The original title of the novel is Dubrovsky. A.S

In the 1830s, a new branch emerged in the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. From romanticism he takes a step towards realism, describes the reality around him. Pushkin touches the most acute problems contemporary society, dedicates one of his most famous novels"Dubrovsky".

Based on real events

The idea for the work appeared when Pushkin's friend told him a story about a simple nobleman Belarusian origin, Ostrovsky, who owned a small village in the Minsk province. Unfortunately, during the fire, his documents were engulfed in flames. A wealthy neighbor of a young nobleman, taking advantage of the poor nobleman’s position, took from him native home. The news of this event reached ordinary peasants, and they, outraged, refused to obey their new patron, went on strike and became robbers. It was rumored that young Ostrovsky after this incident first worked as a teacher, and later took the path of robbery. Ostrovsky was taken into custody for robbery, but was able to evade and safely go underground. How events developed further is unknown.

Inspired by this story, the poet immediately began to write a work about a good robber, initially naming his character after the real prototype.

History of creation

1832 is the year work on the work began. The events take place in the Tambov province of Kozlovsky district. In this place, a story somehow happened that had an impact on the novel: Colonel Kryukov will win the case over the ownership of the estate from the poor nobleman Martynov. These incidents were not new. Poor landowners throughout Russia were robbed by wealthier nobles. Alexander Pushkin described this phenomenon in detail, all the enormous injustice of the court, which outraged him. The lawlessness did not spare the landowner Dubrovsky either. This surname seemed resonant to the writer, and he assigned it to his main character.

It took Alexander Sergeevich a year to create the novel.

Printing of the work

Alexander Pushkin, unfortunately, did not finish his work about the robber Dubrovsky. The writer had doubts about the title of the novel (in the drafts, in place of the title there was only the date - October 21, 1821). In 41, the poet’s great work was published for the first time; this happened after his tragic death.

A little later, in the drafts of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the plot of the work was found. So, according to the writer’s plan, the elderly prince dies, and main character returns safely to Russia, goes into hiding, and goes on the run again due to discovery. If the life of the great Alexander Sergeevich had not been cut short, it is likely that the ending of the work would have been happy.

Option 2

The main character Dubrovsky quarreled with the nobleman Troekurov, who, thanks to his connections, deprived Dubrovsky of his estate and all his possessions. As a result, Dubrovsky turned from a nobleman into a beggar; his son began to rob the rich on the roads, along with the peasants who belonged to him.

Many critics and biographers who have studied Pushkin’s work are confident that Pavel Ostrovsky became the prototype of Dubrovsky. It was with him that exactly the same story happened: he became a beggar, and then went against the law, because of a quarrel with a rich neighbor.

This story was told to the author of the work by friend Pavel. In the archives, data was found on the basis that all documents on Ostrovsky’s estate were burned, the same story is described in Pushkin’s novel. Dubrovsky was unable to prove his right to own the estate, since all documents were destroyed by fire.

Ostrovsky was 22 and Dubrovsky was 23 years old, almost the same age with a difference of one year. Only the names of the estates and addresses, the names of the characters have been changed. In addition, Ostrovsky began to participate in matters that contradicted the then government; he was called a rebel and put on the wanted list.

But due to the fact that the hero was well informed that they were looking for him, and had many friends who supported his activities, Ostrovsky was not caught. We see the same events in the novel, Dubrovsky disappears, they cannot find him, he is also a rebel and he urgently needs to be detained.

Apparently due to the fact that the events took place in recent times and the police were still looking for the criminal, the author changed the title of the novel so as not to harm the real character.

At first, contemporaries did not find the culprit of all the troubles of the main character, the rich man Troekurov, the exact hero from life, but seeing how he describes and sings, many understand that the author of the work was personally acquainted with such a nobleman.

Just for the sake of not indicating the exact name of this nobleman, influential, cruel and narcissistic, Pushkin comes up with his surname Troekurov.

After a more detailed study, one expert on Pushkin’s work found a special card in which it was written that Troekurov was the Ryazan landowner Izmailov. In one of the museums there is a special card index, it contains the names of people who are mentioned in the works of the great poet.

This Izmailov was also a general, but very cruel, giving one of his subordinates three horses, then taking it away, and forcing this man to walk and lead the horses. He smeared one man with tar and feathers, led him through the streets, and attached another to the blades of a windmill.

And no one could contradict him, since they were lower in rank and were afraid of losing their privileges. Izmailov was very fond of dogs, bred them for hunting, and he also had bears on his estate.

He rode guests in a cart pulled by bears, everyone rode and was afraid, another of his entertainments was to launch a guest into a room with a bear sitting on a chain. This exact episode is described in Dubrovsky’s novel, a young man killed an animal.

