The concept of “Oblomovism” in I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”

lyrics Pushkin Lermontov Goncharov

In the novel "Oblomov", Goncharov touched upon the problems that time has brought forward, and showed the real state of the Russian noble society V post-reform period in Russia.

The novel “Oblomov” is a novel about a hero and about the phenomenon that gave birth to this hero - “Oblomovism”.

The study of Oblomovism in all its manifestations made Goncharov’s novel immortal. Main character-- Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a hereditary nobleman, a smart, intelligent young man who received a good education and dreamed in his youth of selfless service to Russia. To understand the reasons for the emergence of such a phenomenon as Oblomovism, you need to remember “Oblomov’s Dream”. In it, Ilya Ilyich sees his parents, his family estate and its entire way of life. It was a way of life that did not change for decades; everything seemed to have frozen, fallen asleep in this estate; life went slowly, measuredly, lazily and sleepily. Nothing disturbed the life of Oblomovka. When describing the life of a landowner’s estate, Goncharov often uses the words “silence”, “stagnation”, “peace”, “sleep”, “silence”. They very accurately convey the very atmosphere of the house, where life proceeded without change and excitement from breakfast to lunch, from afternoon nap to evening tea, from dinner - again until the morning, where the most memorable event was how Luka Savelich unsuccessfully slid down a hill in winter on a sled and hurt his forehead. We can say that the life of the Oblomovites was defined by one word - “stagnation”, this was the typical existence of a Russian provincial landowner estate, and Goncharov did not invent it: he himself grew up in such a family.

Goncharov is stern and adamant in analyzing the fate of his hero, although the writer does not gloss over his good qualities. “It started with the inability to put on stockings and ended with the inability to live.”

Oblomovism is not only Ilya Ilyich Oblomov himself. This is the fortress Oblomovka, where the hero began his life and was raised; this is “Vyborg Oblomovka” in the house of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna, where Oblomov ended his inglorious career; this is the serf Zakhar, with his slavish devotion to the master, and a host of swindlers, crooks, hunters of other people's pie (Tarantyev, Ivan Matveevich, Zaterty), scurrying around Oblomov and his gratuitous income. The serf system, which gave rise to such phenomena, spoke with all its content of Goncharov’s novel, was doomed to destruction, its destruction became an urgent requirement of the era.

She could not awaken Oblomov’s interest in life and the love of the beautiful girl, Olga Ilyinskaya. “The Poem of Love” with its passions, ups and downs seems to the hero “a very difficult school of life.” Oblomov is afraid of those high qualities of the soul that he must possess in order to become worthy of love girls. Olga, trying in vain to save her lover, asks him: “What ruined you? There is no name for this evil...” - “There is... Oblomovism,” answers Ilya Ilyich. Oblomov is much more satisfied with another version of the relationship. He finds his “ideal” in the person of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsa, who, without demanding anything from the object of her love, tries to indulge him in everything.

Perhaps the origins of the tragedies of both heroes lie in their upbringing. The reason for Stolz’s unnaturalness is his “correct”, rational, burgher upbringing.

Life, similar to a dream, and a dream, similar to death - this is the fate of the main character of the novel.

Oblomov’s “pigeon soul” resolutely denies the world of false activity, hostile to man, life, nature - first of all, the world of active bourgeois affairs, the world of all predation and meanness. But this soul itself, as Goncharov shows, in its weakness acts as an element hostile to life. In this contradiction lies real immortality tragic image Oblomov.

The concept of “Oblomovism” has become a common noun to denote all kinds of inertia, inertia and stagnation.

