How a man fed two generals with hyperbole. Satirical devices in Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tale about how one man fed two generals

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

(1826–1889)

Fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” (1869)

Plot

"By pike command", according to the author's "will", two generals, who previously served "in some kind of registry", and are now retired, end up on a desert island. Since they have not learned anything in their entire life, they cannot get food for themselves. Having found the Moskovskie Vedomosti, they begin to read about the dishes, can’t stand it, and attack each other out of hunger. Having come to their senses, they decide to find a man, because “The man is everywhere, standing just look for it.” Having found the man, the generals force him to look for and prepare food. Having grown fat from abundant food and a carefree life, they realize that they miss their life on Podyacheskaya and begin to worry about pensions. A man builds a boat for the generals and delivers them to St. Petersburg, what does he get for? a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver»

Heroes

therefore, they did not understand anything"

Used to getting everything in finished form: “Who would have thought, Your Excellency, that human food, in its original form, flies, swims and grows on trees?”

Being in critical conditions, they are unable to feed themselves and are ready to eat each other: "Suddenly both the generals looked at each other: their eyes shone an ominous fire, the teeth chattered, a dull sound came out of the chest

growl. They began to slowly crawl towards each other and in the blink of an eye they went berserk.”

They only care about their own well-being: “here they live on everything ready, and in St. Petersburg, meanwhile, their pensions keep accumulating and accumulating”

Incapable of appreciating other people's work: man “he lit a fire and baked so many different provisions that it even occurred to the generals:“Shouldn't we give the parasite a piece too?”»

Man (people)

The author's attitude towards a man

Admiration, sympathy

A man is strong, smart, hardworking, skillful, can do anything, is able to survive anywhere. He, " huge man", before the arrival of the generals, having managed the economy, " in the most impudent way avoided work». For the gentlemen, the man was able to pick apples, catch fish, light a fire, dig potatoes, bake a lot of provisions, and even learned to cook soup in a handful. Then the man managed to make a boat and deliver the generals to St. Petersburg

Irony

The strong “man” meekly submits to the weak and stupid generals. Having picked “ten of the ripest apples” for his enslavers, he takes “one sour one” for himself. A man tolerates being treated as a slave, a parasite, he is not capable of a legitimate rebellion; on the contrary, he is ready to shackle himself with his own hands: “The man dialed now wild hemp, soaked in water, beaten, crushed - and by evening the rope was ready. With this rope the generals They tied the man to a tree so he wouldn’t run away.” He considers the meager payment for his work fair

Allegory	The relationship between the generals and the peasant - the relationship between the authorities and the people
Hyperbola	“I even began to cook soup in a handful”, “the rolls will be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning”
Fantastic	“Once upon a time there were two generals, and since both were frivolous, they soon, at the behest of a pike, at my will, found themselves on a desert island.”
Irony	“And the man began to play tricks on how he could please his generals because they favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant work!”
Grotesque	« Shreds flew, squeals and groans were heard; the general, who was a teacher of calligraphy, bit off the order from his comrade and immediately swallowed it" Generals find a room on a desert island "Moskovskie Vedomosti"

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin and folk tales

Fairy tale " Wild landowner"(1869)

Plot

The landowner, living in abundance, dreamed of one thing: to have fewer peasants on his estate. “But God knew that the landowner he is stupid and did not heed his request.”, however, I heard the people’s request: “It’s easier for us to perish with our children than to suffer like this all our lives!” And "the man is gone throughout the entire domain of the stupid landowner"

Without the peasant's care, the landowner gradually began to turn into a beast. He didn’t wash his face and ate only gingerbread. Urus-Kuchum-Kildibaev invited the actor Sadovsky and his neighbors-generals to his place, but the guests, without receiving proper care and lunch, got angry and left, calling the landowner stupid

The landowner decides to “remain firm to the end” and “not to look.” In a dream he sees an ideal garden, dreams of reforms, but in reality he only plays cards with himself. The police captain comes to see him and threatens to take action if the men do not return and pay taxes.

There are mice in the landowner's house, the paths in the garden are overgrown with thistles, snakes live in the bushes, and a bear wanders under the windows. The owner himself became wild, grew hairy, began to move on all fours, and forgot how to speak.

The provincial authorities remain concerned: “Who will pay taxes now? who will drink wine in taverns? who will engage in innocent activities? “As luck would have it, at this time through provincial town An emerging swarm of men flew and showered the entire market square. Now this grace has been taken away, put in a whip and sent to the district.” The landowner was found, washed, brought in order, and he still lives

Landowner image

The author repeatedly focuses on the stupidity of the landowner: “This time the landowner was thinking not joke. Now the third person is honoring him with a fool, the third person will look at him and spit and will go away"

Landowner introduces himself "Russian nobleman, Prince Urus-Kuchum-Kildibaev." Non-Russian surname enhances the grotesqueness of what is happening, hints at that only an enemy can think of exterminating a people - breadwinner

After the disappearance of the peasants, the support of the nobility and the state, the landowner degrades, turns into wild beast: “He was all overgrown with hair, from head to toe, as if ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He had long since stopped blowing his nose; he walked more and more on all fours, and was even surprised that he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most comfortable way. He even lost the ability to utter articulate sounds and acquired some kind of special victory cry, a cross between a whistle, a hiss and a roar. But I haven’t acquired a tail yet.”

