Bulgakov's early works briefly. Works of Bulgakov
Evil satire and good humor in the works of Bulgakov
Enjoys enormous popularity among readers satirical story Bulgakov " dog's heart" Written in 1925, it was first published in the USSR only in 1987. Soviet censorship The 1920s simply did not allow it to be published; the satire on the “new man” born of the revolution turned out to be too harsh. The current popularity of the story was greatly facilitated by the film adaptation filmed in 1988 by the famous director Vladimir Bortko.« Theatrical novel"is most popular among representatives of the creative intelligentsia, primarily those who are directly related to the theater. And for wide range readers of the novel are no less interesting. Perhaps, despite its second title, “Notes of a Dead Man” is the most funny piece writer. In it, Bulgakov spoke about the life of the theater behind the scenes and about the misadventures of an aspiring playwright who risked staging his first play. Of course, behind all this one can easily guess the history of the relationship between Bulgakov himself and the leadership of Moskovsky Art Theater while working on the play “Days of the Turbins”.
"The Master and Margarita" - the main book of the writer
And finally, the writer’s main work is the wonderful novel “The Master and Margarita.” Bulgakov worked on it for 11 years, creating the whole world, unfolding on the pages of one book. It seems that the novel combines everything existing genres. There are satirical pictures of Moscow life and everyday life, good humor, biblical mythology, fantasy, and a love story...One of the main characters of the novel is the devil himself, named Woland, with his cheerful and dangerous retinue. However, devilish forces do not bring evil; rather, they restore justice, punishing sins and rewarding suffering and virtue.
In the images of the Master and Margarita, Bulgakov, in fact, showed himself - talented writer, who did not find understanding among official criticism, - and his third wife Elena Sergeevna - faithful, devoted, ready to share any hardships of life with her loved one and supporting him in his work.
What stands out in the novel are the so-called “biblical chapters” - chapters from the novel created by the Master, where Bulgakov presented his own interpretation of the events that occurred in the last days of the earthly life of Jesus Christ.
The novel "The Master and Margarita" was never published during the author's lifetime. Its abridged version was first published in 1966. Official publication The novel took place in 1973. From then to this day, “The Master and Margarita” has been one of the most widely read works in Russia. It has been put on many times theater stage, and was also filmed by directors Yuri Kara (1994) and Vladimir Bortko (2005).
The fate of Mikhail Bulgakov’s works was not easy; many of them did not immediately manage to find their way to the reader, but now they are among the most popular, beloved and read books.
Today we will tell you about the life and work of such famous poet and a playwright like Mikhail Bulgakov, a list of whose works you will find at the very end of the article.
This man was born on May 3, 1891 in Kyiv. His parents were educated and his mother worked as a teacher in a secondary school, and his father, who graduated from the theological academy, taught in various educational institutions. At the end of 1893, he began performing the duties of the Kyiv regional censor, which included censorship of literature not only in Russian, but also in other languages. In addition to Mikhail, there were five more children in the family.
Studies
Bulgakov studied at the First Alexander Gymnasium, which was distinguished by its high educational level, and in 1909 he entered the Kiev University at the Faculty of Medicine. Then, in 1914, the First World War began World War. In 1916, after graduation, future writer worked in Cherepovtsy and Kamenets-Podolsky. In September of the same year he was recalled from the front and sent to head a rural hospital located in
Vyazemsky period
In 1917, Mikhail Afanasyevich was transferred to Vyazma. This life period is reflected in the work “Notes of a Young Doctor” created in 1926. Bulgakov's works, the list of which is presented below, cannot be imagined without mentioning this work. Its main character is a talented doctor, an honest worker, often saves people in seemingly hopeless situations, acutely feels the plight of the uneducated peasantry from remote Smolensk villages and feels powerless to change anything for the better.
Revolution
The revolution disrupted the usual way of life. In the essay “Kyiv-Gorod” (1923), the writer expresses his opinion about her. He notes that with revolutionary changes, “history came” menacingly and suddenly. Mikhail Afanasyevich is released from military service after October revolution, and he returns to Kyiv, which was soon occupied by German troops. Here the writer plunges into the whirlpool of the beginning Civil War. Bulgakov's works, the list of which is presented below, also include creations of these years.
