What are the heroes of this short chapter like? Who are the heroes? Heroes of time, literary and other heroes

What do you think of the lyrical heroine in Lermontov's poem?

From under a mysterious, cold half mask

Your captivating eyes shone on me

And the wicked lips smiled.

Through the light haze I involuntarily noticed

And virgin cheeks, and white necks.

Lucky! I also saw a willful lock of hair,

The native curls who left the wave!..

And then I created in my imagination

By slight signs of my beauty;

And from then on, an ethereal vision

I carry it in my soul, caress it and love it.

And everything seems to me: these speeches are alive

In the years gone by I once heard;

And someone whispers to me that after this meeting

We will see each other again, like old friends.

M.Yu. Lermontov, 1841

Show full text

The lyrical heroine in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “From under the mysterious, cold half mask...” - a dream with which the lyrical hero is involved in a romantic relationship. He admires the beauty of his beloved: “captivating eyes”, “cunning lips”.

The lyrical heroine can be imagined as a stranger. The character of the poem notices every detail of the heroine: “white neck”, “virgin cheeks”.He remembered certain features of appearance,

Criteria

• 2 of 3 K1 The depth of the judgments made and the persuasiveness of the arguments
• 0 of 1 K2 Following speech norms
• TOTAL: 2 out of 4

Let's answer the question: "Who are the heroes?" Starting from the early years of our lives, we listen to stories about brave warriors, people who accomplished feats, about dogs and other animals that saved human lives. In our minds, a hero is a brave, selfless person who is ready to help at any moment. They admire him, they praise him, they talk about him... This is who heroes are, according to many. Ordinary people are far from them. But is it?

Heroes are ordinary people

In fact, heroes are essentially ordinary people. The only thing that distinguishes them from the rest is that the hero always has the goal of living for the sake of others. Such people never do anything for themselves. They see the essence of human existence, the suffering, the problems of our kind; it hurts them to look at unemployment, poverty, disease, war and hunger. That's who they are. Heroes are people living among us; under certain conditions and desire, anyone can get closer to them.

Distinctive features of heroes

A hero does not seek glory. She finds it herself. He simply lives as he thinks is right, his conscience is unshakable and clear. Heroes are not always accepted and recognized. They always have many envious people who strive to destroy them or set them up. However, they endure all troubles with a smile, without losing faith in the best for all of us. So, we have answered the question: "Who are the heroes?" However, the topic can be discussed in more detail. There are different types of heroes. We invite you to get to know them better.

Heroes of our time

As you know, each era is characterized by its heroes. Who are the heroes of the time, and what is “our time” in general? Goethe once said through the mouth of Faust that the spirit of the time is “the spirit of professors and their concepts.” Perhaps there really is no time with its spirit, but there is only us with our dreams and ideals, ideas, fashion, opinions and other “cultural baggage”, impermanent and changeable. We, wandering from the past to the future following someone...

The heroes of our time can be both specific individuals and collective images that appeared thanks to literature, cinema or folklore. For example, Pechorin was such a hero. This is the image created by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, a man with a strong, bright personality opposing the dullness of society.

Origin of the word "hero"

The word “hero” itself comes from Ancient Greece. Translated, it means “guardian”, “protector”, etymologically connected with the patron goddess of vows and marriage. A similar concept in Latin means “to preserve the whole.”

As a rule, he is the son of an immortal father and a mortal mother. A typical example is Hercules. He was born on earth and after numerous trials returned to his immortal father, finally overcoming his earthly, mortal nature. With his exploits, Hercules showed the way to humanity.

This is what a real hero is. His distinguishing feature is his enormous physical strength. Physical strength has also always been held in high esteem in Russian culture. Every person living in Russia knows who he is. Even a child can say what qualities Russian heroes had.

The different meanings that are attached to the concept of “hero” today

Today we use the word “hero” in a variety of meanings, which are sometimes very far from the original ones. There are, for example, heroes of war and labor, theatrical, book, cinematic, lyrical and tragic. This concept has changed, but is not outdated. There is still something living within us that forces the soul to look for guidelines in this world. In such places, as if in focus, all the valuable and best things that we ourselves strive for are collected. Therefore, speaking about what heroes we have today, we can also judge about us, about the values ​​that are dear and important to us.

Literary hero

Who is a hero in literature? This person is multifaceted and complex. It has two appearances - internal and external.

