How to explain to a child what a museum is. What is a Museum? Museum is an institution engaged in collecting, studying, storing and exhibiting objects of natural history, material
Word Museum comes from the Greek – museum, which means “ house of muses" In the modern understanding, museums are institutions that study and preserve cultural monuments, as well as for educational purposes.
Initially, the word museum meant a collection, but over time this concept began to mean houses and buildings in which exhibits were located.
The first prototype of a modern museum was founded under the name in 290 BC. This building had a huge number of rooms, and in one of them there was the famous Library of Alexandria, which has not survived to this day. There were also reading rooms, a dining room and other rooms. Gradually, the building expanded and new exhibits were added, such as stuffed animals, which were used as visual aids for teaching.
Museums in ancient times
In ancient Greece, there were also rooms that housed art and cultural objects captured from other nations during wars, such as sculptures, statues and other works of art.
In the Middle Ages, works of art were presented in temples and monasteries (jewelry, manuscripts). At this time, exhibits captured during the war served, one might say, as payment for ransoms or other expenses.
In the 15th century (a world-famous family) he gave instructions to create the so-called Sculpture Garden. It was during these centuries that it became fashionable to build buildings with long corridors, and place paintings and statues in them. Over time, fashion took its toll, and so-called “offices” began to be created - rooms specifically designed to house works of art. It spread very quickly in Italy, then in Germany and then throughout Europe. Along with cabinets, collections of unusual things (Wunderkammer) were created in Germany.
Creation of modern museums
Any modern museum was created on the basis of a private collection. Many famous people donated their collections to expand it, make it richer and put it on public display. Such patrons often sponsored art collecting, thereby helping to create museums.
Many small collections were combined into larger ones, and this is how modern museums were created. The most the first modern museum is
ART MUSEUMS
Art museums collect, study and exhibit works of art (decorative and applied arts, paintings, graphics, sculpture) in order to present the history of art and satisfy the aesthetic and cognitive needs of modern people. Collections of art museums may contain works of professional artists, folk art, children's art, etc. Include works of various types of fine arts and artistic movements and schools, with a wide time frame, etc. Monographic art museums differ: by subject (Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art named after Andrei Rublev), technique of execution (Museum of Watercolors) and authorship of works of art (K. Shilov Gallery).
Story
Art museums initially develop as repositories of contemporary art, and only over time begin to collect works of bygone eras that have acquired appropriate aesthetic significance and historical and cultural value.
State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg
Objects of artistic significance began to be extracted from everyday use, functionally separated from everyday objects, and form specific collections at the end of the 17th century. This happens mainly in the private collections of noble boyars (V.V. Golitsyn, B.M. Khitrovo, A.S. Matveev). Gradually, with the development of culture and art, this process becomes more complex, and collections of artistic objects include an increasing number of diverse objects of artistic value. The first art gallery in Russia is considered to be the art gallery of the Monplaisir Palace (1710-20s) in Peterhof, which presented a collection of Western European paintings. Significant art collections were formed by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in Tsarskoe Selo and Oranienbaum, as well as by enlightened nobles in their palaces and estates: N.B. Yusupov, A.S. Stroganov, I.I. Shuvalov, D.M. Golitsyn. In 1758, the first art museum in Russia was created - the Museum of the Imperial Academy of Arts, in the collection of which works of Russian artists appeared for the first time. Since 1764, on the initiative and with the active participation of Catherine II, one of the largest Russian art collections began to form in the Hermitage (since 1852 it has been accessible to the public).
