Features of artistic speech of a satirical work using the example of a fairy tale by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals"

“The story of how one man fed two generals.”

Turning to this genre was natural for Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy-tale elements (fantasy, hyperbole, convention, etc.) permeate all of his work. The most famous in Saltykov-Shchedrin's literary heritage were fairy tales, the first three were written in 1869, the writer wrote the rest of the fairy tales (23 more) since 1883 for three years.

Themes of Shchedrin's fairy tales: despotic power (“The Bear in the Voivodeship”), masters and slaves (“The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” “ Wild landowner"), fear as the basis of slave psychology (" The wise minnow"), hard labor ("Horse"), etc.

The unifying thematic principle of all fairy tales is the life of the people in its correlation with the life of the ruling classes. Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin open a new literary genre in Russian literature: socio-political satire, written in the form of an allegory based on artistic principles tales about animals and fables. For all their dramatic coloring, for all their palpable tragic subtext, Saltykov-Shchedrin’s tales are based on the comic, on a violation of proportion.

Sarcasm becomes the leading form of Shchedrin's comedic-aesthetic attitude to reality. But this feature does not exclude, but rather presupposes the satirist’s varied shades and transitions of laughter from bitter jokes and sad humor to irony and angry denunciation.

In a world of general chaos and absurdity, as the writer shows, absurdity reigns. That is why Shchedrin so often introduces comedy, misunderstandings and alogisms into fairy tales, showing the dominance of chance and incidents, whims, whims and whims. The author enriches the satirical text with irony, which outwardly affirms what it actually refutes. Shchedrin also uses humorous techniques, implementing that type of humor that is associated with the comedy of unfulfilled expectation or surprise.

What brings Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales closer to folk tales? Typical fairy tale beginnings (“Once upon a time there were two generals...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a landowner...”; sayings (“according to pike command", "neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen"); characteristic of folk speech turns (“thought and thought”, “said and done”); close to vernacular syntax, vocabulary, orthoepy.

Exaggeration, grotesque, hyperbole: one of the generals eats the other; the “wild landowner,” like a cat, climbs a tree in an instant; a man cooks a handful of soup. As in folk tales, a miraculous incident sets the plot in motion: two generals “suddenly found themselves on a desert island”; By the grace of God, “there was no man in the entire domain of the stupid landowner.”

Saltykov-Shchedrin also follows the folk tradition in fairy tales about animals, when in an allegorical form he ridicules the shortcomings of society. In the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin it is depicted full picture changes that took place in Russian society in the 1860-1880s. Problems of the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner”. In the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner,” the hero gradually degrades, turning into an animal: “How much time has passed, the landowner only sees that in his garden the paths are overgrown with thistles, in the bushes snakes and all sorts of reptiles are teeming, and in the park there are wild animals howl.

One day a bear approached the estate itself, squatted down, looked through the windows at the landowner and licked its lips. Senka! - the landowner cried out, but suddenly remembered... and began to cry. However, the strength of his soul still did not leave him.

Several times he weakened, but as soon as he felt that his heart was beginning to dissolve, he would now rush to the newspaper “Vest” and in one minute become hardened again. No, I’d rather go completely wild, I’d rather be with wild animals wander through the forests, but let no one say that the Russian nobleman, Prince Urus-Kuchum-Kildibaev, has abandoned his principles! And so he went wild. Although autumn had already arrived at this time, and there was a fair frost, he did not even feel the cold. He was all overgrown with hair, from head to toe, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron.

He had long since stopped blowing his nose; he walked more and more on all fours, and was even surprised that he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most comfortable way. He even lost the ability to utter articulate sounds and acquired some kind of special victory cry, a cross between a whistle, a hiss and a roar. But I haven’t acquired a tail yet.” Incredible story The hero’s character is largely explained by the fact that he read the newspaper “Vest” and followed its advice.

it will grab onto its prey, tear it apart... with its nails, and so on with all the insides, even the skin, and eat it.” The fairy tale “The Wild Landowner” shows the inevitable decay of the landowner layer: it depicts the phantasmagoric story of the transformation of a person into a wild beast-like creature. Main social problem, depicted in the soyuk, lies in the inability of the landowners to accept peasant reforms, to begin to live in new conditions that require labor activity and knowledge from them.