The appearance is created by the following components:

1. Portrait. This is a figure, face, body features that distinguish the hero from the rest (for example, Karenin’s ears or Quasimodo’s hump).
2. Clothing that can also reflect the traits of a particular character.
3. Speech. Her features, no less than her appearance, characterize the hero.
4. Age, which determines the potential for certain actions.
5. A profession that shows the degree of socialization and the position in society of a particular hero.
6. Life story. This is information about his parents, the country in which he lives, which gives historical specificity to the hero.
7. The components of the internal appearance are as follows:

• Ethical beliefs and worldview that provide value guidelines and bring meaning to the hero’s existence.
• Attachments and thoughts that outline his diverse mental life.
• Faith (or lack thereof), which determines the attitude towards the church and God, presence in the spiritual field.
• Actions and statements denoting the results of interaction between the spirit and soul of a certain hero. He can not only love and reason, but also analyze his activities, realize his own emotions, in other words, reflect. For the author of a literary work, artistic reflection allows him to identify the hero’s self-esteem as an individual and characterize his attitude towards himself.

You can talk about who heroes are for quite a long time. However, we will limit ourselves to the above. These, in our opinion, are the most significant points worth remembering.

Questions

1, What is Karl Ivanovich worried about? How did his resentment manifest itself during
lesson and how does Nikolenka perceive what she heard?

2. How do the heroes of this short chapter “Classes” seem to you?
(from L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood”)? How do you characterize a hero by thinking about
Karl Ivanovich and about his father?

“Of all the vices, the most serious... was written?”

“The heaviest thing is Ingratitude... With a capital letter.”

NATALIA SAVISHNA

In the middle of the last century, a barefoot, but cheerful, fat and red-cheeked girl ran around the courtyards of the village of Khabarovka in a shabby dress. Natasha. According to her merits and the request of her father, the clarinetist Savva, my grandfather took her to the top - to be among the female servants of my grandmother. Housemaid Natasha In this position she was distinguished by her meekness of disposition and zeal. When mother was born and a nanny was needed, this responsibility was assigned to Natasha. And in this new field, she earned praise and rewards for her activities, loyalty and affection for the young lady. But the powdered head and buckled stockings of the lively young waiter captivated her rough but loving heart. She even decided to go to her grandfather to ask permission to marry Foku. Grandfather mistook her wish for ingratitude, became angry and exiled poor Natalya as punishment to a barnyard in a steppe village. After six months, however, since no one could replace Natalia, she was returned to the court and to her former position. Returning from exile in a disheveled state, she appeared to her grandfather, fell at his feet and asked him to return his mercy, affection and forget the nonsense that had come over her and which, she swore, would never return. And indeed, she kept her word.

From then on, Natasha became Natalya Savishna and put on a cap; She transferred the entire supply of love that was stored in her to her young lady.

When the governess replaced her at her mother’s side, she received the keys to the pantry, and the linen and all the provisions were handed over to her. She performed these new duties with the same zeal and love. She lived entirely in the lordly goods, saw waste, damage, theft in everything and tried to counteract it by all means.

When maman got married, wanting to somehow thank Natalya Savishna for her twenty years of work and affection, she called her to her place and, expressing all her gratitude and love for her in the most flattering words, handed her a sheet of stamped paper on which her free will was written. Natalya Savishna, and said that, regardless of whether she continues to serve in our house or not, she will always receive an annual pension of three hundred rubles. Natalya Savishna silently listened to everything

This, then, taking the document in her hands, looked at him angrily, muttered something through her teeth and ran out of the room, slamming the door. Not understanding the reason for such a strange act, maman a little later entered Natalya Savishna’s room. She sat with tear-stained eyes on the chest, fingering a handkerchief, and staring intently at the shreds of her torn free clothes lying on the floor in front of her.

• What's wrong with you, dear Natalya Savishna? - asked maman, taking her hand.
• It’s okay, mother,” she answered, “I must be somehow disgusting to you, that you are driving me out of the yard... Well, I’ll go.”

She snatched her hand away and, barely holding back tears, wanted to leave the room. Maman held her, hugged her, and they both burst into tears.

\WITH For as long as I can remember, I remember Natalya Savishna, her love and affection; but now I only know how to appreciate them; then it never occurred to me what a rare, wonderful creature this old woman was. She not only never spoke, but also did not think, it seems, about herself: her whole life was love and self-sacrifice. I was so used to her selfless, tender love for us that I never imagined that it could be otherwise, I was not at all grateful to her and never asked myself the questions: is she happy? Are you satisfied? \

Sometimes, under the pretext of a necessary need, you would run from class to her room, sit down and begin to dream out loud, not at all embarrassed by her presence. She was always busy with something: either knitting a stocking, or rummaging through the chests that filled her room, or writing down the laundry and, listening to all the nonsense that I said, “how, when I become a general, I will marry a wonderful beauty, I’ll buy myself a red horse, build a glass house and send Karl Ivanovich’s relatives out of Saxony,” etc., she said: “Yes, my father, yes.” Usually, when I got up and was getting ready to leave, she would open a blue chest, on the inside of which, as I now remember, there was pasted a painted image of some hussar, a picture from a lipstick jar, and a drawing of Volodya, she would take smoke out of this chest, light it, and , waving, used to say:

This, father, is still Ochakovsky smoking. When is your peace
nickname grandfather - kingdom of heaven - we went under the Turk, so from there

They brought more. “That’s the last piece left,” she added with a sigh.