The landowner is a weak-willed and stupid creature, incapable of anything without peasant support. In order to return him to a decent life, they caught him, "having caught it, now They blew their nose, washed and cut their nails. Then The police captain made him a proper reprimand, took away the newspaper “Vest” and, entrusting it to Senka’s supervision, left. He is still alive today. He plays grand solitaire, yearns for his former life in the forests, washes himself only under duress, and moos from time to time.” Even after everything what happened, he remains a reckless beast in human form

Distinctive features of the fairy tale

Facilities artistic expression in a fairy tale

The tale is entirely based on hyperbole, grotesque and absurdity. The author deliberately brings hyperbole to the grotesque in order to show the absurdity of reality that gives rise to such heroes and such circumstances.

Examples:

“The men see: although their landowner is stupid, he has a great mind.” “How much time has passed, the landowner only sees that in his garden the paths are overgrown with thistles, the bushes are full of snakes and all sorts of reptiles, and in the park wild animals are howling. One day I approached the estate itself the bear squatted down, looked through the windows at the landowner and licked his lips.” “And he became terribly strong, so strong that he even considered himself entitled to enter into friendly relations with the very bear who had once looked at him through the window. - Do you want, Mikhail Ivanovich, to go rabbit hunting together? - he said to the bear. - To want - why not to want! - answered the bear, - but, brother, you destroyed this guy in vain! - And why? - But because this man was far more capable than your nobleman brother. And therefore I’ll tell you straight: you’re a stupid landowner, even though you’re my friend!”

Fantastic and real in a fairy tale

Fantastic	Real
- instant fulfillment by God of all desires; Friendship and conversation between a landowner and a bear; Hare hunting; the terrible savagery of the landowner; Flying and swarming men	- oppression of the peasants by the landowner, the desire of the latter to escape; The landowner's activities: playing cards, reading "News", invitations to visit; taxes, duties, fines peasants, etc.
The work intensifies the degree of fantasticality, unreality and absurdity of what is happening	The fantastic helps to reveal all the vices of reality, demonstrate absurdity reality itself

Fairy tale " The wise minnow"(1883)

Plot

“Once upon a time there was a minnow,” he grew up in a “smart” family. The father bequeathed to his son when dying: “If you want to chew your life, then keep your eyes open!” The gudgeon was wise, he remembered his father’s story about how his parent almost got hit in the ear, so he decided listen to advice, and, since in the river there is danger at every turn (fish, crayfish, water fleas, "and seines and nets, both top and bottom", and uds), I made it a rule to “keep my head down” and live like this, “so that no one notices.” He suffered a lot of hardships, went hungry, suffered from fear, lacked sleep, trembled, and so he lived to be a hundred years old. dreamed about big win. And only before his death he realized that he was alone, without a family, without relatives, in his entire life he had done no good to anyone did. And because he lived for so long, no one would even call him wise

The image of the “wise minnow”

The gudgeon is the image of a frightened man in the street who lives only for himself, and as it turns out, he does not live, but only exists for an unknown reason. For a hundred years, the gudgeon not only did nothing, but never even felt joy. There is an interpretation of the image of a minnow as a conformist, which during the years of reaction takes a wait-and-see attitude. The author also touches on philosophical problem meaning of life ( "lived- trembled and died- trembled")

“He was an enlightened minnow, moderately liberal”

Lived by the motto: “You have to live in such a way that no one notices.” Every day I thought: “Does it seem like I’m alive? oh, will there be something tomorrow?

Afraid of getting caught big fish, the gudgeon decided for himself: "at night, when people, animals, birds and fish sleep - he will do exercise, and during the day - he will become sit and tremble in a hole.” “And if he doesn’t provide, then and the hungry one will lie down in a hole and tremble again. For it is better not to eat or drink than to have a full stomach lose your life"

“He did not marry and had no children, although his father had big family" “So there’s no time for family here, but how to live on your own!” "And he lived wise minnow it's been like this for over a hundred years. Everything was shaking, everything trembled"

Only at the end of his life, thinking about the question of what would have happened if all minnows lived like this, he realized: “ After all That way, perhaps, the entire piscary family would have died out long ago!»

Before his death, realizing that his life had been in vain, the gudgeon decided: ““I’ll crawl out of the hole and fly all over the river I’ll swim through!” But as soon as he thought about it, he became frightened again. And he began to die, trembling. Lived and trembled and died - trembling"

The gudgeon, having lived joylessly for more than a hundred years, did not even deserve respect: “And what’s most offensive: not hearing even for someone to call him wise. Just They say: “Have you heard about the dunce who doesn’t eat? doesn’t drink, doesn’t see anyone, doesn’t hang out with anyone, and still only protects his hateful life?” And many even just call him a fool and a disgrace and they wonder how the water tolerates such idols.”

It is not clear whether the gudgeon died on its own or whether someone ate it. “Most likely he died himself, because what sweetness pike to swallow a sick, dying minnow, and besides and also “wise”?”

