Characteristic features of a fairy tale. Signs of a fairy tale
Goals: stimulate interest:
To determine the signs and characteristics of a fairy tale;
Update your knowledge:
About the concept: “magic helpers”, “magic objects”, “triple repetitions”.
Update skill:
Work with the text of a fairy tale.
Reveal the meaning of the word “sign”, “features”, and use them in an active dictionary;
Correlate the content of the proverb and the main idea of the fairy tale;
Identify the signs and characteristics of a fairy tale and justify your opinion;
Compare fairy tales taking into account signs and characteristics fairy tale and display the results in a table;
Adequately interact with a partner within the educational dialogue;
Carry out mutual testing and mutual assessment when completing a learning task.
Planned results.
Show interest in the content and characters of fairy tales;
Consciously use the concepts of “signs” and “features” in speech;
Identify the signs and characteristics of a fairy tale and justify your opinion;
Work with the content of fairy tales;
Find the signs and features of a fairy tale and present the results in a worksheet;
Adequately interact with a partner within the educational dialogue when working in groups;
Equipment: computer, interactive whiteboard.
Progress of the lesson
Stage 1. Organizing time
Welcoming guests, motivating children to actively participate in the lesson.
Look at each other, smile at each other and wish each other a good day!
What works of oral folk art are you familiar with? (Joke, fairy tale, proverb.....)
In the hands of the teacher is a “chest of knowledge” from which name cards are taken. (…….)
A table of “works of oral folk art” is posted on the board and filled in as they are named. (Appendix 1. Applications)
Listen to the epigraph for our lesson from Ozhegov’s dictionary.
- “A narrative, usually folk-poetic work about fictional persons and events, mainly involving magical, fantastic forces.”
Determine which piece of oral folk art will be discussed in the lesson? (About a fairy tale)
Right. We'll talk about a fairy tale today. Slide 1. Presentation
What types of fairy tales do you know? The table “Types of fairy tales” is posted on the board. Filled in as they are named.
(Appendix 2)
Listen to an excerpt from a fairy tale (“Teremok”). (Appendix 3)
What is the name of this fairy tale?
Determine what type of fairy tales the Teremok fairy tale can be classified as? (About animals)
Prove your answer. (Animals are characters, chaining is repetition of an episode, poetic songs, reproduction of the same action).
Listen to another excerpt. (“Porridge from an axe”). (Appendix 4)
What is the name of this fairy tale?
What type of fairy tale does it belong to? (Household).
Prove it. ( Real world people, extraordinary resourcefulness, dialogue, two worlds - rich and poor, worker and master, soldier and general).
Listen to another excerpt.
What is the name of this fairy tale? ("Princess Frog"). (Appendix 5)
What type of fairy tale can this fairy tale be classified as? (Children express their hypotheses, which are written on cloud sheets and hung on the board).
Why were there different hypotheses? (Not enough facts)
What don't we know? (Signs and features of a fairy tale).
What question in the lesson will we look for the answer to? (Students rely on “helping keys” and formulate a lesson question.) (Appendix 6)
What signs and characteristics does a fairy tale have? The question is written down by the teacher on a piece of paper and hung on the board.
What do you need to do to answer the lesson question?
I suggest you work in groups with the famous Russian folk tale “The Frog Princess”.
Stage 2. Main part
I suggest working in groups and finding an answer to the question posed in the lesson. Each group receives a task.
(Appendix 7)
Remember the rules of working in a group. Students read an excerpt from the story and complete the worksheets and write down the conclusion of their work.
10-15 minutes are allotted for group work. As the work is completed, the group posts its number on the board, determining the order of defense of its work.
Physical education minute. Slide 3
Stage 3. Protection of works
Each group comes to the board in turn and defends its work. The rest of the students fill out the final table on the topic “Fairy Tales”. (Appendix 8)
1 group, 2 group, 3 group, 4 group
Stage 4. Generalization
Let's put things in order. Facts obtained by children are displayed and voiced under the concept of “Fairy Tales”.
Let's return to the lesson question. Let's read it out. “What signs and characteristics does a fairy tale have?”
A sheet of paper is hung up on which the teacher writes down the generalization formulated by the children.
“A fairy tale is a fairy tale in which the following features and attributes are present: beginning, triple repetition, plot, development of action, climax, ending, fairy-tale characters, magical objects, magical transformations.”
Let's return to your hypotheses. Who correctly guessed the signs and characteristics of a fairy tale. These hypotheses are put forward for generalization. What features and signs of a fairy tale did you manage to discover in class today?
Stage 5. Summarizing
I suggest making a syncwine. Explain the meaning of this word. The theme is “Fairy Tale”.
The cinquain is written down by the teacher on a piece of paper from the words of the students. Read by students.
Magical, mysterious,
Tells, fascinates, teaches,
A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows.)
The game will conclude today's lesson. “I’m glad that I am a fairy tale, because...” Students list the signs and features of a fairy tale, summing up the lesson.
Stage 6. Reflection “The magic of mood”
The teacher distributes magic objects “arrows” made of paper in advance in three colors: red - I have not learned anything, green - I have understood, not completely, yellow - everything is clear, I have learned everything. Each student chooses the subject, what mood - attitude he received from the lesson, and hangs “shoots” on a water lily leaf. Those interested can voice their opinion. (Appendix 9).
Stage 7. (Homework)
The teacher invites the children to find fairy tales. Read them and fill out the “Analysis of a Fairy Tale” worksheet. (Appendix 10).
4. Determining the features that distinguish a fairy tale from other similar genres.
The teacher talks about various sources of information. The next section of the project will be created by processing audio recordings.
