What is the real name of Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky? Korney Chukovsky - biography, information, personal life

The biography of Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky is replete with interesting events. Nikolai Korneychukov March 19 (31 according to the new style) 1882 in St. Petersburg. His mother, a peasant woman Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova, met the future father of her children (Nikolai also had a sister, Marusya), when she got a job in the house of her future cohabitant to work as a servant. Emmanuel Solomonovich Levenson, the father of Nikolai and Marusya, bore the title of hereditary honorary citizen and the peasant woman could not make a worthy match for him.

They lived together for at least three years, gave birth to two children, who, as illegitimate children, did not have a middle name, so in documents before the 1917 revolution, the children had different middle names. Nikolai has Vasilyevich, his sister Maria has Emmanuilovna. Subsequently, their father married a woman from his circle and moved to live in Baku, and Ekaterina Osipovna moved to Odessa.

Nikolai spent his entire childhood in Ukraine - in the Odessa and Nikolaev regions.

When Nikolai was five years old, he was sent to Madame Bekhteeva’s kindergarten, about which he later wrote that the children there marched to music and drew pictures. In kindergarten, he met Vladimir Jabotinsky, the future hero of Israel. In elementary school, Nikolai became friends with Boris Zhitkov, a future children's writer and traveler. At school, however, Chukovsky studied only until the 5th grade. Then he was expelled from the educational institution due to his “low origins.”

The beginning of creative activity

At first, Chukovsky worked as a journalist, and since 1901 he wrote articles for Odessa News. Having learned English on his own, Nikolai got a job as a correspondent in London - he wrote for Odessa News.

He lived in London for two years with his wife, Maria Borisovna Goldfeld, then returned to Odessa.

And yet, Chukovsky’s biography as a writer began much later, when he moved from Odessa to the Finnish town of Kuokkala, where he met the artist Ilya Repin, who convinced Chukovsky to take up literature seriously.

While still in London, Chukovsky became seriously interested in English literature - he read Thackeray, Dickens, and Bronte in the original. Subsequently, W. Whitman's literary translations helped Chukovsky gain a name for himself and achieve recognition in the literary community.

After the revolution, the pseudonym Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky became the real name of the writer. Korney Ivanovich writes a book of memoirs “Distant Close” and begins to publish his own almanac “Chukokkala” - a kind of mixture of the name of the place Kuokkala and the surname Chukovsky. Chukovsky published this almanac until the end of his life.

Children's literature

But the most important thing in a writer’s creative destiny is not translations or literary criticism, but children’s literature. Chukovsky began writing for children quite late, already when he was a famous literary scholar and critic. In 1916, he published the first collection for young readers called “Yelka”.

Later, in 1923, “Moidodyr” and “Cockroach” appeared from his pen, with a brief summary of which all children in the post-Soviet space are probably familiar. Chukovsky's work is also studied in modern schools - in the 2nd grade, and now it is even difficult to imagine that at one time Aibolit, Mukha-Tsokotukha and Moidodyr were subjected to severe criticism and mercilessly ridiculed. Critics considered the works tasteless and devoid of correct Soviet ideology. But now they won’t write about this either in the preface to the writer’s books or in a brief biography of Chukovsky for children, these accusations brought by critics against the children’s author now seem so absurd.

Chukovsky translated the works of R. Kipling and M. Twain into Russian for children, and retold “The Bible for Children.”

Other biography options

• It is interesting that Chukovsky founded an entire literary dynasty. His son Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky and daughter Lidiya Korneevna Chukovskaya also became famous writers. Nikolai wrote brief literary memoirs about the poets and writers of the Silver Age who were part of his father’s house, and Lydia became a dissident writer.
• The writer’s second son, Boris Korneevich, died at the front at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
• It is known that Chukovsky was friendly with

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky(birth name - Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov, March 19 (31), 1882, St. Petersburg - October 28, 1969, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet poet, publicist, critic, also translator and literary critic, known primarily for children's fairy tales in verse and prose. Father of writers Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky and Lydia Korneevna Chukovskaya.

