A message about any type of art. Art concept
TYPES OF ART real forms of art.- creative activity, differing primarily in the way of material embodiment of the artist. content (verbal for literature, sound for music, volumetric-plastic for sculpture, etc.). Behind these external differences are hidden deeper, internal substantive differences, which ultimately determines the need for unique i.e. in each V. means of materializing its special content. About the specific character of the artist. information contained in each of the V. and. is evidenced by the fact that the content of the production. one V. and. cannot be adequately conveyed in the language of other V. and. Being the science of the most general laws of art. human exploration of the world, in terms of studying V. and. designed to explore the laws operating in all V. and., at the same time showing how they are refracted in each of them. Since the 18th century. aesthetic thought struggles to comprehend those principles that determine the specific division of artistic and creative activity, trying to consider art as a system of types, and not a set of randomly formed and mechanically coexisting forms of creativity. This problem still cannot be considered resolved. Even the morphological criteria have not been fully defined, which would allow, on the one hand, to distinguish V. and. from the varieties of this or that species, from the genera and genres of art (for example, painting from monumental painting), and, on the other hand, to substantiate the legitimacy of such aesthetic concepts as families, classes of art, fixing the unification of V. and. into more or less broad groups. In the course of the development of world art. cultural system of V. and. underwent constant changes, expressed in the differentiation of ancient. syncretic arts and in the formation of synthetic arts, in the birth of new V. and. influenced scientific and technological progress, in the uneven development of various V. and. Absolutization of one or another historically specific type of relationship between V. and. led in pre-Marxist aesthetics to the fact that first one, then another V. and. was declared higher and more “perfect” than the rest. Hegel was the first to try to examine the problem historically and dialectically. However, he was not able to overcome the metaphysical-hierarchical concept of the relationship between V. and. The influence of this concept is still felt today (for example, in the idea that literature has a broader, more capacious and richer content than other literature). As the qualitative uniqueness of the content of each V. and. modern Marxist aesthetic theory comes to the recognition of their fundamental equivalence and equal necessity in socialist artistic culture, designed to overcome the inevitable uneven development of V. and.
Aesthetics: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Under general ed. A. A. Belyaeva. 1989 .
See what “TYPES OF ART” are in other dictionaries:
KINDS OF ART - certain ways artistic embodiment of life content in works of art, characterized by specific visually expressive means and techniques. The diversity of the world cannot be revealed by means of one type... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary
Kinds of art- Nouns ARCHITECT/RA, urban planning, architecture. The art of designing and constructing buildings, urban development. KINO/, kinemato/graph, kinematogra/fiya, kinoisku/sstvo, screen/n, obsolete. cinema/, outdated... ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms
non-linguistic arts- Music, painting, graphics, sculpture, dance, etc... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Plastic arts- also spatial arts, a concept that unites types of art whose works exist in space without changing or developing over time. Works of plastic arts are of an objective nature and are performed... ... Art encyclopedia
Plastic arts- also spatial arts, a concept that unites types of art (See Art), the works of which exist in space, without changing or developing over time, and are perceived by sight. I.'s works have a subject matter... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Kinds of sports- Main article: Type of sport Type of sport is a set of types of sports competitions, united on the basis of similarity of rules, one sports federation, etc. Contents 1 Game types sports 1.1 ... Wikipedia
Types of perception- This article should be Wikified. Please format it according to the article formatting rules. Basic types and properties of perception Perception as a direct reflection of the world is classified on various grounds. Traditionally, there are five... ... Wikipedia
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE- these are specific forms of obtaining new knowledge. The following types of knowledge are distinguished: 1) ordinary knowledge - a person’s obtaining basic information about nature, man and society in the process of everyday life Everyday life); 2) artistic... ... Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary
plastic arts- types of art whose works exist in space, without changing or developing in time, and are perceived by sight. Also called spatial arts. Plastic arts are divided into fine arts... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Spatial Arts- a conventional name for plastic arts, that is, types of art in which artistic images exist in space, but do not develop in time, in contrast to temporary (literature, music) and spatially temporary (all... ... Art encyclopedia
Books
- Art. Kinds of art. 8th grade. Textbook. Vertical. Federal State Educational Standard, Danilova Galina Ivanovna. The textbook continues the author's line of G.I. Danilova on art. It introduces different types of art and their interaction. Contains a large amount of illustrative material that gives…
How diverse real world, so numerous are the types of art. Each type of activity has an artistic form of display and different ways transformation of life into it: in literature this word, in music - sound, color and plasticity in fine arts, movement in choreography, etc.