Excerpts from the epic “Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor”, a fairy tale and legend are heard.
"Analysts" are called features these genres.
"Illustrators" show the corresponding symbol and place it on the blank for the fourth section.
The difference between a fairy tale and other similar genres
5. Determining the features of the language of a fairy tale.
The teacher informs that in this section the source of information will be a dramatized dialogue. As homework illustrators prepared a dramatization of an excerpt from a fairy tale. The task of the “analysts” is to find special fairy-tale words and expressions.
“Analysts” name such words and expressions after watching the dramatization.
The teacher places a reproduction of Vasnetsov’s painting “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf” on the fifth section blank.
“Illustrators” create a mini-sketcher based on an illustration for a fairy tale using fairy tale words and expressions.
6. Determination of features of use color range in a fairy tale.
The teacher makes a transition from the previous section.
– From the illustrations one can judge the predominance of certain colors in fairy tales. But the illustration – This is just a reflection of the special flavor of fairy tales. Since ancient times people have attached great importance blossom. Remember the instructions for various colors from familiar fairy tales.
Children from any group give examples.
– Match situations where colors are mentioned and determine the approximate meaning of each color.
Students from any group can also complete the task.
For self-testing, the teacher attaches cards to the “Experimental Laboratory” different color: yellow, red, white. On the back of each card is written the approximate meaning of that color in the story. After the children's guesses are made, the teacher turns the card over and the corresponding word appears. After completion of the work, the cards are placed in the sixth section of the project.
VI. Project testing stage.
The teacher says that as a result of detailed processing various types information and recording the results of this processing, a reference table was obtained for compiling a report on the fairy tale as a genre.
The testing of the created project will be carried out by students from the “testers” group.
The “testers” talk one by one, based on the compiled table.
VII. Lesson summary.
– What goal and what task did we set for ourselves at the beginning of the lesson?
– Learn to use and process the information received; Create a reference table during project development.
– Did we manage to achieve our goals and objectives? What difficulties did you encounter? What did you find most interesting?
Children respond depending on the results of their work.
“a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it,
A lesson to good fellows” (A.S. Pushkin)
(general lesson on Russian folk tales)
Goals: introduce children to the origins of Russian culture; teach to appreciate native word, use beautiful Russian speech; generalize and consolidate previously studied material about Russian folk tales, their compositional and artistic features.
Lesson type: review lesson.
Type of lesson: lesson-game.
Technology: elements of gaming technology.
Equipment: illustrations for Russian folk tales; books with fairy tales; musical works.
The class was previously divided into two teams, each of which had a captain selected. Lesson leaders were appointed. Each team had to prepare a team presentation. As homework, it was necessary to prepare a dramatization of an excerpt from any Russian folk tale.
A jury is invited to the lesson; these can be high school students or teachers.
During the classes
Sounds musical composition(the teacher, at his discretion, uses music to create the emotional mood of students for the lesson), students dressed as Russian heroes enter the class to applause folk tales, take their seats (in teams).
Presenters enter – Good fellow and the Red Maiden, who holds a loaf of bread on a towel in her hands.
Good fellow. A low bow to you, good fellows and beautiful maidens. Welcome to amazing country fairy tales – glorious capital Skazograd.
Red maiden. Bow to you, dear guests (brings a loaf to the jury).
You have bread and salt to eat
Yes, listen to a fairy tale.
Good fellow. In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived good fellows and beautiful maidens. As we grew up, we read fairy tales, learned good things, and gained wisdom. And then somehow the royal decree comes.
Herald (takes out a scroll and reads).
Royal decree!
I, the king of a fairy-tale state, command: to get ready for the journey, to show the queen, to console her with knowledge, to amuse her with a fairy tale. And if she has the will to find out something else. The queen has a chest of wisdom that you won’t be able to count for a century. But if you show off your intelligence, you will take a gift with you.
1st presenter And we should look for the queen in the Far Far Away Kingdom, in the Far Far Away State, on green hills, among meadows and oak forests. But how do we get there, how do we get there? And where the fairy tale begins, there the miracle happens. I have a magic bag containing fabulous heel remedies. Whatever you take from the bag will take you to Skazograd.
He approaches each team in turn, the captain takes out a piece of paper from the bag on which a fabulous vehicle is written.
Options: flying carpet, walking boots, Baba Yaga's stupa, Emelya's stove.
2nd presenter (girl in folk costume). So, good fellows, red maidens, we are setting off on a dangerous, but very exciting journey. Here's a ball for each team (distributes balls to teams) so as not to get lost in fairyland.
And here is your first task: the teams need to introduce themselves.
I invite the first team.
The first team shows their business card.
Welcome to the second team.
The second team shows their business card.
After each performance, the team shows their homework.
1st presenter. Whether it’s long or short, here we are already visiting the merman.
The song "Vodyanoy's Song" from the cartoon " flying ship».
Here a wonderful wonder awaits you: the Animal Bridge is in chains, forest birds flock here, the inhabitants of oak forests gather, fish splash under the bridge, they know the prophetic word. They know it, but they don’t open it to everyone. Everyone is happy to see you, everyone has questions in reserve.
The teacher asks the teams a question first competition:
– Name Russian folk tales where, as characters for 1st team – bear, and for the 2nd team – fox.
You are given two minutes to prepare. Teams answer in turns.
Good fellow. While the jury evaluates the teams' performances and the first competition, we go further through the fairyland and meet Baba Yaga.
The musical piece “Ditties of Babok Ezhek” from the cartoon “The Flying Ship” is played, three students perform a dance to this piece of music.