Bulgakov - doctor
Since Mikhail Afanasyevich was good doctor, both warring parties needed his services. Although he remained devoted to humanistic ideals in all situations, indignation gradually began to grow in his soul against the cruelty of the Whites and Petliurists, which was subsequently reflected in the stories “On the Night of the 3rd” and “The Raid”, in the novel “The White Guard” and plays "Running" and "Days of the Turbins". Honestly performing his medical duty, Bulgakov at the end of 1919 became an involuntary witness to brutal crimes in Vladikavkaz. Refusing to take part in this war, Bulgakov left Denikin’s army at the beginning of 1920. The works, a list of which you will find in this article, one way or another reflect these and other biographical details.
Writing career
Mikhail Afanasyevich decides to leave his medical studies forever and start writing career from writing articles for local newspapers. He finished his first story in the fall of 1919. In the winter of 1919-1920, several feuilletons and stories were written. One of them, “Tribute of Admiration,” tells the story of street clashes that occurred during the Civil War and Revolution in Kyiv.
Theater plays
Bulgakov, shortly before the Whites retreated from Vladikavkaz, became seriously ill with relapsing fever. He recovered in the spring of 1920, when Red Army units had already occupied the city. From that time on, the writer began to collaborate with the Revolutionary Committee, with the arts department, and wrote plays for Ingush troupes, reflecting his views on the revolution. They were just one-day propaganda campaigns and were created mainly in order to survive in difficult times. Mikhail Afanasyevich’s Vladikavkaz impressions were reflected in his famous story “Notes on Cuffs.”
Moving to Moscow
First in Tiflis, and then in Batumi, Bulgakov had the opportunity to emigrate. However, he understood that he had to be close to the people in this difficult time for the country. Therefore, in 1921, Mikhail Afanasyevich moved to Moscow. Since the spring of 1922, articles under his authorship regularly appear in Moscow magazines and newspapers. Satirical essays and pamphlets reflected the main features of post-revolutionary society. The main object of the writer’s satire are the nouveau riche NEPmen, whom he called “the scum of the NEP” (the short stories “The Cup of Life” and “The Trillionaire”), as well as those who have low level cultural representatives of the population: market traders, residents of Moscow communal apartments, bureaucratic employees and others. Mikhail Afanasyevich also notices the features of the new time. In one of his essays, a schoolboy appears (as a symbol of new trends), walking down the street with a new backpack.
"Fatal Eggs"
"Fatal eggs"was published by Bulgakov in 1924. The works, the list of which is presented below, cannot be imagined without mentioning this story. Its action was transferred to the near imaginary future, more precisely, to 1928. Then the results of the NEP became obvious, including a strong rise in the level of life of the country's population. Persikov, main character story, made a great discovery that could bring great benefit to humanity. But in the hands of self-confident, semi-literate people, under the nascent bureaucracy, which flourished during the period of war communism and further strengthened its position during the NEP years, this invention turns into a tragedy. Not only Persikov, but almost all the heroes of Bulgakov's stories of the 20s suffer failures. In his works, Mikhail Afanasyevich sought to convey to the reader the idea of unpreparedness modern society adopt new principles of relationships based on respect for work, knowledge and culture.
"Running" and "Days of the Turbins"
In the plays “Running” and “Days of the Turbins” (1925-1928), the writer depicted the fact that all successive authorities in the Civil War were hostile to the intelligentsia. The characters in these works are typical representatives of the so-called “new intelligentsia”, who at first perceived the revolution either warily or openly fought against it. Mikhail Afanasyevich also considered himself to be a new layer, which he wrote about with humor in his feuilleton “The Capital in a Notebook.”
The plight of the writer
He reacted sensitively to social changes, felt injustice, doubted the necessity of the measures taken, but at the same time he did not cease to believe in the people, in the man Bulgakov. The works we offer you a list of reflect this. The heroes of his creations doubted and worried with him, which was met with unkindness by critics. Attacks on the writer intensified in 1929. All his plays were removed from the stage: “Crimson Island”, “Days of the Turbins” and “Zoyka’s Apartment”. Being in a difficult situation, the writer decides to write a letter to the government, in which he asked for permission to leave the country. Soon a conversation took place with Stalin, after which Mikhail Afanasyevich was appointed assistant director of the Moscow Art Theater. Productions of Bulgakov's plays reappeared on the stage, and after a while, staging " Dead souls"(Bulgakov).