Three groups for full picture peace
There is no single classification of arts; there are many of them, and they are all relative. The most common scheme is divided into three groups. The first is space and plasticity. Fine and decorative arts, architecture and photography. This is, one might say, forever. The second includes dynamic, that is, temporary forms of art, in which the main thing is composition unfolded in time: music, literature. The third group is synthetic, spectacular types, also spatiotemporal: choreography, theater, cinema. Only the main types of art are listed here. Why do humanity have so many different types? Not one of them, on their own, will be able to convey a comprehensive picture of the world, the entire artistic culture as a whole. Only all together.
Main types of art: characteristics
Architecture (from Greek - "builder") - view monumental art. These are structures and buildings for human life, for utilitarian and spiritual needs. Fine art represents a whole group of subspecies artistic creativity: painting, graphics, sculpture. Arts and crafts most often have national character creativity, it can include products made of metal, clay, wood, stone, bone, fabric. That is, embroidery, painting, chasing, carving, etc. Literature is materialized through the word and is divided into fiction, historical, educational, reference, and scientific. The main genres are lyrics, drama, epic, novel, story, etc. Music makes up a huge part of the universe of sound images. It is also divided into many genera, types and genres. These are only the most important types of art.
The main directions of our time
Modern types of art do not require a new classification scheme. Within the same types, genera and genres, other directions, trends and schools appear. For example, sand animation or body art, graffiti or art installations - these, for all their novelty and distinctive features, do not go beyond the boundaries, and for them long-defined types of art continue to exist. Who knows, maybe these applied hobbies will one day rise to a separate level. It is still difficult to judge what drives modernity: the search for alternate worlds, shocking or simply an expression of the discomfort of the surrounding life. Morally risky food is probably necessary. The main formula of creativity has been preserved: imagination - the illusions of life, equal to itself. The greatest sin of an artist is mediocrity, and it’s not scary that a breakthrough into the unknown has not happened yet. Let's wait.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main tasks of our society facing the modern education system is the formation of a personal culture. The relevance of this task is connected with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without turning to the artistic values accumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the basics of art history becomes obvious.
In order to most fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate art historical terminology. Know and understand the essence of each art form. Only if one masters the categorical-conceptual system will a person be able to most fully understand the aesthetic value of monuments of art.
CLASSIFICATION OF ART TYPES
Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, reflected in the process of artistic creativity.
Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the methods of its material embodiment (words in literature, sound in music, plastic and coloristic materials in the visual arts, etc.).
In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is to divide it into three groups.
The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial structure in revealing the artistic image is essential - Fine Arts, Decorative and Applied Arts, Architecture, Photography.
The second group includes temporary or dynamic types of art. In them, the composition unfolding over time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is represented by spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theatrical Art, Cinematography.
The existence of various types of art is due to the fact that none of them, by their own means, can give an artistic, comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of humanity as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF ARTS
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") - monumental view art, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.
Forms architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.
Architecture is more closely connected with the development of productive forces and the development of technology than other arts. Architecture can be combined with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other forms of art. The basis of architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic relationship of the elements of a building or ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.
Architecture does not directly reproduce reality; it is not pictorial, but expressive in nature.
ART
Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibility of creating an expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastery of color was historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.
The specificity of graphics is linear relationships. By reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationships of the colors of the world; in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction with the environment .
In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now graphics include drawing with colored chalk - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with watercolors - watercolor and gouache. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view regarding graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subtype of fine art.
PAINTING
Painting is a flat fine art, the specificity of which is to represent, using paints applied to the surface, an image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.
Painting is divided into:
Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.
Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):
A portrait is the main task of conveying an idea of appearance person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
Landscape - reproduces the world in all its diversity of forms. The image of a seascape is defined by the term marineism.