Baba Yaga. Fu-fu, it smells like the Russian spirit. Here I am, dear guests. Oh, how many of you are there? I’ll have enough for lunch and dinner, and I’ll have to leave a dozen or two in reserve. Didn't know whose house they were in? I cleverly lured you here.
Good fellow. Wait, little grandma, have pity on the guys, they are still small. The guys are ready to guess all your riddles.
Baba Yaga. And that's true. Let me take you to the Courtyard of Curiosities. There are magical objects here: birds, animals, gems.
Why is there nothing here!
And I’ll tell you, without hiding,
Each one has its own secret.
The teacher conducts second competition. Children are offered magical objects, for example, an apple, a tablecloth, a self-assembly, a ball, a comb.
Assignment: what role do these magical objects play in fairy tales?
Students think and respond.
The jury sums up the results of the two competitions.
2nd presenterIn the middle of Skazograd – the cave of the Serpent Gorynych, and a treasure is hidden in it. The treasure contains countless riches – Russian speech is semi-precious.
You know that there is no such thing as a fairy tale without a saying. Without a saying, a fairy tale is like a skid without runners.
The teacher holds the third competition, reads the beginning of the saying, and the teams take turns finishing them.
Soon the fairy tale will tell... (yes, it won’t be done soon).
Not in a fairy tale... (not to describe with a pen).
Growing by leaps and bounds... (and by the hour).
Why are you, good fellow, not funny... (he hangs his head violently).
Red maiden. So, we went through the hardest part. They amused the queen, consoled her with knowledge, gained their wits, and played with wonders.
Good fellow. A little bit of good stuff, it’s time to hit the road.
The jury sums up the results of the game and awards the teams.
At the end of the lesson you can have a tea party.
section summary
"folklore".
Fairy tale adventures Vitya and Masha
Goals: repeat and summarize the knowledge acquired in this section; continue to develop students' horizons.
During the classes
The song “Fairy tales walk around the world” is played.
Leading. This story happened in our city with third grade students Vitya and Masha. After school, the kids always walked home through the park. It was very beautiful there at any time of the year. As they walked, they looked at the flowers that had appeared, the butterflies fluttering above them, and listened to the birds singing.
But suddenly Masha saw a large hollow near the oak tree.
Masha. Vitya, Vitya, come here quickly!
Vitya. What's happened?
Masha. Look, this hollow was not there yesterday. Who could have done it? Let's see what's inside.
Vitya. What are you saying, Masha? What if someone was hiding there?
Leading. But Masha did not listen to Vitya. She had already taken a step into the hollow, grabbing Vitya’s hand, and... they found themselves in a green meadow. The grass was very soft, like silk. Looking at the meadow where many different flowers grew, it seemed as if you were standing on a carpet. Sun was shining. A forest could be seen in the distance. From which there was a “breath” of fear.
Masha. Where are we? Where did you end up?
Vitya. I told you there’s no need to climb into the hollow, now you need to think about how to get out of here.
Masha. We'll come up with something. Look who's there? He runs, the earth trembles, smoke pours out of his ears, flames burst from his nostrils.
Leading. Guys, what fairy tale is the horse from? How to call him?
Sivka-burka, prophetic kaurka, stand in front of me like a leaf in front of the grass!
Vitya. Sivka-burka, where are we, where are we?
Sivka-burka . You have found yourself in a fairyland.
Masha. Can I see your country?
Sivka-burka . Of course you can. To do this, you need to answer my questions and the questions of everyone you meet, then you can return home.
1) How many times did Ivanushka go to the princess? (3 times.)
2) What mushrooms did Ivanushka bring? (fly agarics.)
3) With what words does the fairy tale “Sivka-Burka” end? (“I was at that feast, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.”)
Sivka-burka . Sit on me.
Leading. And they galloped across the fields, through the meadows, across fairy kingdoms. We arrive at a fork in three roads. They look, there is a stone lying, and on it is written: “Whoever goes to the right – will be rich. Who will go left – will lose a friend. Who will go straight – he himself will be lost and will not save his friend.”
And Sivka-burka disappeared.
Vitya. Masha, let's go to the right, I want to be rich. I’ll buy myself a cake and ice cream and treat you.
Masha. It's scary, what if there's a trap there?
Vitya. If it’s scary, we’ll call Sivka-burka.
Masha. Well, okay, let's go.
Leading. They walk, walk and see: the forest sparkles, the clearing shimmers with gold, on the trees instead of leaves – gold coins, flowers in the clearing are all made of gold. Vitya and Masha began to pick leaves and put them in their pockets. (Masha picked a bouquet of golden flowers and distributed them to the children.) Suddenly the sky darkened, the sun hid, and Koschey the Immortal appeared.
Koschei the Deathless. Who gave you permission to pick my flowers and tear off my golden leaves? Now you will stay with me forever and will serve me forever, take care of my gold. But you have one chance. On back side There is a question written on a piece of paper; whoever answers it correctly, I will let him go.
Students answer questions and return flowers and leaves.
1. On how many oak trees did the Nightingale the Robber sit? (on three.)
2. Which heroes were at Prince Vladimir’s feast?
3. How did Ivanushka from the fairy tale “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka” become a boy again?
4. How did Nikita Kozhemyaka defeat the snake?
5. How did Nikita Kozhemyaka and Zmey divide the land?
6. What did the brothers guard in the fairy tale “Sivka-Burka”?
7. What did the brothers guard in the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”?
8. Who did Ivan catch in the fairy tale “Sivka-Burka”?
9. Who did Ivan Tsarevich catch in the tale of the Gray Wolf?
10. Where did Dobrynya Nikitich live?
11. How old was Ilya Muromets?
12. What was the nickname of Dobrynya Nikitich?
Leading. As soon as the last leaf was returned to Koshchei, the guys found themselves again near the stone.