Vologda region Museum of Frescoes in the Ferapontov Monastery
The development of Russian art contributed to the creation of the first collections, consisting mainly of works by Russian masters: “Russian Museum” by P.P. Pig in St. Petersburg, Russian Museum P.F. Karabanova, collection of F.I. Pryanishnikov, and in the 2nd half of the century - private collections of K.T. Soldatenkov, Tretyakov brothers, I.S. Ostroukhova and others. Art museums appeared at educational institutions: universities (museums of fine arts in Kharkov, Kazan and other universities, 1830-40s), art schools and art and industrial schools (Museum of the School of Technical Drawing of Baron A.L. Stieglitz, St. Petersburg, 1870s). In the 2nd half of the 19th century. On the initiative of artists, local intellectuals and public figures, art museums began to be created in the provinces: in Feodosia, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Kazan. The largest national art museums were founded - the Russian Museum of Emperor Alexander III in St. Petersburg, 1898, the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, 1892. In 1912, the Museum of Fine Arts was opened in Moscow, conceived by its creators as a “reader” on the history of world art. By 1917, there were about 20 art museums in Russia.
Saratov Art Museum named after. A.N. Radishcheva
After 1917, during the creation of the national museum network, art museums received significant attention. The basis of the art museums being created were objects from the State Museum Fund, nationalized property from palaces and estates, private collections, and church repositories. A number of new art museums were created on the basis of private collections: New Western Art, Old Western Art, Iconography and Painting, etc. Art museums were organized in remote regions, in cities that had not previously had art centers. Art museums also included palace and park complexes, temples and monasteries with a complex of artistic monuments and collections. In the 1930-60s. A network of art museums is being created, represented in every region of the country.
"What is a museum?"
Lesson objectives: systematize and expand children’s ideas about the museum as a repository of cultural values; consolidate practical knowledge about the rules of behavior in the museum.
Formation of UUD:
Cognitive UUD –
Regulatory UUD - Formation of the ability to independently identify and formulate a cognitive goal; plan your activities in the lesson; control, evaluate the process and results of your activities
Communicative UUD - Formation of the ability to construct a speech statement orally;listen and hear the teacher, another student; develop the ability to negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities; develop the ability to adequately evaluate work in pairs.
Personal UUD - Formation of positive educational motivation, skills of adequate self-esteem, responsibility for the final result. Formation of educational and cognitive motives; educational and cognitive interest in new material and ways to solve a new educational task. Development of goodwill and attention to people.
Equipment. A computer with Internet access, a set of pictures, blanks for working in pairs, glue, emoticons.
Content of interaction between teacher and students.
Activitystudents
UUD at the stages of the lesson
1.Organizing moment .
Hello, please sit down.
The cheerful bell rang.
We are ready to start the lesson.
Let's listen and talk
And help each other.
Many interesting discoveries await you during the lesson. You are ready? Then we begin.
The teachers listen and take their seats.
Personal UUD:
Formation of self-organization skills
2. Statement of the problem, determination of the topic of the lesson .
Children are offered a set of pictures (chosen by the teacher).
What groups can these items be combined into?
Many people collect the same items. Who knows what this collection of objects is called? (collection)
Previously, the collection of objects was called the word “museum”. Have you heard the word "museum"? Who can explain what it means?
What will we talk about in class? What do you think we should find out? (What is a museum? What is in a museum? How to behave in a museum?)
Children group pictures: shells, dolls, cars.
They make assumptions.
Formulate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Cognitive UUD – Development of students’ abilities to manage their cognitive activity; developing the skills to analyze, compare, and highlight the necessary information; draw conclusions and generalizations
Communication UUD:
The ability to express one’s thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks.
Regulatory UUD:
The ability to set a learning task.
3.Work on the topic of the lesson.
4. Artist's workshop. (Work in pairs)
5. Reflection
1I suggest watching a video that will help answer these questions.
(View video)
What is a museum?
Where can I find information about what a museum is?
Where were the first museums created?
What else did museums serve in ancient times?
Why did the museum get this name?
How did things accumulate in the museum?
What is a museum for?
What museums did you hear about?
What are the names of the things exhibited in museums? (exhibits)
I suggest you create an exhibit for the museum with your own hands.
(Each pair is given a cut-out picture depicting an exhibit: a vase, an amphora, etc., which they must assemble. At the end of the work, an exhibition is held)
I suggest you visit the museum that we have created. How should you behave in a museum?
