What was the main idea for the romantics? Main features of romanticism in literature

Romanticism is a movement in art and literature that arose at the end of the 18th century in Germany and spread throughout Europe and America.

Signs of romanticism:

Emphasized attention to the human personality, individuality, and inner world of a person.

A depiction of an exceptional character in exceptional circumstances, a strong, rebellious personality, irreconcilable with the world. This person is not only free-spirited, but also special and unusual. Most often he is a loner who is not understood by most other people.

The cult of feelings, nature and the natural state of man. Denial of rationalism, the cult of reason and orderliness.

The existence of “two worlds”: the world of the ideal, dreams and the world of reality. There is an irreparable discrepancy between them. This leads romantic artists into a mood of despair and hopelessness, “world sorrow.”

Appeal to folk stories, folklore, interest in the historical past, search for historical consciousness. Active interest to the national, popular. Lifting national identity, focus on identity among creative circles European peoples.

Detailed descriptions of exotic nature, stormy elements, as well as images of “natural” people, “not spoiled” by civilization, are becoming popular in literature and painting.

Romanticism completely abandoned the use of stories about antiquity, popular in the era of classicism. It led to the emergence and approval of new literary genres - song ballads based on folklore, lyrical song, romances, historical novels.

Outstanding representatives of romanticism in literature: George Gordon Byron, Victor Hugo, William Blake, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Walter Scott, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Schiller, George Sand, Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Pushkin, Adam Mickiewicz.

Romanticism- movement in art and literature Western Europe and Russia of the 18th-19th centuries, which consists in the authors’ desire to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots suggested to them by life phenomena. The romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Representatives:	Foreign literature	Russian literature
	J. G. Byron; I. Goethe I. Schiller; E. Hoffman P. Shelley; C. Nodier	V. A. Zhukovsky; K. N. Batyushkov K. F. Ryleev; A. S. Pushkin M. Yu. Lermontov; N.V. Gogol
	Unusual characters, exceptional circumstances
	A tragic duel between personality and fate
	Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics of a romantic hero
Distinctive features	Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime
	A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual
	The cult of freedom: the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection

Literary forms

Romanticism- a direction that developed at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the individual and his inner world, which is usually shown as an ideal world and is contrasted with the real world - the surrounding reality. In Russia, there are two main movements in romanticism: passive romanticism (elegiac), the representative of such romanticism was V.A. Zhukovsky ; progressive romanticism, its representatives were in England J. G. Byron, in France V. Hugo, in Germany F. Schiller, G. Heine. In Russia, the ideological content of progressive romanticism was most fully expressed by the Decembrist poets K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev, A. Odoevsky and others, in the early poems of A. S. Pushkin “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Gypsies” and the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "Demon".

Romanticism- a literary movement that formed at the beginning of the century. Fundamental to romanticism was the principle of romantic dual worlds, which presupposes a sharp contrast between the hero and his ideal and the surrounding world. The incompatibility of ideal and reality was expressed in the departure of romantics from modern themes into the world of history, traditions and legends, dreams, dreams, fantasies, and exotic countries. Romanticism has a special interest in the individual. The romantic hero is characterized by proud loneliness, disappointment, a tragic attitude and, at the same time, rebellion and rebellion of spirit (A.S. Pushkin.“Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Gypsies”; M.Yu. Lermontov."Mtsyri"; M. Gorky.“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”).

Romanticism(end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)- received the greatest development in England, Germany, France (J. Byron, W. Scott, V. Hugo, P. Merimee). In Russia, it arose against the backdrop of national upsurge after the War of 1812, it is characterized by a pronounced social orientation, imbued with the idea of civic service and love of freedom (K.F. Ryleev, V.A. Zhukovsky). Heroes are bright, exceptional individuals in unusual circumstances. Romanticism is characterized by impulse, extraordinary complexity, and the inner depth of human individuality. Denial of artistic authorities. There are no genre barriers or stylistic distinctions; the desire for complete freedom of creative imagination.

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms

Realism(from Latin. realis)- a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Literary forms

Realism- artistic method and direction in literature. Its basis is the principle of life truth, which guides the artist in his work in order to give the most complete and true reflection of life and maintain the greatest life verisimilitude in the depiction of events, people, objects outside world and nature as they really are. Realism reached its greatest development in the 19th century. in the works of such great Russian realist writers as A.S. Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy and others.