Vitya. Yes, I failed to become rich.
Masha. But they remained alive. Let's go home.
Vitya. No, let's go left. Let's find out what's there.
Leading. Vitya and Masha are walking along the path and see a hut on chicken legs.
What do you need to say to the hut so that it turns to them?
Masha and Vitya. Hut-hut, stand with your back to the forest and your front to us.
Leading. Vitya and Masha entered the hut, and Baba Yaga lived there.
Baba Yaga. So now I have lunch and dinner.
Masha. Wait, Baba Yaga, why eat us, I’ll cook so many delicious things for you now.
And she began to cook.
Leading. Baba Yaga ate her fill and became kinder.
Baba Yaga. Well, thank you, we fed you. I won’t eat you for this, but I won’t let you go either. I'm bored here alone. Nobody plays with me.
Vitya. Let's play "Guess the Fairy Tale." The guys will read the passage, and we will guess, and vice versa.
1. “We walked and walked – the sun was high, the well was far away, the heat was oppressive, sweat was coming out.”
2. “The horse is running, the earth is trembling, smoke is pouring out of the ears, flames are burning from the nostrils.” (“Sivka-burka.”)
3. “And the king had a magnificent garden.” ("Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf".)
4. “- Let me go, mother, to go to the Puchai River, in cold water take a swim - the summer heat has exhausted me.” (“Dobrynya and the Serpent.”)
5. “Do you feel a lot of strength in yourself?
- A lot, wanderers. If only I had a shovel, I could plow all the land.” (“Healing of Ilya Muromets.”)
6. “What kind of ignoramus is passing here, past my protected oak trees?”
7. “The witch ordered to build high fires, heat cast iron cauldrons, sharpen damask knives.” (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka.”)
8. “The brothers returned home and told their wives what they saw in the city: “Well, housewives, what a fine fellow came to the king!” We've never seen anything like this before. I only missed three logs before reaching the princess.” (“Sivka-burka.”)
9. " True word said the priest's son - it is not suitable for a hero to sit at a feast and grow his belly. Let me go, prince, into the wide steppes, to see if the enemy is prowling around native Rus'“Are there any robbers lying around?” (“Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber.”)
10. “I told you, don’t move the cage! Why didn't you listen to my order?
- Okay, sit on me. I picked up the tug, don’t say it’s not strong.” ("Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf".)
11. “He drove up to the Oka River, rested his shoulder on high mountain that was on the shore, and dumped it into the Oka River. The mountain blocked the riverbed and the river began to flow in a new way.” (“Healing of Ilya Muromets.”)
12. “Burushka gained strength from the whip, he began to jump high, throw stones a mile away, and began to shake baby snakes away from his feet. He beats them with his hoof and tears them with his teeth and tramples every single one of them.” (“Dobrynya and the Serpent.”)
Vitya. We played with you, grandma, now let's go home.
Baba Yaga. No, I still want it. I want fairy tales to be told to me, and not those that I have already heard, but new ones, invented by you. And the beginning will be like this... “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state...”
Students “in a chain”, one sentence at a time, come up with a fairy tale.
Baba Yaga. Thank you, you made me happy. I don’t want to let you go, but I keep my word, even though I am Baba Yaga. Go. If you’re still here, come in, let’s play and tell each other fairy tales.
Leading. Masha and Vitya said goodbye to Baba Yaga and moved on. We came to the stone again.
Masha. If I don’t take the middle road, we’ll be lost together. I want to go home. Let's call Sivka-burka, and he will take us home.
Vitya. But nothing happened to us. Let's go find out what's there. And if we can’t cope, then we’ll call Sivka-Burka, and he’ll whisk us away in an instant.
Leading. Vitya and Masha walked along the middle, straight path. They walk, look around, don’t want to lose each other. They go and see – swamp, and in the swamp – hummocks, on the hummocks there are objects from fairy tales (words). If you guess which fairy tale the object is from, you can cross the swamp.
Leading. The guys walked through the swamp. They move on. They see – mountain. Don't go around it, don't climb over it. They're watching – inscription: “If you write the words correctly, the rock will open and you will see a passage. If there is a mistake in even one word, stones will fall and overwhelm you.”
Vertically:
1. What was the name of Ilya Muromets’s horse?
2. Which river did Dobrynya Nikitich go to?
4. In which city did Vladimir the Red Sun reign?
Horizontally:
2. How much did Ilya Muromets’ arrow weigh?
3. What did Ivan the Fool bring in the basket?
5. What was Kozhemyaku’s name?
6. Who turned Ivanushka into a kid?
Leading. A passage to the mountains has opened. Masha and Vitya walked along it and found themselves in a clearing. And there are stones on it, with inscriptions on them. If you don’t find a pair for each stone, then the Serpent Gorynych will fly in and eat you.
Vitya. Okay, say the spell.
The guys all together call Sivka-burka.
Sivka-burka . Do you want to go home? But first, tell me three fairy tales where there is also a horse, and three fairy tales where magic happens.
Well done, now get on me, I'll take you home.
Leading. Before the guys had time to catch their breath, they found themselves in the park. They took their briefcases and went home.
Teacher. What works of oral folk art have we repeated?
– Name your favorite characters.
– What actions of the heroes do you not approve of?
– How do all fairy tales end? Why?
– How did our fairy tale end?
fable. getting to know something new
literary genre
Goals: develop Creative skills students, the need for reading, the ability to independently learn new things, relying on existing knowledge.