Allegory in a fairy tale

Combining spaces

A satirical depiction of the heroes of the fairy tale by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”

“Fairy Tales” is one of the most striking creations of the great Russian satirist M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The fairy tale genre helped the writer, in an environment of fierce government reaction, to talk about the most pressing problems of the era, to show those sides of reality to which the satirist was irreconcilable. “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” is one of Shchedrin’s most vivid and memorable fairy tales. At its center are two generals who find themselves on a desert island. Living in St. Petersburg, the generals did not know any difficulties. They went to serve at the registry, and this service developed in them only one skill - to say, “Accept the assurance of my complete respect and devotion.” Nevertheless, the generals deserved a pension, a personal cook, and everything that allowed their old age to be well-fed and serene. Waking up one morning in the middle of the island, they experienced a real shock, because it turned out that without outside help these grown men can neither get their own food nor cook it.

When creating images of generals, Saltykov-Shchedrin actively uses the grotesque. A huge discovery for the heroes is that “human food in its original form flies, swims and grows on trees.” According to them, “the rolls will be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning.” The inability to serve themselves in generals awakens animal instincts: one bites off an order from another and immediately swallows it. Generals only know how to write reports and read the Moskovskie Vedomosti. They cannot bring any other benefit to society. A fantastic plot helps the satirist show the heroes of the fairy tale in the most unsightly form. The heroes appear before the reader as stupid, helpless, pitiful creatures. The only salvation for them is a simple man. Frightened to death by their position, the generals attack him with anger: “You’re sleeping, you couch potato!” In their opinion, a man exists only to serve their general needs.

However, the author satirically depicts not only the generals, but also the man himself. He condemns him for his humility, for his ability to forget himself for the sake of satisfying the whims of his master. Having picked apples for the generals, the man takes one for himself, but it’s sour. He is a great craftsman: “He can make fire and cook food, he knows how to survive on a desert island.” This, of course, is what the author appreciates in his hero. Emphasizing his talents, Shchedrin uses hyperbole: boiling a handful of soup is not a problem for a man. He doesn’t care about anything, and it’s not for nothing that the writer calls him a “man.” However, all the man’s efforts are aimed at the benefit of the generals. He even covers the bottom of the boat with swan's down for them, and Saltykov and Shchedrin cannot agree with this behavior of his. The man demonstrates ignorance, a habit of servitude, lack of self-respect, and servile devotion. “And the man began to make fools of how he could please his generals because they favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant labor,” writes the author.

The generals are ungrateful: their savior receives a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver for everything. But the saddest thing is that he doesn’t require more. The author speaks sarcastically about the general’s reward: “However, they didn’t forget about the peasant...”

In “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” Saltykov-Shchedrin showed not just the relationship between individual generals and a man - he outlined in an allegorical form the relationship between the authorities and the people in Russia. The satirist contrasted the ruling elite of society with the disenfranchised masses.

The book of Shchedrin's fairy tales is living picture Russian society, torn apart by contradictions. I admire the skill of the satirist with which he was able to approach the most complex acute problems of his time and which he showed in miniature paintings.
Once upon a time there were two generals, and since both were frivolous, they soon, at the behest of a pike, at my will, found themselves on a desert island.

Generals served all their lives in some kind of registry; they were born there, raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything. They didn’t even know any words except:

“Please accept the assurance of my complete respect and devotion.”

The registry was abolished as unnecessary and the generals were released. Left behind the staff, they settled in St. Petersburg, on Podyacheskaya Street in different apartments; Each had their own cook and received a pension. Only suddenly they found themselves on a desert island, woke up and saw: both were lying under the same blanket. Of course, at first they didn’t understand anything and began to talk as if nothing had happened to them.

Strange, Your Excellency, I had a dream today,” said one general, “I see as if I was living on a desert island...

He said this, but suddenly he jumped up! Another general also jumped up.

God! Yes, what is this! Where are we! - both cried out in voices that were not their own.

And they began to feel each other, as if not in a dream, but in reality such an opportunity happened to them. However, no matter how hard they tried to convince themselves that all this was nothing more than a dream, they had to be convinced of the sad reality.

In front of them, on one side, lay the sea, on the other side lay a small piece of land, behind which lay the same boundless sea. The generals cried for the first time after they closed the registry.

They began to look at each other and saw that they were in nightgowns and had an order hanging around their necks.

Now let's have a nice cup of coffee! - said one general, but he remembered what an unheard of thing happened to him, and he cried for the second time.

What are we going to do, though? - he continued through tears. - If you write a report now, what good will come of it?

That’s it,” answered the other general, “you, Your Excellency, go to the east, and I will go to the west, and in the evening we will meet again at this place; maybe we'll find something.

They began to look for where the east is and where the west is. We remembered how the boss once said: “If you want to find the east, then turn your eyes to the north, and in right hand you will get what you are looking for." We started looking for the north, went this way and that, tried all the countries of the world, but since we had served in the registry all our lives, we found nothing.

Here's what, Your Excellency: you go to the right, and I'll go to the left; it will be better this way! - said one general, who, in addition to being a receptionist, also served as a calligraphy teacher at the school of military cantonists and, therefore, was smarter.