Realism- a literary movement that established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and passed through the entire 20th century. Realism asserts the priority of the cognitive capabilities of literature, its ability to explore reality. The most important subject of artistic research is the relationship between character and circumstances, the formation of characters under the influence of the environment. Human behavior, according to realist writers, is determined by external circumstances, which, however, does not negate his ability to oppose his will to them. This determined the central conflict realistic literature- conflict between personality and circumstances. Realist writers depict reality in development, in dynamics, presenting stable, typical phenomena in their unique individual embodiment (A.S. Pushkin."Boris Godunov", "Eugene Onegin"; N.V.Gogol."Dead Souls"; novels I.S. Turgenev, JI.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky, stories I.A.Bunina, A.I.Kuprina; P.A. Nekrasov.“Who Lives Well in Rus'”, etc.).

Realism- established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and continues to remain influential literary direction. Explores life, delving into its contradictions. Basic principles: objective reflection of the essential aspects of life in combination with the author's ideal; playback typical characters, conflicts in typical circumstances; their social and historical conditioning; predominant interest in the problem of “personality and society” (especially in the eternal confrontation between social laws and moral ideals, personal and mass); formation of characters' characters under the influence of the environment (Stendhal, Balzac, C. Dickens, G. Flaubert, M. Twain, T. Mann, J. I. H. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov).

Critical realism- an artistic method and literary movement that developed in the 19th century. Its main feature is the depiction of human character in organic connection with social circumstances, along with a deep analysis of the inner world of man. Representatives of the Russian critical realism are A.S. Pushkin, I.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov.

Modernism- the general name of trends in art and literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, expressing the crisis of bourgeois culture and characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. Modernists are representatives of various new trends, for example A. Blok, V. Bryusov (symbolism). V. Mayakovsky (futurism).

Modernism- a literary movement of the first half of the 20th century, which opposed itself to realism and united many movements and schools with a very diverse aesthetic orientation. Instead of a rigid connection between characters and circumstances, modernism affirms the self-worth and self-sufficiency of the human personality, its irreducibility to a tedious series of causes and consequences.

Postmodernism- a complex set of ideological attitudes and cultural reactions in the era of ideological and aesthetic pluralism (late 20th century). Postmodern thinking is fundamentally anti-hierarchical, opposes the idea of ideological integrity, and rejects the possibility of mastering reality using a single method or language of description. Postmodernist writers consider literature, first of all, a fact of language, therefore they do not hide, but emphasize the “literary” nature of their works, combine in one text the stylistics of different genres and different literary eras(A. Bitov, Caiuci Sokolov, D. A. Prigov, V. Pelevin, Ven. Erofeev and etc.).

Decadence (decadence)- a certain state of mind, a crisis type of consciousness, expressed in a feeling of despair, powerlessness, mental fatigue with the obligatory elements of narcissism and aestheticization of the self-destruction of the individual. Decadent in mood, the works aestheticize extinction, the break with traditional morality, and the will to death. The decadent worldview was reflected in the works of writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. F. Sologuba, 3. Gippius, L. Andreeva, M. Artsybasheva and etc.

Symbolism- direction in European and Russian art of the 1870-1910s. Symbolism is characterized by conventions and allegories, highlighting the irrational side of a word - sound, rhythm. The very name “symbolism” is associated with the search for a “symbol” that can reflect the author’s attitude to the world. Symbolism expressed rejection of the bourgeois way of life, longing for spiritual freedom, foreboding and fear of world socio-historical disasters. Representatives of symbolism in Russia were A.A. Blok (his poetry became a prophecy, a harbinger of “unheard-of changes”), V. Bryusov, V. Ivanov, A. Bely.

Symbolism (late XIX- beginning of the 20th century) - artistic expression intuitively comprehended entities and ideas through a symbol (from the Greek “symbolon” - sign, identifying mark). Vague hints at a meaning unclear to the authors themselves or a desire to define in words the essence of the universe, the cosmos. Often poems seem meaningless. Characteristic is the desire to demonstrate heightened sensitivity, incomprehensible to an ordinary person experiences; many levels of meaning; pessimistic perception of the world. The foundations of aesthetics were formed in the works of French poets P. Verlaine and A. Rimbaud. Russian Symbolists (V.Ya.Bryusova, K.D.Balmont, A.Bely) called decadents (“decadents”).