Origin

Nikolai Korneychukov was born on March 31, 1882 in St. Petersburg. The frequently encountered date of his birth, April 1, appeared due to an error during the transition to a new style (13 days were added, not 12, as should be the case for the 19th century).
The writer suffered for many years from the fact that he was “illegitimate.” His father was Emmanuel Solomonovich Levenson, in whose family Korney Chukovsky’s mother, Poltava peasant Ekaterina Osipovna Korneychuk, lived as a servant.
The father left them, and the mother moved to Odessa. There the boy was sent to a gymnasium, but in the fifth grade he was expelled due to his low origin. He described these events in his autobiographical story “The Silver Coat of Arms.”
The patronymic “Vasilievich” was given to Nikolai by his godfather. From the beginning of his literary activity, Korneychukov, who had long been burdened by his illegitimacy (as can be seen from his diary of the 1920s), used the pseudonym “Korney Chukovsky,” which was later supplemented by a fictitious patronymic, “Ivanovich.” After the revolution, the combination “Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky” became his real name, patronymic and surname.
His children - Nikolai, Lydia, Boris and Maria (Murochka), who died in childhood, to whom many of their father's children's poems are dedicated - bore (at least after the revolution) the surname Chukovsky and the patronymic Korneevich / Korneevna.

Journalistic activity before the revolution

Since 1901, Chukovsky began writing articles in Odessa News. Chukovsky was introduced to literature by his close friend at school, journalist Vladimir Jabotinsky, who later became an outstanding political figure in the Zionist movement. Jabotinsky was also the groom's guarantor at the wedding of Chukovsky and Maria Borisovna Goldfeld.
Then in 1903 Chukovsky was sent as a correspondent to London, where he became thoroughly acquainted with English literature.
Returning to Russia during the revolution of 1905, Chukovsky was captured by revolutionary events, visited the battleship Potemkin, and began publishing the satirical magazine Signal in St. Petersburg. Among the magazine's authors were such famous writers as Kuprin, Fyodor Sologub and Teffi. After the fourth issue, he was arrested for lese majeste. Fortunately for Korney Ivanovich, he was defended by the famous lawyer Gruzenberg, who achieved an acquittal.

Chukovsky (seated left) in Ilya Repin's studio, Kuokkala, November 1910. Repin reads a message about Tolstoy's death. An unfinished portrait of Chukovsky is visible on the wall. Photo by Karl Bulla.

In 1906, Korney Ivanovich arrived in the Finnish town of Kuokkala (now Repino, Leningrad region), where he became close acquaintances with the artist Ilya Repin and the writer Korolenko. It was Chukovsky who convinced Repin to take his writing seriously and prepare a book of memoirs, “Distant Close.” Chukovsky lived in Kuokkala for about 10 years. From the combination of the words Chukovsky and Kuokkala, “Chukokkala” (invented by Repin) is formed - the name of the handwritten humorous almanac that Korney Ivanovich kept until the last days of his life.

In 1907, Chukovsky published translations of Walt Whitman. The book became popular, which increased Chukovsky's fame in the literary community. Chukovsky becomes an influential critic, trashes tabloid literature (articles about Anastasia Verbitskaya, Lydia Charskaya, “Nat Pinkerton”, etc.), wittily defends futurists - both in articles and in public lectures - from the attacks of traditional criticism (he met Mayakovsky in Kuokkala and later became friends with him), although the futurists themselves are not always grateful to him for this; develops his own recognizable style (reconstruction of the psychological appearance of the writer based on numerous quotes from him).

In 1916, Chukovsky and a delegation from the State Duma visited England again. In 1917, Patterson’s book “With the Jewish Detachment at Gallipoli” (about the Jewish Legion in the British Army) was published, edited and with a foreword by Chukovsky.

After the revolution, Chukovsky continued to engage in criticism, publishing his two most famous books about the work of his contemporaries - “The Book about Alexander Blok” (“Alexander Blok as a Man and Poet”) and “Akhmatova and Mayakovsky.” The circumstances of the Soviet era turned out to be ungrateful for critical activity, and Chukovsky had to “bury this talent in the ground,” which he later regretted.