The hero of the fairy tale, in stupid self-blindness, prays to God to deliver him from the men, intending to live independently on his supplies - candies and gingerbread. Left alone, the landowner sequentially goes through all the stages of the fall: first to the state of dirty, hairy cattle and then falls into a primitive state, his claws grow, he climbs trees, tears apart and devours raw small game. This testifies to the satirist’s conviction that it is the people who are the creator of basic material and spiritual values, they are the support of the state, its drinker and breadwinner.

However, while portraying the people, Saltykov-Shchedrin sympathizes with them and at the same time condemns them for their patience and resignation. He likens it to a “swarm” of industrious bees living an unconscious gregarious life. “...They raised a chaff whirlwind, and a swarm of men was swept away from the estate.” Problems of the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”

In “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” the writer with caustic wit depicts an absurd situation based on a fantastic technique, but truthfully reflecting an absurd and blatant reality. Two retired generals are miraculously transported to a desert island during their sleep: “Once upon a time there were two generals, and since both were frivolous, they soon, at the behest of a pike, at my wish, found themselves on a desert island... They abolished the registry as unnecessary and the generals were released.

Left behind the staff, they settled in St. Petersburg, on Podyacheskaya Street in different apartments; They each had their own cook and received a pension. Only suddenly they found themselves on a desert island, woke up and saw: both were lying under the same blanket. Of course, at first they didn’t understand anything and began to talk as if nothing had happened to them. Strange, Your Excellency, I had a dream today,” said one general, “I see that I live on a desert island... I said this, but suddenly he jumped up!” Another general also jumped up. God! Yes, what is this!

Where are we! - both cried out in voices that were not their own. And they began to feel each other, as if not in a dream, but in reality such an opportunity happened to them. However, no matter how hard they tried to convince themselves that all this was nothing more than a dream, they had to be convinced of the sad reality... The generals cried for the first time after they closed the registry.” The island abounds in fruits, birds, and living creatures, but the generals are starving because they know nothing about life and do not know how to do anything. Their knowledge is limited to the belief that “the rolls will be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning,” and their skills were expressed in the only phrase they knew, which served as a guide to their service: “Accept the assurances of my complete respect and devotion.” A jack of all trades, capable, but uncomplaining to his husband, saves the drone generals from starvation “The man stood up: he saw that the generals were strict.

I wanted to give them a scolding, but they were frozen, clinging to him. And he began to act in front of them. First, he climbed the tree and picked the generals ten of the ripest apples, and took one sour one for himself. Then he dug into the ground and pulled out potatoes from there; then he took two pieces of wood, rubbed them together, and brought out fire. Then he made a snare from his own hair and caught the hazel grouse.

Finally, he lit a fire and baked so many different provisions that the generals even thought: “Shouldn’t we give the parasite a piece?” The last phrase of the fairy tale sounds bitingly and mockingly: “However, they didn’t forget about the man, they sent him a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver: have fun, man!” Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin as assessed by critics and literary scholars. “...Saltykov’s collection of “fairy tales” is extensive.

We find here a feuilleton, an everyday story, a writer’s confession, and tragic story. It is not for nothing that the author himself, as if feeling the conventional “fabulousness” of all these essays, provided some of them with special subtitles (“conversation”, “fairy tale-elegy”, “teaching”, “neither a fairy tale, nor a true story”, etc. .).

