does not believe in forgiveness or mercy. She is as practical as possible and lives by earthly interests.
Kabanikha is sure that family life can survive only on fear and orders: “After all, out of love your parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach you good.” She perceives the departure of the old order as a personal tragedy: “This is how the old times come to be... What will happen, how the elders will die... I don’t know.”
14. Lady (Ivan Turgenev, “Mumu”)
We all know sad story about the fact that Gerasim drowned Mumu, but not everyone remembers why he did it, but he did it because the despotic lady ordered him to do so.
The same landowner had previously given the washerwoman Tatyana, with whom Gerasim was in love, to the drunken shoemaker Capiton, which ruined both of them.
The lady, at her own discretion, decides the fate of her serfs, without regard at all to their wishes, and sometimes even to common sense.
13. Footman Yasha (Anton Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard”)
Footman Yasha in Anton Chekhov's play " The Cherry Orchard" - an unpleasant character. He openly worships everything foreign, but at the same time he is extremely ignorant, rude and even boorish. When his mother comes to him from the village and waits for him in the people’s room all day, Yasha dismissively declares: “It’s really necessary, she could come tomorrow.”
Yasha tries to behave decently in public, tries to seem educated and well-mannered, but at the same time alone with Firs he says to the old man: “I'm tired of you, grandfather. I wish you would die soon.”
Yasha is very proud that he lived abroad. With his foreign polish, he wins the heart of the maid Dunyasha, but uses her location for his own benefit. After the sale of the estate, the footman persuades Ranevskaya to take him with her to Paris again. It is impossible for him to stay in Russia: “the country is uneducated, the people are immoral, and, moreover, boredom...”.
12. Pavel Smerdyakov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
Smerdyakov is a character with a telling surname, rumored to be the illegitimate son of Fyodor Karrmazov from the city holy fool Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya. The surname Smerdyakov was given to him by Fyodor Pavlovich in honor of his mother.
Smerdyakov serves as a cook in Karamazov’s house, and he cooks, apparently, quite well. However, this is a “foulbrood man.” This is evidenced at least by Smerdyakov’s reasoning about history: “In the twelfth year there was a great invasion of Russia by Emperor Napoleon of France the First, and it would be good if these same French had conquered us then, a smart nation would have conquered a very stupid one and annexed it to itself. There would even be completely different orders.”
Smerdyakov is the killer of Karamazov's father.
11. Pyotr Luzhin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Luzhin is another one of Rodion Raskolnikov’s doubles, a business man of 45 years old, “with a cautious and grumpy physiognomy.”
Having made it “from rags to riches,” Luzhin is proud of his pseudo-education and behaves arrogantly and primly. Having proposed to Dunya, he anticipates that she will be grateful to him all her life for the fact that he “brought her into the public eye.”
He also wooes Duna out of convenience, believing that she will be useful to him for his career. Luzhin hates Raskolnikov because he opposes his alliance with Dunya. Luzhin puts one hundred rubles in Sonya Marmeladova's pocket at her father's funeral, accusing her of theft.
10. Kirila Troekurov (Alexander Pushkin, “Dubrovsky”)
Troekurov is an example of a Russian master spoiled by his power and environment. He spends his time in idleness, drunkenness, and voluptuousness. Troekurov sincerely believes in his impunity and limitless possibilities (“This is the power to take away property without any right”).
The master loves his daughter Masha, but marries her to an old man she doesn’t love. Troekurov's serfs are similar to their master - Troekurov's hound is insolent to Dubrovsky Sr. - and thereby quarrels old friends.
9. Sergei Talberg (Mikhail Bulgakov, “The White Guard”)
Sergei Talberg is the husband of Elena Turbina, a traitor and an opportunist. He easily changes his principles, beliefs, without special effort and remorse. Talberg is always where it is easier to live, so he runs abroad. He leaves his family and friends. Even Talberg’s eyes (which, as you know, are the “mirror of the soul”) are “two-story”; he is the complete opposite of Turbin.
Thalberg was the first to wear the red bandage at the military school in March 1917 and, as a member of the military committee, arrested the famous General Petrov.
8. Alexey Shvabrin (Alexander Pushkin, “The Captain's Daughter”)
Shvabrin is the antipode of the main character of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” by Pyotr Grinev. He was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for murder in a duel. Shvabrin is undoubtedly smart, but at the same time he is cunning, impudent, cynical, and mocking. Having received Masha Mironova’s refusal, he spreads dirty rumors about her, wounds him in the back in a duel with Grinev, goes over to Pugachev’s side, and, having been captured by government troops, spreads rumors that Grinev is a traitor. In general, he is a rubbish person.
7. Vasilisa Kostyleva (Maxim Gorky, “At the Depths”)
In Gorky's play "At the Bottom" everything is sad and sad. This atmosphere is diligently maintained by the owners of the shelter where the action takes place - the Kostylevs. The husband is a nasty, cowardly and greedy old man, Vasilisa’s wife is a calculating, resourceful opportunist who forces her lover Vaska Pepel to steal for her sake. When she finds out that he himself is in love with her sister, he promises to give her up in exchange for killing her husband.
6. Mazepa (Alexander Pushkin, “Poltava”)
Mazepa is a historical character, but if in history Mazepa’s role is ambiguous, then in Pushkin’s poem Mazepa is unambiguous negative character. Mazepa appears in the poem as an absolutely immoral, dishonest, vindictive, evil person, as a treacherous hypocrite for whom nothing is sacred (he “does not know the sacred,” “does not remember charity”), a person accustomed to achieving his goal at any cost.
The seducer of his young goddaughter Maria, he puts her father Kochubey to public execution and - already sentenced to death - subjects her to cruel torture in order to find out where he hid his treasures. Without equivocation, Pushkin denounces and political activity Mazepa, which is determined only by the lust for power and thirst for revenge on Peter.
5. Foma Opiskin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”)
Foma Opiskin is an extremely negative character. A hanger-on, a hypocrite, a liar. He diligently pretends to be pious and educated, tells everyone about his supposedly ascetic experience and sparkles with quotes from books...
When he gets power into his hands, he shows his true essence. “A low soul, having come out from under oppression, oppresses itself. Thomas was oppressed - and he immediately felt the need to oppress himself; They broke down over him - and he himself began to break down over others. He was a jester and immediately felt the need to have his own jesters. He boasted to the point of absurdity, broke down to the point of impossibility, demanded bird's milk, tyrannized beyond measure, and it came to the point that good people, not yet having witnessed all these tricks, but listening only to stories, considered all this to be a miracle, an obsession, were baptized and spat..."
4. Viktor Komarovsky (Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago)
Lawyer Komarovsky is a negative character in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago. In the destinies of the main characters - Zhivago and Lara, Komarovsky is an “evil genius” and a “gray eminence”. He is guilty of the ruin of the Zhivago family and the death of the protagonist's father; he cohabits with Lara's mother and Lara herself. Finally, Komarovsky tricks Zhivago into separating him from his wife. Komarovsky is smart, calculating, greedy, cynical. Overall, bad person. He understands this himself, but this suits him quite well.
3. Judushka Golovlev (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Golovlev Lords”)
Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, nicknamed Judas and Blood Drinker, is “the last representative of an escapist family.” He is hypocritical, greedy, cowardly, calculating. He spends his life in endless slander and litigation, drives his son to suicide, and at the same time imitates extreme religiosity, reading prayers “without the participation of the heart.”
Toward the end of his dark life, Golovlev gets drunk and runs wild, and goes into the March snowstorm. In the morning, his frozen corpse is found.
2. Andriy (Nikolai Gogol, “Taras Bulba”)
Andriy is the youngest son of Taras Bulba, the hero of the story of the same name by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Andriy, as Gogol writes, from early youth began to feel the “need for love.” This need fails him. He falls in love with the lady, betrays his homeland, his friends, and his father. Andriy admits: “Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? Who gave it to me in my homeland? The Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!... and I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!”
Andriy is a traitor. He is killed by his own father.
1. Fyodor Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
He is voluptuous, greedy, envious, stupid. By maturity, he became flabby, began to drink a lot, opened several taverns, made many fellow countrymen his debtors... He began to compete with his eldest son Dmitry for the heart of Grushenka Svetlova, which paved the way for the crime - Karamazov was killed by his illegitimate son Pyotr Smerdyakov.
I continue the series “Literary Heroes” that I once started...
Heroes of Russian literature
Almost every literary character has its own prototype - a real person. Sometimes it is the author himself (Ostrovsky and Pavka Korchagin, Bulgakov and the Master), sometimes it is a historical figure, sometimes it is an acquaintance or relative of the author.
This story is about the prototypes of Chatsky and Taras Bulba, Ostap Bender, Timur and other heroes of the books...
1.Chatsky "Woe from Wit"
The main character of Griboyedov's comedy - Chatsky- most often associated with a name Chaadaeva(in the first version of the comedy, Griboedov wrote “Chadsky”), although the image of Chatsky is in many ways a social type of the era, a “hero of the time.”
Petr Yakovlevich Chaadaev(1796-1856) - participant Patriotic War 1812, was on a trip abroad. In 1814 he joined the Masonic lodge, and in 1821 he agreed to join a secret society.
From 1823 to 1826, Chaadaev traveled around Europe, comprehending the latest philosophical teachings. After returning to Russia in 1828-1830, he wrote and published a historical and philosophical treatise: “Philosophical Letters.” The views, ideas, and judgments of the thirty-six-year-old philosopher turned out to be so unacceptable for Nicholas Russia that the author of “Philosophical Letters” suffered an unprecedented punishment: by the highest decree he was declared crazy. It so happened that the literary character did not repeat the fate of his prototype, but predicted it...
2.Taras Bulba
Taras Bulba is written so organically and vividly that the reader cannot leave the feeling of his reality.