B1. What is the name of creative method, which recognizes the existence of objective socio-historical patterns and is the leader in the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin?

VZ. What is the name of the genre of epic folklore, the features of which are reflected in the style of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s “Tale...”: “once upon a time they lived”, “at the command of a pike, according to my desire”, “once said and done”, etc.?

B4. Name a term used in folklore that denotes the form of a traditional fairytale beginning: “once upon a time...”, “in a certain kingdom...”.

B5. What is the name of the technique of fantastic exaggeration, when used, verisimilitude in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s “Tale...” gives way to caricature?

B6. What technique of allegory, characteristic of fables, parables, etc., does M.E. resort to in his works? Saltykov-Shchedrin?

B7. Write the terminological name of the element of the composition that is a description of nature: “The sea spread out in front of them on one side, on the other side lay a small piece of land, behind which lay the same boundless sea.”
AT 8. What is the name of the type of Russian joke added by the narrator at the beginning, middle or end of a fairy tale, for example, “at the behest of the pike, at my will”?

IN 1. Realism

AT 2. Satire

AT 3. Fairy tale

AT 5. Grotesque

AT 6. Allegory or Aesopian language

AT 7. Scenery

AT 8. Saying

And suddenly the general, who was a calligraphy teacher, had an epiphany

inspiration...

“And what, Your Excellency,” he said joyfully, “if we

find a man?

That is, what about... a man?

Well, yes, a simple man... what men usually are! He would give us

Now I would serve some buns, and catch hazel grouse, and fish!

Hm... a man... but where can I get him, this man, when he is not there?

Just as there is no man, there is a man everywhere, you just have to look for him!

He's probably hidden somewhere, shirking work!

This thought encouraged the generals so much that they jumped up as if disheveled.

and set off to look for the man.

For a long time they wandered around the island without any success, but finally

the smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin put them on the trail. Under the tree,

With his belly up and his fist under his head, a huge man was sleeping and

avoided work in the most impudent manner. The indignation of the generals is at its limit

did not have.

- Sleep, couch potato! - they attacked him, - I suppose you can’t even lead your ears,

that two generals here have been dying of hunger for two days! Now go to work!

The man stood up: he saw that the generals were strict. I wanted to give from them

Streak, but they remained numb, clinging to him.

And he began to act in front of them.

First of all, he climbed a tree and picked the generals ten of the most

ripe apples, but took one for myself, sour. Then he dug in the ground - and

got potatoes from there; then he took two pieces of wood and rubbed them together

friend - and drew fire. Then he made a snare out of his own hair and caught it

hazel grouse Finally, he lit a fire and baked so many different provisions that

The generals even thought: “Shouldn’t we give the parasite a piece?”

The generals looked at these peasant efforts, and their hearts were happy

were playing. They had already forgotten that yesterday they almost died of hunger, but they thought: “Here

How good it is to be generals - you won’t get lost anywhere!”

Are you satisfied, gentlemen generals? - asked meanwhile

man-lounger.

We are satisfied, dear friend, we see your zeal! - the generals answered.

Would you allow me to rest now?

Rest, my friend, just make a rope first.

A man just picked up wild hemp, soaked it in water, beat it, crushed it

And by evening the rope was ready. With this rope the generals tied

the man to the tree, so as not to run away, but they themselves went to bed.

(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”)
IN 1. What type of literature does the work of M.E. Saltykov_Shchedrin belong to?
AT 2. What stage of the development of events in the plot does the above episode correspond to?
AT 3. What kind of address expresses the attitude of the generals towards the peasant?
AT 4. The generals' hearty meal was preceded by a day spent starving on the island. What was the “dinner” of the general, who was once a calligraphy teacher, the night before?
AT 5. What concept is used in literary criticism to designate a significant, specially identified element of the material world, an objective detail that allows one to characterize a character or a situation (for example, a rope with which a man was tied to a tree)?
AT 6. What is the name of the stylistically reduced vocabulary characteristic of oral colloquial speech(for example, characteristic of oral conversational speech (for example, “from work shirks", "belly up»)?
C1. What contradictory qualities of a man are manifested in this fragment?
C2. In what works of Russian writers does allegory become the main artistic device, and what are the similarities and differences between these works and the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin?
IN 1. Epic