In the free and infinitely varied form of a morally descriptive story, the satirist seems to sum up his long-term thoughts about the Russian government system and the deplorable philistine environment, about the “wild landowner” and the timid “liberal,” about dignitaries, intellectuals and peasants. And these long-term sorrowful thoughts of the writer about classes and persons finally grow into a grandiose symbol of an entire people, embodied in the stunning phenomenon of a tortured horse, in whose working frame “a whole mass lives, undying, indivisible and indestructible” ...” (L. P. Grossman ).

“With caustic sarcasm, Shchedrin attacked the representatives of mass predation - the nobility and bourgeoisie, who acted under the auspices of the ruling political elite and in alliance with it. They appear in fairy tales or in ordinary social appearance landowner (“Wild Landowner”), general (“The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”), merchant (“Faithful Trezor”), kulak (“Neighbors”), and this is often in the images of wolves, foxes, pikes , hawks, etc..” (A.S. Bushmin).

“Shchedrin’s tale is so original, so unlike literary and folk tales in its essence, the elements of tradition are so reworked in it that the question of where exactly Saltykov borrowed these or those elements loses its urgency. artistic form for your fairy tales" (N.K. Piksanov). “In the fantasy of folk tales, Shchedrin felt something akin to his own artistic techniques” (V.Ya. Kirpotin).

The work of Saltykov Shchedrin can rightfully be called the highest achievement of social satire of the 1860-1880s. It is not without reason that Shchedrin’s closest predecessor is considered to be N.V. Gogol, who created a satirical and philosophical picture modern world. However, Saltykov Shchedrin sets himself a fundamentally different creative task: expose and destroy as a phenomenon. V. G. Belinsky, discussing Gogol’s work, defined his humor as “calm in its indignation, good-natured in its slyness,” comparing it with others “formidable and open, bilious, poisonous, merciless.” This second characteristic deeply reveals the essence of Shchedrin's satire. He removed Gogol's lyricism from the satire and made it more explicit and grotesque. But this did not make the works simpler or more monotonous. On the contrary, they fully revealed the comprehensive “bungling” of the Russian society XIX V.
"Fairy tales for children of considerable age” created in last years the life of the writer (1883-1886) and appear before us as a certain result of Saltykov Shchedrin’s work in literature. And in terms of the richness of artistic techniques, and in terms of ideological significance, and in terms of the variety of recreated social types This book can fully be considered an artistic synthesis of the writer’s entire work. The form of a fairy tale gave Shchedrin the opportunity to speak openly on issues that concerned him. Turning to folklore, the writer sought to preserve its genre and artistic features, with their help, draw the reader’s attention to the main problem of your work. Tales of Shchedrin Saltykov genre nature represent a kind of fusion of two different genres of folklore and original literature: fairy tales and fables. When writing fairy tales, the author used grotesque, hyperbole, and antithesis.
Grotesque and hyperbole are the main ones artistic techniques, with the help of which the author creates the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.” The main characters are a man and two bum generals. Two completely helpless generals miraculously ended up on a desert island, and got there straight from bed in their nightgowns and with orders around their necks. The generals almost eat each other because they cannot not only catch fish or game, but also pick fruit from the tree. In order not to starve, they decide to look for a man. And he was found right away: he was sitting under a tree and shirking work. The “huge man” turns out to be a jack of all trades. He got apples from the tree, and dug potatoes from the ground, and prepared a snare for the hazel grouse from his own hair, and got fire, and prepared provisions. And what? He gave the generals a dozen apples, and took one for himself - sour. He even made a rope so that his generals could tie him to a tree with it. Moreover, he was ready to “please the generals for the fact that they, a parasite, favored him and did not disdain his peasant work.”
The man collected a swan's fluff to deliver his generals in comfort. No matter how much they scold the man for parasitism, the man “keeps rowing and rowing and feeding the generals with herring.”
Hyperbole and grotesque are evident throughout the narrative. Both the peasant's dexterity and the generals' ignorance are extremely exaggerated. A skilled man cooks a handful of soup. Stupid generals don’t know that buns are made from flour. A hungry general swallows his friend's order. An absolute hyperbole is that the man built a ship and took the generals straight to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
Extreme exaggeration of individual situations allowed the writer to turn funny story about stupid and worthless generals in a furious denunciation of the existing order in Russia, which contributes to their emergence and carefree existence. There is no Shchedrin in fairy tales random details And unnecessary words, and the heroes are revealed in actions and words. The writer draws attention to the funny sides of the person depicted. Suffice it to remember that the generals were in nightgowns, and each had an order hanging around their necks.
The uniqueness of Shchedrin’s fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating comic effect. On the fabulous island, the generals find the famous reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. From the extraordinary island it is not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
These tales are magnificent artistic monument of the past era. Many images have become household names, denoting social phenomena Russian and world reality.