But there was a man whose fate was similar to the fate of Gogol’s hero. And this man also had the surname Gogol!
Ostap Gogol born at the beginning of the 17th century. On the eve of 1648, he was the captain of the “panzer” Cossacks in the Polish army stationed in Uman under the command of S. Kalinovsky. With the outbreak of the uprising, Gogol, along with his heavy cavalry, went over to the side of the Cossacks. 
In October 1657, Hetman Vygovsky with the general foreman, of which Ostap Gogol was a member, concluded the Korsun Treaty of Ukraine with Sweden.
In the summer of 1660, Ostap's regiment took part in the Chudnivsky campaign, after which the Slobodishchensky Treaty was signed. Gogol took the side of autonomy within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was made a gentry.
In 1664, an uprising broke out against the Poles and the hetman in Right Bank Ukraine Teteri. Gogol initially supported the rebels. However, he again went over to the enemy's side. The reason for this was his sons, whom Hetman Potocki held hostage in Lvov. When Doroshenko became hetman, Gogol came under his mace and helped him a lot. When he fought with the Turks near Ochakov, Doroshenko proposed at the Rada to recognize the supremacy of the Turkish Sultan, and it was accepted.
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At the end of 1671, Crown Hetman Sobieski took Mogilev, Gogol's residence. One of Ostap’s sons died during the defense of the fortress. The colonel himself fled to Moldova and from there sent Sobieski a letter of his desire to submit.
As a reward for this, Ostap received the village of Vilkhovets. The certificate of the estate's salary served the grandfather of the writer Nikolai Gogol as evidence of his nobility.
Colonel Gogol became hetman Right Bank Ukraine on behalf of King John III Sobieski. He died in 1679 at his residence in Dymer and was buried in the Kiev-Mezhigorsky Monastery near Kyiv.
Analogy with the story is obvious: both heroes are Zaporozhye colonels, both had sons, one of whom died at the hands of the Poles, the other went over to the side of the enemy. Thus, a distant ancestor of the writer and was the prototype of Taras Bulba.
3.Plyushkin
Oryol landowner Spiridon Matsnev he was extremely stingy, walked around in a greasy robe and dirty clothes, so that few could recognize him as a rich gentleman.
The landowner had 8,000 peasant souls, but he starved not only them, but also himself. 
N.V. Gogol brought out this stingy landowner in “Dead Souls” in the image of Plyushkin. “If Chichikov had met him, so dressed up, somewhere at the church door, he would probably have given him a copper penny”...
“This landowner had more than a thousand souls, and anyone else would try to find so much bread in grain, flour and simply in storerooms, whose storerooms, barns and drying rooms were cluttered with so many linens, cloth, dressed and rawhide sheepskins...” .
The image of Plyushkin became a household name.
4. Silvio
“Shot” A.S. Pushkin
Silvio's prototype is Ivan Petrovich Liprandi.
Pushkin's friend, the prototype of Silvio in "The Shot".
Author of the best memoirs about Pushkin's southern exile.
The son of a Russified Spanish grandee. Participant in the Napoleonic wars since 1807 (from the age of 17). Colleague and friend of the Decembrist Raevsky, member of the Union of Welfare. Arrested in the Decembrist case in January 1826, he was in a cell with Griboyedov. 
“...His personality was of undoubted interest in his talents, fate and original image life. He was gloomy and gloomy, but he loved to gather officers at his place and entertain them widely. The sources of his income were shrouded in mystery to everyone. A book reader and book lover, he was famous for his brawling, and a rare duel took place without his participation."
Pushkin "Shot" 
At the same time, Liprandi turned out to be an employee of military intelligence and the secret police.
Since 1813, the head of the secret political police under Vorontsov’s army in France. He communicated closely with the famous Vidocq. Together with the French gendarmerie, he participated in the disclosure of the anti-government “Pin Society”. Since 1820, the chief military intelligence officer at the headquarters of Russian troops in Bessarabia. At the same time, he became the main theorist and practitioner of military and political espionage.
Since 1828 - head of the Higher Secret Foreign Police. Since 1820 - directly subordinate to Benckendorf. Organizer of provocation in the Butashevich-Petrashevsky circle. Organizer of Ogarev's arrest in 1850. Author of a project to establish a spy school at universities...
5.Andrey Bolkonsky
Prototypes Andrey Bolkonsky there were several. His tragic death was “written off” by Leo Tolstoy from his biography real princeDmitry Golitsyn.
Prince Dmitry Golitsyn was registered for service in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice. Soon Emperor Alexander I granted him the rank of chamberlain cadet, and then actual chamberlain, which was equivalent to the rank of general. 
In 1805, Prince Golitsyn entered the military service and together with the army went through the campaigns of 1805-1807.
In 1812, he submitted a report with a request to enlist in the army, became an Akhtyrsky hussar; Denis Davydov also served in the same regiment. Golitsin took part in border battles as part of the 2nd Russian army of General Bagration, fought at the Shevardinsky redoubt, and then found himself on the left flank of the Russian formations on the Borodino field.
In one of the skirmishes, Major Golitsyn was seriously wounded by a grenade fragment., he was carried from the battlefield. After the operation in the field hospital, it was decided to take the wounded man further east.
"Bolkonsky House" in Vladimir. 
They made a stop in Vladimir, Major Golitsyn was placed in one of the merchant houses on a steep hill on Klyazma. But, almost a month after the Battle of Borodino, Dmitry Golitsyn died in Vladimir...
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6. Assol
The gentle dreamer Assol had more than one prototype.
First prototype - Maria Sergeevna Alonkina, secretary of the House of Arts, almost everyone living and visiting this House was in love with her.
One day, while climbing the stairs to his office, Green saw a short, dark-skinned girl talking with Korney Chukovsky.
There was something unearthly in her appearance: flying gait, radiant look, ringing happy laugh. It seemed to him that she looked like Assol from the story “ Scarlet Sails", which he was working on at the time.
The image of 17-year-old Masha Alonkina occupied Green's imagination and was reflected in the extravaganza story. 
"I don't know how much years will pass, only in Kaperna will one fairy tale blossom, memorable for a long time. You will be big, Assol. One morning, in the sea distance, a scarlet sail will sparkle under the sun. The shining bulk of the scarlet sails of the white ship will move, cutting through the waves, straight towards you..."
And in 1921 Green met with Nina Nikolaevna Mironova, who worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. He, gloomy and lonely, was at ease with her, he was amused by her coquetry, he admired her love of life. Soon they got married.
The door is closed, the lamp is lit.
She will come to me in the evening
There are no more aimless, dull days -
I sit and think about her...
On this day she will give me her hand,
I trust quietly and completely.
A terrible world is raging around,
Come, beautiful, dear friend.
Come, I've been waiting for you for a long time.
It was so sad and dark
But the winter spring has come,
Light knock...My wife came.
Green dedicated the extravaganza “Scarlet Sails” and the novel “The Shining World” to her, his “winter spring.”
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7. Ostap Bender and the Children of Lieutenant Schmidt
The person who became the prototype of Ostap Bender is known.
This - Osip (Ostap) Veniaminovich Shor(1899 -1979). Shor was born in Odessa, was an employee of the UGRO, a football player, a traveler…. Was a friend E. Bagritsky, Y. Olesha, Ilf and Petrov. His brother was the futurist poet Nathan Fioletov.
The appearance, character and speech of Ostap Bender are taken from Osip Shor.
Almost all the famous “Bendery” phrases - “The ice has broken, gentlemen of the jury!”, “I will command the parade!”, “My dad was a Turkish subject...” and many others - were gleaned by the authors from Shor’s vocabulary.
In 1917, Shor entered the first year of the Petrograd Technological Institute, and in 1919 he left for his homeland. He got home almost two years, with many adventures, which I talked about the authors of "The Twelve Chairs".
The stories they told about how he, unable to draw, got a job as an artist on a propaganda ship, or about how he gave a simultaneous game in some remote town, introducing himself as an international grandmaster, were reflected in “12 Chairs” practically unchanged.
By the way, the famous leader of the Odessa bandits, Teddy Bear, which UGRO employee Shor fought, became the prototype Benny Krika, from " Odessa stories" by I. Babel.
And here is the episode that gave rise to the creation of the image "children of Lieutenant Schmidt."
In August 1925, a man with an oriental appearance, decently dressed, wearing American glasses, appeared at the Gomel Provincial Executive Committee and introduced himself Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Uzbek SSR Fayzula Khojaev. He told the chairman of the provincial executive committee, Egorov, that he was traveling from Crimea to Moscow, but his money and documents were stolen on the train. Instead of a passport, he presented a certificate that he was really Khodzhaev, signed by the Chairman of the Central Election Commission of the Crimean Republic, Ibragimov.
He was received warmly, given money, and began to be taken to theaters and banquets. But one of the police chiefs decided to compare the Uzbek’s personality with the portraits of the chairmen of the Central Election Commission, which he found in an old magazine. This is how the false Khojaev was exposed, who turned out to be a native of Kokand, traveling from Tbilisi, where he was serving his sentence...
In the same way, posing as a high-ranking official, the former prisoner had fun in Yalta, Simferopol, Novorossiysk, Kharkov, Poltava, Minsk...
It was a fun time - time of NEP and such desperate people, adventurers like Shor and false Hodjaev.
Later I’ll write separately about Bender...
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8.Timur
TIMUR is the hero of the film script and A. Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team.” One of the most famous and popular heroes of Soviet children's literature of the 30s - 40s.
Under the influence of the story by A.P. Gaidar “Timur and his team” in the USSR arose among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early years. 1940s "Timurov movement". Timurovites provided assistance to military families, the elderly...