Symbolism- a pan-European, and in Russian literature - the first and most significant modernist movement. Symbolism is rooted in romanticism, with the idea of two worlds. The symbolists contrasted the traditional idea of understanding the world in art with the idea of constructing the world in the process of creativity. The meaning of creativity is the subconscious-intuitive contemplation of secret meanings, accessible only to the artist-creator. The main means of conveying rationally unknowable Secret meanings becomes the symbol (“senior symbolists”: V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub;"Young Symbolists": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Ivanov).

Expressionism- a direction in literature and art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which declared the subjective to be the only reality spiritual world man, and his expression is the main goal of art. Expressionism is characterized by flashiness and grotesqueness. artistic image. The main genres in the literature of this direction are lyrical poetry and drama, and often the work turns into a passionate monologue by the author. Various ideological trends were embodied in the forms of expressionism - from mysticism and pessimism to acute social criticism and revolutionary calls.

Expressionism- a modernist movement that formed in the 1910s - 1920s in Germany. The expressionists sought not so much to depict the world as to express their thoughts about the troubles of the world and the suppression of the human personality. The style of expressionism is determined by the rationalism of constructions, the attraction to abstraction, the acute emotionality of the statements of the author and characters, and the abundant use of fantasy and the grotesque. In Russian literature, the influence of expressionism manifested itself in the works of L. Andreeva, E. Zamyatina, A. Platonova and etc.

Acmeism- a movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s, which proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the “ideal”, from the polysemy and fluidity of images, a return to the material world, the subject, the element of “nature”, exact value words. Representatives are S. Gorodetsky, M. Kuzmin, N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

Acmeism - a movement of Russian modernism that arose as a reaction to the extremes of symbolism with its persistent tendency to perceive reality as a distorted likeness of higher entities. The main significance in the poetry of the Acmeists is the artistic development of the diverse and vibrant earthly world, transmission of a person’s inner world, affirmation of culture as the highest value. Acmeistic poetry is characterized by stylistic balance, pictorial clarity of images, precisely calibrated composition, and precision of detail. (N. Gumilyov. S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, V. Narvut).

Futurism- avant-garde movement in European art of the 10-20s of the 20th century. Striving to create “the art of the future”, denying traditional culture(especially her moral and artistic values), futurism cultivated urbanism (the aesthetics of the machine industry and the big city), the interweaving of documentary material and fiction, and even destroyed natural language in poetry. In Russia, representatives of futurism are V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov.

Futurism- an avant-garde movement that emerged almost simultaneously in Italy and Russia. The main feature is the preaching of the overthrow of past traditions, the destruction of old aesthetics, the desire to create new art, the art of the future, capable of transforming the world. The main technical principle is the principle of “shift”, which manifested itself in the lexical updating of the poetic language due to the introduction of vulgarisms, technical terms, neologisms, in violation of the laws of lexical compatibility of words, in bold experiments in the field of syntax and word formation (V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, V. Kamensky, I. Severyanin and etc.).

Avant-garde- a movement in the artistic culture of the 20th century, striving for a radical renewal of art both in content and form; sharply criticizing traditional trends, forms and styles, avant-gardeism often comes to belittle the importance of the cultural and historical heritage of mankind, giving rise to a nihilistic attitude towards “eternal” values.

Avant-garde- a direction in literature and art of the 20th century, uniting various movements, united in their aesthetic radicalism (Dadaism, surrealism, absurd drama, “new novel”, in Russian literature - futurism). It is genetically related to modernism, but absolutizes and takes to the extreme its desire for artistic renewal.

Naturalism(last third of the 19th century)- the desire for an outwardly accurate copy of reality, an “objective” dispassionate depiction of human character, likening artistic knowledge scientific. It was based on the idea of the absolute dependence of fate, will, and the spiritual world of man on the social environment, everyday life, heredity, and physiology. There are no unsuitable plots or unworthy topics for a writer. When explaining human behavior, social and biological reasons are placed on the same level. Special Development received in France (G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, E. Zola, who developed the theory of naturalism), French authors were also popular in Russia.

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Romanticism (1790-1830) is a trend in world culture that emerged as a result of the crisis of the Age of Enlightenment and its philosophical concept “Tabula rasa”, which translated means “ Blank sheet" According to this teaching, a person is born neutral, pure and empty, like a white sheet of paper. This means that if you educate him, you can raise an ideal member of society. But the flimsy logical structure collapsed when it came into contact with the realities of life: the bloody Napoleonic wars, French revolution 1789 and other social upheavals destroyed people's faith in the healing powers of the Enlightenment. During the war, education and culture did not play a role: bullets and sabers still spared no one. Powerful of the world this they studied diligently and had access to all famous works art, but this did not prevent them from sending their subjects to death, did not prevent them from cheating and cunning, did not prevent them from indulging in those sweet vices that from time immemorial have corrupted humanity, regardless of who and how they are educated. No one stopped the bloodshed, preachers, teachers and Robinson Crusoe with their blessed work and “God’s help” did not help anyone.