Still life - depiction of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of life of a certain era.
Historical genre - tells about historically important points life of society.
Everyday genre - reflects the daily life of people, the character, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
Iconography (translated from Greek as “prayer image”) is the main goal of guiding a person on the path of transformation.
Animalism is the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.
In the 20th century the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is a spatial fine art that explores the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. At the present stage of development of society and technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
High relief - high relief,
Bas-relief - low relief,
Counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.
Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, mark historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:
Monuments,
Monuments,
Memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS.
Decorative and applied art is a type of creative activity for creating household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of making products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. The main characteristic feature of a DPI item is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied arts have a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.
An important component of decorative and applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of craft products.
Key creative idea traditional crafts - affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;
Artistic stone processing - processing of hard and soft stones;
Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya
Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature
Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo metal painting;
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
Fabric painting - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls
Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weave, Gold embroidery.
LITERATURE
Literature is a type of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.
The sphere of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, and his feelings. In its various genres, literature covers this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person’s inner world.
Literature is divided into:
Artistic
Educational
Historical
Scientific
Information
The main genres of literature are:
- Lyrics- one of the three main types of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is the poetic form.
- Drama- one of the three main types of fiction, a plot work written in a colloquial form and without the author’s speech.
- Epic- narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes:
- Epic - major work epic genre.
- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, vital content and breadth
- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in its greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition.
- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- Ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic work of plot, written in stanzas.
- Poem- a plot-based literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and components of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
MUSICAL ART
Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which the means of embodying artistic images are organized musical sounds in a certain way. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and sacred is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult music. Associated with European cult music (usually called church music) is the development of European music theory musical notation, music pedagogy. According to performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. There is a distinction between single-voice music (monody) and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
By type and type - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.
Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. Emotional experience and feeling-colored idea expressed through sounds special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - this is the nature of the musical image.
CHOREOGRAPHY
Choreography (gr. Choreia - dancing + grapho - writing) is a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own patterns to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping heels, etc.
The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; a dance that spontaneously expresses in movements the culmination of a person’s emotional state.
Dance has always, at all times, been connected with the life and everyday life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people in which it originated.
THEATER ARTS
Theater is an art form that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by a creative team.
The basis of theater is dramaturgy. Synthetic theatrical arts determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of the playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor.
Theatrical productions are divided into genres:
- Drama;
- Tragedy;
- Comedy;
- Musical, etc.
The art of theater goes back to ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.
PHOTOART.
Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.
A specific feature of photographic art is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photographic art developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror-like accurate image visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.
The specificity of photographic art is that it provides a visual image of documentary significance.
Photography provides an artistically expressive image that reliably captures an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.
Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing.
FILM ARTS
Cinema is the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on the screen, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the 20th century. Its appearance was determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
The cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; Working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the succession of various events in their internal logic.
Cinema is a synthetic art; it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.
Cinema can be divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.
Film genres are also defined:
Tragedy,
Fantastic,
Comedy,
Historical, etc.
CONCLUSION
Culture plays a special role in the improvement of personality, in the formation of its individual picture of the world, because it accumulates all the emotional, moral and evaluative experience of Humanity.
The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, and art critics. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to the huge layer of educational material related to the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, students and everyone who cares about art.
More than 400 types are distinguished in modern art. Its main types are fiction, music, fine and decorative arts, architecture, theater and cinema. Each of the types included in the art system has its own specificity, which allows one to most fully and emotionally reflect certain aspects of life. It is with this that their various relationships with each other, their place and role in spiritual culture and the life of society are connected.
Special place Fiction occupies a place in the art system. Literature got its name from the word “litera” - “letter”. Of course, not everything written is literature. Only works that essentially contain artistic images and have an aesthetic impact on readers will be considered literature as art. There are also special names for them - fiction, fiction (from the French belles-lettres - “beautiful literature”).
The history of literature goes back to ancient times, to folklore. With the advent of writing and printing, literature turned into a phenomenon of written and printed creativity, and the term “literature” itself, starting from the 18th century. supplanted the previously existing concepts of “poetry” and “poetic art”.