It is believed that the “prototype” of Timurov’s team for A. Gaidar was a group of scouts that operated back in the 10s in the dacha suburb of St. Petersburg.“Timurovites” and “scouts” really have a lot in common (especially in the ideology and practice of children’s “knightly” care for the people around them, the idea of committing good deeds"by secret").
The story Gaidar told turned out to be surprisingly consonant with the mood of a whole generation of guys: the fight for justice, an underground headquarters, a specific alarm system, the ability to quickly gather “in a chain,” etc. 
It is interesting that in the early edition the story was called "Duncan and his team" or “Duncan to the rescue” - the hero of the story was - Vovka Duncan. The influence of the work is obvious Jules Verne: yacht "Duncan""At the first alarm signal I went to the aid of Captain Grant.
In the spring of 1940, while working on a film based on an unfinished story, the name "Duncan" was rejected. The Cinematography Committee expressed bewilderment: “A good Soviet boy. A pioneer. He came up with such a useful game and suddenly - “Duncan”. We consulted with our comrades here - you need to change your name.”
And then Gaidar gave the hero the name of his own son, whom he called “little commander” in life. According to another version - Timur- the name of the neighbor boy. Here's a girl Zhenya got the name from adopted daughter Gaidar from his second marriage.
The image of Timur embodies the ideal type of a teenage leader with his desire for noble deeds, secrets, and pure ideals.
Concept "Timurovets" firmly entered into everyday life. Until the end of the 80s, Timurovites were children who provide selfless help to those in need.
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9. Captain Vrungel
From the story Andrey Nekrasov "The Adventures of Captain Vrungel"".
A book about the incredible sea adventures of the resourceful and resilient captain Vrungel, his senior mate Lom and sailor Fuchs. 
Christopher Bonifatievich Vrungel- main character and the narrator on whose behalf the story is told. An experienced old sailor, with a solid and prudent character, not lacking in ingenuity.
The first part of the surname uses the word "liar". Vrungel, whose name has become a household name, is the naval equivalent of Baron Munchausen, telling tall tales about his sailing adventures.
According to Nekrasov himself, the prototype of Vrungel was his acquaintance with the surname Vronsky, lover of telling maritime fables with his own participation. His last name was so suitable for the main character that the book was originally supposed to be called " The Adventures of Captain Vronsky", however, for fear of offending a friend, the author chose a different surname for the main character.
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1. The influence of the Patriotic War of 1812 on the development of historical themes in Russian literature
The Patriotic War of 1812 caused a national patriotic upsurge among the masses and in the circles of the progressive noble intelligentsia. The war left a deep and vivid mark on the development of Russian literature. Patriotic sentiments and themes of the War of 1812 were directly reflected in a number of Krylov’s fables, which ridiculed Napoleon, who found himself in a hopeless situation (“The Wolf in the Kennel”), and the fate of the French who were starving in Moscow (“The Crow and the Hen”). The fable “Oboz” approves of Kutuzov’s intelligent slowness in the fight against Napoleon. The mediocrity of Admiral Chichagov, who failed to cut off Napoleon’s retreat route across the Berezina River, was ridiculed in the fable “The Pike and the Cat.”
Under the impression of the Borodino battle, Zhukovsky creates the famous ode “Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors,” in which he glorifies the remarkable Russian commanders of 1812. A participant in the war with Napoleon, Batyushkov, in a poetic message to Dashkov (1813), states that he does not want to sing “love and joy... carelessness, happiness and peace” until victory over the enemy. The popular character of the war of 1812 is depicted in the prose works of war participants, in Denis Davydov’s “Diary of Partisan Actions of 1812,” and in Fyodor Glinka’s “Letters of a Russian Officer.” At the same time, reactionary journalism and poetry responded to the war in the spirit of leavened ultra-patriotism and pseudo-nationalism. These were the manifestos written by Shishkov, the solemn odes “to defeat the enemy” by Golenishchev-Kutuzov, etc.
The valor of the Russian people in the Patriotic War inspires Griboyedov to conceive the national tragedy “1812”. The Patriotic War of 1812 left a deep mark in the works of Pushkin, who considered it “the greatest event in modern history,” and saw the “high lot” of the Russian people in the victory over Napoleon and in the liberation of Western Europe by Russian troops from the Napoleonic yoke. Later, Herzen, the successor of the Decembrists, said: “The stories about the fire of Moscow, about the Battle of Borodino, about the capture of Paris were my lullaby, children’s fairy tales, my Iliad and Odyssey.”
The significance of the Patriotic War of 1812 for the development of literature is not limited, however, to the appearance of a number of works on war themes.
“The twelfth year, which shook all of Russia from end to end, awakened its dormant forces and opened in it new, hitherto unknown sources of strength... aroused the people’s consciousness and people’s pride, and with all this contributed to the emergence of publicity as the beginning of public opinion,” - Belinsky pointed out. After the Patriotic War of 1812, “all of Russia entered a new phase,” notes Herzen. Russian literature is also entering a new phase.
2. Historical theme in Pushkin’s works
Pushkin thinks about the “eternal contradictions of essentiality” that characterize the development of life, about the complex and contradictory inner world of man in its conditioning by the social environment. Having mastered the idea of regularity, Pushkin does not become a fatalist in understanding the historical process. And the recent Russian past (Peter 1) and contemporary poet the life of Europe, whose fate is so big role played by Napoleon, they convinced Pushkin of the importance of outstanding personalities in the course of history. At the same time, in understanding the very content of the historical process, its driving forces Pushkin remains in the position of historical idealism characteristic of the Enlightenment. The poet assigns the main role in the development of society to education, political ideas, legislation, social mores, and education.
The artistic reflection of the national past of the people in its concrete historical development is recognized by Pushkin as an important task of Russian literature. “The history of the people belongs to the poet,” he writes in February 1825 to N.I. Gnedich. In the winter of 1824/25, Pushkin intensified his work on the Russian historical theme. He studies “The History of the Russian State” by Karamzin, Russian chronicles, asks his brother to send him materials about the life of Pugachev, and is interested in the personality of another leader of the peasant uprisings in Russia, Stepan Razin, about whom in 1826 he writes several songs in the spirit of folk poetry. The tragedy “Boris Godunov” is created with great creative enthusiasm.
In the tragedy "Boris Godunov" the poet set as his task to show "the fate of the people, the fate of man." “Boris Godunov” is remarkable for its deep realism, poetic insight into the character of Russian history, historical fidelity and the wide scope of the pictures of Russian life drawn in it at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. The image in the tragedy of this era, Belinsky points out, “is so deeply imbued with the Russian spirit, so deeply true to historical truth, as only the genius of Pushkin, a truly national Russian poet, could do.”
In “Boris Godunov,” Pushkin, in his words, sought to “resurrect the past century in all its truth.” The tragedy shows all layers of the population: the people, the boyars, the clergy, and the political struggle within the boyars is revealed. The poet managed to recreate the features of the Russian culture of pre-Petrine Rus', as well as in a number of scenes the culture of feudal gentry Poland.
The problem of the attitude of the people and royal power. Pushkin showed the people’s enmity towards the boyars, their antipathy towards the tsar, who came to power as a result of a crime and was rejected by the people for this. The tragedy is imbued with a denial of the despotism of autocracy. It is not for nothing that Pushkin himself wrote about the political nature of his tragedy to Vyazemsky: “There was no way I could hide all my ears under the cap of the holy fool - they stick out!”, And yet it is the holy fool who denounces Tsar Boris for the tragedy.
The scene of the election of the king is full of irony. One Moscow resident advises another to rub onions on his eyes to make it look like he’s crying. With this comic advice, Pushkin emphasized the indifference of the broad masses to the election of Boris as tsar. The poet also shows the people as “an element of rebellion.” one of the heroes of the tragedy. Another speaks of “popular opinion” as a decisive political force.
Pushkin shows great importance in major historical events popular opinion, the role of the masses. He embodies in tragedy the idea of continuity and infinity historical life the people, despite all the storms and vicissitudes of the political struggle, in which the people themselves may not take direct part. There, at the “top,” there is a struggle and change of earthly rulers, boyar groups, etc., “down below” the life of the people continues as before, but it is this that forms the basis of the life and development of the nation, the state; The people have the last word.
The enlighteners of the 18th century believed that it was enough for the monarch to conform his policy with the requirements of enlightened reason and humanity, and happiness and contentment would reign in folk life. Pushkin shows the failure of Enlightenment subjectivism in understanding history.
In “Boris Godunov” the people win, but they are again defeated: a new tyrant and usurper appears. One cannot help but see in such an interpretation of major historical events a reflection of the course of history in the era of Pushkin himself. The people overthrew the old order in France and won freedom, but a new usurper, a new despot, appeared, and “the newborn freedom, suddenly numb, lost its strength.” Pushkin resolves this conflict between freedom and necessity, the “secret will of providence” in the poem “Andrei Chenier,” written after “Boris Godunov.” “Boris Godunov” reflected a new, immeasurably higher historical thinking than that which was the basis of the historical genre in the works of Karamzin and the Decembrists.
Pushkin's deepest interest was aroused by the image of the ancient Russian chronicler depicted in the tragedy. “Pimen’s character is not my invention,” the poet wrote. “In him I collected the features that captivated me in our old chronicles: touching meekness, simplicity, something childish and at the same time wise... It seemed to me that this character was all at once new and a sign for the Russian heart." Belinsky admired the image of Pimen. “There is a Russian spirit here, there is a smell of Russia here,” wrote the great critic. In his tragedy, Pushkin, as Zhukovsky rightly noted, showed “a lot of depth and knowledge of the human heart.” Contrary to the classicist tradition, in “Boris Godunov” the tragic is mixed with the comic.