Literary criticism

Since 1917, Chukovsky sat down to work for many years on Nekrasov, his favorite poet. Through his efforts, the first Soviet collection of Nekrasov’s poems was published. Chukovsky completed work on it only in 1926, having revised a lot of manuscripts and provided the texts with scientific comments.
In addition to Nekrasov, Chukovsky studied the biography and work of a number of other writers of the 19th century (Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Sleptsov), and participated in the preparation of text and editing of many publications. Chukovsky considered Chekhov to be the writer closest to himself in spirit.

Children's poems

The passion for children's literature, which made Chukovsky famous, began relatively late, when he was already a famous critic. In 1916, Chukovsky compiled the collection “Yolka” and wrote his first fairy tale “Crocodile”.
In 1923 his famous fairy tales “Moidodyr” and “Cockroach” were published.
Chukovsky had another passion in his life - studying the psyche of children and how they master speech. He recorded his observations of children and their verbal creativity in the book “From Two to Five” in 1933.
“All my other works are overshadowed to such an extent by my children’s fairy tales that in the minds of many readers, except for “Moidodyrs” and “Mukh-Tsokotukh”, I wrote nothing at all.”

Other works

In the 1930s Chukovsky deals a lot with the theory of literary translation (“The Art of Translation” of 1936, republished before the start of the war, in 1941, under the title “High Art”) and translations into Russian themselves (M. Twain, O. Wilde, R. Kipling, etc. , including in the form of “retellings” for children).
He begins to write memoirs, which he worked on until the end of his life (“Contemporaries” in the “ZhZL” series).

Chukovsky and the Bible for children

In the 1960s, K. Chukovsky started retelling the Bible for children. He attracted writers and literary figures to this project and carefully edited their work. The project itself was very difficult due to the anti-religious position of the Soviet government. The book entitled “The Tower of Babel and Other Ancient Legends” was published by the publishing house “Children's Literature” in 1968. However, the entire circulation was destroyed by the authorities. The first book publication available to the reader took place in 1990. In 2001, the publishing houses “Rosman” and “Dragonfly” began publishing the book under the title “The Tower of Babel and Other Biblical Legends.”

Last years

In recent years, Chukovsky has been a popular favorite, a laureate of a number of state prizes and orders, and at the same time maintained contacts with dissidents (Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, the Litvinovs, his daughter Lydia was also a prominent human rights activist). At his dacha in Peredelkino, where he lived permanently in recent years, he organized meetings with local children, talked with them, read poetry, and invited famous people, famous pilots, artists, writers, and poets to meetings. Peredelkino children, who have long since become adults, still remember these childhood gatherings at Chukovsky’s dacha.
Korney Ivanovich died on October 28, 1969 from viral hepatitis. At the dacha in Peredelkino, where the writer lived most of his life, his museum now operates.
From the memoirs of Yu.G. Oksman:

Lidia Korneevna Chukovskaya submitted in advance to the Board of the Moscow branch of the Writers' Union a list of those whom her father asked not to invite to the funeral. This is probably why Ark is not visible. Vasilyev and other Black Hundreds from literature. Very few Muscovites came to say goodbye: there was not a single line in the newspapers about the upcoming funeral service. There are few people, but, as at the funeral of Ehrenburg, Paustovsky, the police - darkness. In addition to uniforms, there are many “boys” in civilian clothes, with gloomy, contemptuous faces. The boys began by cordoning off the chairs in the hall, not allowing anyone to linger or sit down. A seriously ill Shostakovich came. In the lobby he was not allowed to take off his coat. It was forbidden to sit in a chair in the hall. There was a scandal. Civil funeral service. The stuttering S. Mikhalkov utters pompous words that do not fit in with his indifferent, even devil-may-care intonation: “From the Union of Writers of the USSR...”, “From the Union of Writers of the RSFSR...”, “From the publishing house Children's Literature.. .”, “From the Ministry of Education and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences...” All this is pronounced with stupid significance, with which, probably, the doormen of the last century, during the departure of guests, called the carriage of Count such-and-such and Prince such-and-such. Who are we burying, finally? The official bonzu or the cheerful and mocking clever Korney? A. Barto rattled off her “lesson.” Cassil performed a complex verbal pirouette to make his listeners understand how personally close he was to the deceased. And only L. Panteleev, breaking the blockade of officialdom, clumsily and sadly said a few words about the civilian face of Chukovsky. Relatives of Korney Ivanovich asked L. Kabo to speak, but when in a crowded room she sat down at the table to sketch out the text of her speech, KGB General Ilyin (in the world - secretary for organizational issues of the Moscow Writers' Organization) approached her and correctly but firmly told her, that she won’t be allowed to perform.