Literature is a written form of word art. The word is its main expressive and figurative means. In fine and expressive possibilities the word, its emotionality and persuasiveness, the fullness of its coverage of life lies the power of literature and its meaning.
Fiction is usually divided into three types - epic, drama, lyric.
TO epic literature include the genres of novel, story, story, essay. Their specific feature is a narration combined with monologues and dialogues of characters.
TO lyrical works include poetic genres - elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem, in which the main subject of display is the internal state, experiences and mood of a person.
Drama is meant to be performed on stage. TO dramatic genres include drama proper, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. dramatic works The plot and characters are revealed through dialogues and monologues.
At the dawn of its emergence, music was organically combined with the word.
Music (from the Greek music, literally the art of muses) is a type of art that uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings. The basis of a musical image is intonation, which goes back to the intonation of human speech, but is incomparably broader and richer than it. Important components musical expressiveness in addition to intonation are melody, mode, harmony, rhythm, meter, tempo, dynamic shades, instrumentation.
Music is capable of expressing all shades of emotions, moods, experiences, their movement and changes. It has an unusually strong and direct effect on the emotional sphere of a person, uniting his feelings and thoughts in a single impulse. Music can reveal a person's inner world with amazing completeness. Tension, strength of feelings, their dynamics in music are often conveyed better, more fully and more subtly than in a verbal description. A remarkable feature of music is that, while determining the general direction of experience, it at the same time evokes an individual image in the soul of each listener, corresponding to his mood and feelings.
Music allows one to express not only the development of a person’s feelings and experiences, but also the deepest thoughts of the composer. In this regard, the possibilities of symphonic and instrumental music, not always easy to understand.
The main genres of music, in addition to symphonic and instrumental, also include chamber and vocal-instrumental music. Occupies a large place in people's lives light music, relatively easy to understand and understandable to the general public.
The most important types of art include fine art, which combines painting, graphics and sculpture. Artistic images in them are created on a plane or in space and are distinguished by visual concreteness and invariance over time. Specific artistic means visual arts are drawing, color, plasticity, shadow, allowing you to create visible images of objects. They manifest themselves uniquely in each type of fine arts.
In painting, an artistic and expressive image is conveyed through paints. None verbal description cannot fully convey all the richness of colors. The human eye distinguishes a colossal number of colors and shades; there are many, many times fewer words to designate them.
The main genres of painting are portrait and landscape, associated with the depiction of man and nature, still life, depicting natural objects- flowers, fruits, game, fish, household items, a plot-thematic picture of historical, battle, genre, everyday or animalistic content. A special place in painting is occupied by the miniature, which is a small-format work executed on paper, metal, bone, porcelain or wood.
The closest relative of painting is graphics. Graphic image usually done on paper or cardboard with pencil, ink or special paints and is a monochromatic drawing. Depending on the purpose, graphics are divided into easel graphics, representing original work, and applied art, which includes printed engraving, lithography, etching and caricature.
An important type of fine art is sculpture, which reproduces reality in three-dimensional form. Sculpture differs from other fine arts in that its works are by nature three-dimensional and can be viewed from different angles.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble and wood.
The shape of the image differs between three-dimensional, three-dimensional sculpture, which allows measurements in height, thickness, width, walking around on all sides, and various relief-convex images on a plane. In turn, relief is divided into bas-relief, used on coins and medals, and high relief, used on seals and various forms.
Architecture and works of decorative and applied art are often also classified as types of fine arts, since they are characterized by a predominance of the visual form of perception. But they are independent forms of art.
One of the oldest types of creative activity in creating household items intended to satisfy both practical and artistic and aesthetic needs of people is arts and crafts art.
Decorative and applied arts are associated with artistic processing various items, intended mainly for everyday use. These include embossing and artistic metal processing, casting precious utensils, making patterned fabrics and jewelry, cows and facing ceramics, and wood carving. Common to all of them is the use of ornament, i.e. a pattern characterized by a symmetrical arrangement of specific elements.
In arts and crafts great importance attached to the material, manufacturing technology, decor, color, symbolism, ornament, which often become a sign of a certain national identity.
An important part of decorative and applied arts are art crafts and crafts.
Decorative and applied arts play an important role in modern culture society, contributing to the improvement of the organization subject environment life activities of people.