In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin deepens the realistic method of artistic depiction of the historical past of the people. The life of the people is shown by Pushkin in its national-historical originality, in its social and class contradictions. Drawing the activities of outstanding historical figures, Pushkin shows in this activity a reflection of the “spirit of the times.” It is remarkable that in the last years of Pushkin’s work his realism acquired a sociological emphasis. In "Dubrovsky", "The Captain's Daughter", in "Scenes from Times of Knighthood" the poet begins to depict the struggle of classes, contradictions and clashes between the peasantry and the nobility. “The Captain's Daughter,” following “The Blackamoor of Peter the Great,” marked the beginning of the Russian historical novel.
There is no doubt that the experience of Walter Scott's historical novel made it easier for Pushkin to create a realistic historical novel on a Russian theme. However, Pushkin went far ahead of the Scottish novelist in the depth of his realism. In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin reveals social contradictions more deeply than Walter Scott in his novels. The originality of Russian history, the breadth and greatness of the national life of the Russian people, so clearly expressed, for example, in the era of Peter 1, the scope and tragic character spontaneous peasant movements in Russia, such heroic events of Russian history as the struggle of our people with almost the entire armed Europe led by Napoleon in 1812, and finally, the severity of class contradictions in the feudal Russia of Pushkin's time - all this was a source that fed more high level historical novel by Pushkin compared to Walter Scott's novel, although some important artistic principles Walter Scott was accepted by Pushkin as outstanding in the development of realism in the field of the historical genre.
The uniqueness of Russian historical reality is particularly reflected in the composition of Pushkin's historical novel and in the nature of his use of historical material. The fiction of “The Captain's Daughter” is especially realistic. The whole story of Grinev's adventure is strictly and truthfully motivated by the circumstances of Grinev's first meeting with Pugachev during a storm. Romantic history without violence was included in the framework of a vast historical event.
The poetic synthesis of history and fiction in the novel is reflected in its very plot about the fate of a noble family in the context of a peasant uprising. Pushkin here did not follow the plots of Walter Scott’s novels, as some researchers claimed, but was based on Russian reality itself. The dramatic fate of many noble families is very typical during the anti-feudal period, peasant movement. The plot of the story itself reflected the essential side of this movement.
The content of Pushkin’s historical novel is always based on a truly historical conflict, such contradictions and clashes that are truly significant and historically determining for a given era. And in “Arap of Peter the Great”, and in “Roslavlev”, and in “The Captain’s Daughter”, Pushkin illuminates the essential aspects of the historical life of the nation, depicting such moments that brought great political, cultural and psychological changes to the life of the masses. This primarily determines the epic character, clarity and depth of content of Pushkin’s historical novel, and at the same time its enormous educational value. The nationality of Pushkin’s historical novel lies not only in the fact that Pushkin makes the masses the hero of his novel. Only in “The Captain's Daughter” do the people appear directly as active participants in the events depicted. However, both in “Arap of Peter the Great” and in “Roslavlev”, behind the events and fate of the characters in the novels, people’s life is felt, historical fate nation, the image of Russia appears: under Peter 1 - a “huge artisan”, a mighty patriotic force - in “Roslavlev”. As a truly people's writer, Pushkin depicts the life of not just one social group, but the life of the entire nation, the contradictions and struggles of its top and bottom. Moreover, Pushkin sees the final result of the historical process in changes in the destinies of the people.
The depiction of a historical figure as a representative of certain social circles constitutes Pushkin's powerful strength as a realist artist. In Pushkin's historical novel we always see the conditions that prepared the appearance and activity of an outstanding historical figure, and the social crisis that this figure expresses. In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin first reveals the reasons and circumstances that gave rise to Pugachev's movement, and only then Pugachev himself appears in the novel as a historical hero. Pushkin traces the genesis of the historical hero, shows how the contradictions of the era give rise to great people, and never, as the romantics did, deduces the character of the era from the character of its hero, an outstanding personality.
3. Historical novel in Russian literature
The emergence of the historical novel dates back to the 1930s, the successes of which reflected the development of the national-historical self-awareness of Russian society and the rise of its interest in the Russian past.
The first such novel about “one of our own” was “Yuri Miloslavsky, or the Russians in 1612” by Zagoskin, which appeared in 1829. His success was unheard of in the annals of Russian literature. Over the next few years, many historical novels appeared, of which “Roslavlev, or the Russians in 1812” (1830) by Zagoskina, “Dimitri the Pretender” (1829) by Bulgarin, and “The Oath at the Holy Sepulcher” (1832) played a certain role in the development of the genre. Polevoy, “The Last Novik, or the Conquest of Livonia under Peter I,” published in parts in 1831-1833, “The Ice House” (1835) and “Basurman” (1838) by I. I. Lazhechnikov. In 1835, Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” was published. In 1836, Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” appeared. The Russian historical novel was created.
The success and rapid development of the historical novel gave rise to a lively debate around its problems in magazines and literary circles in the first half of the 1930s. “At this time they talked a lot about local color, about historicity, about the need to recreate history in poetry, in the novel,” testifies Adam Mickiewicz, an attentive observer of the development of Russian literature of that time. The controversy surrounding the problems of the historical novel was an important moment in the struggle for realism in Russian literature, which was started by Pushkin in the mid-20s and then continued by Belinsky.
For Belinsky, the development of the historical novel in Russian literature was not the result of the influence of Walter Scott, as Shevyrev and Senkovsky argued, but a manifestation of the “spirit of the times,” “a universal and one might say worldwide trend.” Attention to the historical past, reflecting growth national identity peoples, at the same time testified to the ever deeper penetration of reality and its interests into art and social thought. Belinsky points out that all further activities progressive thought will and must be based on history, grow from historical soil. According to Belinsky, the significance of Walter Scott lay in the fact that he “completed the connection of art with life, taking history as an intermediary.” “Art itself has now become predominantly historical, the historical novel and historical drama interest one and all more than works of the same kind that belong to the sphere of pure fiction,” the critic noted. In attention to history and reality, he saw the movement of Russian literature towards realism.
Among the authors of historical novels of the 30s, prominent... And. Lazhechnikov’s place is taken by Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov, who, according to Belinsky, acquired wide popularity and “loud authority” among his contemporaries. The son of a rich, enlightened merchant, who communicated with N.I. Novikov, he received a good education at home. Captured by the widespread upsurge of patriotism in 1812, he ran away from home, participated in the Patriotic War, and visited Paris. Subsequently, in his “Marching Notes of a Russian Officer,” published in 1820, Lazhechnikov sympathetically noted progressive phenomena European culture and protested, albeit restrainedly, against serfdom. Subsequently, he served for a number of years as a school director; by the 60s, his moderate liberalism had dried up, and his talent as a novelist had weakened; only his published memoirs about life meetings (with Belinsky and others) are of undoubted interest.
Each of Lazhechnikov’s novels was the result of the author’s careful work on sources known to him, careful study of documents, memoirs and the area where the events described took place. Lazhechnikov’s first novel, “The Last Novik,” is distinguished by these features. Lazhechnikov chose Livonia as the main setting for the action, which was familiar to him and, perhaps, attracted his imagination with the ruins of ancient castles.
The plot of “The Last Novik” is romantic. The author resorted to an unsuccessful fiction, making the hero of the novel the son of Princess Sophia and Prince Vasily Golitsyn. In his youth, he almost became the murderer of Tsarevich Peter. After the overthrow of Sophia and the removal of Golitsyn from power, he had to flee abroad to escape execution. There he matured and took a fresh look at the situation in Russia. He followed Peter's activities with sympathy, but considered it impossible for him to return to his homeland. When war broke out between Russia and Sweden, Novik secretly began to help the Russian army that invaded Livonia. Having gained confidence in the chief of the Swedish troops, Schlippenbach, he reported about his forces and plans to the commander of the Russian army in Livonia, Sheremetyev, contributing to the victory of the Russian troops over the Swedes. This is how a dramatic situation arose in romantic spirit. The last Novik is both a hero and a criminal: he is Peter's secret friend and knows that Peter is hostile to him. The conflict is resolved by the fact that the last Novik returns to his homeland secretly, receives forgiveness, but no longer feeling the strength to participate in Peter’s reforms, goes to a monastery, where he dies.
The novel exposes the hypocritical, soulless serf-owning attitude of the Livonian barons towards the peasants and their needs, hidden under the mask of patriarchy. At the same time, the author could well count on the reader being able to apply the images of the Livonian serf landowners to Russian reality. Their black world is opposed in the novel by noble people: zealots of education and true patriots I.R. Patkul, doctor Blumentrost, Pastor Gluck and his pupil - the future Catherine 1, noble officers - the Traufert brothers, learned librarian, natural history lover Big and others. Most of them are historical figures. These characters are the bearers of historical progress in the novel. They all admire the personality of Peter 1, sympathize with his activities, and wish for a rapprochement between Livonia and Russia.
In light colors, Lazhechnikov paints the image of Peter himself, combining the simplicity and grandeur that are given in two scenes of Pushkin’s “Arap Peter the Great.” But if Pushkin clearly imagined controversial nature activities of Peter, then in Lazhechnikov’s novel the Petrine era, Peter himself and his associates are extremely idealized. Lazhechnikov does not show any social contradictions and political struggles, he ignores the barbaric management methods used by Peter. The appearance of Peter is given in the spirit of the romantic theory of genius.
