The roofing market offers a wide range of varieties and color solutions in the design of corrugated board. In order to choose the right option, you should consider some specifications this material.

According to state regulations, the production of profiled sheet is carried out according to the generally accepted standard(GOST 24045-2010).

One of the most popular roofing materials is corrugated board. He has several varieties.

Profiled sheeting brand C21 stands out for its versatility. It is very often bought by summer residents, using it for the construction of their summer cottages, as well as entrepreneurs for building kiosks or sheathing storage facilities.

Thanks to their technical specifications, this material won one of the leading positions in the market of roofing materials:

• C21 has usable area profiled sheet - 1 r.m., and the total width reaches one and a half meters;
• Maximum length sheets can be 12 r.m., although when ordering they can be cut on special equipment;
• Minimum length roofing material - 2 m.p., wall - 1 m.p.
• Profiled sheet C21 May be 0.4 -0.8mm.
• Weighs a sheet corrugated board from 5.9 kg./m.p. up to 7.4 kg/m, depending on its thickness.
• wave height- 21 mm.

The production of corrugated board sheets is carried out according to GOSTs.

The modern market of roofing materials offers one of the varieties of corrugated board - C20. The marking “C” means the wall version of the corrugated board. But this marking is not unambiguous, it shows the direct purpose of the material.

In construction work, it can also be used as private house roof coverings.

Production of corrugated board starts with a galvanized blank, on which balls of protective layers are applied. Initially, these are simple, straight sheets. A profiled sheet is obtained after rolling a straight sheet through a system of rollers of a special machine.

Some technical characteristics of corrugated board C20:

• Sheet width limited to 1.15 m.p. The useful width is equal to 1.1 r.m.
• Sheet length can reach up to 12 m.p. (maximum setting).
• Minimum length can have half a meter, which will allow you to choose a corrugated board for sewing up the eaves of the roof overhang.
• Weight of the thinnest corrugated board 0.4 mm. - weighs 3.9 kg.
• Weight of the thickest corrugated board 0.7 mm. - 6.7 kg.
• wave height- 20mm.

Profiled C20 is excellent material for roofing and for sheathing overhang.

Profiled C8 designated as wall. Its peculiarity is that it is very thin (the wave height is only 8mm). Among all types of materials of this type, it is mainly applied to light structures.

Despite its thinness and lightness, it has sufficient strength and durability to mechanical damage.

It is rarely used for roofing. Profiled C8 does not tolerate direct loads. If it is used for roofing, there is a high probability of its deflection from the weight of snow or when walking on it. Therefore, it is used purely for walls.

Very wide corrugated board used in the production of sandwich panels. Thanks to the filler, C8 increases its strength characteristics.

The thinnest C8 has a thickness of 0.4mm. The weight of a running meter with such a thickness does not exceed 3.87 kg. With a thickness of more than 0.4mm, the weight can reach about 5.5 kg. The maximum sheet thickness stops at 0.6mm. (weight 5.57). The width of the C8 corrugated board is 1.2 m. The maximum sheet length is 5 m.

Also watch a video describing the characteristics of corrugated board

Decking is a corrugated metal, nowadays it is actively used in construction. The popularity of corrugated board is explained by its reasonable price, practicality, aesthetic appeal. This material is distinguished by its purpose, the length of the sheets, their thickness, shape, wave height. Corrugations are rectangular, trapezoidal, sinusoidal and even more complex in structure.

Modern manufacturers offer us the most different types corrugated board, each grade of this material is intended for specific purpose. It is no secret that absolutely all types of profiled sheets are made from galvanized steel coils by cold rolling. It is the specificity of production that ensures this unique material the safety of its polymer coating. The main varieties of corrugated board are roofing, wall (it is also called "facade"), bearing (used as a frame).

Letter marking of corrugated board

The marking of almost any building material can tell a lot about someone who understands it. That is why every professional builder and repairman simply must be able to read the markings of materials, including corrugated board. IN this case marking will be alphanumeric.

Letters are usually placed at the beginning of the brand, there are four types of them:

1. Profiled H is a profiled bearing sheet, universal, it is the most durable, this can be safely used in the most difficult conditions. Differs in the maximum height of a wave and thickness of steel. In addition, only sheets of this type have a groove in the center of the wave, which increases rigidity.
2. The professional flooring of NS is a material of bearing and wall type. It can be called an intermediate option between simple corrugated board and the same sheets, but with increased rigidity. NS sheets can be used for almost any purpose and design, while they are cheaper. They sheathe the roof, walls, sheds and gates are made of them, they are even used as formwork for a monolithic ceiling.
3. Profiled C is suitable only as a wall material. C8 corrugated board, C10 corrugated board, C20 corrugated board, C21 corrugated board can be called as thin as possible, the height of its waves is small, the sheets are distinguished by the thinness of steel.
4. The MP professional flooring is actually a metal polymer, the material is quite interesting. All its characteristics - thickness, length, width, wave height, practically correspond to the same corrugated polycarbonate sheets. MP 20 corrugated board and sheets with other MP markings are an ideal material for roof structures that are assembled above attics. The right combination of transparent polycarbonate sheets and durable corrugated board allows for natural lighting in the attic. It is possible to choose the most suitable version of this material, from many types of decorative and protective coatings, with different characteristics. Some of them are so strong that they cannot be scratched even with a nail.

