Why were Timur’s people so loved in the Soviet Union? Creative project "Timur and his team and the modern Timur movement"

July 6, 2017

By and large, almost all schoolchildren of the USSR were Timurites. The desire to help those in need was an absolutely normal reaction to this or that event. Perhaps it is morality, perhaps it is education. But thanks to this attitude towards the world, these children, Timurovites, eventually became real and sympathetic people. They have preserved the traditions of the Timur movement forever. And this is probably the most important thing...

The book that might not have existed

The Timur movement arose in 1940. That is, when A. Gaidar had just published his last book about a certain children's organization helping people. The work was called, of course, “Timur and his team.”

A week later, one of the excerpts was already published. In addition, corresponding radio broadcasts began. The success of the book was simply colossal.

A year later, the work was published in quite a large circulation. Despite this, I had to reprint it several times.

Although this book might not have appeared on store shelves at all. The fact is that Gaidar’s idea of uniting children who take care of their elders looked very suspicious. Let us remind you that we were going last years 30s.

Fortunately, the Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee N. Mikhailov took responsibility for the publication of the work. When the book was published, a film of the same name appeared. The amazing popularity of the film was explained by the vitality of the image of the main character. Timur became an example and ideal of the young generation of that era.

Trilogy about Timur

Even before the publication of the work, Gaidar was interested in the problems of military education of schoolchildren. In any case, traces of such interests were reflected in his diary and all his works about Timur. We just talked about the first book. But few later writer I also wrote a second work. It was called “Commandant of the Snow Fortress.” The characters were already engaged in some kind of war game. Well, at the very beginning of the war, Gaidar managed to write the film script “Timur’s Oath.” From the pages he spoke about the need for a children's organization in military conditions. Members of this community will be on duty during the blackout and bombing. They will protect the territory from saboteurs and spies, and will help the families of Red Army soldiers and peasants in their agricultural work. Actually, that's what happened. Another question is whether the author actually wanted to create some kind of alternative to the pioneer organization with his works about Timur... Unfortunately, we will never know for certain.

Video on the topic

Gaidar's idea

They say that Gaidar, in his books about Timur, described the experience of scout organizations in the 10s of the twentieth century. In addition, at one time he led a yard team. And secretly, like his character Timur, he did good deeds without asking for any reward for them. By and large, teenagers who help those in need are now called volunteers.

By the way, such eminent personalities as Anton Makarenko and Konstantin Paustovsky wrote about such a children’s organization in their time. But only Gaidar alone, willingly or unwillingly, managed to bring this plan to life.

Start

What event served as the beginning of the Timur movement? The answer to this question seems quite obvious. It was after the appearance of the book about Timur that the informal Timur movement began. Corresponding detachments also appeared.

The Timurites themselves became, in fact, part of the ideological system Soviet Union. At the same time, they managed to maintain a certain spirit of volunteerism.

Timurovites were exemplary teenagers. They selflessly did good deeds, provided assistance to elderly people, helped collective farms, kindergartens and much, much more. In a word, a real mass movement of schoolchildren has emerged.

Who was the founder of the Timur movement? The very first detachment appeared in 1940 in Klin, in the Moscow region. By the way, it was here that Gaidar wrote his “imperishable story” about Timur and his team. There were only six teenagers in this detachment. They studied at one of the Klin schools. Following them, such detachments arose throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Moreover, sometimes in one of the small villages there were 2-3 such teams. Because of this, funny things happened. Let's say teenagers repeatedly chopped wood for an elderly person and swept the yard three times...

The era of the great war

During the war, the Timur movement in the USSR grew in arithmetic progression. In 1945, there were already about 3 million Timurites in the Soviet Union. These teenagers actually turned out to be irreplaceable.

Such detachments functioned in orphanages, schools, palaces of pioneers and out-of-school institutions. The teenagers patronized the families of officers and soldiers and continued to help harvest the crops.

The teams also carried out tremendous work in hospitals. Thus, the Timurites of the Gorky region managed to organize almost 10 thousand amateur performances for the wounded. They were constantly on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the soldiers, and performed a number of various chores.

Another example of the Timur movement occurred in the summer of 1943. The steamer "Pushkin" set off on the route "Kazan - Stalingrad". On the ship as cargo are gifts that were collected by the Timurites of the republic.

And in Leningrad, besieged by the Nazis, the Timur movement acquired special meaning. Twelve thousand teenagers operated in 753 Timurov’s detachments in the northern capital. They provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled and pensioners. They had to prepare fuel for them, clean their apartments and receive food ration cards.

By the way, at the beginning of 1942, the first rallies of Timurites were held throughout the USSR. At these events they talked about the results of their successful activities.

Also by this time, the first songs about Timur’s movement appeared, among them “Four friendly guys", "How high is our sky above us" and, of course, "Song of Timur's Men" by Blanter. Later such popular ones were written musical compositions, like “Gaidar walks ahead”, “Song of the Red Pathfinders”, “Eaglets learn to fly”, “Timurovites”, etc.