All works, the list of which is presented below, are listed in our article in chronological order, from which you can see that after 1927 not a single line from this author appeared in print, since he was on the list of prohibited ones. Despite this, Mikhail Afanasyevich did not leave his homeland. It was in our country that Bulgakov created all his works. For a list, years of writing and their names, see the end of the article.
"Master and Margarita"
In 1933, the writer attempted to publish a novel in the “ZhZL” series, but again he was unsuccessful. Until his death, Mikhail Afanasyevich no longer tried to publish his works. He devoted this time to working on the work "The Master and Margarita", a novel that became one of greatest achievements world prose of the 20th century. The work took 12 years of Mikhail Afanasyevich’s life.
The early versions of the work seemed to him not successful enough, so for several years he returned to his characters again and again, inventing new conflicts and scenes. Only in 1932 did the novel acquire plot completion.
IN last years Bulgakov, although he continued to work, still did not publish. This broke him and led to an exacerbation of the disease and subsequent rapid death. Bulgakov died on March 10, 1940, and was buried in Moscow, on Novodevichy Cemetery.
List of Bulgakov's works with dates
Stories:
- "Notes on the cuffs":
- 1922 - " Extraordinary Adventures Doctors", "Red Crown", "On the Night of the 3rd";
- 1923 - Chinese history", "Raid", "Notes on the cuffs";
- 1924 - "La Boheme".
- "Notes of a Young Doctor":
- 1925 - “Baptism by Turning”, “Egyptian Darkness”;
- 1926 - “Towel with a Rooster”, “Blizzard”, “The Missing Eye”, “Star Rash”, as well as the story “I Killed”, adjacent to the cycle;
- 1927 - the story "Morphine" adjacent to the cycle.
Mikhail Bulgakov wrote different works. We will supplement the list, the stories from which we have already listed, with novels and plays.
- 1924 - "White Guard";
- 1962 - “The Life of Monsieur de Moliere”;
- 1965 - “Notes of a Dead Man”;
- - "Master and Margarita".
- 1925 - “Zoyka’s apartment”;
- 1925 - "The Accountant's Fist";
- 1926 - “Days of the Turbins”;
- 1930 - “Cabal of the Saint”;
- 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
- 1962 - “Running”;
- 1965 - “Ivan Vasilyevich”;
- 1965 - “Crazy Jourdain”;
- 1966 - “Bliss”;
- 1977 - “Batum”;
- 1986 - "War and Peace";
- 1986 - "Dead Souls".
These are the main creations that Bulgakov created. The works the list of which was presented to you is not limited to those listed. Here we did not include feuilletons, articles, essays and some other works, which would also be useful to read.
Films based on Bulgakov’s works, the list of which was indicated above, were created by many domestic and foreign directors. The most famous film adaptations"The Master and Margarita" - Alexander Petrovich, Yuri Karra and created in Russia.
Biography
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kyiv in the family of professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). The family had seven children: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).
In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits, laws Russian Empire awarded this degree."
He was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, then worked as a doctor in Vyazma. In 1913, Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).
After the outbreak of World War I, Bulgakov worked as a doctor, first in the front-line zone, then in the reserve. Since 1917, he began to regularly use morphine to relieve pain after contracting diphtheria. In December 1917, he came to Moscow for the first time, staying with his uncle, the famous Moscow doctor N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “The Heart of a Dog.” In the spring of 1918, Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist. At this time, M. Bulgakov stopped using morphine.
During the Civil War, in February 1919, Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the Ukrainian army People's Republic, but deserts almost immediately [source not specified 316 days]. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (according to another version, he was captured by them) and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
In the same year he managed to become a doctor of the Red Cross, and then in the White Guard Armed Forces South of Russia. For some time he Cossack troops conducts in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.
At the end of September 1921, Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (Gudok, Rabochy) and magazines ( Medical worker", "Russia", "Renaissance"). At the same time he publishes individual works in the newspaper "Nakanune", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by Bulgakov were published in Gudka.
In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, and who soon became his new wife.