The chests that filled her room contained absolutely everything. Whatever was needed, they usually said: “You need to ask Natalya Savishna,” and indeed, after rummaging around a little, she found the required item and said: “It’s good that I hid it.” In these chests there were thousands of objects that no one in the house except her knew or cared about.

One time I got angry with her. That's how it was. At dinner, while pouring myself some kvass, I dropped the decanter and spilled it on the tablecloth.

“Call Natalya Savishna so she can be happy about her pet,” said maman.

Natalya Savishna came in and, seeing the puddle I had made, shook her head; then maman said something in her ear, and she, threatening me, went out.

After dinner, I was in the most cheerful mood, jumping, and went into the hall, when suddenly Natalya Savishna jumped out from behind the door with a tablecloth in her hand, caught me and, despite

Desperate resistance on my part, she began to rub my wet face, saying: “Don’t dirty the tablecloths, don’t dirty the tablecloths!” This offended me so much that I burst into tears of anger.

"How! - I said to myself, walking around the hall and choking on tears, - Natalya Savishna, just Natalia, tells me You and also hits me in the face with a wet tablecloth, like a yard boy. No, this is terrible!

When Natalya Savishna saw that I was drooling, she immediately ran away, and I, continuing to walk, thought about how to repay the impudent Natalia for the insult caused to me.

A few minutes later Natalya Savishna returned, timidly approached me and began to exhort:

Come on, my father, don’t cry... forgive me, I’m a fool... I’m to blame... forgive me, my darling... here you go.

She took out from under her scarf a cornet made of red paper, in which there were two caramels and one wineberry, and with a trembling hand she handed it to me. I didn’t have the strength to look the kind old lady in the face; I turned away and accepted the gift, and tears flowed even more abundantly, but no longer from anger, but from love and shame.

Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How not to love, not to cherish memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of the best pleasures for me.

Having run to your fill, you used to sit at the tea table, on your high armchair; It’s late, I’ve long since drunk my cup of milk with sugar, sleep closes my eyes, but you don’t move from your place, you sit and listen. And how not to listen? Maman is talking to someone, and the sounds of her voice are so sweet, so welcoming. These sounds alone speak so much to my heart! With eyes blurred by drowsiness, I gaze intently at her face, and suddenly she became all small, small, and I—her face was no bigger than a button; but I can still clearly see it: I see how she looked at me and how she smiled. I love seeing her so tiny. I squint my eyes even more, and it becomes no larger than those boys who have pupils; but I moved - and the spell of destruction -

Elk; I narrow my eyes, turn around, try in every possible way to resume it, but in vain.

I get up, climb up with my legs and lie comfortably on the chair.

• “You’ll fall asleep again, Nikolenka,” maman tells me, “you’d better go upstairs.”
• “I don’t want to sleep, mother,” you answer her, and vague but sweet dreams fill your imagination, a healthy child’s sleep closes your eyelids, and in a minute you forget yourself and sleep until you wake up. You used to feel, in your sleep, that someone’s gentle hand was touching you; by one touch you will recognize it and even in your sleep you will involuntarily grab this hand and press it tightly, tightly to your lips.

Everyone has already left; one candle is burning in the living room; maman said that she herself would wake me up; It was she who sat down on the chair where I sleep, ran her wonderful, gentle hand through my hair, and a sweet, familiar voice sounds in my ear:

Get up, my darling: it's time to go to bed.

No one's indifferent glances bother her: she is not afraid to pour out all her tenderness and love on me. I don’t move, but I kiss her hand even harder.

Get up, my angel.

She takes my neck with her other hand, and her fingers quickly move and tickle me. The room is quiet, semi-dark; my nerves are excited by tickling and awakening; my mother is sitting next to me; she touches me; I hear her smell and voice. All this makes me jump up, throw my arms around her neck, press my head to her chest and say, breathless:

Oh, dear, dear mother, how I love you!

She smiles her sad, charming smile, takes my head with both hands, kisses my forehead and places me on her lap.