But the master did not punish him in any way; he loved people who knew how to stand up for themselves and did not humiliate themselves in front of friends with great power. The only thing that was positive feature Izmailov, his respect for people who were brave and did not allow themselves to be bullied.

Here are the two main characters of the work, Dubrovsky and Troekurov, their prototypes were found in real life.

History of creation

When creating the novel, Pushkin was based on the story of his friend P.V. Nashchokin about how he saw in the prison “one Belarusian poor nobleman, named Ostrovsky, who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was forced out of the estate and, left with only peasants , began to rob, first the clerks, then others.” During the work on the novel, the main character's surname was changed to "Dubrovsky". The story takes place in the 1820s and spans approximately a year and a half.

The title was given to the novel by publishers upon its first publication in 1841. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: “October 21, 1832.” Final chapter dated "February 6, 1833."

Plot of the novel

Because of the insolence of the slave Troekurov, a quarrel occurs between Dubrovsky and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troyekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, seizes Dubrovsky's Kistenevka estate from him. The elder Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. Dubrovsky sets fire to Kistenevka; The estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying on local landowners, without, however, touching Troekurov’s estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing French teacher, Deforge, who proposes to enter the service of the Troekurov family, and under his guise he becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is put to the test with a bear, which he kills with a shot in the ear. Love arises between Dubrovsky and Troekurov’s daughter, Masha.

Troekurov gives eighteen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky is trying in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, but is too late. During the wedding procession from the church to Vereisky's estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage. Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by saying that she has already taken an oath. After some time, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky’s detachment, after which he disbands his “gang” and hides abroad from justice.

Possible sequel

Several drafts of the last, third volume of the novel have been preserved in Maykov's collection of Pushkin's drafts. Transcript of a later version:

Criticism

In literary criticism, the similarity of certain situations of “Dubrovsky” with Western European novels on a similar topic, including those authored by Walter Scott, is noted. A. Akhmatova ranked “Dubrovsky” lower than all other works of Pushkin, pointing out its compliance with the standard of the “tabloid” novel of that time:

In general, it is believed that P<ушкина>no failures. And yet “Dubrovsky” is Pushkin’s failure. And thank God he didn't finish it. It was a desire to earn a lot, a lot of money, so as not to think about it anymore. "Oak<ровский>", finished<енный>, at that time it would have been an excellent “reading book”.<…>...I leave three whole lines to list what is there that is tempting for the reader.

The novel “Dubrovsky” by A.S. Pushkin is the most famous Russian robber novel, created in the spirit of a genre popular in England, France and Germany in the 18th-19th centuries literary composition, in the center of which is the image of a noble robber.

The novel is based on the idea of moral decay Russian nobility and its opposition to the common people. Themes of defense of honor, family lawlessness, and peasant revolt are revealed.

History of creation

The novel in 3 parts was begun by Alexander Pushkin (1799 - 1837) after finishing work on the essay "Belkin's Tale" in the fall of 1832.

Pushkin wrote only 2 volumes of the planned three-volume work, the second of which was completed in 1833, that is, work on the novel proceeded quite quickly. The third volume was never started.

The first publication of the work took place 4 years after the poet died in a duel in 1841. Pushkin did not leave the title of the novel in the manuscript and it was prefixed with the title “Dubrovsky” after the name of the main character.

The basis for the work was an incident told to the poet by his comrade Nashchokin. According to the story, the landowner Ostrovsky, ruined by the fault of a high-ranking neighbor, gathered his serfs and created a band of robbers. History interested Pushkin as a realistic basis for prose writing.

Analysis of the work

Main plot

(Illustration by B. M. Kustodiev “Troekurov chooses puppies”)

The landowners Troekurov and Dubrovsky, the father of the main character Vladimir, are neighbors and friends. Row conflict situations separating friends from each other and Troekurov, using their special status, claims rights to the neighbor's only estate. Dubrovsky is unable to confirm his right to the estate and goes crazy.

Son Vladimir, who arrived from the city, finds his father near death. Soon the elder Dubrovsky dies. Not wanting to put up with injustice, Vladimir burns the estate along with the officials who came to register it in Troyekurov’s name. Together with devoted peasants, he goes into the forest and terrifies the entire area, however, without touching Troekurov’s people.

A French teacher goes to work at the Troyekurovs' house and, thanks to bribery, Dubrovsky takes his place. In the enemy's house, he falls in love with his daughter Masha, who reciprocates his feelings.

Spitsyn recognizes the French teacher as the robber who robbed him. Vladimir has to hide.