Since 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” has been performed at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times because Stalin liked the play. Let us note that in his speeches Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, there is intense and extremely harsh criticism of Bulgakov’s work in the Soviet press; according to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were: influential officials and writers like Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Leopold Averbakh, Viktor Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and many others.
In 1928, Bulgakov travels with Lyubov Evgenievna to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” is taking place in Moscow. Bulgakov conceived the idea of a novel, later called “The Master and Margarita” (a number of researchers of Bulgakov’s work note the influence on him in the conception and writing of this novel by the Austrian writer Gustav Meyrink, in particular we can talk about such novels of the latter as “Golem”, which Bulgakov read translated by D. Vygodsky, and “Green Face”). The writer also begins work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Saint”).
In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, his future third wife.
In 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, and plays were removed from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” have been banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” has been removed from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. Then he writes a letter to the USSR Government with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. Bulgakov receives a call from Stalin, who recommends that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1930, Bulgakov worked in Central Theater working youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, Bulgakov staged Nikolai Gogol’s “Dead Souls” on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. He tried to stage “The Cabal of the Holy One” (1930), but the play was almost immediately banned. “The Cabal of the Holy One” was released only in 1936, it was performed 7 times huge success, after which it was completely banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play. In January 1932, Stalin (formally Yenukidze) again allowed the production of The Days of the Turbins, and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1936, after an article in Pravda, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, Bulgakov worked on the librettos of “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”.
In 1939, Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about Stalin (“Batum”). The play was approved by Stalin, but contrary to the writer's expectations, it was banned from publication and production. Bulgakov's health condition is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The writer begins to dictate to Elena Sergeevna latest options novel "The Master and Margarita".
Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of Bulgakov, who suffers from uremia. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the Union building Soviet writers. Before the funeral service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes the death mask from Bulgakov’s face.
Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.
Famous writer, playwright and theater director, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in 1891 in Kyiv. In 1909, Mikhail entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University, from which he graduated with honors in 1916. While studying, he marries Tatyana Lappa (the first of Bulgakov's three wives). For about five years, Mikhail worked as a military doctor.
In 1921, he moved to Moscow and began working as a feuilletonist in various metropolitan newspapers. At the same time, he published individual works in the newspaper “Nakanune”, published in Berlin. In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers' Union, and in 1925 he wrote the novel “Heart of a Dog,” which would be published for the first time only in 1968. The publication took place simultaneously in the magazines "Grani" (Frankfurt) and "Student" (London). In the Soviet Union, this work was first published in 1987 and has since been republished several times. The Italians were the first to film this novel in 1976, and in our country, “Heart of a Dog” was filmed only in the late 80s. The director of the film was Vladimir Bortko.
In the fall of 1926, Bulgakov’s play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater, which was positively received by both critics and fans of the author. Until 1930, when the writer’s work was banned by the Soviet government, everyone theater season began with new productions based on Bulgakov's novels.
After much repression by the country's party leadership, Bulgakov became director of the Moscow Art Theater and held this position until 1936. Over the next few years, Mikhail worked at the Bolshoi Theater as a translator and librettist. Among his most famous librettos are “Minin and Pozharsky”, as well as “Peter I”.
In 1939, the author’s health deteriorated sharply, and during the same period he began dictating the latest version of the novel “The Master and Margarita” to his wife. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
After the author's death, most of his novels were filmed, some even several times. For example, “The Master and Margarita” was filmed not only in our country, but also in Hungary, Yugoslavia and other countries. It should be noted that with every attempt to film the novel, the circumstances amazingly prevented the completion of filming. IN different years Several directors tried to follow through, but the films were never completed, causing the novel to gain a mystical reputation. The novel was released on screen only in December 2005 by director Vladimir Bortko, the author of the cult film adaptation of “Heart of a Dog.”
Creation
Stories and novels
Plays, librettos, film scripts
Stories
Journalism and feuilletons
Film adaptations of works
(May 3 (15), 1891, Kyiv - March 10, 1940, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, novellas, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, film scripts and opera librettos.
Biography
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kyiv in the family of professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). The family had seven children: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).
In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits assigned to this degree by the laws of the Russian Empire.”
In 1913, M. Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).
After the outbreak of World War I, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.
During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
In the same year, he managed to work as a doctor for the Red Cross, and then in the White Guard Armed Forces of the South of Russia. He spends some time with Cossack troops in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.