Accordingly, the marking reflects the technical indicators of the building material, which are laid down at the production stage. This is how, for example, the process of manufacturing C8 grade corrugated board at our enterprise takes place:

The meaning of the numbers in the marking of corrugated board

As you already understood, the letter in the marking (it usually comes first) means the type of sheet. The second number following the letter is the sheet height in millimeters. For example, C20 corrugated board is a wall sheet with a profile height of 20 millimeters, and H75 corrugated board is a sheet with a height of 75 millimeters.

The third digit is the thickness of the steel that was used to stamp the sheet, the indicator is also given in millimeters.

The number following it indicates the mounting width of the profile in millimeters.

The last digit is the maximum sheet length in millimeters. It is quite natural that the length of the sheets may differ, because when ordering a batch, the profile is cut to the desired length.

Thus, it turns out that, for example, the marking of corrugated board C20-0.55-750-12000 means that this sheet is intended for wall fencing, has a height of 20 mm, is made of metal 0.55 mm thick, and is supplied in profiles 0, 75x12 m.

The choice of material will be a simple matter for anyone who knows how to read its markings correctly, because it contains almost all the information a true master needs.

The most common types of corrugated board

There are a great many types of corrugated board, below is a short list of them:

• for wall fencing, C10 corrugated board is often used, sheets of this material, especially skillfully painted, perfectly imitate wood paneling;
• C17 corrugated board is considered quite versatile, it can be safely purchased to make a roof, a fence, a fence, an outbuilding, such sheets can be painted, it is better to do this on both sides, with polymer enamel;
• C18 sheets are ideal for roofing - they can be painted on both sides with polymer enamel, they are quite strong and rigid;

• sheets C21 - the most popular type of corrugated board, they have optimal rigidity and strength;
• corrugated board HC 35 is also quite versatile, suitable for walls, enclosing structures, roofs and fences, for the production of corrugated board 35, a durable steel sheet with galvanization up to 0.8 mm is used;
• corrugated board NS 44 1000 is no less popular, designed for wall fencing and roofing, its peculiarity is that it has its own economically driven scope;
• C44 sheets are optimal in all respects, they are needed for metal structures, protective and decorative wall cladding, various wall structures;
• sheets H 57750 of wide application are considered almost universal, they fully comply with the criteria of GOST;

• H 60 corrugated board, like H 57 corrugated board, is suitable for metal roofing, as well as as a supporting structure in order to create a soft roof;
• corrugated board H 75 750 - such sheets are suitable for formwork, ceilings, external metal roofing, quite often corrugated board 75 is used as metal frames, for steel structures of metal buildings, this type of material can be safely used even in difficult climatic conditions;
• corrugated board H-114 750 means that corrugations (waves) of profiled boarding have a maximum height, the highest load-bearing capacity, and a trapezoidal shape that ideally meets the GOST criteria;
• corrugated board C8 1150 - these are profiled sheets, for fences and walls with a wave height of 8 mm, marking corrugated board 1150 is a designation of useful width;
• corrugated board NS 35 is a load-bearing sheet, characterized by a harmonious combination of low weight, moderate price and high bearing capacity.

The professional flooring represents sheets from thin-sheet galvanized steel with a corrugated surface. Most often, the profile of its surface in cross section has the shape of a wave or a trapezoid. Like any other brand, C20-1100 corrugated board is obtained by profiling metal sheets by cold rolling on special mills. As a result of such processing, the bearing capacity and longitudinal rigidity of the sheet metal increases many times, which allows the use of c-20 corrugated board for the manufacture of structures subject to significant static and dynamic loads.

Profiled C20 - photo appearance

Professional sheet S-20 - production and purpose and scope

Requirements for the production of corrugated board and quality finished products regulated by GOST 24045-94 and TU-11 2000-004-1394544-06. A profile sheet is produced from the following feedstock:

1. Galvanized corrugated board C-20 - from rolled cold-rolled steel grades 01 and 220-350 in accordance with GOST R 52246-2004 with a zinc protective coating.
2. Galvanized corrugated board C20 with an additional color protective and decorative coating - made of galvanized steel with a polymer coating in accordance with GOST R 52146-2003.

All profiled metal sheets manufactured for construction needs can be divided into three main groups. This wall(marked with the letter C), carrier(marked with the letter H) and universal(marked with the letters HC) corrugated board. Different types of profiled sheets differ in the shape and size of the profile, the presence of additional stiffeners and capillary grooves.

Galvanized corrugated sheet S-20 belongs to wall profiles, but, due to the large margin of safety, it can also be used as a load-bearing corrugated board.

The c-20 corrugated board is made from rolled sheet steel, with a thickness of 0.45 to 0.7 mm, the sheet length can be from 0.5 to 12 m with a cutting ratio of 0.5 m.

S-20 corrugated board - photo of a corrugated board with a color protective and decorative coating

For additional protection against corrosion, C20 galvanized corrugated board is coated with polyester, plastisol, pural, armacor, PVDF or other polymer compositions. In addition to high resistance to external influences, these coatings can be painted in the most various colors and look very attractive.