(No Ratings Yet)

You are now reading: Hyperbole and grotesque in the fairy tale by M. E. Saltykov Shchedrin “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”

Plan
Introduction
The writer's tales ridicule the vices of his contemporary society.
Main part
The satirical form became an opportunity for the writer to speak freely about pressing issues.
Satirical techniques, used in “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”
Satirical techniques express the author's attitude towards the depicted.
Conclusion
Using various satirical techniques, the author ridicules the generals’ inability to cope with life and the peasant’s stupid execution of their whims.
In the final period of his work, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin turns to the allegorical form of a fairy tale, where, describing everyday situations in “Aesopian language,” he ridicules vices contemporary writer society.
The satirical form became for M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin with the opportunity to speak freely about pressing problems of society. In the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” various satirical techniques are used: grotesque, irony, fantasy, allegory, sarcasm - to characterize the characters depicted and describe the situation in which the main characters of the fairy tale: two generals find themselves. The very landing of the generals on a desert island “at the behest of a pike, at my will” is grotesque. The writer’s assurance is fantastic that “the generals served all their lives in some kind of registry, were born there, raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything.” The writer satirically portrayed and appearance heroes: “they are in nightgowns, and an order hangs on their necks.” Saltykov-Shchedrin ridicules the basic inability of the generals to find food for themselves: both thought that “rolls would be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning.” Depicting the behavior of the characters, the writer uses sarcasm: “they began to slowly crawl towards each other and in the blink of an eye they became frantic. Shreds flew, squeals and groans were heard; the general, who was a teacher of calligraphy, bit off the order from his comrade and immediately swallowed it.” The heroes began to lose their human appearance, turning into hungry animals, and only the sight of real blood sobered them up.
Satirical devices not only characterize artistic images, but also express the author’s attitude towards the depicted. The writer treats the man with irony, who, frightened powerful of the world“First of all, he climbed up the tree and picked ten of the ripest apples for the generals, and took one sour one for himself.” Makes fun of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin attitude of the generals to life: “They began to say that here they live on everything ready, but in St. Petersburg, meanwhile, their pensions keep accumulating and accumulating.”
Thus, using various satirical techniques, the allegorical form of “Aesopian language”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin expresses own attitude to the relationship between people in power and common people. The writer ridicules both the generals’ inability to cope with life and the peasant’s stupid fulfillment of all the masters’ whims.

The work of Saltykov-Shchedrin can rightfully be called the highest achievement of social satire of the 1860–1880s. It is not without reason that Shchedrin’s closest predecessor is considered to be N.V. Gogol, who created a satirical and philosophical picture of the modern world. However, Saltykov-Shchedrin sets himself a fundamentally different creative task: to expose and destroy as a phenomenon. V. G. Belinsky, discussing Gogol’s work, defined his humor as “calm in its indignation, good-natured in its slyness,” comparing it with others “formidable and open, bilious, poisonous, merciless.” This second characteristic deeply reveals the essence of Shchedrin's satire. He removed Gogol's lyricism from the satire and made it more explicit and grotesque. But this did not make the works simpler or more monotonous. On the contrary, they fully revealed the comprehensive “bungling” of Russian society in the 19th century.