Look carefully at its exhibits, but remember the rules of conduct in the museum. Also, don’t forget that you need to leave a review after the tour. Let your feedback about our museum lesson be a smiley face.
Children watch the video.
Children answer questions using information obtained from the video.
Children work in pairs.
Children go to the exhibits and look at them.
After viewing the exhibition, children attach their chosen emoticon to the board.
Cognitive UUD:
development of cognitive interests, initiative and curiosity, extraction of necessary information
Communication UUD:
Formation of the ability to construct speech utterances orally
Communication UUD:
develop the ability to negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities;
evaluate pair work.
Personal UUD:
Development of goodwill and attention to people
Lesson summary.
Have we answered all your questions?
Write a review about our lesson using reference words:
IN CLASS TODAY I LEARNED……………
I LEARNED………………..
I LIKE IT………………
I WOULD LIKE TO……………………………
NEW KNOWLEDGE WILL BE USEFUL FOR ME………
Thank you guys for the lesson.
Write a review of the lesson using supporting words.
Personal UUD:
control, evaluate the process and results of your activities
Science, technology and other spheres of human activity. In addition, this institution is engaged in educational activities, exposing exhibits to the public. The museum originates from private collections of art, artifacts and rarities. But all these collections always reflected the priority of the cultural interest of a particular era. For example, in ancient times these were mainly works of art. In the Middle Ages, more attention was paid to icons, church utensils, sewing, relics of saints, etc. The first museums that set themselves scientific goals appeared in Europe during the Renaissance. They began to collect minerals, astronomical instruments, ethnographic objects and much more. In Russia, the first museum available for public visiting was the Kunstkamera. Its collection was based on the collections of Peter I: weapons, engravings, machines, tools, etc. All museums can be divided into: research, scientific and educational, natural science, historical, literary, art history, technical, educational and research. This division is based on the core focus of the institution and its belonging to a specific field of human activity. And like any socio-cultural institution, the museum has its own functions: - documentation: reflection, with the help of exhibitions, of various factors, events that occurred in society; - education and upbringing: introducing visitors to historical moments, the formation of aesthetic taste; - leisure: holding attractive events for visitors, forms of excursions, recreation of the interiors of premises, the use of theatrical forms of work, holding concerts, balls, holidays, etc. It is the level of development and organization of museum work that speaks about the general cultural culture of the people and how the population of the country regards its past, what it values and proud.
Sources:
- History of museum work in Russia
There are many different museums in the world. As a rule, they exhibit the most famous works of art and household items that reflect the history of mankind and are its cultural heritage. But some museums break out of the usual framework, one of them is the famous “Museum of Everything”.
Founded by Englishman James Brett, The Museum of Everything is a traveling museum exhibiting the work of unknown and unrecognized artists of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. It has been operating since 2009, its exhibitions have been visited by more than three hundred thousand people. The museum hosts the most famous exhibition venues in the world, including the Tate Britain, Selfridges, the Agnelli Museum and others. In August 2012, the “Museum of Everything” holds exhibitions in Russian cities - Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Moscow. In particular, in St. Petersburg the museum will be open from August 16 to 19, and in Moscow from August 23 to 26.
With exhibitions in various cities around the world, The Museum of Everything simultaneously seeks out unrecognized talent working in the fields of contemporary, unconventional and naïve art. Any artist, even a non-professional one, has a chance to exhibit his paintings. Moreover, the traveling museum works with people who find it difficult to convey their works to the viewer - the homeless, the disabled, prisoners. Drawings, sculptures and paintings are accepted for viewing. Works can be performed in a variety of genres. The museum's final exhibition in Russia will be Exhibition No. 5, which will show the original works found. The exact date of its holding will be indicated on the website of the Museum of Everything.