Equipment: card with the name “Aesop”; cards “fable”, “fabulist”; portrait of I. A. Krylov; sheets with the text of Aesop's fable “The Fox and the Grapes”; explanatory dictionaries(Shvetsova, Ozhegov); reference table for independent reading (see appendix); card with terms familiar and unfamiliar to children: morality, winged words, personification, allegory. (There is a door drawn on the back of the card.)
"Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm" - Big hall libraries. The Grimm family's homeland was Hesse. The death of their father and aunt greatly affected Jacob and Wilhelm. WITH early years Jacob and Wilhelm's first joint lessons began. A pot of porridge. With difficulty I was able to enter primary school. In 1783 he married Dorothea Zimmer, who came from a family of lawyers.
“Lesson on Pushkin’s fairy tales” - Award ceremony. Timoshenko Nadezhda Anatolyevna, primary school teacher. Say... Trough. 3. Apple. 4. Bunny. 5. Month. 6. Swan. Find out which line, continue. Quiz lesson on fairy tales by A. S. Pushkin. 1. Ship. 2. Kalinovskaya Primary School. Find out the fairy tale from the words. Find out the fairy tale from the picture.
“H.H. Andersen's fairy tales” - Medal of the State Academy of Art. Danish sculptor Edward Eriksen. I wrote plays since childhood. Monument to the Little Mermaid. Son of a shoemaker. Andersen about himself. Andersen in Copenhagen. Monuments to G.-H. Hans Christian Andersen. Danish writer. Hans Christian Andersen Author Award) and illustrators (eng. Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration).
“Pantry of the Sun” - Whose side is the author on? I do not agree with the opinion... I think differently... The moral essence of the relationship between Nastya and Mitrasha. Mitrasha and Nastya. Black grouse. Bludovo swamp. M.M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”. Spruce and pine. In my opinion... Unlike... It seems to me... The position is closer to me... Express your opinion.
“Fairy Tale Lesson” - There is sawdust in my head, But Noisemakers and Screamers (And also Screamers, Puffers and even Nozzles and so on) I compose well And sometimes! Well done! A lesson in generalization. Yeah! Here I am, here I am! I'm a man in the prime of his life, I can't tell you anything more.
“Quiz on fairy tales” - K. Chukovsky. What is your name? Fox Alice. Yu.Moritz. Wise old man. Ilya Muromets. Wise maiden. Svyatogor. bat. Can I land here for a minute? What is the name of the work whose excerpt you are watching? Listen to an excerpt of the work. Match the illustrations with the title of the works. Great, let's continue the conversation.
There are a total of 32 presentations in the topic
What is a fairy tale, and what types of fairy tales are there? In the works of Propp V. Ya. “Morphology of a fairy tale” and “Historical roots of a fairy tale,” a definition of a fairy tale is given, based on a study of its structure. This is a genre of fairy tales that can usually begin with the desire to have something, causing harm or damage to someone, the fairy tale further develops through the hero's departure from home, meeting with a donor who gives him a magical remedy or an assistant with the help of which the object of the search located. This is followed by a duel with the enemy and the hero’s triumphant return home. This is a brief schematic presentation of the compositional core that underlies so many and varied subjects. Fairy tales in which a similar pattern is present are called fairy tales.
In the book “Morphology of Fairy Tales,” V. Ya Propp devotes an entire chapter to the question of the classification of fairy tales, “On the history of the issue,” where he describes several different classifications of fairy tales, finds pros and cons in them, and comes to the conclusion that a perfect classification does not exist, i.e. .To. It is very difficult among such a huge number of fairy tales to identify something common to everyone, which could subsequently unite them into groups. However, I would like to cite as an example the classification of Aarne, the founder of the so-called Finnish school, who introduced subcategories of fairy tales in order to get a rough idea of fairy tales in general. Fairy tales cover the following categories:
1) a wonderful opponent
2) wonderful husband (wife)
3) wonderful task
4) a wonderful helper
5) wonderful item
6) miraculous power or skill
7) other wonderful motives.
The specificity of fairy-tale fiction in a fairy tale lies in the presence of such an important artistic component, as a chronotope (space and time inseparable from each other - the main categories of the picture of the world). All fairy tales have a common chronotope. It is characterized by the fact that the content of fairy tales is not inscribed in real historical time and in real geographical space. It's fabulous. The artistic world of a fairy tale is outside reality, so it can be called closed.
It follows from this that fairy tales are connected to reality by their deep historical roots. Much of what has come to be perceived as fiction in them actually reflects the archaic life and ancient worldview of people. At the same time, the fairy tale is always aimed at the real future, which, according to the people, should be better than the real present. The fairy tale is the opposite of reality. This means that, in response to certain life problems, the fairy tale offered their utopian resolution.
However, the main problems connecting the fairy tale with life were moral. For example, all nations have created a fairy tale about an orphan who is offended evil stepmother("Cinderella", "Frost", "Wonderful Cow"). The fairy tale does not know the reasons for this phenomenon, does not see real ways to overcome it - it only tells people: this is unfair, it should not be this way. And in his “closed” world, with the help of his special, fairy-tale fiction, he “corrects” this injustice. Consequently, the aesthetics of fairy tales acted in unity with folk ethics. The entertaining nature of fairy tales did not interfere with their ideological aspiration, which, in an extremely generalized form, represents sympathy for the defenseless and innocently persecuted.
Thanks to the "closedness" art world fairy tales, each of its plots could be philosophically perceived as a kind of metaphor for real human relationships and, therefore, acquired life analogies. People who were unfairly offended in life or deprived of something necessary (and these always make up the majority) received consolation and hope from fairy tales. A fairy tale was necessary for people because it helped them live.