AT 2. Development of action

AT 3. couch potato

The work of Saltykov Shchedrin can rightfully be called the highest achievement of social satire of the 1860-1880s. It is not without reason that Shchedrin’s closest predecessor is considered to be N.V. Gogol, who created a satirical and philosophical picture modern world. However, Saltykov Shchedrin sets himself a fundamentally different creative task: expose and destroy as a phenomenon. V. G. Belinsky, discussing Gogol’s work, defined his humor as “calm in its indignation, good-natured in its slyness,” comparing it with others “formidable and open, bilious, poisonous, merciless.” This second characteristic deeply reveals the essence of Shchedrin's satire. He removed Gogol's lyricism from the satire and made it more explicit and grotesque. But this did not make the works simpler or more monotonous. On the contrary, they fully revealed the comprehensive “bungling” of the Russian society XIX V.
"Fairy tales for children of considerable age” created in last years the life of the writer (1883-1886) and appear before us as a certain result of Saltykov Shchedrin’s work in literature. And in terms of the richness of artistic techniques, and in terms of ideological significance, and in terms of the variety of recreated social types This book can fully be considered an artistic synthesis of the writer’s entire work. The form of a fairy tale gave Shchedrin the opportunity to speak openly on issues that concerned him. Turning to folklore, the writer sought to preserve its genre and artistic features, with their help, draw the reader’s attention to the main problem of your work. Tales of Shchedrin Saltykov genre nature represent a kind of fusion of two different genres of folklore and original literature: fairy tales and fables. When writing fairy tales, the author used grotesque, hyperbole, and antithesis.
Grotesque and hyperbole are the main ones artistic techniques, with the help of which the author creates the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.” The main characters are a man and two bum generals. Two completely helpless generals miraculously ended up on a desert island, and got there straight from bed in their nightgowns and with orders around their necks. The generals almost eat each other because they cannot not only catch fish or game, but also pick fruit from the tree. In order not to starve, they decide to look for a man. And he was found right away: he was sitting under a tree and shirking work. The “huge man” turns out to be a jack of all trades. He got apples from the tree, and dug potatoes from the ground, and prepared a snare for the hazel grouse from his own hair, and got fire, and prepared provisions. And what? He gave the generals a dozen apples, and took one for himself - sour. He even made a rope so that his generals could tie him to a tree with it. Moreover, he was ready to “please the generals for the fact that they, a parasite, favored him and did not disdain his peasant work.”
The man collected a swan's fluff to deliver his generals in comfort. No matter how much they scold the man for parasitism, the man “keeps rowing and rowing and feeding the generals with herring.”
Hyperbole and grotesque are evident throughout the narrative. Both the peasant's dexterity and the generals' ignorance are extremely exaggerated. A skilled man cooks a handful of soup. Stupid generals don’t know that buns are made from flour. A hungry general swallows his friend's order. An absolute hyperbole is that the man built a ship and took the generals straight to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
Extreme exaggeration of individual situations allowed the writer to turn funny story about stupid and worthless generals in a furious denunciation of the existing order in Russia, which contributes to their emergence and carefree existence. There is no Shchedrin in fairy tales random details And unnecessary words, and the heroes are revealed in actions and words. The writer draws attention to the funny sides of the person depicted. Suffice it to remember that the generals were in nightgowns, and each had an order hanging around their necks.
The uniqueness of Shchedrin’s fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating comic effect. On the fabulous island, the generals find the famous reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. From the extraordinary island it is not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
These tales are magnificent artistic monument of the past era. Many images have become household names, denoting social phenomena Russian and world reality.

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You are now reading: Hyperbole and grotesque in the fairy tale by M. E. Saltykov Shchedrin “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”

Saltykov-Shchedrin is not an escape from reality, from its burning problems and pressing issues, but a special form of posing these problems and questions, a special form of satirical reflection of life. The satirical form became for M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin with the opportunity to speak freely about pressing problems of society. In the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” various satirical techniques are used: grotesque, irony, fantasy, allegory, sarcasm - to characterize the characters depicted and describe the situation in which the main characters of the fairy tale find themselves: two generals. The very landing of the generals on an uninhabited island “at the behest of a pike at my will” is grotesque. The writer’s assurance is fantastic that “the generals served all their lives in some kind of registry, were born there, were raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything.” The writer satirically portrayed and appearance heroes: “they are in nightgowns and have an order hanging on their necks.” “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” the author shows two generals as helpless, stupid and arrogant. “Generals served all their lives in some kind of registry; they were born there, raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything.” Both generals were accustomed to receiving everything ready-made and lived without worrying about anything. The generals did not find the best way to arrange your life on the island, except to find a man who would “serve rolls, and catch hazel grouse, and fish.” The thought that they were on a desert island, where there was no one but them, did not occur to them, since they were sure that if there are generals, then there must be a man. “Just as there is no man, there is a man everywhere, you just have to look for him! He’s probably hidden somewhere and is shirking work!” - this is how the generals reason. The generals believe that a man - a healthy fellow - shirks from work and tries to run away, he is constantly scolded for parasitism and laziness. But despite this, he is happy with his life. The man is dexterous and dexterous to the point that he even cooks soup in a handful. All he needs to be happy is a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver. Soon the generals became bored and wanted to return home, and again they have no doubt that the man will be able to take them to St. Petersburg, that he will take care of everything in the best possible way. They are confident that it should be this way and not otherwise. The author shows the bitter fate of the people, accustomed to solving the problems of generals who themselves are absolutely helpless, consider it completely natural to sit back, while pushing others around, forcing them to work for themselves. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his fairy tales shows the need for changes in life, he is convinced that the issue of abolition of serfdom is ripe. He believed that the people, who had until now been excluded from solving the main issues of the country's development, should finally receive liberation. Saltykov-Shchedrin hopes that the hour is not far when the people will awaken and become the arbiter of the country’s destinies. Fantasy, Grotesque and hyperbole are the main artistic techniques with which the author creates satire. Hyperbole and grotesque are evident throughout the narrative. Both the peasant's dexterity and the generals' ignorance are extremely exaggerated. A skilled man cooks a handful of soup. Stupid generals don’t know that buns are made from flour. A hungry general swallows his friend's order.