I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov” was published in 1859, at a time when the issue of abolition of serfdom was extremely acute in the country, when Russian society has already fully realized the destructiveness of the existing order. Deep knowledge of life and accuracy social analysis characters allowed the writer to find a surprisingly correct definition of the way of Russian life of that time - “Oblomovism”.
the main task the author in the novel - to show how a person gradually dies in a person, how unadapted a landowner is to life, not accustomed to doing anything. The main qualities of the kind, sweet Ilya Ilyich Oblomov are his inertia, apathy, and aversion to any activity. True to the traditions of realism, I. A. Goncharov shows that these qualities were the result of Oblomov’s upbringing; they were born from the confidence that any of his desires would be fulfilled and no effort needed to be made for this. Oblomov is a nobleman, he does not have to work for a piece of bread - hundreds of Zakharov serfs work for him on the estate and completely ensure his existence. This means that he can lie on the sofa all day long, not because he is tired, but because “it was his normal condition" He almost merged with his soft, comfortable robe and long, wide shoes, which he masterfully slipped into the first time, as soon as he dangled his feet from the sofa.
In his youth, Oblomov “was full of all sorts of aspirations, hopes, he expected a lot from fate and himself, he was always preparing for some field, for some role.” But time passed, and Ilya Ilyich was still getting ready, getting ready to start new life, but made no progress towards any goal. In Moscow he received a good education, but his head “was like a library, consisting of only knowledge scattered in parts.” Entering the service, which had previously seemed to him in the form of some kind of family occupation, he did not even imagine that life would immediately be divided into two halves for him, one of which would consist of work and boredom, which for him were synonymous, and the other - from peace and peaceful fun. He realized that “there must be at least an earthquake so as not to come healthy person to serve,” and therefore he soon resigned, then stopped going out into the world and completely shut himself up in his room. If Oblomov recognizes some kind of work, it is only the work of the soul, since dozens of generations of his ancestors “endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love, and where there was a chance, they always got rid of it, finding it possible and due."
There were moments in Oblomov’s life when he thought about the reasons that prompted him to lead such a life, when he asked himself the question: “Why am I like this?” In the climactic chapter of the novel “Oblomov’s Dream,” the writer answers this question. He creates a picture of provincial landowner life and shows how lazy hibernation gradually becomes the normal state of a person.
In a dream, Oblomov is transported to his parents’ estate Oblomovka, “a blessed corner of the earth,” where there is “no sea, no high mountains, rocks, abysses, or dense forests“There is nothing grandiose, wild and gloomy.” An idyllic picture appears before us, a series of beautiful landscapes. “The annual circle is performed there correctly and calmly. Deep silence lies in the fields. Silence and peace of life also reign in the morals of the people in that region,” writes I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov sees himself as a little boy, striving to look into the unknown, ask more questions and get answers. But only caring for food becomes the first and main concern of life in Oblomovka. And the rest of the time is occupied by “some kind of all-consuming, invincible dream,” which I. A. Goncharov makes a symbol characterizing people like Oblomov, and which he calls “the true likeness of death.” From childhood, Ilya was accustomed to the fact that he did not have to do anything, that for any job there was “Vaska, Vanka, Zakharka,” and at some point he himself realized that it was “much calmer” this way. And therefore, all those “seeking manifestations of strength” in Ilyusha “turned inward and sank, withering away.” Such a life deprived the hero of the novel of any initiative and gradually turned him into a slave of his position, his habits, and even a slave of his servant Zakhar.
In his article “What is Oblomovism?” N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote: “Oblomov is not a stupid apathetic figure without aspirations and feelings, but a person who is also looking for something in life, thinking about something.” He is endowed with many positive qualities, and not stupid. There is a sad truth in his judgments - also a consequence Russian life. What are all these Sudbinskys, Volkins, Penkovs striving for? Indeed, is it worth getting up from the couch for the sake of the petty fuss that his former comrades are busy with?
In the spirit of the tradition created by Russian writers, I. A. Goncharov subjects his hero to the greatest test - the test of love. Feelings for Olga Ilyinskaya, a huge girl mental strength, could resurrect Oblomov. But I. A. Goncharov is a realist, and he cannot show a happy ending to the novel. “Why did everything die? Who cursed you, Ilya? What ruined you? - Olga bitterly tries to understand. And the writer gives the answer to these questions, absolutely precisely defining the name of this evil - Oblomovism. And Ilya Ilyich was not the only one who became her victim. “Our name is legion!” - he says to Stolz. And indeed, almost all the heroes of the novel were amazed by “Oblomovism” and became its victims: Zakhar, Agafya Pshenitsyna, Stolz, and Olga.
The greatest merit of I. A. Goncharov is that he surprisingly accurately depicted the disease that struck Russian society mid-19th century, which N.A. Dobrolyubov characterized as “the inability to actively want something,” and pointed to the social reasons for this phenomenon.

Very often people are overly lenient with themselves, so they do not pay attention to the small and large weaknesses to which they succumb.

This is exactly what happened with the main character of the novel “Oblomov”. Ilya Ilyich was not by nature an active and active person. Although he had all the prerequisites not to vegetate, lying on the couch, but to strive for something.

Ilya Ilyich’s childhood can rightfully be called a happy period. The boy was surrounded universal love and care. Usually happy and cheerful children grow up into very active people who do not want to turn their lives into a monotonous and gray existence. But little Ilya was spoiled by overly obsessive care; he was not allowed to exercise any freedom.

The hero’s mother “let him go for a walk in the garden, around the yard, in the meadow, with strict confirmation to the nanny not to leave the child alone, not to let him near horses, dogs, goats, not to go far from the house, and most importantly, not to let him into the ravine, like the most scary place in the neighborhood, which had a bad reputation.” One can easily imagine how a child who was forbidden to express his will in childhood will grow up. Gradually, he begins to lose interest in learning new things. Oblomov is carefree and carefree. In youth, such qualities can be forgiven, but as a person grows up, responsibility for his own destiny must appear. Meanwhile, Ilya Ilyich himself does not strive for anything at all, therefore he bears absolutely no responsibility for his life.