Lazhechnikov's most significant novel is “The Ice House” (1835). When creating it, the novelist read the memoirs of figures from Anna Ioannovna’s time - Manstein, Minich and others, published at the beginning of the 19th century. This allowed him to recreate with sufficient accuracy the atmosphere of court life during the time of Anna Ioannovna and the images of some historical figures, although in sketching them he considered it possible, according to his views, to change something in comparison with reality. This applies primarily to the hero of the novel, Cabinet Minister Art. Volynsky, slandered by the Empress’s favorite German Biron and sentenced to terrible execution. The writer idealized his image in many ways. Historical role Volynsky, who fought against the temporary foreigner, was undoubtedly progressive. But in historical Volyn positive features combined with negative ones. Peter 1 beat him more than once for covetousness. Like other nobles of his time, Volynsky was no stranger to sycophancy, vanity, and careerism. All these features of his personality are eliminated by the writer. Volynsky in the novel is full of concern for the welfare of the state and the people, exhausted by heavy exactions; He enters into the fight with Biron only for the good of his homeland.
Volynsky’s rival, the arrogant temporary worker and oppressor of the people Biron, is sketched by the writer much closer to historical appearance the empress's favorite. Despite all Lazhechnikov’s caution, the drawn image of Anna Ioannovna herself testified to her limitations, lack of will, and lack of any spiritual interests. The construction of the ice house, in which the wedding of the buffoon couple was celebrated, is shown by the writer as expensive and cruel entertainment.
The plot presented Lazhechnikov with the opportunity to deeply reveal the plight of the people. For the holiday, conceived by Volynsky for the amusement of the Empress, young couples were brought from all over the country, creating the image multinational Russia. In the fear and humiliation experienced by the participants of the play in the ice house, in the fate of the Ukrainian tortured by Bironov’s minions, the theme of the suffering of the Russian people under the yoke of Bironovism is heard. Conveying the dreams of the firecracker Mrs. Kulkovskaya about how she, the “future pillar noblewoman,” will “buy peasants in her name and beat them with her hands,” and, if necessary, resort to the help of an executioner, Lazhechnikov lifts the veil over serfdom morals, expressing his indignant attitude towards serfdom, his position as a humanist writer.
The image of Trediakovsky turned out to be historically incorrect, which was noted by Pushkin in a letter to Lazhechnikov. Trediakovsky Lazhechnikova is more similar to his caricature in Sumarokov’s comedy “Tressotinius”, caused by fierce literary disputes of the mid-18th century, than to the historical reformer of Russian verse and a man of tragic life, who was mocked by nobles.
In the plot of the novel, political and love affair, romantic love Volynsky to the beautiful Moldavian Marioritsa. This line of plot development sometimes interferes with the first, weakening the historicism of The Ice House. But it does not go beyond the framework of life and morals of the capital's noble society of that time. Not always skillfully intertwining the two main motives of the plot development of the novel, Lazhechnikov, unlike most historical fiction writers of his time, does not subordinate history to fiction: the main situations and the ending of the novel are determined political struggle Volynsky with Biron.
Reproducing in the novel “local color”, some interesting features of the morals and life of that time, the writer truthfully showed how state affairs were intertwined in the time of Anna Ioannovna with the palace and home life of the queen and her entourage. The scene of the people's fright at the appearance of the “language”, at the utterance of the terrible “word and deed”, which entailed torture in the Secret Chancellery, is historically accurate. The Yuletide amusements of the girls, the belief in sorcerers and fortune-tellers, the images of the gypsy, the palace jesters and firecrackers, the idea with the ice house and the court entertainments of the bored Anna, which the cabinet minister himself had to deal with - all these are picturesque and true features of the morals of that time. In historical and everyday paintings and episodes, in depicting the horrors of Bironovism, the realistic stream in the writer’s work continues to flow.
Bibliography
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2. A. I. Herzen, The Past and Thoughts, part 1.
3. V. G. Belinsky, About the Russian story and Gogol’s stories. N.
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5. A.I.Polezhaev, Complete collection poems. Introductory article
6. N. F. Belchikova, ed. " Soviet writer", 1934 ("Poet's Library". Big series).
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8. I, Voronin, A. I. Polezhaev. Life and creativity, Goslitizdat, M., 1954.
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ALEXANDER NEVSKY THE PRESENTATION WAS PREPARED BY THE TEACHER OF MBOU CHILDREN'S SCHOOL NO. 1, BALAKOVO SHALNOVA OLGA VYACHESLAVOVNA. THE TEACHER OF MBOU CHILDREN'S SCHOOL No. 1, BALAKOVO NEMOVA IRINA VADIMOVNA N.M. KARAMZIN PARTICIPATED IN THE PREPARATION. Meaning human existence and the role of personality in the history of Russia have always aroused the interest of researchers of different generations. “In the history of the Russian state there were such tense moments when every step of a major leader (prince, commander, tsar, emperor) could most directly affect the fate of his fellow citizens, and other peoples too. It was during such periods that Rus', Russia gave birth to the greatest figures in state, spiritual and social life, in military affairs. Very often they had to solve “multiple problems” that time set before them.” (2) P.D. KORIN. MIDDLE PART OF THE TRIPTYCH “ALEXANDER NEVSKY”. May 30 (Old Style) in the distant year 1220. “Truly the city of God”(4) Pereslavl-Zalessky became the birthplace of ALEXANDER NEVSKY - “the holy noble prince, the holy knight of the Russian land”(4). Almost eight centuries separate us from this great event in the life of every Orthodox Christian. Of the 90 princes and princesses of the descendants of the great Rurik, canonized, ALEXANDER is “the most illustrious, revered and beloved prince not only in Russia, but also in other countries” (4), “from the Khonuzh Sea and to the Ararat mountains, and across that side of the Varangian Sea and to the great Rome” (1). An ancient source literary image Alexander Nevsky is “The Tale of the Life and Courage of the Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander” from the Litsevoy Chronicle of the 16th century. Miniature of the Front Chronicle. XVI century. Life of Alexander Nevsky. Battle of the Neva. “Isaiah the prophet said about such people: “A good prince in countries is quiet, friendly, meek, humble - and thus he is like God.” Without being seduced by wealth, without forgetting the blood of the righteous, he judges orphans and widows with justice, is merciful, kind to his household and hospitable to those who come from foreign countries. God helps such people, for God does not love angels, but people, in his generosity he generously bestows and shows his mercy in the world” (1). Miniature of the Front Chronicle. XVI century. Alexander Nevsky ransoms prisoners. Miniature of the Front Chronicle. “God is not in power, but in righteousness.” And King Batu saw him, and was amazed, and said to his nobles: “They told me the truth, that there is no prince like him” (1). THE RIGHT PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY BEGS BATY KHAN TO SPARE THE RUSSIAN LAND. CHROMOLITHOGRAPH. XIX CENTURY. One day, ambassadors from the Pope from great Rome came to Alexander with the following words: “Our Pope says this: “We heard that you are a worthy and glorious prince and that your land is great. That’s why we sent to you the two smartest of the twelve cardinals - Agaldad and Remont, so that you may listen to their speech about the law of God" (1). HENRY SEMIRADSKY. “ALEXANDER NEVSKY RECEIVES THE POPAL LEGATES.” In honor of the holy noble prince ALEXANDER NEVSKY, many temples, cathedrals, churches were built throughout the earth. RUSSIA. NOVOSIBIRSK CITY. ALEXANDER NEVSKY CATHEDRAL. RUSSIA. NIZHNY NOVGOROD. ALEXANDER NEVSKY CATHEDRAL. RUSSIA. PETROZAVODSK. ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY CATHEDRAL. RUSSIA. G. KURGAN. TEMPLE OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY. ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY CATHEDRAL IN SOFIA. BULGARIA. TEMPLE OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY IN ROTTERDAM. NETHERLANDS. CHURCH OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY IN TASHKENT. UZBEKISTAN. ALEXANDER NEVSKY CATHEDRAL IN TALLINN. ESTONIA. TEMPLE OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY. BICERT. TUNISIA. CHURCH IN HONOR OF ST.KN. ALEXANDER NEVSKY IN COPENHAGEN. DENMARK. Writers and poets of different eras addressed the personality of ALEXANDER NEVSKY in their works. “...His hair fell to his slender shoulders, like a golden strand, his lips breathed love and his speech sounded with wisdom. Decorated with high valor And with the heart of a true hero He was menacingly terrible to enemies in the midst of battles, Outside of battles the saint was a joy. Always in the consciousness of strict duty, He honored the truth with all his soul And divided the feelings of his heart Between the Fatherland and God. mountains. ... And only after waiting for the Livonians, having mixed ranks, to be drawn into battle, He, blazing his sword in the sun, led the squad behind him. Raising swords made of Russian steel, bending the spear shafts, the Novgorod regiments flew out of the forest screaming. They flew across the ice with a clang and thunder, bending towards their shaggy manes; And the prince, on a huge horse, was the first to cut into the German formation...” K.S. SIMONOV. POEM “BATTLE ON THE ICE” “...And there was a slash of evil, and a crack from the breaking of spears, and a sound from the cutting of swords, as if a frozen lake was moving. And there was no ice visible, for it was covered in blood.”