If you are one of the unrecognized artists or an artist who does not consider himself part of the contemporary art world, you can submit your work to the Museum of Everything. They must be submitted in person (or through your representative); they are not accepted electronically. The more of your work you present, the better, as this will allow museum staff to better appreciate your work. All submitted works will be examined by a team of specialists, and those selected will be included in the shortlist for Exhibition No. 5 in Moscow. Their authors will receive an offer to include their works in the international collection of the museum.
By going to the museum’s website, which also exists in Russian, you will find all the necessary information. Please note that The Museum of Everything does not work with professional artists or art students (past or present). The Museum of Everything invites all other artists to collaborate.
What is a museum? Lesson 1
WHAT IS A MUSEUM?
How did museums appear? (Let's talk about the concept)
Word "museum » , or rather "museion" , came into use by mankind more than 2.5 thousand years ago. In Ancient Greece museums were sanctuaries created to honor the muses. Initially, the muses were considered the deities of the sources, but over time they began to be identified with the patron goddesses of the arts, sciences and creative activity. Scientists, poets, musicians, and athletes gathered here. They held competitions and debates. In such sanctuaries, over time, collections of objects related to the awards accumulated - sculptural and artistic images of muses and the winners themselves. Over time, museums turned into scientific centers. This happened during the Hellenistic era (4th century BC). The museum in the Egyptian capital, Alexandria, gained fame as the most outstanding. It had collections of plants and animals, an observatory, and housed the famous Library of Alexandria.
In addition to museums, collections of things were accumulated in treasuries at churches. Offerings to the gods were an integral element of the cult of the Greek religion. As gratitude to the gods, they presented statues, dishes made of precious metals, boxes, coins, furniture, paintings, etc. The temples were also replenished with trophies captured during military operations. This was the beginning of collecting objects. that were of value to humans.
During the Roman era, scientific research in museums faded into the background. The Romans, imitating the Greeks in everything, borrowed the word museumon. In Latin it began to sound like « museum». True, the Romans began to call their country villas museums. And it is not at all accidental, since these were not just houses, but residences, in which everything was thought out for relaxation, contemplation, philosophical conversations, and literary pursuits.
Thus, the word museum in the ancient world was never used in relation to a collection of objects. If earlier it was only a sanctuary of the muses, then this word began to be used to refer to places for studying literature, science and scientific communication.
In the Middle Ages they also forgot this word. It was only with the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century that the word “museum” acquired a new meaning. The museum began to be called, first, collections of ancient monuments and works of art, then samples of the natural world and everything that was perceived as a rarity and curiosity. The first mention of the museum as a collection of rarities was discovered in Italy in Florence.
So, at first the word “museum” became synonymous with the word “collection”, and the room in which the collectible items were located was called an office (French), gallery. Only in the second half of the 16th century did the concept of “museum” begin to be used not only for a collection of objects, but also for the room in which it is stored.
During the Age of Enlightenment (18th century), the museum, from a closed collection accessible only to a few, grew into an institution open to the general public. The museum is now not only collects, stores, studies, but also shows objects visitors!
Now the concept of museum is given the following clever definition:
A MUSEUM is a permanent non-profit institution, in the service of society and its development and open to the people, which acquires, preserves, studies, popularizes and exhibits for educational, educational and entertainment purposes material evidence of man and his environment.
Try to give a simpler definition of the word "museum".
A museum is an institution in which (or which)…
? Questions and assignments for the lesson:
1. When and where did the word museum appear?
2. What is the origin of the word museum?
3. Were there any differences between the Greek "museion" and the Roman " museum"?
4. What could you see in the “museum”?
5. When and where does the concept of “museum” acquire the meaning of a collection of antiquities and rare objects?
6. Give your definition of the concept of museum.
7. Read the definition of “museum” again. What do you think functions does the museum have? What and who does it serve? Why are museums needed?
8. Prepare messages of your choice on the following topics:
ü Prehistory of museums: treasuries of temples and kings in the Ancient East;
ü Collections and collectors in Ancient Greece;
ü Private and public collections in Ancient Rome;
ü Treasures of medieval temples;
ü How museums arose: collections and scientific collections in the Renaissance.