Ural detachment

Returning to the war period, one of Timur’s famous teams was a detachment from the mining town of Plast, in the Chelyabinsk region. Two hundred teenagers took part in it. And it was headed by 73-year-old Alexandra Rychkova.

The detachment was created in August 1941. At the very first training camp, Rychkova said that she would have to work literally to the point of exhaustion. There will be no age discounts. She announced that if anyone changed their mind, they could leave immediately. But no one left. The teenagers were divided into groups and appointed leaders.

Every day Rychkova handed out a work plan. They helped those in need, told townspeople about situations at the front, and held concerts for the wounded in the hospital. In addition, they collected medicinal plants, scrap metal, prepared firewood, worked in the fields, and patronized the families of front-line soldiers. They were also trusted with a serious matter: Timur’s men crawled into mine dumps and took away rocks.

Note that despite working, teenagers still continued to go to school.

As a result, in six months the team from Plast was able to gain a truly impeccable reputation. Even the officials gave the guys a room for their headquarters. Timurites from this mining town have been repeatedly written about in periodicals. By the way, this detachment is mentioned in the encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War.

The process of merging pioneers and Timurites

In 1942, teachers were in some confusion. The fact is that Timur’s detachments, in fact, began to displace the pioneer squads. Let us remember that the book about Timur was about a “self-disciplined” team. In it, teenagers took on all the responsibilities and solved all problems themselves, without adult supervision.

As a result, the leaders of the Komsomol made a decision related to the unification of the pioneers and Timurites. After some time, the Komsomol managed to take control of them.

By and large, this situation had its obvious advantages and big disadvantages. The activities of the Timurites began to be considered an additional form of pioneer work.

Post-war period

Immediately after the victory over the fascist invaders, Timur’s men continued to help front-line soldiers, the disabled, and the elderly. They also tried to care for the graves of Red Army soldiers.

But at the same time the movement began to fade away. Perhaps the reason was that the Timurites did not feel much desire to “join” the ranks of the pioneer organization. They lost their freedom of choice.

The revival of the movement began only during Khrushchev’s “thaw”...

60-80s

The history of the Timur movement in Russia continued. During this period, teenagers continued to engage in socially useful activities. The best were awarded. For example, eleven-year-old schoolgirl M. Nakhangova from Tajikistan managed to exceed the norm for an adult by seven times in picking cotton. She was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Timurovites began to engage in search work. So, they began to study the life of A. Gaidar and, as a result, helped open museums of the writer in a number of cities. They also organized a library-museum named after the writer in Kanev.

And in the 70s, under the editorship of the famous Soviet magazine “Pioneer”, the so-called All-Union Timur Headquarters was formed. Training sessions for Timurites also took place with enviable regularity. Poems about the Timur movement were actively composed and read. In 1973, the first All-Union rally took place in the Artek camp. Three and a half thousand delegates attended the event. They then even managed to adopt the program of the Timur movement, aimed at its active development.

Note that such teams were created in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the GDR.

Collapse and revival of the movement

At the very beginning of the 90s, the role of the Komsomol and the Pioneers was declared exhausted. These organizations officially ceased to exist. Accordingly, the same fate awaited Timur’s movement.

But almost simultaneously, the “Federation of Children’s Organizations” was created, independent of any political party. After few years Russian President announced the creation of a movement of Russian schoolchildren. Note that this idea was also supported by teachers.

A little earlier, a new Timurov (volunteer) movement was officially formed, which is designed to help socially vulnerable groups of the population.

New time

Thus, in our time, the traditions of the Timur movement have been preserved. Such units exist in several regions. For example, in Shuya, in the Ivanovo province, there is a youth movement Timurovites. As before, they not only help those in need, but also try to be useful to society.

I'm glad that this movement is spreading everywhere again...

Sultanova Aida

Item

Literature

Class

6th grade

Supervisor

Nurgalieva Nagima Khadyrovna

2013-2014

PROJECT

"Timur and his team" and the modern Timur movement.

Problem:

Revival of traditionsTimur movement and the formation of the Timur detachment.

Project goal and objectives :

1. Propaganda of the ideaTimurov's movement.

2. Developing in children a sense of empathy for the problems of society.

3. Involving children in various types of charitable activities.

CONTENT

1.Relevance

2. Biography of A.P. Gaidar.

3. A.P. Gaidar’s story “Timur and his team”

4.Modern Timur movement

5.Conclusion

6. Literature used.

RELEVANCE:

While Gaidar's books stood on the shelf in every family,

while millions of schoolchildren were engaged in Timurov’s work,

our children had precise moral landmarks: honor,

dignity, selflessness, courage,

kindness, loyalty to loved ones, to one’s homeland.

Among the former Timurites, a man stumbled was very rare."
B.N. Kamov

Once upon a time, the name of the writer Arkady Gaidar was known to every resident of our vast country. His works were studied in school, everyone knew his biography, songs were sung about him, films were made about him. Who among the people of the older and middle generation has not heard and sung “Gaidar is walking ahead”?..