“Fairy tales for children of a fair age” were created in the last years of the writer’s life (1883–1886) and appear before us as a kind of result of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s work in literature. And in terms of the richness of artistic techniques, and in terms of ideological significance, and in terms of the diversity of recreated social types, this book can fully be considered an artistic synthesis of the writer’s entire work. The form of a fairy tale gave Shchedrin the opportunity to speak openly on issues that concerned him. Turning to folklore, the writer sought to preserve its genre and artistic features and, with their help, draw the reader’s attention to the main problem of his work. Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales, by their genre nature, represent a kind of fusion of two different genres of folklore and original literature: fairy tales and fables. When writing fairy tales, the author used grotesque, hyperbole, and antithesis.

Grotesque and hyperbole are the main artistic techniques with which the author creates the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.” The main characters are a man and two loafer generals. Two completely helpless generals miraculously ended up on a desert island, and got there straight from bed in their nightgowns and with orders around their necks. The generals almost eat each other because they cannot not only catch fish or game, but also pick fruit from the tree. In order not to starve, they decide to look for a man. And he was found right away: he was sitting under a tree and shirking work. The “huge man” turns out to be a jack of all trades. He got apples from the tree, and dug potatoes from the ground, and prepared a snare for the hazel grouse from his own hair, and got fire, and prepared provisions. And what? He gave the generals a dozen apples, and took one for himself - sour. He even made a rope so that his generals could tie him to a tree with it. Moreover, he was ready to “please the generals for the fact that they, a parasite, favored him and did not disdain his peasant work.”

The man collected a swan's fluff to deliver his generals in comfort. No matter how much they scold the man for parasitism, the man “keeps rowing and rowing and feeding the generals with herring.”

Hyperbole and grotesque are evident throughout the narrative. Both the peasant's dexterity and the generals' ignorance are extremely exaggerated. A skilled man cooks a handful of soup. Stupid generals don’t know that buns are made from flour. A hungry general swallows his friend's order. An absolute hyperbole is that the man built a ship and took the generals straight to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.

Extreme exaggeration of individual situations allowed the writer to turn a funny story about stupid and worthless generals into a furious denunciation of the existing order in Russia, which contributes to their emergence and carefree existence. In Shchedrin's fairy tales there are no random details or unnecessary words, and the heroes are revealed in actions and words. The writer draws attention to the funny sides of the person depicted. Suffice it to remember that the generals were in nightgowns, and each had an order hanging around their necks.

The uniqueness of Shchedrin's fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating a comic effect. On the fabulous island, the generals find the famous reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. From the extraordinary island it is not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.

These tales are a magnificent artistic monument of a bygone era. Many images have become household names, denoting social phenomena of Russian and world reality.