All this significantly expands the scope of C20 corrugated board. At present, a profiled sheet with a wave of 20 mm is widely used in the most various fields construction.

Profiled S-20 - scope

C20 corrugated board is used for roofing of both industrial and civil buildings with crate step not less than 0.4 m. This material is widely used for the construction of roofs and in individual residential construction.

Most often, a professional sheet with a colored polymer coating is used for roofing, but for industrial and prefabricated buildings and structures, C20 roofing sheeting with a zinc coating is still used.

Basically, it concerns temporary buildings and structures. Galvanized corrugated board S-20, the price of which is much less than that of colored, has, at the same time, a fairly long service life. For 10-15 years, it retains all its consumer qualities even with multiple transfers of prefabricated modular buildings. And this allows you to significantly reduce the payback period for construction costs.

Professional sheet S-20 - photo of the fence of a personal plot

Since this material belongs to wall corrugated board, the profiled sheet for the S-20 fence is no less widely used for its intended purpose - for mounting wall fencing and cladding the walls of buildings and structures for various purposes. These are wall structures of various pavilions, change houses, garages, and insulated sandwich panels of the walls of large shopping and sports complexes. Therefore, without exaggeration, we can say that C20 fence corrugated board is one of the most popular brands of profiled sheet.

Profiled C20 - technical specifications

A very important advantage of the C20 profiled sheet is the ease of its installation. Due to the small thickness of the metal, sheet fitting can be done with simple and inexpensive hand tools right on the construction site.

Profiled C20 - profile dimensions

It can be seen from the given figure that main dimensional characteristics corrugated board S-20 are as follows:

• full sheet width - 1140 mm;
• working (useful) sheet width - 1100 mm;
• profile height (waves) - 20 mm;
• trapezoid pitch (waves) - 137.5 mm;

The weight of C20 corrugated board is small, so sheets of this material of almost any size can be lifted and laid on the roof without the use of expensive lifting mechanisms. Due to this, using C20 corrugated board, the sheet dimensions of which can reach 12.5 m in length, it is possible to perform roofing with a minimum number of joints. And this not only reduces the likelihood of a violation of the tightness of the roof, but also reduces the consumption of materials necessary for the installation of the roof.

The tables below show the main technical characteristics of the material.

S-20 corrugated board - technical specifications for calculating sheet weight and purchase volume

Brand corrugated board	working width corrugated board C20, mm	Profiled sheet, weight С20 in kg		Profiled S-20, dimensions limit deviations, mm
		l.m. length	useful m², kg	in height	by latitude	by lenght
Decking S20-1100-0.45	1100	4,9	4,5	±1.0	±8.0	+10
Profiled S20-1100-0.5		5,4	4,9
Decking S20-1100-0.55		5,9	5,4
Profiled S20-1100-0.6		6,4	5,8
Decking S20-1100-0.65		6,9	6,3
Profiled S20-1100-0.7		7,4	6,7

Notes

When purchasing a C20 profiled sheet, the dimensions of which, for example, are 1100 × 6000, the weight of one sheet can be determined in one of two ways:

• 4.9 kg (the weight of 1 running meter of C20 corrugated board 0.45 mm thick) is multiplied by 6.0 m (sheet length) and we get the weight of one sheet of 29.4 kg.
• 4.5 kg (weight of 1 m² of C20 corrugated board 0.45 mm thick) multiplied by 1.1 m (useful sheet width) and 6.0 m (sheet length), we get 29.7 kg. The difference in the result of calculations is associated with rounding of tabular data to the first digit after the decimal point.

Profiled sheet S-20 - characteristics for calculating the strength of structures

Brand profiled sheet	Weight p.m., kg	Weight m², kg	Square section, cm²	Reference values for calculation load capacity (per 1 m profile width)
				With compressed narrow profile shelves			With compressed wide profile shelves
				Moment inertia, cm4	Moment resistance, cm3		Moment inertia, cm4	Moments resistance, cm3
					WH1	WH2		WH1	WH2
Professional sheet S20-1000-0.5	5,42	4,93	6,24	2,24	2,76	2,07	3,94	3,52	7,17
Professional sheet С20-1000-0.55	5,91	5,37	6,88	2,52	2,95	2,31	4,25	3,83	7,47
Professional sheet S20-1000-0.7	7,4	6,73	8,75	3,52	3,54	3,13	5,26	4,77	8,24

How to buy profiled sheet S-20 and at what price

You can buy S-20 corrugated board in any building hypermarket chain store or directly from one of the many manufacturers by placing an order by phone or e-mail.