TO ancient arts refers to architecture associated with the construction of buildings and structures. It is rightly called the “stone chronicle” of the world, speaking even when legends and songs are already silent, nothing reminds of an irretrievably lost culture.
The specificity of architecture as an art form is that its images are emphatically expressive and emotional in nature and convey not individual phenomena of life, but general ideas of the beauty of the world and man; they are images of time and era. Such works of architecture as towers, palaces, arches, theater buildings become the centers of large cities, or, as it were, the symbolic center of the country.
In the transformation of the human subject environment, the architecture of monumental forms associated with the construction of roads, bridges, triumphal arches, television masts, distinguished by their scale and complexity of technical design, green architecture and gardening culture, which includes a transformed architectural and plant landscape that connects people with nature.
One of the most ancient forms of art is theater (from the Greek theatron - place for spectacle, spectacle), the specific means of expression of which is stage action that occurs during the actor’s performance in front of the public. The origins of theatrical art go back to mass folk rituals and games. First European theaters appeared in Ancient Greece. How professional art it developed during the European Renaissance.
A work of modern theatrical art - a performance - is created on the basis of a dramatic or musical stage work in accordance with the plan and under the guidance of the director with the joint efforts of the actors. Theatrical synthesis of arts includes author's content, director's interpretation, acting performance with the participation of music, choreography, and decoration.
Modern theater preserving traditional types and genres of performing arts - Theatre of Drama, Musical Theatre, including ballet, opera and operetta, plastic theater and drama theater for children, was replenished with musicals, rock opera, and various types of experimental theater.
The death of the theater was more than once predicted due to the advent of cinema and television. Indeed, a film and television film can bring together the best artists in the world, can show the most wide paintings lives inaccessible to the technical capabilities of the theater.
Cinema arose at the end XIX century, when a device was invented that made it possible to film movement on a special light-sensitive film. But art in in every sense The word “moving photography,” as cinema was originally called, only came into existence when its own means of cinematic expression appeared.
Works of cinematic art - films - are created by filming real, specially staged or recreated reality events by means of animation. Cinematography synthesizes the aesthetic properties of literature, theater, fine art and music, but on the basis only of those inherent in cinema expressive means, of which the main ones are the photographic nature of the image, which makes it possible to recreate any picture of reality with utmost accuracy, and film editing. The combination of film frames in editing creates continuity in the development of the action, organizes the visual narrative, and allows, by comparing individual plans, to metaphorically interpret the actions in the film.
Creating a work of cinematic art is a complex creative and manufacturing process, which combines the work of artists from different specialties - a film playwright (script author); the director, who determines the interpretation and implementation of the concept and directs the work of the other participants in the production; actors embodying the characters; an operator characterizing the action by means of compositional, light-tonal and color interpretation of frames; artist finding visual characteristics environment, action and costumes of the characters (and in animation and external characteristics characters); composer, etc.
During the development of cinema, three main types of cinema have emerged: fiction or fiction, non-fiction, including documentary and scientific films, and animated films. Using specific means in a feature film, playback vital material creates the illusion of reality on-screen action. Non-fiction cinema expresses reality directly, directly. IN animated film the image of reality is graphically or volumetrically mediated.
Among modern species television is particularly prominent in the arts. Being the most important means of information about various phenomena public life, it also represents an independent type of artistic creativity. Artistic Features television are related to the fact that it is capable of creating a type of performance that combines the advantages of theater, cinema and pop.
Art is in constant movement. It either becomes more complex, overcoming the existing border zones within itself, or is localized within strictly defined limits of its specific forms. This is the dialectic of the development of types and genres contemporary art. Currently, there is an intensive process of searching for new artistic forms and means of expression in art, and new types are emerging. Thus, today art is experiencing enormous influence from the technical process. This gives rise to the emergence of technical and is reflected in the development traditional types art.
Art will always occupy an important place in the life and culture of society, because, as the ancients said, life is short, but art is eternal.