At this time, the father gives Masha in marriage to the old prince against his will. Vladimir's attempts to upset the marriage are unsuccessful. After the wedding, Dubrovsky and his gang surround the newlyweds’ carriage and Vladimir frees his beloved. But she refuses to go with him, since she is already married to someone else.

The provincial authorities are making an attempt to surround Dubrovsky's gang. He decides to stop the robbery and, having dismissed the people loyal to him, goes abroad.

Main characters

Vladimir Dubrovsky in the works of Pushkin appears as one of the most noble and brave heroes. He is the only son of his father, a hereditary impoverished nobleman. The young man graduated from the Cadet Corps and is a cornet. At the time of the news about the estate taken away from his father, Vladimir was 23 years old.

After the death of his father, Dubrovsky gathers loyal peasants and becomes a robber. However, his robbery is painted in noble tones. All the victims of the gang are rich people leading an unworthy lifestyle. In this, the image of the main character largely intersects with the image of Robin Hood.

Dubrovsky's goal is revenge for his father and it is aimed at Troekurov. Under the guise of a teacher, Vladimir settles in the landowner's house and starts a good relationship with all family members, and falls in love with his daughter Masha.

An incident in Troekurov’s house speaks about Dubrovsky’s courage and determination. Finding himself jokingly locked in a room with a bear, Dubrovsky does not lose his composure and kills the bear with one shot from a pistol.

After meeting Masha the main objective the hero changes. For the sake of reuniting with his beloved, Dubrovsky is ready to give up his desire to take revenge on her father.

Masha's refusal to follow Dubrovsky after her wedding to Vereisky, as well as the raid on the gang, force Vladimir to abandon his plans. He nobly lets his people go, not wanting to drag them into trouble. Abandoning his beloved and fleeing abroad testifies to the young man’s submissiveness and unwillingness to go against fate.

The existing drafts for the third volume trace Vladimir's return to Russia and attempts to bring Masha back. In this regard, we can say that the hero does not renounce his love, but only accepts his beloved’s desire to live according to church laws.

(editor's note - Kirila Petrovich - not to be confused with Kirill)

Troekurov in the novel is the main negative character. A rich and influential landowner knows no bounds in his tyranny; he can lock a guest in a room with a bear as a joke. At the same time, he respects independent people, which includes Vladimir’s father Andrei Gavrilovich. Their friendship comes to an end because of Troekurov’s trifles and pride. Deciding to punish Dubrovsky for his insolence, he appropriates his estate, using his unlimited power and connections.

At the same time, the image of Troekurov is built not only in negative tones. The hero, having cooled down after a quarrel with a friend, regrets his action. In his behavior, Pushkin lays down the scheme of the Russian social structure, in which the nobles felt omnipotent and unpunished.

Troekurov is characterized as loving father. His younger son born out of wedlock, but raised in the family as equals eldest daughter Masha.

The pursuit of profit can be seen in the choice of a husband for his beloved daughter Masha. Troekurov knows about his daughter’s reluctance to marry the old man, but organizes the wedding and does not allow his daughter to run away with her beloved Dubrovsky. This is an excellent example of how parents try to arrange the lives of their children against their wishes.

Masha Troekurova at the time of the action is a 17-year-old girl who is brought up in the solitude of a large estate, she is silent and withdrawn into herself. Her main outlet is her father's rich library and French novels. The appearance of a French teacher in the house in the form of Dubrovsky for a romantic young lady develops into love, similar to numerous novels. The truth about the teacher’s personality does not frighten the girl, which speaks of her courage.

It is important to note that Masha is principled. Having married an unwanted husband - an old count - Masha rejects Dubrovsky's offer to run away with him and talks about her duty to her husband.

The work is dramatic in its composition and is based on vivid contrasts:

friendship and court,
meeting of the main character with his native places and father's death,
funeral and fire
holiday and robbery,
love and escape
wedding and battle.

Thus, the composition of the novel is based on the conflict method, that is, the collision of contrasting scenes.

Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky" under the cover romantic essay contains a number of deep reflections by the author on the problems of Russian life and structure.

This work of the great Russian classic about the descendants of two warring landowner families remained unfinished, was not prepared for publication, the author’s notes and comments remained on the pages of the manuscript, and did not even have a title. But, nevertheless, this particular novel is still considered one of the most famous works about robbers in Russian.

The first publication of the novel dates back to 1841. But the work underwent strict censorship, during which it underwent significant distortions and changes; some parts of the novel were cut out and omitted. The reason for such changes was, of course, the popularization of freethinking, the showing of the robber chieftain as positive hero with the ability to love, compassion and empathy. Only many years later, already in Soviet time, the reader had the opportunity to familiarize himself with it in full.