C20 corrugated board - price for galvanized and painted corrugated board

Brand profiled sheet	Thickness metal, mm	Linear weight, kg	Width leaf, mm		Profiled S-20, price VAT included, rub.
					up to 3 t	from 3 up to 10 t	from 21 t
			working	complete	running meters	running meters	running meters
Professional sheet, characteristics C20 with zinc protective coating
Profiled S-20-1100	0,4	4,4	1100	1150	197	188	184
	0,5	5,4			225	214	209
	0,55	5,9			246	235	230
	0,7	7,4			292	278	272
Professional sheet, characteristics C20 with polymer protective coating
Profiled S-20-1100	0,4	4,4	1100	1150	249	238	232
	0,5	5,4			292	279	272
	0,7	7,4			396	378	371

Notes

1. For S-20 corrugated board, the price is indicated for a profiled sheet made from rolled products 01 in accordance with GOST R 52246-2004 (OH steel in accordance with GOST 14918-80).
2. Colored corrugated board can be made with polyester, PVDF, pural or plastisol coating. The cover can be either one-sided or two-sided.
3. For the painted S-20 profiled sheet, the price is indicated for profiled steel sheet with hot zinc coating and an additional protective and decorative polyester coating.
4. For C20 corrugated board, the price per sheet is determined by multiplying the price of 1 running meter. to the length of the sheet.

In the above table, the price for the C20 profiled sheet is indicated approximately. The cost of corrugated board can vary significantly for each individual region. Therefore, you can buy C20 corrugated board after specifying its cost at the time of placing an order with a seller or a regional representative of one of the manufacturers. Each batch of goods must be accompanied by a manufacturer's certificate, which must indicate the batch number, by which you can always check the origin of the goods.

S-20 corrugated board - photo of substandard profiled sheet with polymer coating defects

Sometimes you can buy a C20 profiled sheet at a lower price. Some manufacturers at reduced prices sell so-called substandard products that have deviations from the technical parameters regulated by GOST. It is unlikely that such material should be used to cover the roof of a country cottage, but it is quite suitable for the construction of various sheds and auxiliary buildings.

C20 corrugated board is universal, durable and reliable, and its price is fully consistent with the technical characteristics and quality. Therefore, when building a backyard or suburban area, this material is simply irreplaceable. A bright colored C20 profiled sheet with a polymer coating will make your home elegant and attractive, and a fence built from this material will stand up to the most strong gusts wind.

The word "fascism" is one of the most mythical terms of our time. Sometimes it seems that it is applied to almost everything bad. But how to recognize real fascism? What are its main features? On February 19, 2016, at the age of 84, the world famous Italian scientist, writer and philosopher Umberto Eco, who was born and raised during the heyday and collapse of Italian fascism, which laid the foundation for all modern manifestations of fascism and Nazism, passed away. In addition to numerous scientific works, essays and several novels, Umberto Eco became known as the author of one of the most authoritative definitions and descriptions of fascism, its foundations and features. In his 1995 article entitled "Ur-Fascism", Eco wrote that the word "fascism" over the past 100 years meant quite different ideologies in composition, and that the manifestations of fascism can be very different depending on the cultural-temporal context and other circumstances. . However, 14 properties characteristic of "radical fascism" can be distinguished. As the author writes, “These properties are not a general system. Many of them contradict each other, and may also be inherent in other forms of despotism and fanaticism. However, the presence of one of these properties is enough to start the formation of fascism. In the same 1995, the famous Russian writer Boris Strugatsky also wrote about the signs of fascism, with quotes from which I decided to supplement Umberto Eco's reasoning.

1. Cult of tradition

Although traditionalism itself is an ancient phenomenon, and could well exist without any fascism, all known fascist movements relied on the ideas of traditionalists who looked for meaning in the legacy of the past: in ancient symbols, folk rituals, legends and mythology. An example is the systematic use by the Nazis of pagan symbols, including the swastika, rituals and symbols of the Holy Roman Empire. Praising the wisdom and traditions of the ancestors to the level of a folk cult, reinforces traditional views, orders and foundations as undeniably righteous. Accordingly, any development of knowledge and beliefs, any evolution of the mentality and value system, are a priori considered as erroneous and harmful phenomena. For traditionalists, the truth has long been designated, and any deviation from it can only be in the direction of untruth and evil.

A scene from Rome.

Picket of the American movement of young traditionalists. The slogan on the poster: "Kin, tradition, trinity."

2. Denial of modernity

According to Eco, traditionalists, as a rule, perceive new technologies and trends with hostility, seeing them as a challenge to traditional and spiritual values. And although both the Italian fascists and the German Nazis were proud of their industrial achievements, their entire ideology was based on the denial modern world as a product of Western capitalist plutocracy and the moral corruption of the renaissance era, which opposed such a vile thing as common sense to traditional values. In this sense, writes Eco, native fascism can be described as irrationalism.

Strugatsky: "Fascism is feudalism that has been delayed in its development, has survived the age of steam, and the age of electricity, and the age of the atom, and is ready to survive the age of space flights and artificial intelligence."

3. Action for the sake of action

The fascists of the 1930s treated intellectuals with contempt, because intellectual thinking questions the "why" and "why" of any action. Fascists stubbornly refuse to find justification for their actions, because they see beauty in the action itself, even if there is no rational explanation for it. Marches, pogroms, symbolism changes, black shirts, Hitler salutes, pompous constructions without practical application- all this is difficult to justify rationally in response to the question “why?”, By posing which the liberal intelligentsia has always aroused the fierce hatred of the Nazis, for which they were accused by the latter of betraying traditional values.