(1) V. NAZARUK. "BATTLE ON THE ICE". “...He was young and handsome, He loved his Rus' with all his heart, The rumor was: “Born of God,” the Great, wise prince was!... Having defeated the formidable Swedes in Izhora, In his incomplete twenty years, Where he won victory with courage, How again Rus' is shaking from troubles! Even though his experience is still “not much”, Only twenty-two have passed, He became a skilled commander, He understood military affairs. With his father more than once in harsh battles, he tempered the will of steel, it was given to him to be born, to decorate the military pedestal...” LYUDMILA LEADER. POEM "NEVSKY - MATRIX OF VALUES". G.I.UGRUMOV. “THE SOLEMN ENTRY OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY INTO THE CITY OF PSKOV AFTER HIS VICTORY OVER THE GERMANS.” “...The lamp quietly burns before the image of the Savior... The prince lies motionless... As if a light shone above his head - A wonderful face lit up with beauty, Quietly the abbot approached him and with a trembling hand, felt his heart and forehead And, sobbing, exclaimed: “Our sun it's gone!..." N.M. YAZYKOV. "IN THE TOWN IN 1263." G.I.SEMIRADSKY. "THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY". G.I.SEMIRADSKY. "BURIAL OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY". The image of Prince Alexander Nevsky is presented in different ways on the canvases of great masters of fine art. G.I. Semiradsky portrays him as a young, energetic, strong-willed warrior and statesman, in whose appearance holiness can only be guessed. G.I.SEMIRADSKY. "ALEXANDER NEVSKY IN THE HORDE". G.I.SEMIRADSKY. “ALEXANDER NEVSKY RECEIVES THE POPAL LEGATES.” M.V. Nesterov filled the image of the Holy Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky with prayerful concentration. M.V. NESTEROV. "The DORMSION OF SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKY". M.V. NESTEROV. "PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY". V.M. Vasnetsov introduced features of epic fairy-tale poetics and folklore into the image of A. Nevsky. In the appearance of the Holy Prince, he emphasized his Slavicness. V.M.VASNETSOV. "SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKY". V.M.VASNETSOV. "ALEXANDER NEVSKIY". ICON. PSKOV. Everyone stopped behind Prince Alexander... Everyone froze from grief and sorrow... N.K. Roerich emphasizes what has always been and will be strong in the soul of the Russian people, the Russian people - compassion, compassion. N.K.ROERICH. "ALEXANDER NEVSKIY". 1942. N. Roerich specially made the canvas intended for mosaics in the character of ancient Russian book miniatures. It seems that he is looking at “what is happening” through the eyes of an artist - an eyewitness. N.K.ROERICH. “ALEXANDER NEVSKY’S BATTLE WITH YARL BIRGER.” 1904 The first iconographic images of Alexander Nevsky appeared only in the middle of the 16th century. ALEXANDER NEVSKIY. XVI CENTURY. KOSTROMA. IPATEVSKY MONASTERY. SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKY. FRESCO. XVII CENTURY. MOSCOW. KREMLIN. CATHEDRAL OF THE ARCHANGEL. Dedicated to the HOLY BLESSED PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY great amount icons The technique of their execution is varied. ALEXANDER NEVSKIY. ICON. XVII CENTURY-XVIII CENTURY TREE. TEMPERA. SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKY IN THE SCHEME OF ALEXIY. ICON. ICONS WITH SCENES OF “THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY”. XIX CENTURY. ICON "ALEXANDER NEVSKY". BEADWORK. ICON "SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKY". SETTING: SILVER, CLOISONINE AND FILIGINE ENAMEL, ENGRAVING, SHUTTERING. ZHANNA VETROVA. ICON "THE HOLY GREAT PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY". MATERIAL: BEADS, BULLEDS, SEW-ON SWAROVSKI RHINESTERES, ANTI-GLARE GLASS, ITALIAN BAGUETTE. “A true Christian, the holy noble prince ALEXANDER NEVSKY was a brave warrior, a talented commander, defender of Rus', guardian Orthodox faith and a prayer book for the Russian people... In the east, Saint ALEXANDER defended his faith and Rus' with humility and humiliation, in the west he was a formidable opponent for those who tried to encroach on the ancestral Russian lands..." (4) "...Prince ALEXANDER YAROSLAVICH NEVSKY, according to estimates outstanding military historian A.N. Kirpichnikov, conducted no less than 12 battles and military operations with the Swedes, Germans, Lithuania and achieved success in all ... "(5) Personnel feature film"Alexander. Battle of the Neva." Director: Igor Kolenov. 2008 The classic historical film of the 30s "Alexander Nevsky" is one of best works directed by Sergei Eisenstein. The music for the film was written by the famous composer Sergei Prokofiev. The texts of the vocal and choral fragments were written by the author of music and poet Vladimir Lugovsky. The premiere of the film in 1938 and its re-screening in 1942, the year of the Great Patriotic War, the year of the seven hundredth anniversary of the Battle of the Ice, were a huge success. SERGEY PROKOFIEV SERGEY EISENSTEIN VLADIMIR LUGOVSKOY STILL FROM SERGEY EISENSTEIN’S MOVIE “ALEXANDER NEVSKY”. “Live without transgressing other people’s borders...” “..If anyone comes to us with a sword, he will die by the sword. On this the Russian land stands and will stand!..” “...God is not in power, but in truth...” “Rise, Russian people, for a glorious battle, for a mortal battle!..” Work on the music for the film by S. Eisenstein “ Alexander Nevsky" happened in the following way: either the director showed the composer a finished piece of film, leaving him to decide what the music for it should be, or Prokofiev wrote this or that musical episode in advance, and Eisenstein lined up the film frames for the music. As a result of this trust of artists in each other, Prokofiev considered Eisenstein “a very subtle musician,” and the director was amazed at the composer’s ability to convey in music the essence of the visual images of film. COOPERATION OF S. EISENSTEIN AND S. ROKOFIEV. The cantata “Alexander Nevsky” from the music for the film of the same name in seven parts is heard in concert halls as an independent work. Y. PANTYUKHIN. "ALEXANDER NEVSKIY". V.LUGOVSKOY. S. PROKOFIEV. “... IN Rus', NATIVE, IN Rus' THERE WILL BE NO GREAT ENEMY. RISE, STAND UP, MOTHER Rus'!..” MEDAL “BATTLE ON THE ICE”. GALVANIC. "MONUMENT TO ALEXANDER NEVSKY". SCULPTORS: V. KOZENYUK, A. TALMIN, A. CHARTIN. "MONUMENT TO ALEXANDER NEVSKY AND HIS SERVINE." SCULPTOR - I.I. KOZLOV AND ARCHITECT P.S. BUTENKO. 2012 IS THE YEAR OF RUSSIAN HISTORY, THE YEAR 770 - ANNIVERSARY OF THE VICTORY OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY AND HIS STREAMS IN THE BATTLE OF THE ICE. THE OPINION OF HISTORIAN RESEARCHERS TO THIS AND OTHER EVENTS OF THE 13TH CENTURY IS AMBIGUOUS. BUT THE ANOTHER VICTORY OF THE HOLY BLESSED PRINCE IN THE TELEVISION PROJECT “THE NAME OF RUSSIA” IS UNDISPUTED. THE AWARDS NAMED AFTER ALEXANDER NEVSKY ARE GREAT. IT IS GREATLY SIGNIFICANT THAT THE YOUNG GENERATION OF THE XXI CENTURY IS INTERESTED IN THE HISTORY, CULTURE OF RUSSIA AND EXPRESSES THEIR ATTITUDE IN THE DRAWINGS OF THE SCHOOL EXHIBITION - COMPETITION “DEFENDERS OF THE MOTHERLAND THROUGH THE EYES OF CHILDREN.” ALEXANDER NEVSKIY." MIKHAILOVA DARIA. 11 YEARS OLD. "RIDER". ARKHIPOVA ANASTASIA. 11 YEARS. "GOD IS WITH US". NESTEROVA VALERIYA. 11 YEARS. "FOR THE RUSSIAN LAND." AKIMOVA EKATERINA. 12 YEARS OLD. "PRINCE'S SQUAD." KORMSHCHIKOVA ANNA. 11 YEARS. "BEFORE THE SECTION." MOROZOVA ANNA.11 YEARS OLD. "PENDING". PYPKINA POLINA. 14 YEARS OLD. "BATTLE". GENERALOVA KSENIA. "DUELS WITH THE TEUTONIC KNIGHT". MATERIALS USED: 1.L.A.DMITRIEVA, D.S.LIKHACHEV. MONUMENTS OF LITERATURE OF ANCIENT RUSSIA.MOSCOW. “FICTION”. 1981. 2.A.P. TOROPTSEV.RURIKOVICHES.FORMATION OF A DYNASTY.MOSCOW.OLMA MEDIA GROUP.2006. 3.A.V.FOMENKO.For LIFE ON EARTH.MOSCOW. "ENLIGHTENMENT". 1990. 4. A. SOKOLOV. HOLY VITIAZ OF THE RUSSIAN LAND. NIZHNY NOVGOROD. 2008. 5. N. BODRIKHIN. 400 BATTLES OF RUSSIA. MOSCOW. "EXMO.YAUZA.", 2009. 6. INTERNET RESOURCES. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
Epics about Ilya Muromets
HeroIlya Muromets, son of Ivan Timofeevich and Efrosinya Yakovlevna, peasants of the village of Karacharova near Murom. Most popular character bylin, the second most powerful (after Svyatogor) Russian hero and the first domestic superman.
Sometimes identified with the epic Ilya Muromets a real man, Rev. Elijah of Pechersk, nicknamed Chobotok, buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and canonized in 1643.
Years of creation. XII–XVI centuries
What's the point? Until the age of 33, Ilya lay, paralyzed, on a stove in parental home, until he was miraculously healed by wanderers (“walking kaliki”). Having gained strength, he equipped his father’s farm and went to Kyiv, along the way capturing the Nightingale the Robber, who was terrorizing the surrounding area. In Kyiv, Ilya Muromets joined the squad of Prince Vladimir and found the hero Svyatogor, who gave him a treasure sword and mystical “real power”. In this episode he demonstrated not only physical strength, but also high moral qualities, without responding to the advances of Svyatogor’s wife. Later, Ilya Muromets defeated the “great force” near Chernigov, paved the direct road from Chernigov to Kyiv, inspected the roads from the Alatyr-stone, tested the young hero Dobrynya Nikitich, saved the hero Mikhail Potyk from captivity in the Saracen kingdom, defeated Idolishche, and walked with his squad to Constantinople, one defeated the army of Tsar Kalin.