The name of Gaidar Arkady Petrovich (Golikov) entered children's literature wonderful works, such as “Chuk and Gek”, “RVS”, “School”, “Timur and his team” and many others. The story "Timur and his team" brought him real glory. Literary hero, Timur Garayev, became an example of justice and mercy for several generations of children in our Motherland. This fictitious image seems to have come straight from the pages of a favorite children's book. real life, laying the foundation and giving a name to the children's movement. A movement in which several generations of young citizens of the Land of Soviets participated.

The essence of Timur’s movement is to do good, take care of the veterans of the Great Patriotic War, families of soldiers who died at the front, elderly people.

Millions of boys wanted to imitate Timur, millions of girls wanted to imitate Zhenya.

But now there are few people who know the writer Arkady Gaidar. His works are gathering dust bookshelves, his books are not read. And that's why many don't know him famous heroes: Timur, Chuk and Gek, pioneer Seryozha and many others.

Having chosen the topic of the project,I conducted a survey with students in grades 5-7 in order to study students’ opinions about the Timur movement and their attitude towards it. It turned out that not many students at our school know about the Timurites. And then I decided to fill the gap in their and my knowledge.

II got acquainted with the biography and work of the writer, read the story “Timur and His Team” by Arkady Petrovich Gaidar. She spoke about the revival of the Timur movement at a meeting of our school’s activists.

BIOGRAPHY OF ARKADY PETROVICH GAIDAR.

Gaidar is the pseudonym of the writer.

Why the writer called himself Gaidar - no one knows for sure. The word "Gaidar" is in the Mongolian language. TOWhen in ancient times, cavalry warriors went on a campaign, they sent a horseman forward. This horseman, galloping ahead of everyone, peered into the distance where the detachment was heading, and was called Gaidar.

Gaidar could have learned about this when he fought with white gangs in the Mongolian steppes. Or maybe the writer especially liked this word because it reminded him of his favorite battle cry - “Gay”!, “Gay-da!”
This name suited Gaidar very well, because both in life and in his books he was a man who boldly walked ahead.

Gaidar's childhood ended at the age of 13, when in October 1917 he was allowed to take a rifle to patrol the streets. In December 1918, Arkady Golikov volunteered for the Red Army. He served first as an adjutant, then as head of the communications team, and in 1919 he commanded a platoon. In June 1921, at the age of 17, he was appointed regiment commander.

He experienced the death of many friends, learned the resentment and bitterness of defeat, and the joy of victory. Arkady Golikov dreamed of devoting his whole life to the army, but he was struck down by a serious illness: wounds and a head concussion took their toll. Doctors declare him unfit for military service.

Gaidar decides to try his hand at literature. He's becoming childish

writer. Arkady Petrovich gave us many interesting books:

“R.V.S.”, “School”, “Fourth Dugout”, “Let It Shine”, “Distant Countries”, “ A military secret", "Blue Cup", "The Fate of the Drummer", "Chuk and Gek", "Timur and His Team", "Hot Stone"

Despite the attacks serious illness, Gaidar found his place as soon as the battle trumpet began to play. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar hurried to the front.

One day a small group of fighters went on reconnaissance - Arkady Petrovich walked ahead. (And again the pseudonym comes to mind...) Suddenly the detachment came across an enemy ambush. A.P. Gaidar was the first to see the SS men, quickly assessed the situation and rushed towards the Germans, protecting his comrades. A machine gun burst went through his heart,

This is how A.P. died. Gaidar, with arms in hand, following the path of his heroes, to last minute in his life, by deeds confirming the truth of every word he wrote.

Gaidar died on October 26, 1941.He was 37 years old.

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar lived a short, but very bright life.
And the writer always hears behind the calm, light pages a wary, alarming voice: “Look! Listen! Take care of your homeland!
Love life, enjoy all the good things in it! Love people, trust each other more! Take care of the world in your big family"- said Gaidar.

STORY A.P. GAIDAR "TIMUR AND HIS TEAM"

The events of the story unfold in the Moscow region. Main actors Gaidar's story "Timur and His Team" is a group of boys and 2 daughters of a Soviet military leader, Zhenya and Olga. They move to a holiday village, where the youngest Zhenya discovers that on their site in an abandoned barn there is a meeting place for the boys of the village, whose activities are well organized by the leader Timur Garayev.
(Timur Garayev is a collective image, which the author endowed with the best traits inherent in Soviet children: courage, kindness, honesty, loyalty to friendship, love for the Motherland, an ardent desire to bring it all possible benefit right now).
Timur unites a group of peers around him in a dacha village and unselfishly helps old people and children - those who, due to their defenselessness, are usually victims of the mischief of teenagers. First of all, the Timurites take care of the families of the military, the defenders of the Motherland. Timur's people carry out their good deeds secretly. The sign of the secret patronage of the Timurites is a five-pointed star on the gate of the house, the inhabitants of which fell under their protection. “A simple and sweet boy”, “a proud and ardent commissar” brought together a friendly team: Zhenya, Geika, Nyurka, Kolya Kolokolchikov, Sima Simakov and other guys. The game played by Timur and his team is imbued with a high feeling of love for the Motherland.
Timur's men knew how not only to do good, but also to resist evil, fight it, and not pass by meanness, dishonor, rudeness; learned not only to help the younger, old, and weak, but also to protect them. A dreamer and visionary, Timur is confident that he is right: after all, he wants everyone to feel good, to be calm.