2.Reading by heart the poem by D. G. Byron “You have finished your life, hero!..” The attitude of the people to the hero’s feat. The author lived in the interests of his people,” he was always interested and worried political struggle, taking place in his homeland. The poet was sure that the meaning of life lies in the constant struggle for freedom. And he reflected his thoughts and aspirations in works, which for the most part were of a rebellious nature. His poems and poems are imbued with the spirit of heroic protest against oppression and enslavement of man, imbued with the idea of ​​defending freedom and justice. The themes of loneliness, discord between the individual and society, the desire for freedom and the struggle for it represent the foundation of this direction. It is these motives that permeate Byron's romantic and melodic poetry. This patriotic work is imbued with the inner rebellion of the poet, who had to endure the hardships of struggle and battle. The poem is centered around the personality of a hero who fought for the honor of his homeland and died tragically in this brutal struggle. In “You've Finished Your Life's Way...” Byron praises selflessness and courage folk hero, whose life continues after death - thanks to his feat, the people will keep his eternal memory. The poem is filled with patriotic pathos, through which Byron conveys the emotional solemnity of this event. Thus, the poet shows that the hero did not die in vain, he fought for the freedom of his people and his own, and after his heroic death the people will remember him in their songs, legends and poems. Byron speaks on behalf of an entire people, with emotional exclamations and vivid epithets that are inherent patriotic lyrics, he glorifies the soldier’s feat and conveys the people’s attitude towards this. It is important to note that there are no heavy or sad motifs in the poem; if there is sadness, it is light and light. In the death of the hero, Byron puts the greatness of victory and the triumph of freedom, for which the soldier fought. By the absence of pessimism and despair, the poet wanted to emphasize the courage and dedication of real heroes - those who, without any doubt, enter into battle, ready to die for their country and their ideals. This determines solemn tone the entire work, which can be called a manifesto of true heroism and true victory, because death is in the name of ideals and freedom home country means not defeat, but victory.

You've finished your life, hero!
Now your glory will begin, And in the songs of the holy homeland, the majestic image will live, Your courage, which liberated it, will live. As long as your people are free, He cannot forget you. You've fallen! But your blood flows not on the earth, but in our veins; We must breathe powerful courage into Your feat into our chest. We will make the enemy turn pale, If we name you in the middle of battle; Our choirs will begin to sing about the death of the valiant hero; But there will be no tears in your eyes: Crying would insult the glorious dust.

Ticket No. 10

1. Autobiographical story by L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”. The moral quest of the main character (based on the example of several chapters)

The hero of the trilogy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth" by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Nikolenka Irtenev. By the time the story begins, he is ten years old. It was from the age of ten that noble children were sent to study in lyceums, boarding houses and other educational establishments so that they, having received an education, will serve the benefit of the Fatherland. The same future awaits Nikolenka. In a few weeks, together with his father and older brother, he must leave for Moscow to study. In the meantime, surrounded by family and friends, he experiences happy and carefree moments of childhood.

This story is considered autobiographical because Lev Nikolaevich recreated the atmosphere of his childhood. After all, he himself grew up without a mother: she died when Lev was one and a half years old. In the story, the same heavy loss awaits the main character, but this will happen at the age of ten, that is, he will have the opportunity to love and literally idolize his maman, as was customary among the nobles in French manner call mom. The hero admits that when he tried to remember his mother, he only imagined Brown eyes, "always expressing the same kindness and love, but the general expression eluded". Obviously, the writer, who does not remember his mother, embodied in the image of maman a certain ideal of a woman-mother.

Right from the first chapters, together with Nikolenka, the reader is immersed in the atmosphere noble life late XIX century. The hero's childhood world is connected with his tutors and courtyard people. The teacher is closest to him German origin Karl Ivanovich, meeting whom opens the story. Minute resentment for this kindest person for Nikolenka it turns into a feeling of shame that torments him.

In fact, it is in the story “Childhood » Lev Nikolaevich was the first to use a technique that critics later called « dialectic of the soul » . Describing the state of his hero, the author used internal monologue, which indicated a change state of mind hero: from joy to sadness, from anger to a feeling of awkwardness and shame. It is precisely such rapid and sudden changes in the hero’s mental state - the dialectics of the soul - that Tolstoy will use in his famous works.