Ilya Muromets was not alien to simple human joys: in one of the epic episodes, he walks around Kyiv with “tavern heads,” and his son Sokolnik was born out of wedlock, which later leads to a fight between father and son.
What it looks like. Superman. Epics describe Ilya Muromets as “a remote, portly good fellow“, he fights with a club “ninety pounds” (1440 kilograms)!
What is he fighting for? Ilya Muromets and his squad very clearly formulate the purpose of their service:
“...to stand alone for the faith for the fatherland,
...to stand alone for Kyiv-grad,
...to stand alone for the churches for the cathedrals,
...he will take care of Prince and Vladimir.”
But Ilya Muromets is not only a statesman - he is at the same time one of the most democratic fighters against evil, as he is always ready to fight “for widows, for orphans, for poor people.”
Way of fighting. A duel with an enemy or a battle with superior enemy forces.
With what result? Despite the difficulties caused by the numerical superiority of the enemy or the disdainful attitude of Prince Vladimir and the boyars, he invariably wins.
What is it fighting against? Against internal and external enemies of Rus' and their allies, violators of law and order, illegal migrants, invaders and aggressors.
2. Archpriest Avvakum
"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"
Hero. Archpriest Avvakum worked his way up from a village priest to the leader of the resistance to the church reform of Patriarch Nikon and became one of the leaders of the Old Believers, or schismatics. Avvakum is the first religious figure of such magnitude who not only suffered for his beliefs, but also described it himself.
Years of creation. Approximately 1672–1675.
What's the point? A native of a Volga village, Avvakum from his youth was distinguished by both piety and violent disposition. Having moved to Moscow, he took an active part in church educational activities, was close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but sharply opposed the church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon. With his characteristic temperament, Avvakum led a fierce struggle against Nikon, advocating for the old order of church rites. Avvakum, not at all shy in his expressions, conducted public and journalistic activities, for which he was repeatedly imprisoned, cursed and defrocked, and exiled to Tobolsk, Transbaikalia, Mezen and Pustozersk. From the place of his last exile, he continued to write appeals, for which he was imprisoned in an “earth pit.” He had many followers. Church hierarchs tried to persuade Habakkuk to renounce his “delusions,” but he remained adamant and was eventually burned.
What it looks like. One can only guess: Avvakum did not describe himself. Maybe the way the priest looks in Surikov’s painting “Boyarina Morozova” - Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova was a faithful follower of Avvakum.
What is he fighting for? For the purity of the Orthodox faith, for the preservation of tradition.
Way of fighting. Word and deed. Avvakum wrote accusatory pamphlets, but he could personally beat the buffoons who entered the village and break them musical instruments. He considered self-immolation a form of possible resistance.
With what result? Avvakum's passionate preaching against church reform made resistance to it widespread, but he himself, along with three of his comrades-in-arms, was executed in 1682 in Pustozersk.
What is it fighting against? Against the desecration of Orthodoxy by “heretical novelties”, against everything alien, “external wisdom”, that is, scientific knowledge, against entertainment. Suspects the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the reign of the devil.
3. Taras Bulba
"Taras Bulba"
Hero.“Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all about scolding anxiety and was distinguished by the brutal directness of his character. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to exert itself on the Russian nobility. Many had already adopted Polish customs, had luxury, magnificent servants, falcons, hunters, dinners, courtyards. Taras did not like this. He loved the simple life of the Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined to the Warsaw side, calling them slaves of the Polish lords. Always restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. He arbitrarily entered villages where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke. He himself carried out reprisals against them with his Cossacks and made it a rule that in three cases one should always take up the saber, namely: when the commissars did not respect the elders in any way and stood before them in their caps, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not respect the ancestral law and, finally, when the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered in any case permissible to raise arms for the glory of Christianity.”
Year of creation. The story was first published in 1835 in the collection “Mirgorod”. The 1842 edition, in which, in fact, we all read Taras Bulba, differs significantly from the original version.
What's the point? All his life, the dashing Cossack Taras Bulba has been fighting for the liberation of Ukraine from its oppressors. He, the glorious chieftain, cannot bear the thought that his own children, flesh of his flesh, may not follow his example. Therefore, Taras kills Andria’s son, who betrayed the sacred cause, without hesitation. When another son, Ostap, is captured, our hero deliberately penetrates into the heart of the enemy camp - but not in order to try to save his son. His only goal is to make sure that Ostap, under torture, does not show cowardice and does not renounce high ideals. Taras himself dies like Joan of Arc, having previously given Russian culture the immortal phrase: “There is no bond holier than comradeship!”
What it looks like. He is extremely heavy and fat (20 pounds, equivalent to 320 kg), gloomy eyes, very white eyebrows, mustache and forelock.
What is he fighting for? For the liberation of the Zaporozhye Sich, for independence.
Way of fighting. Hostilities.
With what result? With deplorable. Everyone died.
What is it fighting against? Against the oppressor Poles, the foreign yoke, police despotism, old-world landowners and court satraps.
4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov
“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov”
Hero. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, merchant class. Trades silks - with varying success. Moskvich. Orthodox. Has two younger brothers. He is married to the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, because of whom the whole story came out.
Year of creation. 1838
What's the point? Lermontov was not keen on the topic of Russian heroism. He wrote romantic poems about nobles, officers, Chechens and Jews. But he was one of the first to find out that the 19th century was rich only in the heroes of its time, but heroes for all times should be sought in the deep past. There, in Moscow, Ivan the Terrible was found (or rather, invented) a hero with the now common name Kalashnikov. The young guardsman Kiribeevich falls in love with his wife and attacks her at night, persuading her to surrender. The next day, the offended husband challenges the guardsman to a fist fight and kills him with one blow. For the murder of his beloved guardsman and for the fact that Kalashnikov refuses to name the reason for his action, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich orders the execution of the young merchant, but does not leave his widow and children with mercy and care. Such is royal justice.
What it looks like.
“His falcon eyes are burning,
He looks intently at the guardsman.
He becomes opposite to him,
He pulls on his combat gloves,
He straightens his mighty shoulders.”
What is he fighting for? For the honor of his woman and family. Neighbors saw Kiribeevich's attack on Alena Dmitrievna, and now she cannot appear in front of honest people. Although, going into battle with the oprichnik, Kalashnikov solemnly declares that he is fighting “for the holy mother truth.” But the heroes sometimes distort.
Way of fighting. Fatal fist fight. Essentially a murder in broad daylight in front of thousands of witnesses.
With what result?
“And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov
A cruel, shameful death;
And the little head is mediocre
She rolled onto the chopping block covered in blood.”
But they buried Kiribeevich too.
What is it fighting against? Evil in the poem is personified by the guardsman with the foreign patronymic Kiribeevich, and also a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, that is, the enemy squared. Kalashnikov calls him “son of Basurman,” hinting at his enemy’s lack of Moscow registration. And this person of Eastern nationality delivers the first (aka the last) blow not to the merchant’s face, but to the Orthodox cross with relics from Kyiv, which hangs on the brave chest. He says to Alena Dmitrievna: “I am not some kind of thief, a forest murderer, / I am a servant of the Tsar, the terrible Tsar...” - that is, he hides behind the highest mercy. So heroic deed Kalashnikov is nothing more than a deliberate murder motivated by national hatred. Lermontov, who himself participated in the Caucasian campaigns and wrote a lot about the wars with the Chechens, was close to the theme of “Moscow for Muscovites” in its anti-Basurman context.
5. Danko “Old Woman Izergil”
Hero Danko. Biography unknown.
“In the old days, there lived only people in the world; impenetrable forests surrounded the camps of these people on three sides, and on the fourth there was the steppe. These were cheerful, strong and brave people... Danko is one of those people..."
Year of creation. The short story “Old Woman Izergil” was first published in Samara Gazeta in 1895.
What's the point? Danko is the fruit of the uncontrollable imagination of the same old woman Izergil, after whom Gorky’s short story is named. A sultry Bessarabian old woman with a rich past tells a beautiful legend: during Ona’s time there was a redistribution of property - there was a showdown between two tribes. Not wanting to stay in the occupied territory, one of the tribes went into the forest, but there the people experienced mass depression, because “nothing - neither work nor women, exhausts the bodies and souls of people as much as sad thoughts exhaust.” At a critical moment, Danko did not allow his people to bow to the conquerors, but instead offered to follow him - in an unknown direction.
What it looks like.“Danko... a handsome young man. Beautiful people are always brave.”
What is he fighting for? Go figure. In order to get out of the forest and thereby ensure freedom for his people. It is unclear where the guarantee is that freedom is exactly where the forest ends.
Way of fighting. An unpleasant physiological operation, indicating a masochistic personality. Self-dismemberment.
With what result? With duality. He got out of the forest, but died immediately. Sophisticated abuse of one’s own body is not in vain. The hero did not receive gratitude for his feat: his heart, torn out of his chest with his own hands, was trampled under someone’s heartless heel.
What is it fighting against? Against collaboration, conciliation and sycophancy before conquerors.
6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)
A body of texts, from “Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat” to “Bombs for the Chairman,” the most important of the novels is “Seventeen Moments of Spring”
Hero. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, aka Max Otto von Stirlitz, aka Estilitz, Bolzen, Brunn. An employee of the press service of the Kolchak government, an underground security officer, an intelligence officer, a history professor, exposing a conspiracy of Nazi followers.
Years of creation. Novels about Colonel Isaev were created over 24 years - from 1965 to 1989.