The guys from A. Gaidar’s book “Timur and His Team” do good deeds without expecting gratitude and often secretly. Their goal is to replace relatives who have left for the army and to make life easier for those remaining in the village. Selfless service to society without expectation of praise or reward is the main meaning of Arkady Gaidar's story.

MODERN TIMUROV MOVEMENT

I spoke about the revival of the Timur movement at a meeting of our school’s activists. The guys unanimously supported me.

Before starting work in the useful area, we visited school library, where our librarian Gulnara Karimovna held a conversation with us on the works of A.P. Gaidar

Having learned that a Timurov detachment was being created at school, we were invited to rural library. Rural librarian Natalya Viktorovna Bykova organized a bright event based on the story by A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team".

At their first meeting, they chose a motto, team name, and commander. Next, we drew up an action plan and developed a squad charter.We immediately moved from plans to actions.

In a short period of time, work was carried out to identify village residents in need of additional care and care. They turned out to be: war and labor veteran Mikhail Mikhailovich Medvedev, elderly people - Skrebneva Anastasia Aleksandrovna, Zaitseva Lyubov Egorovna, Kolesnikova Antonina Ivanovna, Perova Nadezhda Ivanovna, Nurgalieva Vasilya, Kostyuchek Zinaida Nikolaevna.

The guys go to their wards and provide them with all possible help, keeping records of memories. Along with this, we provide them with moral support: we congratulate them on the occasion of the holidays.

We participate in allcharity events, fairs, clean-up days.

They took patronage over the tomb of the unknown soldier.

We made and installed feeders for wintering birds in the school garden.

Timurovites are frequent guests in the kindergarten and the library.

CONCLUSION

Mercy and kindness... in Lately we began to refer to these words more often. As if having seen the light, we began to realize that the most acute shortage we have today is human warmth and care for our neighbors. After all, a person is born and lives on Earth in order to do good to people.

In a short period of activity, our Timurov team has already managed to do a lot of good and good deeds.

I don’t know who they will become in the future, but I am sure of one thing: they will always do good, because they grow up as caring people. The essence of our movement is to help everyone who needs help. Veterans of the Great Patriotic War, pedagogical work and older people should feel that there are people around who, at the call of their souls and hearts, are able to share their problems and concerns and give them hope. Timurov’s work is very necessary, because elderly people sometimes need not only help, but also just attention.

We should not forget that the world consists not only of joy: it, alas, contains torment and the suffering of old age and loneliness.

LITERATURE

1. A. Gaidar “Tales”, Yaroslavl, Verkhne-Volzhskoe book publishing house 1984.

2. A. Gaidar, Collected works in 3 volumes, volumes 2 and 3, Moscow, Pravda publishing house, 1986.

3. K.V. Starodub “A.. Gaidar. Life and creativity” Moscow, 1991.

4. Emelyanov B. “Stories about Gaidar”, Moscow 1958.

5. Collected works (Introductory article by L. Kassil. Volume 1-4, Moscow, 1964-1965

6. Story by A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team".

UDC 94:37.035"1941/45"

sy: 10.18097/1994-0866-2015-0-7-19-23

TIMUROVTS: LITTLE VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR

candidate historical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General and national history Buryatsky

state university

Russia, 670000 Ulan-Ude, st. Ranzhurova, 6

E-mail.ru: [email protected]

In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team,” a movement of young volunteers - Timurites - arose in the USSR. This was a completely unusual phenomenon for that time, because the work of Timur’s teams was based on independence and on the initiative of the guys themselves, the activities of Timur’s team had a clearly socially beneficial orientation. The article substantiates the relevance of volunteering in modern Russia, some aspects of the emergence and development of the Timur movement are considered, and the main directions of activity of young volunteers during the Great Patriotic War in the USSR and Buryatia are analyzed. The materials of the article may be of interest to historians, teachers, specialists in the field of social sciences, as well as to anyone interested in the history of our country.

Key words: Timur movement, volunteering, pioneer organization, Great Patriotic War.

TIMUROVTSY: YOUNG VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR

Alexey N. Balakirev

PhD in History, A/Professor of the department of general and national history, Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude

6 Ranzhurova St., Ulan-Ude, 670000 Russia

In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar's novel, “Timur and his team”, a movement of Timurovtsy, young volunteers, arose in the USSR. It was quite unusual phenomenon for that time because the work of these commands was based on independence and initiative of the guys themselves, their activities had a strong social-useful focus. The article substantiates the relevance of volunteering in modern Russia, discusses some aspects of origin and development of the Timurovsky movement, and also analyzes the main perspectives of the young volunteers" activity in the years of the Great Patriotic War in the USSR and the Republic of Buryatia The article can be interesting for historians, educators, professionals in the field of social sciences, as well as for anyone who is interested in the history of our country.