Genre of the work - autobiographical story. The culmination of the work is the events surrounding the illness and death of the mother. Before them - the beginning

Plan
Introduction
The writer's tales ridicule the vices of his contemporary society.
Main part
The satirical form became an opportunity for the writer to speak freely about pressing issues.
Satirical techniques, used in “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”
Satirical techniques express the author's attitude towards the depicted.
Conclusion
Using various satirical techniques, the author ridicules the generals’ inability to cope with life and the peasant’s stupid execution of their whims.
In the final period of his work, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin turns to the allegorical form of a fairy tale, where, describing everyday situations in “Aesopian language,” he ridicules vices contemporary writer society.
The satirical form became for M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin with the opportunity to speak freely about pressing problems of society. In the fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” various satirical techniques are used: grotesque, irony, fantasy, allegory, sarcasm - to characterize the characters depicted and describe the situation in which the main characters of the fairy tale: two generals find themselves. The very landing of the generals on a desert island “at the behest of a pike, at my will” is grotesque. The writer’s assurance is fantastic that “the generals served all their lives in some kind of registry, were born there, raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything.” The writer also satirically depicted the appearance of the heroes: “they are in nightgowns, and an order hangs on their necks.” Saltykov-Shchedrin ridicules the basic inability of the generals to find food for themselves: both thought that “rolls would be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning.” Depicting the behavior of the characters, the writer uses sarcasm: “they began to slowly crawl towards each other and in the blink of an eye they became frantic. Shreds flew, squeals and groans were heard; the general, who was a teacher of calligraphy, bit off the order from his comrade and immediately swallowed it.” The heroes began to lose their human appearance, turning into hungry animals, and only the sight of real blood sobered them up.
Satirical devices not only characterize artistic images, but also express the author’s attitude towards the depicted. The writer treats the man with irony, who, frightened powerful of the world“First of all, he climbed up the tree and picked ten of the ripest apples for the generals, and took one sour one for himself.” Makes fun of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin attitude of the generals to life: “They began to say that here they live on everything ready, but in St. Petersburg, meanwhile, their pensions keep accumulating and accumulating.”
Thus, using various satirical techniques, the allegorical form of “Aesopian language”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin expresses own attitude to the relationship between people in power and common people. The writer ridicules both the generals’ inability to cope with life and the peasant’s stupid fulfillment of all the masters’ whims.

“The story of how one man fed two generals.” Peculiarities artistic speech satirical work

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (January 15 (27), 1826 - April 28 (May 10), 1889) ( real name Saltykov, pseudonym N. Shchedrin)

The fairy tale genre has long attracted Shchedrin. More than any of his contemporaries, he understood all the advantages of the fairy-tale style of storytelling, and his appeal to fairy tales was caused not only by the conditions of the socio-political life of Russia in those years.

As an independent genre, the fairy tale first appeared in his work in 1869. “The story of how one man fed two generals.” He called his work “Tale...” and not “Fairy Tale...”, because this work is a kind of fairy tale for adults, which depicts the heroes of that time: two generals who embody the autocratic system and a peasant who embodies the Russian oppressed people.

A fairy tale without fairy-tale heroes, which does not reflect the realities of Russian folklore, not like folk tale, neither in composition nor in plot does it repeat traditional folklore schemes, which is why it is called “The Tale ...”, in which the author laconically, clearly and clearly reveals an aspect of Russian autocratic reality.

“What Mr. Shchedrin calls fairy tales does not at all correspond to its name,” one of the censors indignantly reported to the censorship committee, “his fairy tales are the same satire, and caustic, tendentious satire, more or less directed against our social and political system.”

Shchedrin's brilliant miniatures were a merciless satire of the autocratic system and the reactionary government policies of the 1980s.

Shchedrin laid the principle of depicting the life of the people “without any embellishment” as the basis for all creative activity, truthfully reflecting in it the deep contradictions of peasant life.

Shchedrin's punishing laughter did not leave alone the representatives of mass predation - the nobility and bourgeoisie, who acted under the auspices of the ruling political elite and in alliance with it.

Using the techniques of witty fairy-tale fiction, Shchedrin shows that the source of not only material well-being, but also the so-called noble culture is the work of a man.

The order that one of the generals snatched from another is a grotesque detail. You can bite off a part of the body (finger, ear...). Violation of the semantic compatibility of words gives rise to associations between the award and a part of the body: the order, as it were, became an accessory to the general’s flesh. The phrase about flowing blood, which immediately follows the news of the bitten order, seems to reinforce these associations: it can be understood that blood flowed from the wound that remained exactly at the site of the bitten order.

But in the natural world of a desert island, insignia and indications of a place in the hierarchy of power lose all meaning, and you won’t be satisfied with the bitten order...

The fate of the generals abandoned on a desert island would have been sad if they had not remembered in time that somewhere nearby there must certainly be a man “there is a man everywhere, you just have to look for him!” He's probably hidden somewhere, shirking work! This thought encouraged the generals so much that they jumped up as if disheveled and set off to look for the man.”

“They wandered around the island for a long time without any success, but finally the pungent smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin put them on the trail. Under a tree, with his belly up and his fist under his head, a huge man was sleeping and was shirking work in the most impudent manner. There was no limit to the generals' indignation.

Sleep, couch potato! - they attacked him, - probably you wouldn’t even know that two generals here have been dying of hunger for two days! Now go to work!

The man stood up: he saw that the generals were strict. I wanted to give them a scolding, but they just froze, clinging to him.”

Shchedrin draws this with great sympathy full of strength, intelligence and ingenuity of a man.

“First of all, he climbed the tree and picked ten of the ripest apples for the generals, and took one sour one for himself. Then he dug into the ground and pulled out potatoes from there; then he took two pieces of wood, rubbed them together, and brought out fire. Then he made a snare from his own hair and caught the hazel grouse. Finally, he lit a fire and baked so many different provisions that the generals even thought: “Shouldn’t we give the parasite a piece?”