And gradually, everything really becomes indifferent to him. As a child, Ilya loved to listen to his nanny’s fairy tales. And, obviously, fairy-tale fiction was so close and understandable to him that as he grew older, he could not get rid of his completely unnecessary and useless daydreaming. “The adult Ilya Ilyich, although he later learns that there are no honey and milk rivers, no good sorceresses, although he jokes with a smile at his nanny’s stories, but this smile is insincere, it is accompanied by a secret sigh: his fairy tale is mixed with life, and he sometimes he is helplessly sad, why is a fairy tale not life, and why is life not a fairy tale...”

A dream helps a person move forward, achieve new things, and make amazing discoveries. But she might turn out to be the only achievement which a person is capable of. This is exactly what happened with Oblomov. He spends his days in fruitless dreams, thinking about nothing else.

Ilya Ilyich substitutes real life fictional. Gradually, he loses strength, because inaction undermines a person from the inside, makes him weak and weak-willed. A person's character is formed by facing difficulties. Namely, it was difficulties that Ilya Ilyich was most afraid of. Suffice it to recall his attitude towards service. Ilya Ilyich would like service to be something like an optional and easy activity.

Oblomov tries to free himself from responsibilities at any cost. Suffice it to remember that once Ilya Ilyich made a mistake and sent important documents to the wrong city. When they began to look for the culprit, “Oblomov did not wait for the well-deserved punishment, he went home and sent a medical certificate.”

Oblomov cleverly avoided responsibility; he simply left his service with the intention of never returning there. Is Oblomov significantly different from most people? Of course, laziness, apathy and inertia, to one degree or another, are characteristic of many. However, people still have to deal with reality, struggle with difficulties in order to celebrate success or suffer defeat as a result. This is precisely the meaning of human life.

It is paradoxical that during a short period of service, when Oblomov was frightened by the need to spend a lot of time on work, he was bothered by the thought: “When will I live? When to live?” He was afraid that constant responsibilities would take away his personal time, deprive him of the joy and fullness of life sensations. But when Oblomov left the service, nothing good or interesting appeared in his life. He strove for freedom in order to “live,” but at the same time refused a real, full-blooded and vibrant life.

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“In Gorokhovaya Street, in one of big houses <…>Ilya Ilyich Oblomov was lying in bed in the morning in his apartment,” this is how I. A. Goncharov introduces us to the main character of the work, a gentleman a little over 30 years old, who does not know and does not want to know about work. An old, worn dressing gown (sleeping robe) and slippers are his usual attire. These are symbols of laziness and apathy, running like a red thread through the character’s entire life.

“Yes, I’m a master and I don’t know how to do anything!” - Oblomov says about himself.

N.A. Dobrolyubov understood “Oblomovism” as something social, “a sign of the times.” In his understanding, the image of Oblomov is a strictly defined type of Russian person, “spoiled” by the opportunity to shift all responsibility onto the shoulders of others. From the point of view of the critic, “Oblomovism” is an allegory of serfdom.

(Still from N. Mikhalkov's film "A few days in the life of I.I. Oblomov." Ilya Oblomov - Oleg Tabakov)

Where did “Oblomovism” come from? The reader learns about this from the chapter “Oblomov’s Dream,” which tells about Ilyusha’s childhood. The life of a serf estate is divided into two worlds: the lazy, amorphous lordly one, where there is nothing more important than tasty food and sound, like sleep, and the peasant world - filled with labor aimed at solving the everyday problems of the masters. We see a world that is ossified, closed in traditions and customs that do not encourage living aspiration and, especially, work. Why, if there is “Zakhar and 300 more Zakharovs”?

Moving away from Dobrolyubov’s concept of serfdom, one can see in “Oblomovism” a phenomenon that is often encountered in our days. Fear of being sent to " great life”, persistently nurtured by parents in their offspring, life “following the well-trodden” and beaten path of generations of following traditions and foundations. Excessive care from work and the creation of a social vacuum destroy the slightest manifestations of curiosity and the desire for independence: “Those seeking manifestations of strength turned inward and withered away.”

Oblomov's whole life is a desire to plunge into a utopia, where everything is easy and there is no need to make decisions. Ilya Ilyich does not want to leave the house, he is constantly immersed in dreams about rebuilding the estate, but dreams remain dreams, and Oblomov’s world is still limited to the sofa, because “a fairy tale is not life, and life is not a fairy tale.”

“Oblomovism” is contrition, “primitive laziness,” time spent in dreams and empty reveries. The time that is created for action.

No external force can awaken even one spark in Ilya Ilyich. Andrei Stolts’s desire to bring him back to life collapsed under the heap of fears, foundations and the notorious worn-out robe, which enveloped not only the body, but also the mind and soul of Oblomov. Olga’s desire to return Ilya to society did not come true either. Decadence consumed his essence.

("The same Oblomov - yesterday and today")

Everything that captures a person infected with Oblomovism is doomed. Everything around him is dying, because there is no fire inside, no desire to live, and not drag out existence, lying on the sofa and hiding from any “external stimuli.”

The last refuge of Ilya Ilyich was the house of Agafya Pshenitsina, where he found echoes of his “cradle” - Oblomovka, to which all his nature strove.