Any work of art belongs to one or another type of art - fiction, music, fine and decorative arts, theater, cinema, which together form art.
among the types of art historically distinguished between fine (painting, graphics, sculpture, artistic photography) and non-fine arts(music, architecture, applied and decorative arts, choreography). The difference between them is that the fine arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-fine arts convey the internal state of people, their experiences, feelings, mood through an external form that is unlike the object of display. True, these differences are not absolute. Any work of art is figurative, i.e. it depicts the world, a person, his emotions, experiences, actions. But it is also expressive, as it is associated with the expression of some feelings, ideas, thoughts, assessments about what is depicted. When classifying types of art, a different meaning is put into the concepts of figurativeness and expressiveness: do certain arts directly depict pictures of life, or does reality appear in them more generally, evoking certain feelings and emotions through the associative work of thought.
The most common classification of art is expressed in the division of its types into three groups: spatial or static, temporary or dynamic and spatiotemporal, or mixed, synthetic.
The first group of arts includes architecture, decorative and applied arts, fine arts (painting, graphics, sculpture), for which spatial construction is essential in revealing visible image, which exist in real space, are objective in nature. Spatial arts convey the static state of a phenomenon. WITH enormous power they reproduce visible beauty reality, harmony of space and are able to attract attention to to individual parties reflected world. This is their enormous strength, at the same time, static arts are powerless to directly convey the change in life, its flow.
The second group consists musical works and literature, where the composition unfolding over time takes on predominant importance. Temporary arts are capable of conveying both the course of phenomena and the development of human feelings.
Of course, the division of art into spatial and temporal does not mean at all that there are arts that exist only in space or only in time. All arts exist both in space and time, but artistic originality each of them is revealed by the perception of events located in space or unfolding in time, or, as is the case in the space-time arts, in both ways.
Space-time arts form the third group of arts, which include choreography, theater, screen art, variety art, circus - they are also called synthetic arts. Here there is a fusion of various arts based on the creativity of the actor, stage action, the fusion of music and the plasticity of the human body.
Having defined art as a single phenomenon, it should be borne in mind that such “art in general” is an abstraction, an abstraction. In practice there are different kinds arts, each of which has its own specifics, sets itself special tasks and has its own means to solve them. Distribution of arts according to these common features called the classification of arts. Classification allows you to better understand the character separate work belonging to one type or another.
First of all, the arts are traditionally divided according to the way they “exist” and are perceived into temporary And spatial . Temporal arts are distinguished by the fact that works unfold and are perceived in time. In this case, a work of art often turns out to be inseparable from a person: the author or performer. Temporary arts include the art of speech or poetry, dance, music, and cinema. Spatial - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, applied art, design. Theater occupies an intermediate place - the performance is located in a certain space, but the action unfolds in time. Most often, theater is called synthetic art, since it (just like cinema) combines and synthesizes the achievements of various arts - poetry, music, painting.
It should be noted that due to the diversity and complexity of art forms, a strict distinction between them according to certain criteria turns out to be practically impossible; one can only talk about the predominance of certain means of expression, forms, and methods. Thus, dance, pantomime, theater, and cinema do not fully fit into the space-time classification. An element of convention is also inherent in another principle of the division of arts, based on the predominance of figurativeness or expressiveness in the arsenal of artistic means.
The fine arts unconditionally include painting, graphics, and sculpture. One of the key principles for creating images is the principle of imitation - mimesis. Images are constructed as similarities to real objects or phenomena; they are recognizable and designed to visual perception. The image created by the artist seems to refer the viewer to its source - I will prototype or prototype . At the same time, the mental correlation of image and prototype, art and reality often influences the aesthetic assessment of a work of fine art - looking at the picture, we involuntarily “compare” it with our own ideas about the depicted phenomena. This moment of recognition, combining our experience with artistically makes contact between the artist and the viewer possible. At the same time, the habit of seeing only the familiar and recognizable in art sometimes creates a barrier between the viewer and a work that belongs to a bygone era or belongs to a culture with a value system different from ours. For contemporary fine art (from late XIX century) is characterized by a bias towards expressiveness. An extreme manifestation of this trend is non-objective art, which flourished in the twenties of the last century. The works of the avant-garde artists of this era were classified as fine arts in terms of the method of creation and the technique used, and in terms of the nature of the images and means of expression they were classified as expressive. We can say that expressiveness has always been present in painting, sculpture, and graphics, but in the twentieth century it was “brought to the surface.”