People are disappointed and tired of social instability. The next generation was “born old.” “Young people found use for their idle powers in desperation.”- as Alfred de Musset wrote, the author who wrote the brightest romantic novel"Confession of the son of the century." State young man He described his time as follows: “Denial of everything heavenly and everything earthly, if you like, hopelessness”. Society has become imbued with world grief, and the main postulates of romanticism are a consequence of this mood.

The word "romanticism" comes from the Spanish musical term"romance" (musical work).

Main features of romanticism

Romanticism is usually characterized by listing its main characteristics:

— Romantic dual world- This is a sharp contrast between ideal and reality. The real world is cruel and boring, and the ideal is a refuge from the hardships and abominations of life. A textbook example of romanticism in painting: Friedrich’s painting “Two Contemplating the Moon.” The eyes of the heroes are directed towards the ideal, but the black hooked roots of life do not seem to let them go.

— Idealism– this is the presentation of maximum spiritual demands on oneself and on reality. Example: Shelley's poetry, where the grotesque pathos of youth is the main message.

— Infantilism– this is an inability to bear responsibility, frivolity. Example: the image of Pechorin: the hero does not know how to calculate the consequences of his actions, he easily hurts himself and others.

— Fatalism ( evil rock) - This tragic character relationship between man and evil fate. Example: " Bronze Horseman"Pushkin, where the hero is pursued by evil fate, having taken away his beloved, and with her all hopes for the future.

— Many borrowings from the Baroque era: irrationality (fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm, stories of Hoffmann), fatalism, gloomy aesthetics (mystical stories of Edgar Allan Poe), fight against God (Lermontov, poem “Mtsyri”).

— Cult of individualism– the clash between the individual and society is the main conflict in romantic works(Byron, Childe Harold: the hero contrasts his individuality with an inert and boring society, setting off on an endless journey).

Characteristics of a Romantic Hero

Disappointment (Pushkin “Onegin”)
Nonconformism (rejected existing value systems, did not accept hierarchies and canons, protested against rules) –
Shocking behavior (Lermontov “Mtsyri”)
Intuition (Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” (the legend of Danko))
Denial of free will (everything depends on fate) - Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"

Themes, ideas, philosophy of romanticism

The main theme in Romanticism is the exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances. For example, a highlander captive since childhood, miraculously saved and ending up in a monastery. Usually children are not taken captive in order to take them to monasteries and replenish the staff of monks; the case of Mtsyri is a unique precedent of its kind.

The philosophical basis of romanticism and the ideological and thematic core is subjective idealism, according to which the world is a product of the subject’s personal feelings. Examples of subjective idealists are Fichte, Kant. Good example subjective idealism in literature – “Confession of a son of the century” by Alfred de Musset. Throughout the entire narrative, the hero immerses the reader in subjective reality, as if he were reading Personal diary. Describing his love conflicts and complex feelings, he shows not the surrounding reality, but inner world, which seems to replace the external one.

Romanticism dispelled boredom and melancholy - typical feelings in society of that period. The secular game of disappointment was brilliantly played out by Pushkin in the poem “Eugene Onegin.” The main character plays to the public when he imagines himself beyond the understanding of mere mortals. A fashion arose among young people to imitate the proud loner Childe Harold, the famous romantic hero from Byron's poem. Pushkin chuckles at this trend, portraying Onegin as a victim of yet another cult.

By the way, Byron became an idol and icon of romanticism. Distinguished by his eccentric behavior, the poet attracted the attention of society, and won recognition with his ostentatious eccentricities and undeniable talent. He even died in the spirit of romanticism: in an internecine war in Greece. An exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances...

Active Romanticism and Passive Romanticism: What's the Difference?

Romanticism is by its nature heterogeneous. Active romanticism- this is a protest, a rebellion against that philistine, vile world that has such a detrimental effect on the individual. Representatives of active romanticism: poets Byron and Shelley. An example of active romanticism: Byron's poem "Childe Harold's Travels".

Passive romanticism– this is reconciliation with reality: embellishing reality, withdrawing into oneself, etc. Representatives of passive romanticism: writers Hoffman, Gogol, Scott, etc. An example of passive romanticism is Hoffmann's The Golden Pot.