Keywords: Timurovsky movement, volunteering, Young Pioneers organization, the Great Patriotic War.

In February 2015, the All-Russian Volunteer Forum was held in Sochi, in which more than 400 delegates of volunteer organizations and volunteer centers from all 85 constituent entities of Russia took part. In the President's greeting Russian Federation V.V. Putin says to the participants and guests of the forum: “The traditions of volunteering and volunteerism are deep in our country historical roots. At all times, representatives of different classes, ages, views selflessly served the Fatherland, people, actively participated in matters of education and charity, contributed to the solution of public significant problems in the field of education, healthcare, culture, ecology.” The head of state noted that it is necessary to develop the potential of Russian volunteer organizations, expand the range of their activities and attract young people to work. However, he added that this is “especially relevant on the eve of the 70th anniversary Great Victory which we will celebrate this year."

One of the brightest pages of volunteering in our country was the Timur movement, the formation and rapid development of which occurred during the Great Patriotic War. We owe the emergence of this unique socio-social phenomenon to the

worthy writer Arkady Petrovich Gaidar, who in his book “Timur and His Team” proposed a completely new uniform organization of children - socially useful and absolutely independent. The idea for the story “Timur and His Team” arose from A.P. Gaidar gradually, gradually. The writer did not invent the educational, intelligent, noble play of Timur and his team, which forms the basis of the story. desk. He observed a similar game in life, and he himself constantly played it. The boys and girls we knew were a team, and its commander was Gaidar himself. Famous in his memoirs Soviet writer K. G. Paustovsky talks about one such case, when Gaidar’s yard team helped find a rare medicine for a sick child. At the same time, Paustovsky notes: “It was impossible to thank him. He became very angry when people thanked him for his help. He considered helping a person as natural as, say, greeting. They don’t thank anyone for saying hello to you.” The start of work on “Timur and His Team” dates back to December 1939, and the plot was originally developed by Gaidar as a script for a movie. The story was completed on August 27, 1940, and on September 5, an excerpt from it was published in " Pioneer Truth" Throughout September and until October 8, 1940, the story was published from issue to issue on the fourth page of the newspaper. At the same time, it was broadcast in Moscow on central radio. In 1941, the story was published three times separate publications in mass editions, and since its creation the book has been reprinted in a circulation of several tens of millions of copies. The story became the basis for films of the same name in 1940 and 1976, and in 2013 it was included in the list of “100 books” recommended for schoolchildren by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for independent reading. Not a single book before that time had won the sympathy of children so quickly and so firmly, not a single book for children had such a powerful impact on the heart and mind of the reader, did not become such a direct organizer of children, as happened with the story “Timur and his team " In cities and villages, in pioneer detachments, schools, and in courtyards, Timurov teams arose; The Timur movement was born - a patriotic movement of hundreds of thousands of children.

IN public consciousness the concept of “Timurovite” is often associated with the concept of “pioneer”; the Timurov movement is identified with the pioneer movement. This is a wrong point of view, and an example of this is the wartime hard times of 1941 - 1945. According to Professor V.A. Kudinov, during the war years, out of 20 million children of pioneer age, only every 3-4 were in the organization. In Komsomol reports of republics, regions of the country in war time Typical statements were: “Drugs in many schools are formalized on paper. As a result of the lack political education the growth of the pioneer organization stopped.” At the same time, already in July - mid-August 1941, Timurov’s teams began to operate throughout the country. In 1945, the total number of children and adolescents who took part in the Timur movement was about 3 million people. Many children, dissatisfied with the archaic and sluggish forms of work based on directives from above, left the pioneer organization. They, along with other “unorganized” people, joined Timurov’s teams, which offered socially useful activities, where the work was based on the principle of self-government and initiative of the children themselves. For example, in Buryatia during the war years the number of pioneers decreased by almost 5 thousand people, but the number of Timurites increased 3 times and reached 25,000 people in 1945.

The activities of the Timurites during the Great Patriotic War had a huge socio-political and pedagogical significance. This movement enjoyed enormous support from the guys. A simple list of cases can give an idea of the scale of the work of the Timurovites. Timurites took care of the families of front-line soldiers and the elderly, chopped wood, brought water, took children to kindergarten, collected ash, chicken droppings, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass for greenhouse frames, medicinal plants, money and bonds for the construction of aircraft, guns, etc. , set up workshops for repairs, sewing linen for the families of front-line soldiers, patronized hospitals; gave concerts and talks to the wounded, read newspapers aloud, wrote letters for them, fought against neglect, brought the children back

to school, collected warm clothes for front-line soldiers, sent parcels to the front, grew vegetables, collected fallen leaves that served as raw materials for tobacco factories, repaired buildings, cleared roads, and took care of evacuated children.