He is capable of any task, but this character evokes more than one admiration from the author and readers. At the same time, Shchedrin makes you think about why a man unquestioningly, sparing no effort, works for parasite generals? Together with Saltykov-Shchedrin, we grieve over the bitter fate of the people, who are forced to shoulder the care of parasite landowners, quitters and slackers who can only push others around and force them to work for themselves.

In Fairy Tales, Saltykov embodied his many years of observations on the life of the enslaved Russian peasantry, his bitter thoughts about the fate of the oppressed masses, his deep sympathy for working humanity and his bright hopes for people's strength.

The source of the writer’s constant and painful thoughts was the striking contrast between the strong and weaknesses Russian peasantry. Showing unparalleled heroism in work and the ability to overcome any difficulties in life, the peasantry at the same time resignedly, meekly tolerated their oppressors, passively endured oppression, fatalistically hoping for some kind of external help, nurturing a naive faith in the coming of good leaders.

With bitter irony, Saltykov depicted the slavish obedience of the peasant, presenting here a picture of a screaming contradiction between the enormous potential strength and class passivity of the peasant. A huge man, a jack of all trades, whose protest the generals could not resist if he were capable of it, submits to them without complaint. The generals depend entirely on the peasant, but he does not depend on them at all. But the man submits, and the gentlemen dominate. Generals are also generals on a desert island.

“Are you satisfied, gentlemen generals?”

“Won’t you allow me to rest now?”

He himself made a rope so that the generals would keep him on a leash at night so that he would not run away. Moreover, he was grateful to the generals: “how could he please his generals for the fact that they favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant work!” It is difficult to imagine a more vivid depiction of the strength and weakness of the Russian people in the era of autocracy.

The fabulous flavor of a desert island is freely combined with “pensions”, “uniforms”, “Babylonian pandemonium”.

“A day passed, another passed; The man became so adept that he even began to cook soup in a handful. Our generals became cheerful, loose, well-fed, and white. They began to say that here they live on everything ready, but in St. Petersburg, meanwhile, their pensions keep accumulating and accumulating.

What do you think, Your Excellency, did the Babylonian pandemonium really happen or is it just that, an allegory? - one general used to say to another after having breakfast.

I think, Your Excellency, that it really happened, because otherwise how can one explain that there are different languages ​​in the world!

So there was a flood?

And there was a flood, because, otherwise, how could the existence of antediluvian beasts be explained? Moreover, the Moskovskie Vedomosti tells..."

The combination of everyday and comical is achieved by the presence of such details in the text. The “cultural” conversation of the well-fed generals about the origin of languages ​​(whether the Babylonian pandemonium was the cause of the division of languages) and about the reality of the global flood is presented as meaningless chatter, as empty “philosophizing”.

Thus, in the fairy tale, two voices are heard first - the ironic voice of the author and the pathetic voices of the generals, and then a third voice joins, the voice of a man symbolizing the voice of the people.

Along with a satirical denunciation of the nobility, Saltykov-Shchedrin depicted the slavish behavior of a peasant with a feeling of sorrow and sad irony.

Satire techniques used in the work by the author:

Allegory - allegorical expression something abstract in a specific image

(The general cannot pick apples from the tree).

Hyperbole is an exaggeration.

(Food will be born in the same form in which it is served to the table).

Fantasy - we fell asleep and found ourselves on a desert island.

Grotesque is a combination in a fantastic form of the terrible and the funny, the ugly and the sublime.

(scene of the generals' frenzy).

The fairy tale ends with the words: “Have fun, man.” This phrase can be said by three characters: directly by the author, and it expresses deep sympathy for the Russian peasant and pain because the peasant is still poor, and for all his labors, “they sent him a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver.”

The phrase may belong to the generals and then it is bitter irony. A mockery of the people. “They went to the treasury, and how much money they raked in here - it’s impossible to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen! However, they didn’t forget about the guy.”

The phrase may belong to the man himself and depicts passivity masses, their humility and political darkness, the “unconsciousness” of the peasantry.

Conclusion: Saltykov-Shchedrin was a great master of irony - subtle, hidden ridicule, clothed in the form of praise, flattery, feigned solidarity with the enemy (together with the generals, he was indignant at the behavior of the parasite peasant. The specific power of irony, which, according to Shchedrin, “spreads in the form the subtlest ether" (v, 231), lies in the fact that, while wounding the enemy, she herself remains invulnerable and formally elusive. No wonder the satirist said: “...a terrible weapon is irony.”

Mockingly ridiculing native speakers social evil By portraying them in a funny way, the satirist aroused a feeling of active hatred towards them in society, inspired the people to fight against them, raised their spirits and faith in their strength, and taught them to understand their role in life.

List of used literature

1. Bazanova V.I. “Tales” by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. L., -1966

2. Bushmin A.S. "Saltykov-Shchedrin. The art of satire." M., 1976

3. Goryachkina M.S. “The Satire of Saltykov-Shchedrin” M., 1965.

4. Bushmin A.S. “The Satire of Saltykov-Shchedrin” M., 1959.