Features of Romanticism

Ideal- this is a mystical, irrational, unacceptable expression of the world spirit, something perfect that we must strive for. The melancholy of romanticism can be called “longing for an ideal.” People crave it, but cannot receive it, otherwise what they receive will cease to be an ideal, since from an abstract idea of beauty it will turn into a real thing or a real phenomenon with errors and shortcomings.

Features of romanticism are...

creation comes first
psychologism: the main thing is not events, but people’s feelings.
irony: raising oneself above reality, making fun of it.
self-irony: this perception of the world reduces tension

Escapism is an escape from reality. Types of escapism in literature:

fantasy (travel into fictional worlds) – Edgar Allan Poe (“The Red Mask of Death”)
exoticism (going to an unusual area, into the culture of little-known ethnic groups) - Mikhail Lermontov (Caucasian cycle)
history (idealization of the past) – Walter Scott (“Ivanhoe”)
folklore (folk fiction) – Nikolai Gogol (“Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”)

Rational romanticism originated in England, which is probably explained by the unique mentality of the British. Mystical romanticism appeared precisely in Germany (the Brothers Grimm, Hoffmann, etc.), where fantastic element is also due to the specifics of the German mentality.

Historicism- this is the principle of considering the world, social and cultural phenomena in a natural historical development.

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Romanticism- special kind worldview, at the same time artistic direction in the art of the late XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century, formed in Germany. Received worldwide significance and distribution. The direction of romanticism suggested a contrast with the classicist demand for rules. Romanticism also opposed the Age of Enlightenment in verbal terms: the language of romantic works, striving to be natural, “simple”, accessible to all readers, was something opposite to the classics with its noble, “sublime” themes, characteristic, for example, of classical tragedy.

An essential feature of romanticism as a literary movement is the so-called romantic two-worldness, most often understood as a striving for the sublime and the earthly at the same time, in addition, as a discord between the ideal and reality or, in other words, the opposition of reality and dreams, what is and what is what is possible. Romanticism always contrasts the real reality it rejects with another, poetic reality. For some romantics, the world is dominated by incomprehensible and mysterious forces that must be obeyed and not try to change fate (Chateaubriand, V.A. Zhukovsky). For others, the world's evil caused protest, demanded revenge and struggle (early A.S. Pushkin, Byron, Lermontov).

The Romantics discovered the extraordinary complexity and depth of the human spiritual world; it is a whole universe full of contradictions. Romantics were interested in all passions, both high and low, which were opposed to each other. High passion is love in all its manifestations, low passion is greed, ambition, envy. Romanticism is characterized by the assertion of freedom and increased attention to human individuality.

Interest in strong and vivid feelings, all-consuming passions, and secret movements of the soul are characteristic features of romanticism.

Romantics turned to various historical eras, they were attracted by originality, attracted by exotic and mysterious countries and circumstances. Significant place occupies the landscape - first of all, the sea, mountains, sky, stormy elements, with which the hero has a complex relationship. Nature can be on the same page with the hero, but it can also oppose him, turn out to be a hostile force with which he is forced to fight. Romanticism - cultural phenomenon Europe and America. IN different countries his fate had its own characteristics.

2. By the beginning of the second decade of the 19th century, romanticism occupied key place in Russian art, revealing more or less fully its national identity. Russian romanticism arose in different conditions than Western European. In the West, he was a post-revolutionary phenomenon and expressed disappointment in the results of the changes that had already taken place in the new, capitalist society. In Russia, it was formed in an era when the country had yet to enter a period of bourgeois transformations. The military events of 1812 had a huge impact on the development of Russian romanticism

The Patriotic War caused not only the growth of civil and national self-awareness, but also the recognition of the special role of the people in the life of the national state. And the Decembrist uprising of 1825, which had a huge impact on the entire course artistic development Russia, defining the range of issues and topics that worried Russian romantics. The theme of the people became very significant for Russian romantic writers. The desire for nationality marked the work of all Russian romantics, although their understanding of the “soul of the people” was different. For Zhukovsky, nationality is, first of all, a humane attitude towards the peasantry and poor people in general. He saw its essence in poetry folk rituals, lyrical songs, folk signs and superstitions. In the works of the romantic Decembrists, the idea of people's soul associated with other traits. For them, the national character is a heroic, nationally distinctive character. In their work main theme became not the fate of an individual, but the fate of the people, not personal happiness, but the public good. The poetry of the Decembrists sounded like an alarm bell, calling for battle and heroism, it glorified the joy of the struggle for freedom.