He was buried there, in the cemetery in Peredelkino.

Family

Wife (since May 26, 1903) - Maria Borisovna Chukovskaya (nee Maria Aron-Berovna Goldfeld, 1880-1955). Daughter of accountant Aron-Ber Ruvimovich Goldfeld and housewife Tuba (Tauba) Oizerovna Goldfeld.
The son is a poet, writer and translator Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky (1904-1965). His wife is translator Marina Nikolaevna Chukovskaya (1905-1993).
Daughter - writer Lydia Korneevna Chukovskaya (1907-1996). Her first husband was the literary critic and literary historian Caesar Samoilovich Volpe (1904-1941), her second was the physicist and popularizer of science Matvey Petrovich Bronstein (1906-1938).
Granddaughter - literary critic, chemist Elena Tsesarevna Chukovskaya (born 1931).
Daughter - Maria Korneevna Chukovskaya (1920-1931), the heroine of children's poems and father's stories.
Grandson - cinematographer Evgeny Borisovich Chukovsky (1937 - 1997).
Nephew - mathematician Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin (1919-1984).

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

August 1905-1906 - Academichesky Lane, 5;
1906 - autumn 1917 - apartment building - Kolomenskaya street, 11;
autumn 1917-1919 - apartment building I.E. Kuznetsova - Zagorodny Avenue, 27;
1919-1938 - apartment building - Manezhny Lane, 6.

Awards

Chukovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin (1957), three Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, as well as medals. In 1962, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in the USSR, and in Great Britain he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Literature Honoris causa from the University of Oxford.

List of works

Fairy tales

Aibolit (1929)
English folk songs
Barmaley (1925)
Stolen sun
Crocodile (1916)
Moidodyr (1923)
Fly-Tsokotukha (1924)
Let's defeat Barmaley! (1942)
The Adventures of Bibigon (1945-1946)
Confusion (1926)
Kingdom of Dogs (1912)
Cockroach (1921)
Telephone (1926)
Toptygin and Lisa (1934)
Toptygin and Luna
Fedorino grief (1926)
Chick
What did Mura do when they read the fairy tale “The Miracle Tree” to her?
Miracle Tree (1924)
Adventures of a white mouse

Poems for children
Glutton
Elephant reads
Zakalyaka
Piglet
Hedgehogs laugh
Sandwich
Fedotka
Turtle
Pigs
Garden
Song about poor boots
camel
Tadpoles
Bebeka
Joy
Great-great-great-grandchildren
Christmas tree
Fly in the bath

Stories
Solar
Silver coat of arms

Works on translation
Principles of Literary Translation (1919, 1920)
The Art of Translation (1930, 1936)
High Art (1941, 1964, 1966)

Preschool education
From two to five

Memories
Memories of Repin
Yuri Tynyanov
Boris Zhitkov
Irakli Andronikov

Articles
Alive as life
To the eternally youthful question
The story of my "Aibolit"
How was “Tsokotukha Fly” written?
Confessions of an old storyteller
Chukokkala page
About Sherlock Holmes
Hospital No. 11

Editions of essays
Korney Chukovsky. Collected works in six volumes. M., Publishing House "Khudozhestvennaya Literatura", 1965-1969.
Korney Chukovsky. Collected works in 15 volumes. M., Terra - Book Club", 2008.