Expressive arts include music, dance, and architecture. The images created by these arts do not have direct prototypes among surrounding objects or phenomena; they can only evoke certain associations. Works of music and architecture are created not on the basis of observation of specific phenomena, but on the basis of “total” impressions of reality, which the artist draws from his inner world. We can say that these arts also create images, but abstract ones. Works that express, first of all, the internal state of the author, with all their “obscurity,” sometimes have a profound impact. psychological impact. First of all, this applies to music - no other art is capable of influencing a person’s mood and feelings with such force. It is no coincidence that in many cultures music lessons were considered as a way of organizing and harmonizing the soul. Dance is also capable of captivating viewers and infecting them with a certain mood, although the range of influence here is somewhat narrower. Therefore, as a rule, he needs musical accompaniment. Architecture has a different impact. Architectural images are static and they are to a greater extent need prolonged viewing and feeling. However, the impression of architecture sometimes turns out to be deeper - a person’s long stay in a certain architectural environment can influence his internal state, creating a psychological mood.
Poetry, theater, cinema occupy an intermediate position - expressiveness and figurativeness are inherent in them equally. This connection is facilitated by the combination on stage or on screen of the achievements of other arts. However, the synthetic nature of theater and cinema lies not only in this. The specific means of influence here is the acting of the actor, which also combines figurativeness (the actor portrays, “shows” the character) and expressiveness (various feelings are expressed through facial expressions, voice, and movements). Actor play is the “necessary minimum” of theatrical action, without which it cannot take place.
The situation is somewhat more complicated with poetry or verbal art. The main feature of poetry lies in its special material - the word. The word has a multifaceted impact: it carries ideological content– thought, creates visible pictures – images, has an expressive “physicality” – phoneme. Ideally every word poetic text(and poetry is, as it were, an “ideal example” of literature) harmoniously combines meaning, image, and melody.
A brief examination of the types of art allows us to appreciate the diversity of the sphere of artistic creativity - music and dance, theater and architecture in their own way reveal the inner world of a person, characterize the time of their creation, the culture of a particular era. However, with a historical approach to the study artistic culture Priority, as a rule, is given to fine and applied arts, and architecture. The reason for this preference is, first of all, that spatial works are able to outlive the time of their origin for a long time. Theatrical performances of Antiquity and the music of Ancient China are known only from descriptions. We can guess what the dances of people of the Paleolithic era looked like based on ethnographic data, and monuments of fine art that keep the warmth of the hands of our distant ancestors appear directly before our eyes. Thanks to surviving works of architecture, painting, and sculpture, we can see the remains ancient cities, the faces of the great people of the past, we can imagine what the representatives of bygone cultures admired and aspired to.
It is also significant that the perception of spatial arts does not require a significant investment of time; familiarity with the monuments of fine art allows you to quickly get an idea of the cultural appearance of the era. Modern technology printing and digital processing visual information allows you to see famous masterpieces of painting with minimal color distortion. Some the situation is more complicated with three-dimensional spatial arts - sculpture and architecture. Their full perception requires a change of point of view. However, here too, the use of several photographs allows us to get an idea of the artist’s intention and its embodiment in the material.
The difficulty of perceiving works of fine art and architecture, compared to poetry, is that they use their own conventional language - the language of line, color, volume, the understanding of which requires some preparation. However, this "disadvantage" visual arts It also has its positive side - works of architecture, monuments of applied art, painting, unlike works of literature, do not need translation, their conventional language is international, it, to a certain extent, goes over barriers, bringing eras, countries and civilizations together. The prehistoric era or ancient cultures whose writing cannot be read are known to us thanks to preserved artifacts, of which the most informative for a cultural scientist are monuments of fine art.
When studying world art, we will also primarily rely on monuments of architecture, sculpture, and painting, if possible and to the extent necessary, supplementing their consideration with examples from the history of music, theater, and literature.
However, before turning to the historical consideration of artistic culture, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with specific language fine arts, as well as with the division into types and genres accepted in it. This information is summarized in Table 1 below.
Table 1
Types and genres of fine arts.