So do you love me very much? - She is silent for a moment
that, then says: - Look, always love me, never
do not forget. If your mother is not there, you will not forget
her? won't you forget, Nikolenka?

She kisses me even more tenderly.

Enough! and don’t say that, my darling, my darling! - I cry out, kissing her knees, and tears flow in streams from my eyes - tears of love and delight.

After that, as it used to be, you come upstairs and stand in front of the icons, in your cotton robe, what a wonderful feeling you experience, saying: “Lord, save daddy and mummy.” Repeating the prayers that my childhood lips babbled for the first time behind my beloved mother, love for her and love for God somehow strangely merged into one feeling.

After prayer, you used to wrap yourself in a blanket; the soul is light, bright and joyful; Some dreams drive others, but what are they about? they are elusive, but filled with pure love and hopes for bright happiness. You used to remember about Karl Ivanovich and his bitter fate - the only person I knew who was unhappy - and you would feel so sorry, you would love him so much that tears would flow from your eyes, and you would think: “God grant him happiness, give me the opportunity to help him.” , ease his grief; I’m ready to sacrifice everything for him.” Then you tuck your favorite porcelain toy - a bunny or a dog - into the corner of the down pillow and admire how nice, warm and cozy it is to lie there. You will also pray that God will give happiness to everyone, that everyone will be happy and that tomorrow there will be good weather for a walk, you will turn on the other side, your thoughts and dreams will be confused, mixed, and you will fall asleep quietly, calmly, with your face still wet from tears.

Will the freshness, carefreeness, need for love and strength of faith that you possess in childhood ever return? What time could be better than when the two best virtues - innocent gaiety and the boundless need of love - were the only motives in life?

Where are those fervent prayers? where is the best gift - those pure tears of tenderness? A comforting angel flew in, wiped away these tears with a smile and brought sweet dreams to the unspoiled child’s imagination.

Has life really left such heavy marks on my heart that these tears and delights have left me forever? Are there really only memories left?

Questions and tasks

1. How does the hero of the story “Childhood” see his mother? When did her face get even better? What was the father like and what was characteristic of him (his relationships with other people, the characteristics of his clothing, attitude towards music, books, ability to speak)?
2. Do you find the character of Natalya Savishna interesting? Why did she decide not to take her freestyle? Do you approve of her decision?
3. How do the characters' characters manifest themselves in the case of the tablecloth and whose side are you on in this situation? What mistakes does the main character make and does he see them himself?
4. ...Tolstoy asks: “Will that freshness, carelessness, need for love and power of faith that you possess in childhood ever return? What time could be better than when the two best virtues - innocent gaiety and the boundless need for love were the only motivations in life?.. Has life really left such heavy marks on my heart that these tears and delights have left me forever? What worries L. N. Tolstoy, when he thinks about childhood?
5. A peculiarity of the hero of the story “Childhood” is that he constantly thinks about the manifestation of his feelings and is often, in the words of I. Smolnikov, “merciless to himself.” Think about whether you always critically evaluate your actions and feelings. Are you sometimes “merciless” to yourself? Tell us about one of these cases.

What interests Tolstoy more - the act or its moral meaning?

1. Look at the illustrations. Is this how you imagined the situation, life? How would you “draw” the heroes of the chapters you read from “Childhood”?
2. Explain the words: “affection”, “self-sacrifice”, “sympathy”, “consent”. Describe the home of your early childhood, your relationships with adults who made you happy or sad, enter into the story the words that you explained.

How Tolstoy worked

It is rare to find among European and, in particular, Russian writers a rival to Tolstoy in hard work on his works. Tolstoy published a lot, but he wrote many times more, almost always prefacing the final text with a long chain of rough sketches... Tens and hundreds of sheets written for the final “Childhood”, “War and Peace”, etc., were rejected by him, and the work began all over again... “A terrible thing is our work. No one knows this except us...” he wrote to Fet*. And further in the diaries: “To express in words what you understand, so that others understand you as you do yourself, is the most difficult thing, and you always feel that you are far, far from achieving what you should and can do.”

“You need to write in rough drafts, without thinking about the place and correctness of expression of thoughts. Rewrite for the second time, eliminating everything unnecessary and giving a real place to each thought. Rewrite for the third time, working out the correctness of the expressions.” As a rule, the reworking of what Tolstoy wrote was carried out not twice, as outlined in the diary entry, but much more...

What was written and corrected was usually copied not by Tolstoy himself, but by his relatives and friends. As Tolstoy's fame grew, the number of copyists increased; from the beginning of the 1900s, a typewriter appeared in Yasnaya Polyana, which made it easier and at the same time increased the number of copies that Tolstoy was constantly correcting...