Selected Quotes

My phone rang.
- Who's talking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel... - PHONE

I need to wash my face
In the mornings and evenings,
And to unclean chimney sweeps -
Shame and disgrace! Shame and disgrace!.. - MOIDODYR

Small children! No way

In Africa there are sharks, in Africa there are gorillas,
There are big angry crocodiles in Africa
They will bite you, beat you and offend you, -
Don't go for a walk in Africa, children!
In Africa there is a robber, in Africa there is a villain,
In Africa there is a terrible Barmaley... - BARMALEY

The name of the wonderful children's writer Korney Chukovsky is familiar to every adult in the vastness of the former USSR. More than one generation has grown up on bright, kind fairy tales and poems by Chukovsky, which our grandparents, fathers and mothers told us, and then we began to reread them ourselves.

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From a very early age, Chukovsky’s fairy tales are interesting and instructive to read; children always look forward to new meetings with the characters. In kindergartens and lower grades of school, Chukovsky’s poems are loved and recited almost more often than others, and there is a simple explanation for this. The characters, themes, and situations in Korney Ivanovich’s stories are always relevant and connected to real life, while being interesting for children, regardless of their temperament and character.

Collections of Chukovsky's works are a kind of initial encyclopedia of behavior, a “teacher” who helps the child figure out what is good and what is bad. For example, the well-known “good doctor Aibolit” will teach children love for animals, mercy, and that adults should still be obeyed. Thanks to the fascinating poems from “Moidodyr”, the well-known motto “cleanliness is the key to health” will be explained to the baby in an accessible form, and the basic concepts of hygiene will be instilled. And, at first glance, the simple poem-story “Cockroach” will teach you not to be afraid of appearance, and to deal with problems, even if you yourself are not distinguished by outstanding physical characteristics.

And these are only three of the master’s most famous works, and he has many more, and all of them can be read online for free on our resource right now. So if you are thinking about what to choose to read for children, you can safely switch to Chukovsky’s fairy tales and poems. Believe me, in this section there will be a lot of new and useful things for them, and, most likely, the children will ask to return to the moments they especially liked more than once.

Great ones about poetry:

Poetry is like painting: some works will captivate you more if you look at them closely, and others if you move further away.

Small cutesy poems irritate the nerves more than the creaking of unoiled wheels.

The most valuable thing in life and in poetry is what has gone wrong.

Marina Tsvetaeva

Of all the arts, poetry is the most susceptible to the temptation to replace its own peculiar beauty with stolen splendors.

Humboldt V.

Poems are successful if they are created with spiritual clarity.

The writing of poetry is closer to worship than is usually believed.

If only you knew from what rubbish poems grow without shame... Like a dandelion on a fence, like burdocks and quinoa.

A. A. Akhmatova

Poetry is not only in verses: it is poured out everywhere, it is all around us. Look at these trees, at this sky - beauty and life emanate from everywhere, and where there is beauty and life, there is poetry.

I. S. Turgenev

For many people, writing poetry is a growing pain of the mind.

G. Lichtenberg

A beautiful verse is like a bow drawn through the sonorous fibers of our being. The poet makes our thoughts sing within us, not our own. By telling us about the woman he loves, he delightfully awakens in our souls our love and our sorrow. He's a magician. By understanding him, we become poets like him.

Where graceful poetry flows, there is no room for vanity.

Murasaki Shikibu

I turn to Russian versification. I think that over time we will turn to blank verse. There are too few rhymes in the Russian language. One calls the other. The flame inevitably drags the stone behind it. It is through feeling that art certainly emerges. Who is not tired of love and blood, difficult and wonderful, faithful and hypocritical, and so on.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

-...Are your poems good, tell me yourself?
- Monstrous! – Ivan suddenly said boldly and frankly.
- Do not write anymore! – the newcomer asked pleadingly.
- I promise and swear! - Ivan said solemnly...

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita"

We all write poetry; poets differ from others only in that they write in their words.