4. Disagreement = betrayal

Fascism does not allow pluralism of opinions. Since the truth is one for traditionalists, everyone who tries to question it is enemies and traitors. Such categoricalness is very typical both for pre-war fascist movements and for modern ultra-right organizations.

5. Xenophobia

This ancient bestial instinct - hostility to everything alien, foreign, incomprehensible, unusual, abnormal - is a fertile soil for the birth of fascism. All manifestations of intolerance - racism, anti-Semitism, antigypsyism, homophobia, contempt for the mentally retarded and underdeveloped, as well as hostility to foreign influence were more than clearly observed in the rhetoric and actions of the Nazis and fascists in the pre-war period. Exactly the same manifestations, in different proportions, we observe today among the ultra-right movements and tendencies that are gaining strength again.

Strugatsky: “A nationalist always thinks in terms of “friends or foes”, “ours or not ours”, “frare thieves”, he easily writes down entire nations as scoundrels, or fools, or bandits. This is the most important sign of fascist ideology - the division of people into "ours and not ours."

Propaganda poster: "The Jew is a warmonger."

Propaganda poster of the Czech right bloc Usvit. “Jobs for ours, not for immigrants.”

6. Irritability of the masses

It is no coincidence that fascist movements have always gained particular popularity during difficult times, cataclysms, economic stagnation, and national humiliation (for example, in Germany after the defeat in the First World War). Resentment and malice among the masses makes them susceptible to aggressive appeals. An irritated person is less likely to think rationally. He wants to vent his aggression. And if rational thinking finds it hard to find useful application this aggression in the absence of objective evidence of someone's guilt, then irrational thinking always easily finds scapegoats (traitors, Jews, immigrants, etc.). It is no coincidence that today in countries with economic difficulties, far-right movements are gaining more popularity than in prosperous and rich countries.

7. Nationalism and conspiracy ideas

In a society suffering from an inferiority complex, fascism is presented as a kind of medicine, because it makes the main reason for pride that is common to almost everyone - to be born in this country. The idea of ​​patriotism works effectively only in the presence of external enemies, without which patriotism loses all meaning. (What's the point of rooting for a football team that never plays with anyone?) So at the heart of fascism is an obsession with conspiracies. People must feel that they are in an enemy ring. Xenophobia helps a lot in cultivating this belief, because people with great enthusiasm believe in the meanness of everyone they don’t like anyway. The conspiracy can be international (Anglo-Saxon imperialism, the specter of communism), but also internal (the same traitors, fifth column, immigrants, Jews). With the Jews, the Nazis, in general, everything stuck together perfectly, because the Jewish conspiracy could, if desired, be considered both within the country and in world politics.

Strugatsky: “Sometimes dictatorship can somehow still be somehow justified, at the very least, but still reasonably, while nationalism can be justified only through lies - some kind of fake “Protocols” or ranting that “Jews have drunk the Russian people”, "all Caucasians are born bandits" and the like. That's why fascists lie. And they always lied."

8. Contradictory image of the enemy

The enemy must look strong and weak at the same time. He can be richer, more developed, well-armed, but at the same time stupid and cowardly. Thus, in the very image of the enemy, a scenario that inspires patriots is initially laid down, when a weaker, but more cunning and courageous one will definitely win in the end. By believing in this image, people will understand the seriousness of the threat, but at the same time they will not be too afraid of the enemy, for they believe in an inevitable victory. Umberto Eco argues that all fascist regimes are doomed to defeat in wars precisely because of their inability to objectively assess the power of the enemy.

Propaganda poster of the Danish Nazis "Against Bolshevism and Capitalism".

9. The cult of war

Pacifism is tantamount to fraternization with the enemy. Fighting is the meaning of life. Peaceful fascism is unthinkable. Militarism was observed in all spheres of life of the fascist regimes - festive military parades were held, monuments to heroic soldiers were built, the military industry flourished, children with early years prepared for war. In this light, it is not surprising that modern far-right movements, despite peacetime, like to march in camouflage.

Hitlerjugend. Long before the Second World War (1933), the cult of war was instilled in young people through rituals and paraphernalia.

10. The cult of strength and power

The idea of ​​popular elitism - belonging to the greatest people in the world - itself implies the superiority of some over others, the best over the worst, the strong over the weak. If our people are the most powerful, heroic, spiritually righteous, then there are peoples who, in these respects, are, on the contrary, the weakest, pitiful, nasty. With this approach, one nation should cause admiration, and the other, respectively, contempt. If a society allows such logic, then an elitist hierarchy is also formed within society itself, cultivating strength and despising weakness. The superiors are lifted up to heaven, they glorify the strength and courage of the leaders, while wiping their feet on the lower ones.

11. Cult of heroism and death

In a fascist society, heroism is the norm. Each person must be a hero, perform feats and, if necessary, give his life for his homeland. Moreover, heroic death is the main inspirational image that fascist ideologists broadcast to their followers, praising the fallen heroes and spreading stories about their deadly exploits. This theme is very popular in the texts of modern songs of the "White Power" genre.