Finally, fairy tales are also connected with life by the fact that in the process of natural execution they were filled with truthful truths. household parts, were painted with a kind of “spontaneous realism”. This fact is extremely important for working on fairy tales with students, as they help them learn the local storytelling tradition, which should also be taken into account when getting to know the fairy tales of the region.
“There is no fairy tale without truth,” says the proverb. And so it is. Truth and fiction, these two opposite principles dialectically united in the fairy tale into one artistic whole [Propp 2012: 322].
Fairy tales have a national and even local flavor. They reflect historical and natural conditions the life of every nation, its surrounding flora and fauna, its way of life. However, the plot composition of fairy tales, presented in their national interpretations and versions, is mainly international. For this reason, some fairy tales passed from one people to another, that is, borrowing processes took place. The worldwide similarity of fairy tales has made it possible to create international plot indexes, which greatly facilitates the search for plots and their analogues. And when working on a fairy tale, it helps to identify a comparative basis of motives and plots.
The universal unity of fairy tales was manifested in their common poetic techniques. At the heart of a fairy tale is always the antithesis between dream and reality, which receives a complete but utopian resolution. The characters are contrastingly distributed along the poles of good and evil (their aesthetic expression becomes the beautiful and the ugly). The plot is consistent, one-line, developing around the main character, whose victory is mandatory.
Russian folk fairy tales are distinguished by a special style, the so-called fairy-tale imagery.
The composition of the fairy tale, the fairy-tale world, is specific. The fairy-tale world is divided into “this world” and “another world”. Separates them either dense forest, either a fiery river, or a sea-ocean, or a colossal space that the hero overcomes with the help of a magic bird. Another world can be located underground (and the hero usually gets there through a well or cave), less often - under water. This world is not a “different reality” in fairy tales: everything there is like “ours”: oak trees grow, horses graze, streams flow. And yet this is a different world: not just kingdoms, but copper, silver and gold. If the world is underground, then the hero first plunges into darkness and only then gets used to its special light. There is no afterlife and the hero does not meet his ancestors. But this is precisely the kingdom of the dead, and other creatures live there: Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal. Finally, there and only there the hero passes the main test and meets his betrothed.
As for “our” world, it can only be called such: the action of a fairy tale takes place in an extremely uncertain space. Sometimes the storyteller seems to want to clarify what this “certain kingdom, certain state” is, but usually the clarification is ironic: “on a smooth place, like on a harrow,” “against the sky on earth.” This makes the fairy-tale world unreal, not tied to a specific geography.
Like the formulas of “white” and “black” conspiracies, fairy-tale formulas could form “mirror” pairs within one text: “Soon she gave birth to two twins, their hair is lined with pearls, in their heads clear month, there is a clear sun in the crown; on their right hands they have red-hot arrows, on their left hands they have long spears" [Afanasyeva A.N. 2011:205].
The formulas were subject to variation. For example: “By the sea of Lukomoria there is an oak tree, on that oak tree there are golden chains, and a cat walks along those chains: it goes up and tells stories, it goes down and sings songs”; “I have a miracle in the forest: there is a birch tree, and on the birch tree a cat walks with a samogud, walks up and down, sings songs”; The given formula, depicting a bajun cat from the fairy tale “Wonderful Children,” could be torn away from its work and attached to other plots in the form of a saying.
The style of a fairy tale is subject to general folklore laws. There are a lot of so-called formulas here - traditional phrases, often repeated poetic cliches. Part of these formulas forms the frame of the fairy tale. Among them is a saying that attracts the attention of listeners, becoming business card storyteller, evidence of his skill: “On the sea, on the ocean, on an island on Buyan, there is a green oak tree, and under the oak tree there is a baked bull, he has crushed garlic in his butt; take it from one side and cut it, and dip it from the other and eat it! This is not yet a fairy tale is just a saying."
A folklore saying about a learned cat was used by A. S. Pushkin in the introduction to the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila.”
Sayings are special texts, tiny humorous fables that are not assigned to specific fairy tale plots. The saying introduces you to a fairy-tale world. The task of the saying is to prepare the soul of the listener, to evoke in it the correct fairy-tale attitude. It calls the listener out of his ordinary thinking. An example of a saying: “When the pigs drank wine, and the monkeys chewed tobacco, and the chickens pecked it” (Tuvan fairy tale). This formula sets the narrative a special fairy-tale-surreal tone.
There are many middle and medial formulas in the fairy tale: “The fairy tale is told soon, but the deed is not done soon,” “Were we driving close, or far, or low, or high.” They serve as bridges from one episode to another. These traditional portrait-descriptive formulas describe, for example, a horse (“The horse runs, the earth trembles, flames flare from its nostrils, smoke pours from its ears”) or a heroic ride: “I hit my good horse, hit him on the steep thighs, pierced the skin to the meat , beat meat to the bone, broke bones to the marrow - his good horse jumped over mountains and valleys, let dark forests between his legs"; or Baba Yaga: “Suddenly it began to spin and become clouded, the earth became a navel, from under the ground there was a stone, from under the stone Baba Yaga became a bone leg, he rode on an iron mortar, he pushed with an iron pusher.”
But there are especially many traditional formulas in the world fairy-tale folklore female beauty(these are precisely formulas: a fairy tale does not know individual characteristics). Here, for example, is the formula for female beauty from a Turkmen fairy tale: “Her skin was so transparent that the water she drank could be seen through her throat, the carrots she ate could be seen through her side.” The beauty in the Russian fairy tale is just as pampered: “Far distant lands in the thirtieth state, Vasilisa Kirbitievna sits in a tower - the cerebellum flows from bone to bone.”