In the Chelyabinsk region in 1942/43 academic year 3,138 Timurov teams, uniting 28 thousand students, helped over 15 thousand families of front-line soldiers. From the first day of the war, the Timurites began vigorous activity Khabarovsk Territory: About 1 thousand Timurov’s teams repaired the apartments of the families of front-line soldiers, looked after small children, helped cultivate gardens, and prepare fuel. Timurov's teams in the Voronezh region numbered over 50 thousand schoolchildren. They considered monitoring the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were transported to the front one of the most important areas of their activity. Timur's men also carried out a great deal of work in sponsored hospitals. Thus, during the 1941/42 academic year, the Timurites of Vologda prepared 153 amateur performance concerts for wounded soldiers. During all the years of the war, schoolchildren of the Gorky region organized 9,700 amateur performances for soldiers who were being treated in hospitals. Timur's men were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the wounded, gave out books from libraries, and helped carry out various chores.

Timurites provided great assistance to children's institutions. Schoolchildren patronized the children. A characteristic and typical example was the detachment of Volodya Milenkov in Novosibirsk, created on Rabochaya Street, in house No. 92. He set himself the task of providing assistance to the families of front-line soldiers. “We decided,” Volodya said, “to take care of the children - preschoolers, whose fathers are at the front and whose mothers work. Our Timurov guys thoroughly cleaned the yard and garden in this house, planted 250 bushes of bird cherry, raspberry, acacia, and lilac. We looked after our trees so that they would all grow quickly. Then we laid out several flower beds and sowed millet along the paths. Our yard has turned into a blooming garden. It was good for our preschoolers to play and run around there. They especially loved to play in the sand that we brought for them. Timurovka Svetlana Zhuk worked with the kids. She came up with different Interesting games, read books aloud to them and took them for walks. Mothers were happy that their children were always under supervision. Each Timurov team member had his own job. Dina Bobruiskaya was the editor of the wall newspaper, Sveta Semenova was a librarian. We assembled a library ourselves; it contained about 80 books. Yura Kulakov, Valya Legchenko and other older guys helped the families of front-line soldiers and disabled veterans of the Patriotic War prepare their apartments for winter.” The Timurites collected and sent literature, textbooks and teaching aids, present. So, already in August 1943, the first steamship “Pushkin” set off from Kazan to Stalingrad, loaded with gifts collected by the pioneers and schoolchildren of the republic.

From year to year, Timur’s movement developed rapidly, becoming ever broader in both form and content. In February 1942, rallies of Timurites were held throughout the country, at which they proudly reported on their activities. The work of Timurov’s teams was talked about on the radio, written in newspapers and magazines, and they received the heartfelt gratitude of tens of thousands of front-line soldiers and their families. Timur's movement acquired particular significance in Leningrad, besieged by the enemy. Detachments of Timurovites were here " younger brothers» Komsomol household brigades, which played an exceptional role in saving the population from death, especially in the first winter of the siege. In 1941 - 1942 12 thousand pioneers successfully worked in 753 Timurov teams in Leningrad. Patronizing the families of front-line soldiers, disabled people, and pensioners, they prepared fuel for them, cleaned their apartments, and received food cards.

Already on September 29, 1941, the Irkutsk regional committee of the Komsomol adopted a special decision, which emphasized the need to fully promote the spread and development of the Timur movement in the region, to ensure its effective leadership from senior pioneer leaders and secretaries of Komsomol organizations. In the 1941/42 academic year, only in

237 Timurov teams, uniting 3,818 children, worked in 17 districts of the region. In the 1943/44 academic year, Timur’s members patronized 1,274 families of front-line soldiers. In the Perm region in the same year, about 10 thousand schoolchildren were members of 689 Timurov teams. Over 2 thousand Timurov’s teams helped the families of front-line soldiers in the Azerbaijan SSR. About 1,260 teams of Timurites operated in the Kirghiz SSR. With their active participation, schoolchildren of the republic sent 25 thousand warm clothes and 6 thousand individual parcels to the front.