At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (Gudok, Rabochiy) and magazines (Medical Worker, Rossiya, Vozrozhdenie). At the same time, he published individual works in the newspaper “Nakanune”, published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov were published in Gudka.
In 1923, M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.
Since October 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” has been performed at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times because I. Stalin liked the play. However, in his speeches, I. Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of M. Bulgakov’s work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were such influential officials and writers as V. Mayakovsky, A. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, V. Shklovsky, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.
At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” is held with great success.
In 1928, M. Bulgakov travels with his wife to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” is taking place in Moscow. M. Bulgakov conceives the idea of a novel, later called “The Master and Margarita.” The writer also begins work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Saint”).
In 1929, M. Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.
By 1930, M. Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” have been banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” has been removed from the repertoire. In 1930, M. Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. Then he writes a letter to the USSR Government with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Bulgakov receives a call from I. Stalin, who recommends that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1930, M. Bulgakov worked as a director at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, staged by M. Bulgakov, was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The play “The Cabal of the Holy One” was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play.
In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally A. Enukidze) again allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1936, after an article in Pravda, M. Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto of “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”.
In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about I. Stalin (“Batum”). The play was approved by I. Stalin, but, contrary to the writer’s expectations, it was banned from publication and production. M. Bulgakov's health condition is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continues to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms. During the same period, the writer begins to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel “The Master and Margarita.”
Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at M. Bulgakov’s bedside. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the funeral service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes the death mask from M. Bulgakov’s face.
M. Bulgakov is buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.
Creation
M. Bulgakov, in his own words, wrote his first story in 1919.
1922-1923 - publication of “Notes on Cuffs”.
In 1924 - the publication of the novel "The White Guard", about tragic events struggle for power between various political forces in Ukraine in 1918.
A collection was published in 1925 satirical stories"Diaboliad" In 1925, the story “Fatal Eggs” and the story “Steel Throat” (the first in the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”) were also published. The writer is working on the story “Heart of a Dog”, the plays “Days of the Turbins” and “Zoyka’s Apartment”.
In 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1927, M. Bulgakov completed the drama “Running”.
From 1926 to 1929, M. Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was staged at the Evgeni Vakhtangov Studio Theater; in 1928-1929, “The Crimson Island” (1928) was staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater.
In 1932, the production of “Days of the Turbins” was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater.
The first one was completed in 1934 full version the novel "The Master and Margarita", including 37 chapters.
Works of Mikhail Bulgakov
Stories and novels
- The Adventures of Chichikov (satirical story, 1922)
- White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
- Diaboliada (story, 1923)
- Notes on cuffs (story, 1923)
- Crimson Island. Roman Comrade Jules Verne. Translated from French into Aesopian by Mikhail A. Bulgakov (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
- Fatal eggs (story, 1924)
- Heart of a Dog (story, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
- Great Chancellor. Prince of Darkness (part draft novel "The Master and Margarita", 1928-1929)
- The Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
- To a secret friend (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
- The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966)
- The Life of Monsieur de Molière (novel, 1933)
- Theatrical novel (Notes of a Dead Man) (unfinished novel, 1936-1937, published in the USSR in 1965)
Plays, librettos, film scripts
- Zoyka's Apartment (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
- Days of the Turbins (play based on the novel “The White Guard”, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
- Running (play, 1926-1928)
- Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
- Cabal of the Holy One (play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 the censor was allowed to be staged with a number of cuts called “Molière”, but even in this form the production was postponed)
- Adam and Eve (play, 1931)
- Crazy Jourdain (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
- Bliss (the dream of engineer Rhine) (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
- The Inspector General (film script, 1934)
- Last days(Alexander Pushkin) (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