The satire of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is truthful and fair, although often poisonous and evil. His tales are both a satire on autocratic rulers, and a depiction of the tragic situation of the oppressed people, their hard labor, and ridicule of gentlemen and landowners. Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales are a special form of satire. In depicting reality, the author takes only the most bright features, episodes, if possible, thickens the colors when depicting them, showing events as if under a magnifying glass. In the fairy tale “The Tale of How [...]
M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is a Russian satirist who created many wonderful works. His satire is always fair and truthful, he hits the mark, revealing the problems of his contemporary society. The author reached the heights of expressiveness in his fairy tales. In these short works, Saltykov-Shchedrin denounces the abuses of officials and the injustice of the regime. He was upset that in Russia they primarily care about the nobles, and not about the people, for whom he himself came to respect. He shows all this in [...]
The work of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin occupies special place in Russian XIX literature V. All his works are imbued with love for the people and the desire to make life better. However, his satire is often caustic and evil, but always truthful and fair. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin depicts many types of gentlemen in his fairy tales. These are officials, merchants, nobles, and generals. In the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” the author shows two generals as helpless, stupid and arrogant. “They served […]
For the second half of the 19th century century creativity of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin had an extremely important. The fact is that in that era there were no such tough and stern champions of truth who condemned social vices as Saltykov. The writer chose this path quite deliberately, since he was deeply convinced that there should be an artist who plays the role of a pointing finger for society. It is noteworthy that he began his career as a “whistleblower” as a poet. But this did not bring him either widespread popularity and fame, nor […]
I read somewhere and remembered the idea that when in art the political content of a work comes to the fore, when attention is paid primarily to ideological content, compliance with a certain ideology, forgetting about artistry, art and literature begin to degenerate. Isn’t that why today we are reluctant to we read “What to do?” Chernyshevsky, the works of Mayakovsky, and absolutely none of the young people know the “ideological” novels of the 20-30s, say, “Cement”, “Sot” and others. It seems to me that exaggeration [...]
The talented Russian satirist of the 19th century M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin devoted his life to writing works in which he denounced autocracy and serfdom in Russia. He, like no one else, knew the structure of the “state machine” and studied the psychology of bosses of all ranks and the Russian bureaucracy. In order to show the evils of public administration in all their fullness and depth, the writer used the grotesque technique, which he considered the most effective means of depicting reality. A grotesque image always comes out [...]
“The History of One City” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was written in the form of a narrative by a chronicler-archivist about the past of the city of Foolov, but the writer was not interested in historical theme, he wrote about real Russia, about what worried him as an artist and a citizen of his country. Having stylized the events of a hundred years ago, giving them features XVIII era c., Saltykov-Shchedrin appears in different capacities: first he narrates the story on behalf of the archivists, the compilers of the “Foolish Chronicler”, then from the author, performing the functions […]
It would be unfair to limit the entire problematic of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s tales to a description of the confrontation between peasants and landowners and the inactivity of the intelligentsia. While on public service, the author had the opportunity to become better acquainted with the so-called masters of life, whose images found their place in his fairy tales. Examples of these are “Poor Wolf”, “The Tale of the Toothy Pike”, etc. There are two sides in them - those who are oppressed and oppressed, and those who oppress and oppress. We are accustomed to certain […]
“The Story of a City” is the greatest satirical novel. This is a merciless denunciation of the entire management system Tsarist Russia. Completed in 1870, “The History of a City” shows that the people in post-reform times remained as powerless as the officials - tyrants of the 70s. differed from pre-reform ones only in that they robbed using more modern, capitalist methods. The city of Foolov is the personification of autocratic Russia, the Russian people. Its rulers embody specific traits [...]
“The History of a City” exposes the imperfection of social and political life Russia. Unfortunately, Russia has rarely been blessed with good rulers. You can prove this by opening any history textbook. Saltykov-Shchedrin, sincerely worried about the fate of his homeland, could not stay away from this problem. The work “The History of a City” became a unique solution. The central question This book reveals the power and political imperfection of the country, or rather one city of Foolov. Everything – and the story of it [...]