Tolstoy usually worked from morning until lunch. “In the morning the head is especially fresh,” he wrote. Tolstoy's work, *as a rule, was regular and systematic... “I think that every great artist should create his own forms. If the content of works of art can be infinitely varied, then so can their form.” And then Tolstoy lists the best works of Russian literature (including his “Childhood”).

N. K. Gudziy*

Questions and tasks

1. Briefly convey the meaning of the texts by I. F. Smolnikov “In the middle of the 19th century
anniversary" and N.K. Gudzia. Look at the portraits and a photograph of Tolstoy’s office.
What do you think of the writer's personality?

2. Is the work of a writer instructive for you? Read the story
"Childhood" in its entirety.

ANTON PAVLOVICH CHEKHOV

1860-1904

...No one understood as clearly and subtly as Anton Chekhov the tragedy of the little things in life; no one before him knew how to so mercilessly truthfully paint people a shameful and dreary picture of their lives.

M. Gorky

Remember by reviewing the past. The family life was so unfortunate for the writer that he had no opportunity to run, frolic, or play pranks. There was not enough time for this, because he had to spend all his free time in the shop. In addition, there was a father's ban on everything; you couldn’t run because “you’ll break your boots”; it was forbidden to play pranks because “only street boys play around”; playing with comrades is empty and harmful fun: “God knows what your comrades will teach you...” recalled the writer’s brother Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov.

His father’s meager trade did not cover the expenses of his large family; he went bankrupt, was forced to declare bankruptcy, and soon moved to Moscow. A.P. Chekhov, who studied at the gymnasium since 1868, had to lead an independent life from the 6th grade, earning money by giving lessons. In the gymnasium he writes humorous sketches, essays, and plays. In 1879 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1884. Since 1880, his works began to appear in print under the pseudonym Antosha Chekhonte."

Subsequently, Chekhov wrote a medical dissertation, practiced medicine, most often free of charge, and made a trip to the island. Sakhalin, is actively involved in helping the starving population.

The writer's short life - only 44 years - was entirely filled with work. In 1884, his first book of stories was published. Genuine fun, wit, conciseness and power of image will be noted by contemporaries in the writer’s works. “After the publication of “Motley Stories” (this is the second book published in 1887), the name of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov immediately became famous...” recalled V. G. Korolenko.

In 1892, Chekhov bought the Melikhovo estate near Moscow. Here he observes the life of the peasants and carries out great public work among them (as a doctor, a school trustee). . “If I am a writer, then I need to live among the people, and not on Malaya Dmitrovka,” he writes during these years. Fast growing

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born in the city of Taganrog. His grandfather is a serf who bought his freedom. The father is a tradesman who owned a grocery store. “Anton Pavlovich only saw happy children from afar, but he himself never experienced a happy, carefree and cheerful childhood, which would be pleasant to remember.”

1 Antosha Chekhonto is the pseudonym of the writer. Here's how he appeared: Pokrovsky, a teacher of the law of God at the Taganrog gymnasium, liked to change the names of his students.

“Come on, Antosha Chekhonte, let’s see how you know the sacred story,” he more than once addressed the high school student Chekhov... The signature “Antosha Chekhonte” stood for many years under the humoresques in “Dragonfly”, “Fragments”, “Alarm Clock” "

The tuberculosis process forced the writer to settle in Yalta. In 1904, he went to Germany for treatment, where he died.

The writer's tireless search includes stories, vaudeville, announcements and advertisements, theater reviews and plays, anecdotes and captions for drawings, sketches and essays. He himself jokingly admitted: “Except for poetry and denunciations, I tried everything.” Humor predominates in the work of early Chekhov. His satire, in comparison with Saltykov-Shchedrin, is usually distinguished by its softness. One of the reasons for this is the transfer of the main guilt when depicting “little people” to social circumstances, in the awareness of the severity and absurdity of the very conditions of life that determine the false, unworthy behavior of “little people.” But the comedy takes on anger, striking sarcasm, when the writer depicts people in power.

The writer avoids digressions, his stories are always brief. He said: “In small stories it is better to understate than to overtell.” Chekhov is not indifferent to external details. So, for example, the changes in the internal state of the police warden Ochumelov in the short story “Chameleon” are shown to him through such an external detail as the order to first take off and then put on his coat.

The sparkling humor and loud laughter accompanying Chekhov's early works are increasingly replaced by the posing of the most important moral questions.

Chekhov's innovation was manifested in his ability to simply, accurately and extremely briefly depict the truth of everyday life, so that behind the funny little things of everyday life, behind anecdotal situations, a deep meaning was revealed...

A. I. Revyakin