- An Extraordinary Incident, or The Inspector General (play based on the comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
- Ivan Vasilievich (play, 1936)
- Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
- The Black Sea (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Rachel (opera libretto based on the story “Mademoiselle Fifi” by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Batum (play about the youth of J.V. Stalin, original title“Shepherd”, 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Don Quixote (opera libretto based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939)
Stories
- No. 13. — House of Elpit-Rabkommun (short story, 1922)
- Arithmetic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- On the night of the 3rd (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- At the Zimin Theater (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- How he went crazy (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Kaenpe and Kape (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- The Red Crown (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Raid. In the Magic Lantern (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- November 7th day (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Beware of fakes! (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Birds in the Attic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Workers' Garden City (story from the collection "Notes and Miniatures", 1922)
- Soviet Inquisition (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
- Chinese history. 6 paintings instead of a story (story, 1923)
- Memories... (story dedicated to the death of Lenin, 1924)
- Khan's Fire (short story, 1924)
- Towel with a Rooster (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Baptism by turning (a story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Steel Throat (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Blizzard (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Egyptian Darkness (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- The Missing Eye (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Star Rash (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
- Bohemia (short story, 1925)
- Holiday with syphilis ( humorous story, 1925)
- The Story of Diamonds (short story, 1926)
- I Killed (short story, 1926)
- Morphine (short story, 1926)
- Treatise on Housing (story from the collection “Treatise on Housing”, 1926)
- Psalm (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
- Four portraits (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
- Moonshine Lake (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
Journalism and feuilletons
Journalism and feuilletons
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Film adaptations of works
- Pilate and others (The Master and Margarita) (Germany, TV film, 1972, 90 min.) - dir. Andrzej Wajda
- The Master and Margarita (Yugoslavia - Italy, Feature Film, 1972, 95 min.) - dir. Alexander Petrovich
- The Master and Margarita (Poland, television series, 1989, 4 episodes ~370 min.) - dir. Maciek Wojtyszko
- Incident in Judea (The Master and Margarita) (UK, TV film, 1991) - dir. Paul Briers
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, feature film, 1994, 240 min./125 min.) - dir. Yuri Kara
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV play, 1996, 142 min.) - dir. Sergey Desnitsky
- The Master and Margarita (Hungary, short film, 2005, 26 min.) - dir. Iboya Fekete
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, television series, 2005, 10 episodes, ~500 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
- The Master and Margarita, part one, chapter 1 (Israel, animated film, 2010, 33 min.) - dir. Terenty Oslyabya
- Heart of a Dog (Russia, feature film, 1988, 131 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
- Cuore di cane (Heart of a Dog) (Italy, feature film, 1975) - dir. Alberto Lattuada
- Running (based on the works: Running, White Guard, Black Sea) (USSR, feature film, 1970, 196 min.) - dir. Alexander Alov, Vladimir Naumov
- Days of the Turbins (USSR, feature film, 1976, 223 min.) - dir. Vladimir Basov
- Ivan Vasilyevich changes his profession (Ivan Vasilyevich) (USSR, feature film, 1973, 87 min.) - dir. Leonid Gaidai
- Fatal Eggs (Russia, feature film, 1995, 117 min.) - dir. Sergey Lomkin
- Morphine (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor, Morphine) (Russia, feature film, 2008, 112 min.) - dir. Alexey Balabanov
- Notes of a Young Doctor (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor) (Russia, feature film, 1991, 65 min.) - dir. Mikhail Yakzhen
- Case history (based on the works: “The Red Crown”) (Russia, feature film, 1990, 40 min.) - dir. Alexey Prazdnikov
Theater productions based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov
Museums
- State Museum M. A. Bulgakov in Moscow, “Bad Apartment.”
- Cultural Center“Bulgakov House” (Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya, no. 10)
- Turbin House, Literary and Memorial Museum named after. M. Bulgakov in Kyiv: Andreevsky Spusk, 13.
- One Street Museum (Museum of Andreevsky Descent) - part of the exhibition is dedicated to the life of Mikhail Bulgakov and his work.
Memory
120th anniversary
- On May 15, 2011, the 120th anniversary of the birth of M. Bulgakov was celebrated in Kyiv.
- On May 15 at 22:40 the feature film “Theatrical Romance” was shown on the “Culture” TV channel.
- In Moscow, three new exhibitions have been prepared in the apartment museum on Bolshaya Sadovaya:
- "New Arrivals";
- "In the box desk»;
- “Eight dreams. Run".
- In the park of the Bulgakov estate in Bucha, Kyiv region, the birthday of M. Bulgakov was celebrated. They unveiled a monument to the writer, laid out a garden and held an international theater festival.
- May 18, 2011 at major league The Cheerful and Resourceful Club played the 3rd quarter final of the season, the theme of which was “Bulgakov and his work.”