“The History of a City” can rightfully be considered the pinnacle of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s work. It was this work that brought him fame as a satirical writer, for a long time, strengthening it. I believe that “The Story of a City” is one of the most unusual books dedicated to history Russian state. The originality of “The Story of a City” lies in the amazing combination of the real and the fantastic. The book was created as a parody of Karamzin’s “History of the Russian State”. Historians often wrote history “by kings,” which […]
Works about peasants and landowners occupy significant place in the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. Most likely this happened because the writer encountered this problem back in at a young age. Saltykov-Shchedrin spent his childhood in the village of Spas-Ugol, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province. His parents were quite rich people and owned land. Thus, future writer I saw with my own eyes all the shortcomings and contradictions of serfdom. Realizing the problem, familiar from childhood, Saltykov-Shchedrin subjected […]
Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tales are distinguished not only by caustic satire and genuine tragedy, but also by their original construction of plot and images. The author approached writing “Fairy Tales” already in mature age, when a lot has been comprehended, gone through and thought out in detail. The appeal to the fairy tale genre itself is also not accidental. A fairy tale is distinguished by its allegory and capacity of expression. The volume of a folk tale is also not very large, which allows you to focus on one specific problem and show it as if through a magnifying glass. It seems to me that for satire [...]
The name of Saltykov-Shchedrin is on a par with such world-famous satirists as Mark Twain, Francois Rabelais, Jonathan Swift and Aesop. Satire has always been considered a “thankless” genre - state regime never accepted caustic criticism from writers. They tried to protect the people from the creativity of such figures by the most different ways: books were banned from publication, writers were exiled. But it was all in vain. These people were known, their works were read and respected for their courage. Mikhail Evgrafovich was no exception […]
The work "Anya in Wonderland" is a translation from in English famous fairy tale Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" by Vladimir Nabokov. With his translation, the author brought the Russian reader closer to the nuances of English literary style, taking as a basis the features of Russian thinking and humor. This is a story about a little girl who dreamed amazing story O magical world and its inhabitants. The events taking place in the work are unreal, but main character takes them for granted. […]
After the peasant reform of 1861, when unrest began in Russian villages caused by the predatory nature of the reform, the proclamation “To the lordly peasants” began to circulate. The authorities decided to attribute its authorship to Chernyshevsky. However, it was not so easy to deal with the famous literary critic, whose articles were passed by the tsarist censorship and widely published in Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski. Everyone knew about his revolutionary sympathies, his closeness with Herzen and other major […]
1st version of the table Kalashnikov Kiribeevich Position in the poem Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is an extremely positive, although tragic, hero. Kiribeevich - discreetly negative character. To show this, M.Yu. Lermontov does not call him by name, but only gives him the nickname “son of Basurman.” Position in society Kalashnikov was engaged in merchants, that is, trade. He had his own shop. Kiribeevich served Ivan the Terrible, was a warrior and defender. Family life Stepan Paramonovich […]
In the stories of Viktor Astafiev, the theme of childhood is often raised. Reading the story “A Horse with a Pink Mane,” you immediately plunge into a charming world, where strawberries seem especially tasty, where you so want to gain authority from the kids from the neighboring yard, and you are so afraid of angering your grandmother. The title of the story was given by a beautiful gingerbread horse, which the hero of the story dreams of. This horse is extraordinarily beautiful, he has pink mane and pink hooves, and he himself is white-white. You can hide it in your bosom and hear it […]
"War and Peace" is one of those books that cannot be forgotten. "When you stand and wait for this to burst stretched string, when everyone is waiting for an imminent coup, it is necessary to work as closely as possible and more people to join hand in hand to resist the general catastrophe," said L. Tolstoy in this novel. Its very title contains the whole of human life. And "War and Peace" is a model of the structure of the world, the universe, which is why it appears in Part IV of the novel (dream of Pierre Bezukhov) the symbol of this world is a globe-ball. “This globe was [...]
The poem “Vasily Terkin” is a truly rare book. Plan: 1. Features of military literature. 2. Depiction of the war in the poem “Vasily Terkin”. a) “Vasily Terkin” as the Bible of a front-line man. b) Terkin’s character traits in Russian fighters. c) The role of the hero in instilling the patriotic spirit of soldiers. 3. Evaluation of the poem by critics and people. Over the long four years during which the war continued between the USSR and Nazi Germany, a lot has been written literary works, rightfully included in the treasury of Russian [...]