However, more often they talk about the impression that the beauty made on the hero - he simply loses consciousness: “There was a portrait of a beautiful girl hanging on the wall. When he decided to see it, he fell and almost broke his head on the floor” (Abkhaz fairy tale); “And she was so beautiful that you can’t tell it in a fairy tale or describe it with a pen” (Russian fairy tale); “She was so beautiful that it was a pity to touch her with unwashed hands” (Turkmen fairy tale).
Many fabulous formulas ancient origin and preserve ritual and magical elements in schematic form.
These are, for example, the formulas used in the episode of the hero’s visit to Yaga’s hut. Firstly, the hero pronounces a spell formula to stop the continuously spinning hut: “Hut-hut, stand with your back to the forest, with your front to me, let me go out, I won’t last forever, spend the night for one night!” Secondly, the hero responds with the formula to Yaga’s grumbling, greeting the hero with the formula: “Fu-fu-fu, it smells like the Russian spirit!” The antiquity of this formula is confirmed by the fact that it can be found in fairy tales Indo-European peoples: guard kingdom of the dead amazed by the smell of a living person. Key Actions fairy tale characters, their replicas are also expressed in formulas. So, the heroine always consoles her chosen one in the same way: “Go to bed - the morning is wiser than the evening!”
Another framing formula is the ending. Usually she is also humorous and brings the listener back from fairy world into the real world: “They played a wedding, feasted for a long time, and I was there, drinking honey and beer, it flowed down my lips, but it didn’t get into my mouth. Yes, I left a spoon on the window; whoever is light on his feet, run to the spoon.”
There are more final formulas in a fairy tale than initial formulas. Most often it is reported that the narrator is present at a fairy feast. But this presence is colored in humorous, parodic tones: there was something, but nothing got into the mouth. And what kind of feast is this if it refers to fabulously uncertain times? This is not only a feast at which nothing ends up in the mouth, it is also gifts received at the feast, of which absolutely nothing remains. The fairy tale is over. The final formula sounds like this: “Here’s a fairy tale for you, and I’ll have a bunch of bagels,” “Here’s the end of the fairy tale, and I’ll have a bunch of vodka.” This formula gives reason to think that once upon a time the fairy tale was told by professionals - bahari and buffoons.
Framing is an optional element of the composition of a fairy tale. More often, a fairy tale begins with a message about the heroes; special compositional formulas are used for this. They fix the action in time and space (the fixation can be parodic: “At number seven, where we sit”), or point to the hero (“Once upon a time,” “In a certain kingdom, a certain state”), or introduce absurd circumstances, for example: “When the goat’s horns pointed to the sky, and the camel’s short tail dragged along the ground...” [Lazarev A.I. 2011:62].
Each fairy tale genre has its own characteristic motifs. A motif is the simplest narrative unit, an elementary plot or component complex plot. As the simplest motive, Veselovsky cited the formula a+b: “the evil old woman does not love the beauty - and sets her a life-threatening task.” The motive contains the possibility of increment and development. So, there may be several tasks, then the formula becomes more complicated: a + b+b and so on. As Veselovsky noted, art forms plots have developed historically. This happened in different ways: for example, by complicating elementary (single-motive) plots.
A fairy tale also knows such motifs as the abduction of a bride, a miraculous birth, a miraculous promise and its fulfillment, the death and miraculous revival of a hero, miraculous escape, violation of a ban, miraculous abduction (or disappearance), substitution of a bride (wife), recognition by a miraculous sign, miraculous death of the enemy. IN different fairy tales motives are specified (for example, the miraculous death of the enemy may be in an egg, in a river of fire). The more complex the plot, the larger number motives it includes.
The simplest way to complicate a motif is repetition (repeated use of any element of a folklore text). The tale made extensive use of this artistic medium. There is repetition in the composition of fairy tales different types: stringing - a+b+c… (“Stuffed fool”); cumulation - a+(a+b)+(a+b+c)…("Tower of the fly"); circular repetition - an: the end of the work goes to its beginning, the same thing is repeated (“The priest had a dog...”); pendulum repeat - a-b ("Crane and Heron"). In more complex plots of fairy tales, a hierarchy arises: a lower narrative level (motive) and a higher one (plot) are formed. The motifs here have different contents and are arranged in an order that allows them to express the general idea of the plot. The main structural feature of such a plot is the central motif corresponding to the climax (for example, a fight with a snake). Other motives are fixed, loosely fixed or free in relation to the plot. Motives can be presented either succinctly or in expanded form; can be repeated three times in the plot with the increase of some important feature (a fight with a three-, six-, nine-headed snake) [Anikin 2012: 383].
V.Ya. Propp, in his book “Morphology of Fairy Tales,” decomposed the motif into its constituent elements, especially highlighting the plot-necessary actions of fairy-tale characters and defining them with the term “functions.” He came to the conclusion that the plots of fairy tales are based on the same set and the same sequence of functions. This results in a chain of functions. In the identified V.Ya. Propp's scheme "fits" the entire repertoire of fairy tales.
To detect a motive in a fairy tale, it is necessary to take into account the functions acting characters, as well as such elements as the subject (the producer of the action), the object (the character to whom the action is directed), the place of the action, the circumstances surrounding it, its result. As already noted, fairy tale motifs are often subject to tripling: three tasks, three trips, three meetings, and so on. This creates a measured epic rhythm, a philosophical tonality, and restrains the dynamic speed of the plot action. But the main thing is that triplings serve to reveal general idea plot. For example, the increasing number of heads of three snakes emphasizes the significance of the feat of the snake fighter; the increasing value of the hero's next spoils is the severity of his trials. “A song is beautiful in its harmony, but a fairy tale is beautiful in its composition,” says the proverb, which pays tribute to the fairy-tale composition.