12. Cult of masculinity

In fascism - male face. And not just the face. The images used by the Nazis are dominated by stereotypically masculine features: strength, muscles, weapons, phallic forms. You will not find a fascist propaganda poster with kittens and pink bows. Fascism is a tough, aggressive ideology with the face of a brutal macho, alpha male. It is this image that the Nazis usually give to their leaders and heroes. Gentlemen don't fit in. Manifestations of femininity, as well as non-standard sexual orientation are despised. This image has high strength attraction, both for men and for women, because it relies on the basic animal instincts of reproduction and pack behavior.

Text on the poster: "We strengthen the body and spirit."

13. Selective populism

On the one hand, fascism is a fundamentally populist ideology that mobilizes the majority with the help of simple answers to the problems that concern the majority (having previously packaged these problems in a format that is simplified and understandable to the masses who are not used to thinking). Worried about migrants? Kick out the migrants! Annoyed by some newfangled stuff? Ban newfangled stuff! Does the newspaper write unpatriotic things? Close the paper! Don't like gays? Ban homosexuality! Tired of the Jewish conspiracy? Send the Jews to a concentration camp! At the same time, the fascists always justify their actions by the "will of the people." It is clear that a whole people cannot have one common will. Maybe at best the will of the majority. And since, on the other hand, the fascists do not intend to reckon with the opinion of the majority in matters that do not fit into the fascist paradigm, they take on the role of "the voice of the people." A person must believe that the will of the people always stands behind the actions of the fascist government, and if he himself doubts, then he is the only one. Taking on the role of the voice of the people, the Nazis are trying to discredit any opponents as traitors and anti-people mercenaries of external enemies. It is with the help of such rhetoric that the fascists manage to convince the masses that democratic institutions, the parliament, are not able to fulfill the will of the people, and therefore the main power must be entrusted to the “voice of the people”. Something like this happened in Germany and Italy, when, with the consent of the broad masses, parliamentary democracy was replaced by fascism.

Poster text: "National Socialism is the organized will of the people."

14. Newspeak and substitution of concepts

Eco writes that all fascist and Nazi textbooks resorted to strong linguistic simplifications in order to limit the possibilities of interpretation and critical evaluation of the information presented. By creating simple and set expressions for rather complex and controversial phenomena, the Nazis simultaneously put their subjective assessment into these expressions, thereby rooting their vision of the world in the heads of those who used this newspeak. How it works? Very simple. For example, one might say that neutralized threat state stability, but we can say that the leaders of civil protest were shot. One can say warning blow, but you can say military invasion. This is how the proletarian international easily becomes a red plague, democratic countries become a capitalist plutocracy, the parliamentary opposition becomes a fifth column, and the more often people hear these expressions, the easier it is for them to believe in fascist myths about traitors and enemies, about an external threat and its priority over everyday problems.

Strugatsky: “Expressions like “demo-fascist” or “fascist democrat” are completely meaningless and illiterate. This is the same absurdity as "ice boiling water" or "fragrant stench." A democrat, yes, can be a nationalist to some extent, but by definition he is an enemy of any and every dictatorship, and therefore he simply does not know how to be a fascist. Just as no fascist knows how to be a democrat, a supporter of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of rallies and demonstrations, he is always for one freedom - the freedom of the Iron Hand.

Fascism may return under the guise of fighting fascism

"Fascists of the future will call themselves anti-fascists." — Winston Churchill

Umberto Eco warns that although all these 14 signs can exist separately without fascism, each of them is a seed from which fascism grows if it is not exposed in time. Eco writes that radical fascism still lives among us, and it can be reborn under the most innocent guise. Even the appearance of fighters against fascism can become such a look. Since the word "fascist" has long become a household word, modern fascists certainly will not apply this concept to themselves. However, they can best traditions newspeak and substitution of concepts to stick the stigma of "fascists" on their enemies. And in order to become an enemy of a fascist, it is enough, as we already know, to simply disagree with his policy, which the fascist himself may well crown as “anti-fascist”. After all, inconsistency and irrationality are natural features of fascism.

Finally, another quote from Strugatsky, addressing modern nationalists and supporters of authoritarianism:

“The road of history has long been rolled, the logic of history is merciless, and as soon as your Fuhrers come to power, a well-functioning conveyor will start working: elimination of dissidents - suppression of the inevitable protest - concentration camps, gallows - decline of the peaceful economy - militarization - war ... And if you, having come to your senses, if you want to stop this terrible conveyor at some point, you will be mercilessly destroyed, like the last democrat-internationalist.

Your banners will not be red-brown, but, for example, black-orange. You will not shout “Heil” in your meetings, but, say, “Glory!” You will not have Sturmbannfuehrers, but there will be some kind of captain brigadiers, but the essence of fascism - the dictatorship of the Nazis - will remain, which means that lies, blood, war will remain - now, perhaps, nuclear. We live in dangerous times. Plague in our house. First of all, it strikes the offended and humiliated, and there are so many of them now.

Umberto Eco (1932-2016) - Italian scientist, philosopher, specialist in semiotics and medieval aesthetics, cultural theorist, literary critic, writer, publicist.

Boris Strugatsky (1933-2012) - Soviet and Russian writer, screenwriter, translator.