Romanticism, like sentimentalism, paid great attention to depicting the inner world of man. But unlike sentimentalist writers who praised “quiet sensitivity,” the romantics preferred depicting extraordinary adventures and violent passions. For example, creativity was of this nature English poet J. Byron, whose influence was experienced by many Russian writers of the early 19th century.

One of the important achievements of romanticism is the creation of a lyrical landscape. For romantics, it serves as a kind of decoration that emphasizes the emotional intensity of the action. The originality of the themes of romantic works contributed to the use of metaphors, poetic epithets, and symbols. Thus, the sea and the wind appeared as a romantic symbol of freedom; happiness - sun, love - fire or roses; at all pink color symbolized love feelings, black - sadness. The night personified evil, crime, enmity. The symbol of eternal variability is a sea wave, insensibility is a stone; images of a doll or a masquerade meant falsehood, hypocrisy, duplicity. Russian romantics were characterized to a high degree by the desire for moral ideal. This ideal for them was love of humanity and independence of the individual. The names of its greatest representatives in Russian literature are associated with romanticism - Pushkin. His first, albeit still timid, ghosts are found in the stories of N. M. Karamzin: “Bornholm Island”, “Sierra Morena”, “Marfa” Posadnitsa." In them, the writer sympathetically depicts the dissatisfaction of the human personality with the environmental conditions that constrain it. These tendencies are developed more consistently and deeply in the poetry of V. A. Zhukovsky and Batyushkov. Zhukovsky is famous for his ballads, magnificent descriptions of nature and, of course, the unusual plot. A large place in his work was occupied by lyrical images native nature. In one of his early poems, the elegy “Evening,” the poet reproduced a modest picture of his native land like this:

Everything is quiet: the groves are sleeping; there is peace in the surroundings,

Prostrate on the grass under a bent willow,

I listen to how it murmurs, merges with the river,

A stream overshadowed by bushes.

You can barely hear the reeds swaying over the stream,

The voice of the loop in the distance, having fallen asleep, wakes up the villages.

Russian romanticism literary

In the grass of a crutch I hear a wild cry...[Bestuzhev-Marlinsky A.Soch. T. 1. M., 1952. P. 119 This love for the depiction of Russian life, national traditions and rituals, legends and tales will be expressed in a number of subsequent works by Zhukovsky. Batyushkov, at the beginning of his creative career, sang of rural solitude, dreaminess, and melancholy. Later, the nature of his poetry changes and he now glorifies wine and love, joy, pleasure and passion.

3. The problem of periodization of the literary process of the 19th century. is one of the most difficult problems facing literary scholars both in the past and at the present time. Historical and literary science has put forward a number of principles of periodization. They do not replace each other in exact calendar terms. But this or that year takes on the character of a border era. And yet, Russian romanticism is usually divided into several periods: initial (1801-1815), Literary life of this period is characterized by an increasingly intensified struggle between the “new” and the “old”. In the first years of the new century, sentimentalism occupied a dominant position in literature. And classicists are trying to defend old literary positions.

Since the 1840s, rum has been losing its former position and giving way to realism. But it does not cease to exist.

Almost all the major realist writers of the second half of the century: Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy turned to the heritage of Roma and, in one way or another, reworked his artistic experience. They often created works that were to some extent close to the Romans in their ideological and artistic principles. Later, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Russian symbolists acted as continuers of the romantic traditions. rejection of modernity, the bourgeois system that had established itself in Russia by this time, dreaming of a complete re-creation of life and transformation of humanity - all this brings the symbolists closer to the romantics. The rum traditions also manifested themselves with great force in the works of the young Gorky, such as Makar Chundra, the old woman Izergil, the song about the falcon. Rum traditions live on in Soviet literature. Writers who strive for directness gravitate towards them. direct expression of one's ideals. This influence is noticeable in the works of Paustovsky and other writers.

Romanticism is one of the most significant literary movements of the 19th century.

Romanticism is not just a literary movement, but also a certain worldview, a system of views on the world. It was formed in opposition to the ideology of the Enlightenment, which reigned throughout the 18th century, in repulsion from it.

All researchers agree that the most important event that played a role in the emergence of Romanticism was the Great French Revolution, which began on July 14, 1789, when angry people stormed the main royal prison, the Bastille, as a result of which France became first a constitutional monarchy and then a republic. . The revolution became the most important stage in the formation of modern republican, democratic Europe. Subsequently, it became a symbol of the struggle for freedom, equality, justice, and improvement of the people’s lives.