In Buryatia, Timurov teams were created in all pioneer squads and in almost all schools of the republic and covered mainly students in grades 4-6. At the same time, every year the number of children involved in the Timur movement increased. If in 1942 there were 8,284 guys in 1,100 Timurov’s teams in the republic, then by the end of the war there were already about 25 thousand Timurovites. Only during the first year of the war, by the autumn of 1942, the Timurovites of Buryatia collected 250 thousand for the defense fund. rubles, for the construction of military equipment - 120 thousand rubles, more than 12 thousand tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals for the needs of the military industry, 5,786 quintals of ash, 2,929 quintals of bird droppings, 71,344 carts of manure for fertilizing fields on collective and state farms , snow retention was carried out on an area of 1,550 hectares. The report on the work of Timur's teams for 1942 noted that most of Timur's teams worked fruitfully and conscientiously. For example, the Timurites of Malo-Kunaleyskaya high school The Bichur aimag served 100 families of Red Army soldiers, sending gifts to the front of only 105 kg of meat and 340 chickens. The team of secondary school No. 6 in Ulan-Ude, led by Timurovite Karpov, provided great assistance to the families of Red Army soldiers Kovarsky and Napushkov; they cleaned the rooms, went for water, for bread, chopped wood, read books to the children and went to the movies with them. In the Tarbagatai region, 266 Timurovites served 50 families of Red Army soldiers. In the Zheleznodorozhny district, 82 teams covering 732 children were organized. They served 413 families of Red Army soldiers. Timurov's team of 33 children from the Petropavlovsk secondary school of the Dzhida aimag worked well; they sawed 18 cubic meters of firewood, swept 17 yards, repaired 2 sheds, and collected 40 buckets of ash. In all regions, meetings of Timurov’s teams were held with the presentation of a report “Tasks of Timurov’s teams during the days of the Great Patriotic War.” However main task Timur's team was to provide all possible assistance to the families of the Red Army soldiers. The volume of work carried out in this regard during the war years is enormous and invaluable. In his memoirs, the wife of a Red Army soldier, a resident of Ulan-Ude, T. Basovich writes: “... It’s very nice to see when, from small to large, everyone tries to help you and surround your family with care. Thank you very much Timurovites for their help!” .

The noble patriotic activities of the Timurites received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, high praise and gratitude from all Soviet people. Home driving force All the thoughts and aspirations, all the strong-willed efforts and practical deeds of the Timurites during the war days were their ardent desire to give all their strength and skills to the Motherland and the people.

Literature

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2. Life and work of A.P. Gaidar. - M., 1964.

3. Gaidar A.P. Collected Works. - M., 1964. - T. 3.

4. Ukhyankin S.P. Timur Pioneers. - M., 1961.

5. Furin S. A., Simonova L. S. To young Timurites. - M., 1975.

6. Aleshchenko N. M. In the name of victory. - M., 1985.

7. Kudinov V. A. Public organizations children and youth in Russia in the twentieth century: dis. ... Dr. Ist. Sci. - Kostroma, 1994.

8. GARB. F. 36. D. 1775. L. 15.

9. Balakirev A. N. Formation and development of the children's movement in Buryatia (1923-1991). - Ulan-Ude, 2014.

10. GARB, F.36, D. 1864, L. 102.

11. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_and_his_team

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2. Zhizn i tvorchestvo A. P. Gaydara. Moscow. 1964.

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6. Aleshchenko N. M. Vo imya pobedy. Moscow. 1985.

7. Kudinov V. A. Obshchestvennye organizatsii children i molodyozhi v Rossii v XX v. . Doctor's thesis. Kostroma. 1994.

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9. Balakirev A. N. Stanovleniye i razvitiye detskogo dvizheniya v Buryatii (1923 - 1991). Ulan-Ude, 2014.

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11. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_i_ego_komanda

During the Great Patriotic War, the Timur movement arose - a mass patriotic movement of schoolchildren and pioneers, whose ideology called for being useful to the Motherland. “Timurovets” is a title that obliges the guys to be disciplined and evokes noble and patriotic actions in them. Their activities had enormous socio-political and pedagogical significance.

Timurites provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers: they renovated apartments, looked after the sick and children, and helped with housework. They considered monitoring the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were transported to the front one of the most important aspects of their activities.

It is impossible not to note the work of this movement in sponsored hospitals. The guys organized amateur art concerts, were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters at the request of the wounded, and performed various chores. Each Timur member had his own business.

In August 1941, 5 thousand schoolchildren were engaged in agricultural work. Teenagers aged 11-13 worked in the fields of collective farms, learned to reap rye, collected the remaining ears of corn and knitted sheaves. From scrap metal collected by the Timurites, the Tanya tank was built and sent to the front, named after the feat of the brave girl 3rd Kosmodemyanskaya.

During the war, the enterprises produced: boxes for mines, brake pads for tanks, sapper blades, skis, anti-personnel mines, casings for aircraft bombs, barrels for mortars, camouflage nets, spoons, and soldiers' bowler hats. Behind all this is the work of the Timurov children, who replaced the men who went to the front at the machines.

The patriotic activities of the Timurov pioneers received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, and were highly appreciated by the Communist Party and the Soviet government. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, willful efforts and practical deeds was the ardent desire of the children to give all their strength to the Motherland.

Heroes-Pioneers

During the Great Patriotic War, many pioneers were part of partisan detachments. There they were used for tasks that adults could not complete. For example, they were sent on reconnaissance. The teenagers, ragged and emaciated, did not arouse suspicion among the German administration. They could freely appear in cities and bring the necessary information about the location of troops, the number of guards at important facilities, etc. The partisans also used them for sabotage. They participated in train bombings and poisoned food German soldiers Chinese kitchens. Children often participated in underground activities.

For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals. Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.