The cult of tradition, the rejection of modernity, disagreement is betrayal, pacifism is fraternization with the enemy, newspeak, “judgment of the people on TV”, contempt for intellectuals: back in 1995, the Italian writer Umeberto Eco compiled 14 signs of fascism. Anyone can run their country through this list to see if we are in a "dark time".

Today, the concept of "fascism" has been devalued, turning both in state propaganda and at the grassroots, "people's" level into a stamp marking the objectionable. This is especially evident in the situation of the current crisis in Ukraine. Both conflicting parties - Russians and Ukrainians - juggle this word, trying to use it to justify their actions and strike at the enemy.

Meanwhile, if we abstract from propaganda cliches and just look into history, one can relatively easily see the main signs of real fascism. In 1995, the great Italian writer Umberto Eco tried to do this. He presented the schematization of fascism at a symposium held by the Italian and French departments of Columbia University (USA). Since Eco's audience was students, the writer deliberately simplified the scheme somewhat, making it accessible for perception and understanding. ordinary people. This report, in a slightly edited form, was later published under the title "Eternal Fascism" in June of that year.

Umberto Eco compiled a list of 14 typical characteristics of "eternal fascism" (ur-fascism). If a society has 6-7 signs from this list, then it is close to the onset of fascism (then everything will roll like a snowball).

Fascism has not remained in the historical past. Fascism today is not limited to the activities of individual extremist groups. Fascism is by no means a marginal phenomenon. Fascism, having retreated politically, gave the modern world those technologies of power that continue to be used to this day. He left us a language that we cannot overcome, constantly forgetting about its origins. We continue to speak and interpret in a fascist spirit, and those few attempts to point this out are clashed with lamentations about an encroachment on the “great state”, “ great story”, “great people” and, of course, to “great traditions”, which for some reason again and again come down to a set of militaristic images on duty, in which the unorganized masses should feel their unity.

1) The first characteristic of ur-fascism is the cult of tradition. Traditionalism is older than fascism. It dominates counter-revolutionary Catholic thought after the French Revolution, but it originated in the late Hellenistic period as a reaction to the rationalism of classical Greece.

It follows from it that there is no place for the development of knowledge. The truth has already been proclaimed once and for all; it remains only to interpret its dark words. It is enough to look at the "clips" of any fascist cultures: they include only traditionalist thinkers. The German-fascist gnosis was fed from traditionalist, syncretist, occult sources. The most important theoretical source of the new Italian right, Julius Evola, confuses the Grail with the "Protocols Elders of Zion”, alchemy with the Holy Roman Empire. The very fact that, in order to broaden their horizons, a section of the Italian right has now expanded the trap to include De Maistre, Guénon and Gramsci is a brilliant demonstration of syncretism.

2) Traditionalism inevitably leads to rejection of modernism. Both the Italian fascists and the German Nazis seemed to love technology, while traditionalist thinkers usually stigmatized technology, seeing it as a negation of traditional spiritual values. But, in fact, Nazism enjoyed only the external aspect of its industrialization. In the depths of his ideology, the theory of Blut und Boden - "Blood and Soil" dominated. The denial of the modern world was carried out under the sign of the denial of capitalist modernity. This is essentially a denial of the spirit of 1789 (and also, of course, 1776) - the spirit of the Enlightenment. The Age of Rationalism is seen as the beginning of modern depravity. Therefore, ur-fascism can be defined as irrationalism.

3) Irrationalism is strongly associated with the cult of action for the sake of action. Action is beautiful in itself and therefore is carried out outside and without reflection. Thinking is an unmanly thing. Culture is viewed with suspicion as a potential bearer of a critical attitude. Everything is here: Goebbels’s statement “When I hear the word “culture”, I grab my gun”, and cute commonplaces about intellectual slobs, egg-headed intellectuals, radical snobbery and universities – hotbeds of communist infection. Suspicion of the intellectual world always signals the presence of ur-fascism. Official fascist thinkers were mainly engaged in accusing contemporary culture and the liberal intelligentsia of departing from eternal values.

4) No form of syncretism can withstand criticism. The critical approach operates with distinctions, while distinctions are an attribute of modernity. IN contemporary culture the scientific community respects disagreement as the basis for the development of science. In the eyes of ur-fascism, disagreement is betrayal.

5) Disagreement is also a sign of otherness. Ur-fascism grows and seeks consensus, exploiting the innate fear of the foreign. The first slogans of the fascist or pre-fascist movement are directed against foreigners. Ur-fascism is thus, by definition, involved in racism.

6) Ur-fascism is born out of individual or social frustration. Therefore, all historical fascisms relied on frustrated middle classes that suffered from some kind of economic or political crisis and were afraid of the threat from the irritated lower classes. In our time, when the former "proletarians" are turning into the petty bourgeoisie, and the lumpen are withdrawing themselves from political life, fascism will find an excellent audience in this new majority.

7) For those who are generally socially disadvantaged, ur-fascism says that the only guarantee of their privileges is the fact of being born in a certain country. This is how nationalism is forged. And the only thing that can unite a nation is enemies. Therefore, at the heart of ur-fascist psychology lies an obsession with the idea of ​​a conspiracy, if possible international. People should feel besieged. The best way to focus the audience on the conspiracy - to use the springs of xenophobia. However, an internal conspiracy is also suitable, the Jews are well suited for this, because they are at the same time, as it were, inside and, as it were, outside.