However, the attitude towards the Revolution was far from clear. Many thoughtful and creative people soon became disillusioned with it, since its results were revolutionary terror, civil war, and wars between revolutionary France and almost all of Europe. And the society that arose in France after the Revolution was very far from ideal: the people still lived in poverty. And since the Revolution was a direct result of the philosophical and socio-political ideas of the Enlightenment, disappointment also affected the Enlightenment itself. It was from this complex combination of fascination and disillusionment with the Revolution and Enlightenment that Romanticism was born. The Romantics retained faith in the main ideals of the Enlightenment and the Revolution - freedom, equality, social justice, etc.

But they were disappointed in the possibility of their real implementation. There was an acute feeling of a gap between the ideal and life. Therefore, romantics are characterized by two opposing tendencies: 1. reckless, naive enthusiasm, optimistic faith in the victory of lofty ideals; 2. absolute, gloomy disappointment in everything, in life in general. These are two sides of the same coin: absolute disappointment in life is the result of absolute faith in ideals.

Another important point regarding the attitude of the romantics to the Enlightenment: the ideology of the Enlightenment itself at the beginning of the 19th century began to be perceived as outdated, boring, and not living up to expectations. After all, development proceeds on the principle of repulsion from the previous one. Before Romanticism there was the Enlightenment, and Romanticism started from it.

So, what exactly was the impact of the repulsion of Romanticism from the Enlightenment?

In the 18th century, during the Enlightenment, the cult of Reason reigned - rationalism - the idea that reason is the main quality of a person, with the help of reason, logic, science, a person is able to correctly understand, know the world and himself, and change both for the better.

1. The most important feature of romanticism was irrationalism(anti-rationalism) - the idea that life is much more complex than it seems to the human mind; life cannot be explained rationally or logically. It is unpredictable, incomprehensible, contradictory, in short, irrational. And the most irrational, mysterious part of life is human soul. A person is very often controlled not by a bright mind, but by dark, uncontrolled, sometimes destructive passions. The most opposite aspirations, feelings, and thoughts can illogically coexist in the soul. The romantics paid serious attention and began to describe strange, irrational states of human consciousness: madness, sleep, obsession with some kind of passion, states of passion, illness, etc. Romanticism is characterized by mockery of science, scientists, and logic.

2. Romantics, following the sentimentalists, highlighted feelings, emotions, defy logic. Emotionality- the most important human quality from the point of view of Romanticism. A romantic is someone who acts contrary to reason and petty calculations; romance is driven by emotions.

3. Most enlighteners were materialists, many romantics (but not all) were idealists and mystics. Idealists are those who believe that in addition to the material world there is a certain ideal, spiritual world, which consists of ideas, thoughts and which is much more important, paramount than the material world. Mystics are not just those who believe in the existence of another world - mystical, otherworldly, supernatural, etc., they are those who believe that representatives of another world are able to penetrate into the real world, that in general a connection is possible between worlds, communication. Romantics willingly let mysticism into their works, describing witches, sorcerers and other representatives evil spirits. Romantic works often contain hints of a mystical explanation for the strange events that occur.

(Sometimes the concepts “mystical” and “irrational” are identified and used as synonyms, which is not entirely correct. Often they actually coincide, especially among the romantics, but still, in general, these concepts mean different things. Everything mystical is usually irrational, but not everything the irrational is mystical).

4. Many romantics have mystical fatalism- belief in Fate, Predestination. Human life is controlled by certain mystical (mostly dark) forces. Therefore, in some romantic works there are many mysterious predictions, strange hints that always come true. Heroes sometimes perform actions as if not themselves, but someone pushes them, as if some outside force is infused into them, which leads them to the realization of their Destiny. Many works of the romantics are imbued with a sense of the inevitability of Fate.

5. Dual world - most important feature romanticism, generated by a bitter feeling of the gap between ideal and reality.

Romantics divided the world into two parts: the real world and the ideal world.

The real world is an ordinary, everyday, uninteresting, extremely imperfect world, a world in which ordinary people, philistines, feel comfortable. Philistines are people who do not have deep spiritual interests; their ideal is material well-being, their own personal comfort and peace.

The most characteristic feature of a typical romantic is dislike for the philistines, for ordinary people, towards the majority, towards the crowd, contempt for real life, isolation from it, not fitting into it.