The sequence of functions of the characters leads to a monotonous construction of fairy tales, and the stability of functions leads to uniformity fairy tale images. This is distinctive genre sign fairy tale
Fairy tale - an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, when he was little, did not listen to many of the most different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children, who understand them in their own way, imagining images of the characters and experiencing the emotions that the fairy tale conveys.
What kind of fairy tales are there? We will try to answer these questions further.
Definition
According to scientific definition in literature, a fairy tale is “an epic literary genre, a narrative about some magical or adventurous events, which has a clear structure: beginning, middle and ending.” From any fairy tale the reader must learn some lesson, a moral. Depending on the type, the fairy tale also performs other functions. There are many classifications of the genre.
Main types of fairy tales
What kind of fairy tales are there? Each of us will agree that fairy tales about animals should be distinguished as a separate type. The second type is fairy tales. And finally, there are so-called everyday fairy tales. All types have their own characteristics, which become clear through comparative analysis. Let's try to understand each of them in more detail.
What kinds of fairy tales about animals are there?
The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live in close proximity to us. It is this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, the most diverse: both wild and domestic. At the same time, it should be noted that the animals found in fairy tales are not presented as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human traits. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make an image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.
In turn, tales about animals can also be divided into tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects inanimate nature. Often literary scholars, when talking about what genres of fairy tales there are, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. This classification also includes the fable genre. You can divide fairy tales about animals into works for children and for adults. Often in a fairy tale there is a person who can play a leading or secondary role.
Children are usually introduced to fairy tales about animals between the ages of three and six years. They are most understandable to young readers, since they meet constant characters: the cunning fox, the cowardly hare, gray wolf, smart cat and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.
What are the different constructions of a fairy tale about animals? The answer is very different. Cumulative tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often stories have names in a diminutive form (Fox-Sister, Bunny-Runaway, Frog-Frog, and so on).
The second type is a fairy tale
What are there literary tales about magic? The main characteristic feature of this species is magical, fantasy world, in which the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual ones, everything in it is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this type of fairy tales undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical setting and plot allow the author to use all his imagination and use as many relevant artistic techniques, with the goal of creating a work specifically for a children's audience. It's no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and satisfying it is very, very difficult.
In most cases, this type of fairy tale has typical plot, certain heroes and a happy ending. What kinds of fairy tales about magic are there? These can be stories about heroes and fantastic creatures, tales about unusual objects and various trials that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale the heroes get married and live happily ever after.
Note that the heroes of fairy tales embody many of the main themes of this literary genre- the struggle between good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. The one who will be defeated in the final must be present. The structure of a fairy tale is usual - beginning, main part and ending.
Everyday tales
Such stories tell about events ordinary life, illuminating various social problems and human characters. In them, the author ridicules the negative. Such tales can be social and satirical, with elements of a fairy tale and many others. Here they are ridiculed negative qualities rich and vain people, while the representatives of the people embody positive traits. Everyday tales show that the main thing is not money and power, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary scholars claim - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were experiencing social crises and sought to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques here, satire, humor, and laughter stand out.
What types of fairy tales are there?
In addition to the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into author's and folk. Already from the names it is clear that author's tales are those that were written by a specific famous writer-storyteller, and folk tales are those that do not have one author. Folk tales are passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is no one. Let's consider each type separately.
Folk tales
Folk tales are rightfully considered a powerful source historical facts, information about the life and social system of a certain people. Each of the peoples in their history came up with great amount instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.
Folk tales reflect human relations and shift moral principles, show that the basic values remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and grief, love and hate, truth and falsehood.
The peculiarity of folk tales is that in a simple and easy way readable text the deepest social meaning is hidden. Plus, they preserve wealth. vernacular. What kind of folk tales are there? They can be both magical and everyday. Many folk tales tell about animals.
The question often arises about when the first Russian folk tale was invented. This will probably remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first “heroes” of fairy tales were natural phenomena - the Sun, Moon, Earth, etc. Later they began to obey humans, and images of people and animals entered fairy tales. There is an assumption that all Russian folk narratives have a basis in reality. In other words, some event was retold in the form of a fairy tale, changed over the centuries and came to us in the form to which we are accustomed. We figured out what kind of Russian folk tales there are. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.
Author's fairy tales
Usually original work is a subjective processing folk plot, however, new stories are found quite often. Character traits author's fairy tale- psychologism, elevated speech, bright characters, the use of fairy tale cliches.
Another feature of this genre is that it can be read on different levels. Thus, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Children's fairy tales by Charles Perrault seem an innocent story, while an adult will find serious problems and morals in them. Often books that are initially aimed at young readers are interpreted by adults in their own way, as well as fantasy stories for adults are suitable for children.
Who are they, the authors of fairy tales? Surely everyone has heard about “The Tales of My Mother Goose” by Charles Perrault, the fairy tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works German writer the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are loved by children and adults around the world. Entire generations grow up listening to these fairy tales. At the same time, all author’s works are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism; they all fall under a certain classification and have their own artistic features and author's techniques. The most famous and beloved fairy tales are used to make films and cartoons.
Conclusion
So, we figured out what kind of fairy tales there are. Whatever the fairy tale is - the author's, folk, social, everyday, magical or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it doesn’t matter who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. A fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or the author) and leave an indelible good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is not at all exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic tales who are able to re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!