John Fowles. "The French Lieutenant's Mistress"

Every poem is a veil stretched over the edges of a few words. These words shine like stars, and because of them the poem exists.

Alexander Alexandrovich Blok

Ancient poets, unlike modern ones, rarely wrote more than a dozen poems during their long lives. This is understandable: they were all excellent magicians and did not like to waste themselves on trifles. Therefore, behind every poetic work of those times there is certainly hidden an entire Universe, filled with miracles - often dangerous for those who carelessly awaken the dozing lines.

Max Fry. "Chatty Dead"

I gave one of my clumsy hippopotamuses this heavenly tail:...

Mayakovsky! Your poems do not warm, do not excite, do not infect!
- My poems are not a stove, not a sea, and not a plague!

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Poems are our inner music, clothed in words, permeated with thin strings of meanings and dreams, and therefore, drive away the critics. They are just pathetic sippers of poetry. What can a critic say about the depths of your soul? Don't let his vulgar groping hands in there. Let poetry seem to him like an absurd moo, a chaotic pile-up of words. For us, this is a song of freedom from a boring mind, a glorious song sounding on the snow-white slopes of our amazing soul.

Boris Krieger. "A Thousand Lives"

Poems are the thrill of the heart, the excitement of the soul and tears. And tears are nothing more than pure poetry that has rejected the word.

Chukovsky, Korney Ivanovich- Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky. CHUKOVSKY Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov) (1882 1969), Russian writer. Works for children in poetry and prose (“Moidodyr”, “Cockroach”, “Aibolit”, etc.) are constructed in the form... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov), Russian Soviet writer, critic, literary critic, translator. Doctor of Philology (1957). Was expelled from the 5th grade of Odessa... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (real name and last name Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov) (1882 1969) Russian writer, literary critic, Doctor of Philology. Works for children in verse and prose (Moidodyr, Cockroach, Aibolit, etc.) are constructed in the form of a comic action story... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov) (1882 1969), writer, critic, literary historian. Born in St. Petersburg, his childhood years were spent in Odessa. From August 1905 he lived in St. Petersburg at 5 Akademichesky Lane, from 1906 to... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (03/19/1882, St. Petersburg 10/28/1969, Moscow), writer, critic, literary critic. Laureate of the Lenin Prize for literary criticism; Awarded the Order of Lenin and other orders and medals. He graduated from six classes of the gymnasium. Writer, poet... Encyclopedia of Cinema

Real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov (1882 1969), Russian writer, literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1961). At the beginning of the 20th century. caustic, witty articles about Russian literature. In popular works for children in... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (born 1882; pseudonym N.I. Kornichuk) literary critic, children's writer. Ch. acted during the years of reaction after 1905 as an influential critic and feuilletonist, an exponent of the ideology of the liberal intelligentsia. Collaborated in the magazines "Russian Thought", ... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Korney Chukovsky Birth name: Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov Date of birth: March 19 (31), 1882 (18820331) Place of birth: St. Petersburg ... Wikipedia

- (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov) (1882, St. Petersburg 1969, Moscow), writer, literary critic, translator, Doctor of Philology (1957). Self-taught, he achieved a high level of education; mastered it perfectly... Moscow (encyclopedia)

CHUKOVSKY Korney Ivanovich- (real name and last name Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov) (1882–1969), Russian Soviet writer, literary critic. Fairy tales for children in verse “Crocodile” (1917), “Moidodyr”, “Cockroach” (both 1923), “The Cluttering Fly”, “Miracle Tree” (both ... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Books

• Korney Chukovsky. Fairy tales in verse, Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich. K.I. Chukovsky wrote his first fairy tale in verse for his children. And then new and new fairy tales began to appear. All the kids were already waiting for them. And then kids all over the world began to read these wonderful fairy tales...
• Korney Chukovsky. Fairy tales, songs, poems, Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich. The book includes well-known poems, songs and fairy tales by K. I. Chukovsky, beloved by readers of different generations. ISBN:978-5-378-08289-6…