The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”

The author based the novel on the enmity of the social strata of the country; it is very clearly expressed in its drama, the contrasting scenes of the work, the mental tossing of both the hero and the supporting characters.

The idea to write a novel of this kind came to Pushkin after he heard from friends a story about a nobleman of Belarusian origin, Ostrovsky. It was he who became the prototype of the main character, and it was his life’s ups and downs that formed the basis of the work. This story happened in 1830, when Ostrovsky was deprived of his family estate, and his peasants, not wanting to become the property of the new owner, chose the robber path.

This story struck Pushkin to the depths of his soul, who was an irreconcilable fighter for the human right to freedom of thought and tried in every possible way to emphasize this in his works, for which he was persecuted and disgraced.

About the plot of the novel “Dubrovsky”

The plot of the novel revolves around the fate of the main character. Despite the fact that Vladimir Dubrovsky is endowed with such qualities as nobility, courage, kindness and honesty, his life does not work out, he is haunted by fatal failures and troubles.

During the course of the story, the hero goes through not one, but three life path- from an ambitious and wasteful guard officer to the courageous and unusually modest teacher Deforge, to the irreconcilable and formidable robber chieftain.

Having lost parents' house, the environment and society familiar from childhood and having lost the opportunity for simple cultural communication, the hero also loses love. At the end of the novel, he has no choice but to go against the law and enter into a brutal duel with the prevailing morals and foundations of society at that time.

Appeal from A.S. Pushkin’s turn to prose was quite natural in the process of development of his creative genius. Pushkin admitted in “Eugene Onegin”: “... Summer is inclined towards harsh prose...”. One of the greats prose works A.S. Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky". Many researchers of the poet's work point to his incompleteness. However, incompleteness work of art always relative, “incompleteness does not mean understatement.” When studying the prose of Alexander Sergeevich, it is worth paying special attention to the history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”.

The beginning of the novel

Alexander Sergeevich began work on the novel in 1832. Known exact date the beginning of the creation of the work was October 21, since Pushkin himself set the dates in the draft as he wrote the novel. The work remained unfinished; the writer stopped working on it in 1833. The novel received the name “Dubrovsky” when it was published after the death of its great author. There are many theories about the reason why Pushkin interrupted the creation of Dubrovsky. Some researchers of his work believe that he leaves work on the novel because he understands that within the framework of the genre of a Western European novel about a noble robber he cannot solve artistic problems Russian life. It is known that the writer's rough notes contained outlines of the contents of the third volume. (Widowhood of Marya Kirillovna, Dubrovsky’s return to his homeland to reunite with his beloved).

Real prototypes of the main character

The work was based on a story that Pushkin heard from his friend about the poor nobleman Ostrovsky, whose estate was seized by a wealthy neighbor who had enormous influence in local society. Ostrovsky was left penniless and was forced to become a robber. Together with his peasants, he robbed rich landowners and officials. Later he was captured and put in prison. It was there that Pushkin’s comrade Nashchokin met him. This story served as the basis for the creation storyline novel. This version is supported by the fact that initially in his drafts Pushkin gave the main character the surname Ostrovsky.

Second version says that Dubrovsky’s prototype was Lieutenant Muratov, whose story Pushkin learned while in Boldin. The Novospasskoye estate, which belonged to the Muratov family for seventy years, was recognized as the property of Lieutenant Colonel Kryukov, whose father at one time sold it to Muratov’s father. The court made this decision based on the fact that the accused could not provide any papers proving his legal right to own the estate, since they were lost in a fire, and Muratov never filed an appeal against the verdict. Trial lasted for many years and was decided in favor of the influential plaintiff Kryukov.

Genre of the work

When creating Dubrovsky, Pushkin turned to the then popular genre of the robber or adventure novel. It was most typical for Western European literature, but Pushkin managed to create a work that corresponds to all the subtleties of this direction. Noble robber, evoking sympathy for his fate and hatred for those who pushed him on this path.

Conclusion

The novel "Dubrovsky" is based on real stories people who have encountered the bias of the judicial system and failed to resist it.

The action of a ruthless and unprincipled judicial and bureaucratic state system and the life of the Russian village with mass folk scenes - all this found its place in “Dubrovsky”.

The original title of the novel is Dubrovsky. A.S

Option 2

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Popular topics today

History of creation

Plot of the novel

Possible sequel

Criticism

History of creation

Analysis of the work

Main plot

Main characters

The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”

About the plot of the novel “Dubrovsky”

The beginning of the novel

Real prototypes of the main character

Genre of the work

Conclusion