Target: acquaintance with the features of the satire genre.

Literary theory: allegory, hyperbole, fantasy, grotesque.

Preliminary task: find fairy tale devices in the text; repeat the meaning of allegory in the dictionary of literary terms (find in the text).

Draw illustrations for a fairy tale; prepare a dramatization.

I. introduction teachers.

“The story of how one man fed two generals” Saltykov-Shchedrin opens his cycle of fairy tales.

What did the writer call the age for which they are intended?

II. Vocabulary work.

Find out the meanings unclear words(some students receive this assignment in advance).

Occasion –

1. A convenient occasion for sending something with someone.

2. Rare unusual case (colloquial)

Registry is a department of an institution where someone or something is registered.

Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and clear writing.

Rendezvous - date (French)

III. Dramatization of the beginning of a fairy tale - page 223 (to the end of the page).

IV. Conversation.

1. Find words in the text that resemble Russian folk tale(compositional, event-fantastic, linguistic, lexical).

Once upon a time there were two generals, and since both were frivolous, they soon , at the behest of the pike, at my will, found ourselves on a desert island.

No sooner said than done.

How much fear the generals gained during the journey from storms and from different winds, how much they scolded the man for his parasitism - this neither can I describe it with a pen, nor tell it in a fairy tale.
It turned out that the man even knows Podyacheskaya, because he was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth!
They went to the treasury, and how much money they raked in - that I can’t say it in a fairy tale, I can’t describe it with a pen!

2. What events do not fit into the fairy tale plot?

3. How did the generals live before they got to the island?

4. How do the generals feel on the island? What feelings do they experience?

5. Let us read again the scene of the “frenzy of the generals” (p. 225). It is known that the author tried several versions of this scene. In one of them, the general bit off another’s finger, in another, an ear. And finally, the order.

Why do you think the satirist chose the latter option?

This technique is called grotesque - depiction of people and phenomena in a fantastically exaggerated, ugly-comic form.

Write down the definition of grotesque in your notebook.

6. The generals found a newspaper on the island. What do they write about in this newspaper? How does this affect hungry generals?

The carefree life of the generals suddenly ended. They had to seriously think about who this “villain” is, through whose fault they have to experience such hardships.

7. What way out of this situation did the generals come up with?

8. Find in the text the scene when the generals found the man - page 228.

9. What feelings come over the generals when they find a man?

10. How was the man able to feed the generals?

11. Look at the pictures in the textbook. What episodes did the artists depict?

12. What episode is depicted in Yana’s drawing? Is this how you imagined the episodes and characters that Shchedrin spoke about? What do artists draw our attention to?

13. Why did the man, with all the abundance of everything good on the island, take for himself one apple, and even a sour one?

14. Why didn’t he eat himself, at least after he had prepared a lot of everything, but waited until the generals came to the idea: “Shouldn’t I give the parasite a particle”?

Teacher: This is called a low level of self-awareness, the inability to stand up for oneself.

15. Now the generals have eaten and drunk... What words do the generals use to address the peasant? (Find in text)

16. This Nice words? Do the generals pronounce them sincerely? And why?

Did the guy give in? Why? What did he do?

He is filled with servile joy from the knowledge that he managed to please the generals, that these nonentities, who almost ate each other amid the abundance of food, now allowed him, a craftsman and a hard worker, to work for them, to please them. A similar psychology, the psychology of a slave, will later be condemned by Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

18. What human vices is the author making fun of it?

19. Let us repeat the definition from the dictionary of literary terms allegories, hyperboles (write these terms on the board).

Allegory - (Greek Allegoria - allegory) - an allegorical image of an object, phenomenon, in order to most clearly show its essential features.

Hyperbole - (Greek Hyperbole - exaggeration) - excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.

21. Find the use of these literary devices in the fairy tale. For example:

Allegory - the general cannot pick apples from the tree himself, that is, he is not at all adapted to life, he does not know how to do anything on his own.

Hyperbole - the generals were sure that food would be born in the same form in which it was served to the table.

22. For what purpose are these techniques used in the text?

21. How does the fairy tale end? Does the ending follow the tradition of the fairy tale?

V. Lesson summary.

Criticism of any phenomena in life through ridicule is called satire. And a fairy tale that serves this purpose is called a satirical fairy tale.

Grotesque, hyperbole, allegory are satirical methods.

Satire - (Latin Satira - literally “a mixture, all sorts of things”) - merciless, destructive ridicule, criticism of reality, a person, a phenomenon.

Write down the definition of satire in your notebook.