What's the point? In 1921, security officer Vladimirov freed Far East from the remnants of the White Army. In 1927, they decided to send him to Europe - it was then that the legend of the German aristocrat Max Otto von Stirlitz was born. In 1944, he saves Krakow from destruction by helping the group of Major Whirlwind. At the very end of the war, he was entrusted with the most important mission - to disrupt separate negotiations between Germany and the West. In Berlin, the hero carries out his difficult task, simultaneously saving the radio operator Kat, the end of the war is already close, and the Third Reich is collapsing to the song “Seventeen Moments of April” by Marika Rekk. In 1945, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
What it looks like. From the party description of von Stirlitz, a member of the NSDAP since 1933, SS Standartenführer (VI Department of the RSHA): “A true Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Maintains good relationships with workmates. Fulfills his official duty impeccably. Merciless towards the enemies of the Reich. An excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in any connections that discredited him. Recognized with awards from the Fuhrer and commendations from the Reichsfuhrer SS..."
What is he fighting for? For the victory of communism. It’s unpleasant to admit this to yourself, but in some situations - for the homeland, for Stalin.
Way of fighting. Intelligence and espionage, sometimes the deductive method, ingenuity, dexterity and camouflage.
With what result? On the one hand, he saves everyone who needs it and successfully carries out subversive activities; reveals secret intelligence networks and defeats the main enemy - Gestapo chief Müller. However, the Soviet country, for whose honor and victory he is fighting, thanks its hero in its own way: in 1947, he, who had just arrived in the Union on a Soviet ship, was arrested, and by order of Stalin, his wife and son were shot. Stirlitz leaves prison only after Beria's death.
What is it fighting against? Against whites, Spanish fascists, German Nazis and all enemies of the USSR.
7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov “Look into the eyes of monsters”
Hero Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov, symbolist poet, superman, conquistador, member of the Order of the Fifth Rome, ruler Soviet history and a fearless dragon slayer.
Year of creation. 1997
What's the point? Nikolai Gumilyov was not shot in 1921 in the dungeons of the Cheka. He was saved from execution by Yakov Wilhelmovich (or James William Bruce), a representative of the secret order of the Fifth Rome, created in the 13th century. Having acquired the gift of immortality and power, Gumilyov strides through the history of the 20th century, generously leaving his traces in it. Puts Marilyn Monroe to bed, simultaneously building chickens for Agatha Christie, gives valuable advice Ian Fleming, due to his absurd character, starts a duel with Mayakovsky and, abandoning his cold corpse in Lubyansky Proezd, runs away, leaving the police and literary scholars to compose a version of suicide. He takes part in a writers' convention and becomes addicted to xerion, a magical drug based on dragon blood that gives immortality to members of the order. Everything would be fine - the problems begin later, when evil dragon forces begin to threaten not only the world in general, but the Gumilyov family: his wife Annushka and son Styopa.
What is he fighting for? First for goodness and beauty, then he no longer has time for lofty ideas - he simply saves his wife and son.
Way of fighting. Gumilyov participates in an unimaginable number of battles and battles, masters hand-to-hand combat techniques and all types of firearms. True, to achieve special sleight of hand, fearlessness, omnipotence, invulnerability and even immortality, he has to throw in xerion.
With what result? Nobody knows this. The novel “Look into the Eyes of Monsters” ends without giving an answer to this burning question. All the continuations of the novel (both “The Hyperborean Plague” and “The March of the Ecclesiastes”), firstly, are much less recognized by fans of Lazarchuk-Uspensky, and secondly, and this is the most important thing, they also do not offer the reader a solution.
What is it fighting against? Having learned about the real causes of the disasters that befell the world in the 20th century, he struggles primarily with these misfortunes. In other words, with a civilization of evil lizards.
8. Vasily Terkin
"Vasily Terkin"
Hero. Vasily Terkin, reserve private, infantryman. Originally from near Smolensk. Single, no children. He has an award for the totality of his feats.
Years of creation. 1941–1945
What's the point? Contrary to popular belief, the need for such a hero appeared even before the Great Patriotic War. Tvardovsky came up with Terkin during the Finnish campaign, where he, together with the Pulkins, Mushkins, Protirkins and other characters in newspaper feuilletons, fought with the White Finns for the Motherland. So Terkin entered 1941 as an experienced fighter. By 1943, Tvardovsky was tired of his unsinkable hero and wanted to send him into retirement due to injury, but letters from readers returned Terkin to the front, where he spent another two years, was shell-shocked and was surrounded three times, conquered high and low heights, led battles in the swamps, liberated villages, took Berlin and even spoke with Death. His rustic but sparkling wit invariably saved him from enemies and censors, but it definitely did not attract girls. Tvardovsky even appealed to his readers to love his hero - just like that, from the heart. After all, Soviet heroes do not have the dexterity of James Bond.
What it looks like. Endowed with beauty He was not excellent, Not tall, not that small, But a hero - a hero.
What is he fighting for? For the cause of peace for the sake of life on earth, that is, his task, like that of any liberator soldier, is global. Terkin himself is sure that he is fighting “for Russia, for the people / And for everything in the world,” but sometimes, just in case, he mentions the Soviet government - no matter what happens.
Way of fighting. In war, as we know, any means are good, so everything is used: a tank, a machine gun, a knife, a wooden spoon, fists, teeth, vodka, the power of persuasion, a joke, a song, an accordion...
With what result?. He came close to death several times. He should have received a medal, but due to a typo in the list, the hero never received the award.
But imitators found it: by the end of the war, almost every company already had its own Terkin, and some had two.
What is it fighting against? First against the Finns, then against the Nazis, and sometimes also against Death. In fact, Terkin was called upon to fight depressive moods at the front, which he did with success.
9. Anastasia Kamenskaya
A series of detective stories about Anastasia Kamenskaya
Heroine. Nastya Kamenskaya, major of the MUR, the best analyst of Petrovka, a brilliant operative, in the manner Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot investigating serious crimes.
Years of creation. 1992–2006
What's the point? The work of an operative involves difficult everyday life (the first evidence of this is the television series “Streets of Broken Lights”). But Nastya Kamenskaya finds it difficult to rush around the city and catch bandits in dark alleys: she is lazy, in poor health and loves peace more than anything else. Because of this, she periodically has difficulties in relations with management. Only her first boss and teacher, nicknamed Kolobok, had unlimited faith in her analytical abilities; to others, she has to prove that she best investigates bloody crimes by sitting in her office, drinking coffee and analyzing, analyzing.
What it looks like. Tall, thin blonde, expressionless facial features. He never wears cosmetics and prefers discreet, comfortable clothes.
What is he fighting for? Definitely not for a modest police salary: knowing five foreign languages and having some connections, Nastya could leave Petrovka at any moment, but she doesn’t. It turns out that he is fighting for the triumph of law and order.
Way of fighting. First of all, analytics. But sometimes Nastya has to change her habits and go out on the warpath on her own. In this case, acting skills, the art of transformation and feminine charm are used.
With what result? Most often - with brilliant results: criminals are exposed, caught, punished. But in rare cases, some of them manage to escape, and then Nastya does not sleep at night, smokes one cigarette after another, goes crazy and tries to come to terms with the injustice of life. However, there are clearly more successful endings so far.
What is it fighting against? Against crime.
10. Erast Fandorin
A series of novels about Erast Fandorin
Hero. Erast Petrovich Fandorin, a nobleman, the son of a small landowner who lost his family fortune at cards. He began his career in the detective police with the rank of collegiate registrar, managed to visit the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878, serve in the diplomatic corps in Japan and displease Nicholas II. He rose to the rank of state councilor and resigned. Private detective and consultant to various influential people since 1892. Phenomenally lucky in everything, especially in gambling. Single. Has a number of children and other descendants.
Years of creation. 1998–2006
What's the point? The turn of the 20th–21st centuries once again turned out to be an era that is looking for heroes in the past. Akunin found his defender of the weak and oppressed in the gallant XIX century, but in that professional field that is becoming especially popular right now - in the intelligence services. Of all Akunin's stylizing endeavors, Fandorin is the most charming and therefore enduring. His biography begins in 1856, the action of the last novel dates back to 1905, and the end of the story has not yet been written, so you can always expect new achievements from Erast Petrovich. Although Akunin, like Tvardovsky before, since 2000 everyone has been trying to do away with his hero and write about him last novel. "Coronation" is subtitled "The Last of the Romances"; “Death's Lover” and “Death's Mistress,” written after it, were published as a bonus, but then it became clear that Fandorin’s readers would not let go so easily. The people need, the people need, an elegant detective, knowledgeable of languages and enjoying wild success among women. Not all “Cops”, indeed!
What it looks like.“He was a very handsome young man, with black hair (of which he was secretly proud) and blue eyes (alas, it would have been better if they were black too) tall, with white skin and a damned, ineradicable blush on his cheeks.” After the misfortune he experienced, his appearance acquired an intriguing detail for ladies - gray temples.
What is he fighting for? For an enlightened monarchy, order and legality. Fandorin dreams of new Russia- ennobled in the Japanese style, with firmly and reasonably established laws and their scrupulous implementation. About Russia, which did not go through the Russo-Japanese and the First World War, revolution and civil war. That is, about the Russia that could be if we had enough luck and common sense to build it.
Way of fighting. A combination of the deductive method, meditation techniques and Japanese martial arts with almost mystical luck. By the way, there is also female love, which Fandorin uses in every sense.
With what result? As we know, the Russia that Fandorin dreams of did not happen. So globally he suffers a crushing defeat. And in small things too: those whom he tries to save most often die, and the criminals never end up behind bars (they die, or pay off the trial, or simply disappear). However, Fandorin himself invariably remains alive, as does the hope for the final triumph of justice.
What is it fighting against? Against the unenlightened monarchy, bombing revolutionaries, nihilists and socio-political chaos, which can occur in Russia at any moment. Along the way, he has to fight bureaucracy, corruption in the highest echelons of power, fools, roads and ordinary criminals.
Illustrations: Maria Sosnina