And the second world is the world of the romantic ideal, the romantic dream, where everything is beautiful, bright, where everything is as the romantic dreams, this world does not exist in reality, but it should be. Romantic Getaway- this is an escape from reality into the world of the ideal, into nature, art, into your inner world. Madness and suicide are also options for romantic escape. Most suicides have a significant element of romanticism in their character.

7. Romantics do not like everything ordinary and strive for everything unusual, atypical, original, exceptional, exotic. A romantic hero is always unlike the majority, he is different. This is the main quality of a romantic hero. He is not included in the surrounding reality, is unadapted to it, he is always a loner.

The main romantic conflict is the confrontation between a lonely romantic hero and ordinary people.

The love for the unusual also applies to the choice of plot events for the work - they are always exceptional, unusual. Romantics also love exotic settings: distant hot countries, sea, mountains, and sometimes fabulous imaginary countries. For the same reason, romantics are interested in the distant historical past, especially the Middle Ages, which the enlighteners really disliked as the most unenlightened, unreasonable time. But the romantics believed that the Middle Ages were the time of the birth of romanticism, romantic love and romantic poetry, the first romantic heroes- these are knights serving their lovely ladies and writing poetry.

In romanticism (especially poetry) the motif of flight, separation from ordinary life and the desire for something unusual and beautiful is very common.

8. Basic romantic values.

The main value for romantics is Love. Love is the highest manifestation of the human personality, the highest happiness, the most complete disclosure of all the abilities of the soul. This the main objective and the meaning of life. Love connects a person with other worlds; in love all the deepest, most important secrets of existence are revealed. Romantics are characterized by the idea of lovers as two halves, of the non-accidentality of the meeting, of the mystical destiny of this particular man for this particular woman. Also the idea that real love It can only be once in a lifetime that it appears instantly at first sight. The idea of the need to remain faithful even after the death of a beloved. At the same time, Shakespeare gave the ideal embodiment of romantic love in the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet”.

The second romantic value is Art. It contains the highest Truth and the highest Beauty, which descend to the artist (in the broad sense of the word) at the moment of inspiration from other worlds. The artist is an ideal romantic person, endowed with the highest gift, with the help of his art, to spiritualize people, to make them better, purer. The highest form of art is Music, it is the least material, the most uncertain, free and irrational, music is addressed directly to the heart, to the feelings. The image of the Musician is very common in romanticism.

Third most important value romanticism - Nature and her beauty. The Romantics sought to spiritualize nature, to endow it with a living soul, a special mysterious mystical life.

The secret of nature will be revealed not through the cold mind of a scientist, but only through the feeling of its beauty and soul.

The fourth romantic value is Liberty, internal spiritual, creative freedom above all, free flight souls. But so does socio-political freedom. Freedom is a romantic value because it is possible only in the ideal, but not in reality.

Artistic features of romanticism.

1. Basic artistic principle Romanticism is the principle of re-creation and transformation of reality. Romantics show life not as it can be seen, they reveal its hidden mystical, spiritual essence, as they understand it. The truth of the real life around us for any romantic is boring and uninteresting.

Therefore, romantics are very willing to use the most different ways transformation of reality:

straight fantastic, fabulousness,
hyperbola - different types exaggeration, exaggeration of the qualities of characters;
plot implausibility– an unprecedented abundance of adventures in the plot - unusual, unexpected events, all kinds of coincidences, accidents, disasters, rescues, etc.

2. Mystery- widespread use of mystery as an artistic device: special intensification of mystery. Romantics achieve the effect of mystery by hiding some part of the facts, events, describing events dottedly, partially so that a hint of intervention in real life mystical powers.

3. Romanticism is characterized by a special romantic style. His features:

emotionality(many words expressing emotions and emotionally charged);
stylistic decoration- a lot of stylistic decorations, figurative and expressive means: epithets, metaphors, comparisons, etc.
verbosity, vagueness - many words with abstract meaning.

Chronological framework of the development of romanticism.

Romanticism arose in the second half of the 1890s in Germany and England, then in France. Romanticism became the dominant literary movement in Europe around 1814, when works by Hoffmann, Byron, and Walter Scott began to appear one after another, and remained so until approximately the second half of the 1830s, when it gave way to realism. Romanticism faded into the background, but did not disappear - especially in France, it existed throughout almost the entire 19th century, for example, almost most of The novels of Victor Hugo, the best prose writer among the romantics, were written in the 1860s, and his last novel was published in 1874. In poetry, romanticism prevailed throughout the nineteenth century, in all countries.