Leonid Golikov

Born on June 17, 1926 in the village of Lukino, which is located on the banks of the Polo River. Graduated from 5th grade. When his native village was occupied by the Nazis, the boy joined a partisan detachment.

Lenya has been in reconnaissance more than once and participated in the burning of enemy warehouses and trains. One of the most important battles in his life was a one-on-one fight with a fascist general. A grenade thrown by Golikov knocked out an enemy car from which a Nazi with a briefcase got out and, firing back, ran away. Without being confused, the boy rushed after him. After a kilometer of chase, Lenya kills the general. What was in the general's briefcase was great value: drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and a number of other papers.

On account of the reconnaissance group in which Golikov was a member there were: 78 German soldiers and officers, two railway and 12 highway bridges, two fodder warehouses and 10 vehicles with ammunition.

Leonid Golikov died on January 24, 1943 in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov region, where the enemy was especially fierce, sensing imminent reprisals.

On April 2, 1944, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to award pioneer partisan Lena Golikov the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

By and large, almost all schoolchildren of the USSR were Timurites. The desire to help those in need was an absolutely normal reaction to this or that event. Perhaps it is morality, perhaps it is education. But thanks to this attitude towards the world, these children, Timurovites, eventually became real and responsive people. They have preserved the traditions of the Timur movement forever. And this is probably the most important thing...

The book that might not have existed

The Timur movement arose in 1940. That is, when A. Gaidar had just published his last book about something helping people. The work was called, of course, “Timur and his team.”

A week later, one of the excerpts was already published. In addition, corresponding radio broadcasts began. The success of the book was simply colossal.

A year later, the work was published in quite a large circulation. Despite this, I had to reprint it several times.

Trilogy about Timur

Even before the publication of the work, Gaidar was interested in the problems of military education of schoolchildren. In any case, traces of such interests were reflected in his diary and all his works about Timur. Oh we were just talking. But a little later the writer wrote a second work. It was called “Commandant of the Snow Fortress.” The characters were already engaged in some kind of war game. Well, at the very beginning of the war, Gaidar managed to write the film script “Timur’s Oath.” From the pages he spoke about the need for a children's organization in military conditions. Members of this community will be on duty during the blackout and bombing. They will protect the territory from saboteurs and spies, and will help the families of Red Army soldiers and peasants in their agricultural work. Actually, that's what happened. Another question is whether the author actually wanted to create some kind of alternative to the pioneer organization with his works about Timur... Unfortunately, we will never know for certain.

Gaidar's idea

By the way, such eminent personalities as Anton Makarenko and But only Gaidar, willingly or unwillingly, managed to bring this plan to life.

Start

The Timurites themselves became, in fact, part of the ideological system of the Soviet Union. At the same time, they managed to maintain a certain spirit of volunteerism.

The era of the great war

During the war, the Timur movement in the USSR grew in arithmetic progression. In 1945 there were already about 3 million Timurites. These teenagers actually turned out to be irreplaceable.

The teams also carried out tremendous work in hospitals. Thus, the Timurites of the Gorky region managed to organize almost 10 thousand performances for the wounded. They were constantly on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the soldiers, and performed a number of various chores.

And in Leningrad, besieged by the Nazis, the Timur movement acquired special significance. Twelve thousand teenagers operated in 753 Timurov’s detachments in the northern capital. They provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled and pensioners. They had to prepare fuel for them, clean their apartments and receive food ration cards.

By the way, at the beginning of 1942, the first rallies of Timurites were held throughout the USSR. At these events they talked about the results of their successful activities.

Also by this time, the first songs about the Timur movement appeared, among them “Four friendly guys”, “How high is our sky above us” and, of course, “Song of the Timurites” by Blanter. Later, such popular musical compositions as “Gaidar Walks Ahead”, “Song of the Red Pathfinders”, “Eaglets Learn to Fly”, “Timurovites”, etc. were written.

Ural detachment

Note that despite working, teenagers still continued to go to school.

The process of merging pioneers and Timurites

As a result, the leaders of the Komsomol made a decision related to the unification of the pioneers and Timurites. After some time, the Komsomol managed to take control of them.

By and large, this situation had its obvious advantages and big disadvantages. The activities of the Timurites began to be considered an additional form of pioneer work.

Post-war period

The revival of the movement began only during Khrushchev’s “thaw”...

60-80s

Note that such teams were created in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the GDR.

Collapse and revival of the movement

But almost simultaneously, the “Federation of Children’s Organizations” was created, independent of any political party. A few years later, the Russian president announced the creation of a movement of Russian schoolchildren. Note that this idea was also supported by teachers.

A little earlier, a new Timurov (volunteer) movement was officially formed, which is designed to help socially vulnerable groups of the population.

New time

Thus, in our time, the traditions of the Timur movement have been preserved. Such units exist in several regions. For example, in Shuya, in the Ivanovo province, there is a youth movement of Timurites. As before, they not only help those in need, but also try to be useful to society.

I'm glad that this movement is spreading everywhere again...