8) Members should feel offended by the fact that the enemies flaunt their wealth, flaunt their strength. When I was little, I was told that the British were "a nation of five meals a day." The English eat more intensively than the poor but honest Italians. The Jews are still rich, besides, they help their own, have a secret network of mutual assistance. This is on the one hand; at the same time, the members are convinced that they will be able to defeat any enemy. Thus, thanks to the fluctuation of rhetorical strings, enemies are drawn at the same time as both too strong and too weak. For this reason, fascisms are doomed to always lose wars: they are not able to objectively assess the combat capability of the enemy.

People turned into zombies when they abandoned any attempt to comprehend their own behavior and came to a state where they could accept anything, anything, everything that came from outside. “Those who survived understood what they did not realize before: they have the last, but perhaps the most important human freedom - to choose their own in any circumstances. own attitude to what's going on."

9) For ur-fascism there is no struggle for life, but there is life for the sake of struggle. If so, pacifism is unambiguous fraternization with the enemy. Pacifism is reprehensible because life is eternal struggle. At the same time, there is a complex doomsday. Since the enemy must be - and will be - destroyed, this means that the final battle will take place, as a result of which this movement will gain complete control over the world. In the light of such a “total solution”, an era of universal peace, the Golden Age, is supposed to come.

However, this counteracts the thesis of permanent war, and no fascist leader has yet been able to resolve the resulting contradiction.

10) For all reactionary ideologies, elitism is typical, due to its deep aristocracy. Throughout history, all aristocratic and militaristic elitisms have been based on contempt for the weak.

Ur-fascism professes populist elitism. Ordinary citizens are the best people in the world. The party is made up of the best ordinary citizens. An ordinary citizen can (or is obliged) to become a member of the party.

However, there can be no patricians without plebeians. The Leader, who knows that he did not gain power by delegation, but seized it by force, also understands that his strength is based on the weakness of the mass, and this mass is weak enough to need and deserve the Rider.

Therefore, in such societies, organized hierarchically (according to the militaristic model), each individual leader despises, on the one hand, his superiors, and on the other, his subordinates.

This strengthens mass elitism.

11) Everyone and everyone is brought up to become a hero. In myths, the hero embodies a rare, extraordinary being; however, in the ideology of ur-fascism, heroism is the norm. The cult of heroism is directly connected with the cult of death. It is no coincidence that the motto of the Falangists was Viva la muerte! normal people they say that death is distressing, but it will be necessary to meet it with dignity. Believers are told that death is a painful method of achieving supernatural bliss. The hero of ur-fascism craves death, which is foreseen for him as the best compensation for heroic life. The hero of ur-fascism cannot bear to die. In heroic impatience, we note in parentheses, he happens to kill others much more often.

12) Since both permanent war and heroism are rather difficult games, ur-fascism transfers its desire for power to the sexual sphere. The cult of masculinity is based on this (that is, disregard for women and the merciless persecution of any non-conformist sexual habits: from chastity to homosexuality). Since sex is also a rather difficult game, the hero of ur-fascism is played with a pistol, that is, an ersatz phallus. The constant war games have as their background the inescapable invidia penis.

13) Ur-fascism is built on qualitative (qualitative) populism. In a democracy, citizens enjoy individual rights; the totality of citizens exercises their political rights only if there is a quantitative (quantitative) basis: the decisions of the majority are executed. In the eyes of ur-fascism, the individual has no individual rights, and the People appears as a quality, as a monolithic unity, expressing the total will. Since no number of human beings can really have a collective will, the Leader claims to represent all. Having lost the right to delegate, ordinary citizens do not act, they are only called - part for the whole - to play the role of the People. The people thus exist as an exclusively theatrical phenomenon.

For an example of quality populism, you don't have to look to the Nuremberg Stadium or the crowded Roman square in front of Mussolini's balcony. In our near future, the prospect of high-quality populism is television or the Internet electronic network, which are able to present the emotional reaction of a selected group of citizens as a “judgment of the people”.

Standing firmly on its qualitative populism, ur-fascism takes up arms against the "rotten parliamentary democracies". The first thing Mussolini said in his speech to the Italian parliament was: "I would like to turn this deaf, gray hall into a gym for my children." He, of course, quickly found a much better home for "his children", but nevertheless dispersed the parliament.

Whenever a politician calls into question the legitimacy of the parliament, since it allegedly no longer reflects the "judgment of the people", the smell of Eternal Fascism is clearly smelled.

14) Ur-fascism speaks Newspeak. Newspeak was invented by Orwell in 1984 as the official language of Angsots, English socialism, but elements of ur-fascism are common to a wide variety of dictatorships. Both Nazi and fascist textbooks were distinguished by poor vocabulary and primitive syntax, wishing to limit the set of tools for complex critical thinking for the student as much as possible. But we must be able to isolate other forms of Newspeak, even when they have the innocent air of a popular television talk show.