What characters are hidden behind the allegorical images of the work. Animal images in fables

The new year 1925 began successfully for Bulgakov. Almanac "Nedra", in which his "Diaboliad" and " Fatal eggs”, ordered him a story. Two months later (March 7) at a meeting of writers "Nikitinsky subbotniks" he reads the first part of the new work, a little later - the second. They will talk about the story, the Moscow Art Theater will offer to stage a performance, put on a performance on its stage. Everything is going just fine, if not for the denunciation. The high party rank Lev Kamenev imposes a fatal resolution and forbids publication.

Bulgakov, Professor Preobrazhensky: a long way home

« dog's heart” will be printed for the first time in 1968 abroad, almost simultaneously in two countries: Germany and England. She will return home only in 1987, will be published in the Znamya magazine, and before that she will be distributed throughout the country in typewritten texts of samizdat. In a year, viewers will see the two-episode television series of the same name (the premiere will take place on November 19) directed by Vladimir Bortko. Filmed in the film wonderful actors Cast: Evgeny Evstigneev, Boris Plotnikov, Nina Ruslanova, Roman Kartsev.

Since then, for the majority of people inhabiting the post-Soviet space, Professor Preobrazhensky ("Heart of a Dog"), book, film and image - have merged in Evgeny Evstigneev. It is impossible to imagine Philip Philipovich otherwise, there is not enough imagination. Two personalities: literary hero and the actor is a single organic phenomenon, a fusion of literature and cinema.

First film adaptation: a different point of view from Italy

Italian cinema discovered Bulgakov in the 70s of the last century. The Italians made films based on the works of Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "Fatal Eggs". Director Alberto Lattuada, a classic of Italian neorealism, took up the adaptation of the story with enthusiasm. Filmed in Belgrade. main role played swedish popular artist Max von Sydow. Bulgakov (Professor Preobrazhensky in the reading of the master of cinema - an intellectual involved in the coming to power of ball madmen, intoxicated with the ideas of communism and fascism, would probably not approve of such an interpretation of the image. The intelligentsia is not a victim of the system here - it is its ideologist, the creator of super-ideas that were picked up by the poorly educated majority. His hands are dirty, the director takes a long time close-up shows the scientist's bloodied medical gloves. He is greedy, obsessed with luxury, eating delicacies in front of the servants, thus emphasizing the social gulf between them. The film focuses on the episode of burning in the oven of Engels' correspondence with Kautsky. Subsequently, the Nazis will also deal with objectionable books. In a word, in the Italian interpretation, the image of Professor Preobrazhensky is extremely unsympathetic. We are closer and dearer to the other.

"There is a need to know..."

Preobrazhensky (professor) - a man of 60 years old, he wears a pointed beard and a fluffy mustache that makes him look like French knights. Glasses in an expensive frame shine on his face, a “golden palisade” in his mouth. At home, he wears an azure robe and red shoes. On the street - a fur coat on a fox, sparkling with a spark. Under outerwear- a black suit made of English cloth, on the stomach - gold chain. His voice spreads through the apartment like a command trumpet. He is imperious, full of majestic dignity, imposing, unhurried, thoughtful.

Immediately a detail enters, small and detailed, which turns Philipp Philippovich from a heavy, living statue of an academic scientist into an elderly man with well-established sweet, slightly funny habits. He sings endlessly, loves opera, smokes cigars, knows a lot about good alcohol and enjoys eating only wholesome food. It's wise rich life experience a person who loves a sedate conversation and believes that "devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads." His precise, clear, ironic thoughts amaze with their objectivity and consistency. Professor Preobrazhensky, the quotes with which he practically speaks have long become winged.

Prototypes of Philip Philipovich

Philologists believe that there were several prototypes. Preobrazhensky (professor) - a certain collective image luminaries of that time. Topping the list is the writer's uncle, gynecologist Nikolai Pokrovsky. Firstly, the descriptions of the apartments are the same: the same luxurious and large, the same heavy, expensive furniture. Secondly, resemblance. The writer's first wife recalled that she immediately recognized this anger, flaring nostrils, irascibility and singing arias.

The Frenchman and physician Charles Brown-Séquard, having reached the age of 70, decided to rejuvenate and came up with a medicine from the testes of rabbits. In 1889, he gave a lecture to the Paris Scientific Society, declaring himself young and vigorous. The doctor's research became a sensation, but not for long. Climb vitality was more psychological nature as the doctor soon wilted and died.

The experiment was also continued by a French scientist, originally from Russia - Samuil Volkov, who grafted the tissues of monkey testicles into humans. A line of people lined up for him to experience the joy of a second youth, but one of the rich patients died, and Volkov was nicknamed a charlatan. Researchers of Bulgakov's work tend to classify Bekhterev, Pavlov and other famous doctors and researchers of that time as prototypes.

Let's remember not the film, but the text. Preobrazhensky, a professor, receives patients, and Sharik, a homeless dog, watches over them. He is disgusted by the smell of perfume and cream underpants, decorated with hateful cat faces, a strange-looking man. Then a giggling woman, unwilling to admit how old she is, babbles about a young lover, card cheat. A dog's "fresh eye" pulls these people out of their usual medical context. For the doctor they are just patients, for the animal they are something unpleasant and disgusting. rises in the story eternal theme moral responsibility of the scientist for the world and his destiny. Mankind has repeatedly witnessed how scientific discovery turned against him, killed, maimed, brought suffering.

“What a reptile, and also a proletarian!”

The book begins with an amazing monologue of a homeless mongrel. The cook of the canteen of normal food for employees of the Central Council of the National Economy (what is the name) poured boiling water over his left side. The street is cold and deserted, the wind is blowing. He would have hidden in the alley, licked the wound, but the enemy janitor, "the most vile scum" of all the proletarians, will definitely kill him. The sweet smell of fried onions and porridge spreads along the street. It's the firefighters having dinner. The dog gratefully remembers the lordly cook of Counts Tolstoy Vlas. Now there are no more. The dog sees a typist running down the street. The wind ruffles the skirt, under which the washed linen. She is wearing fildepersovye stockings, donated by her lover, for them the libertine will demand sophisticated love. There is no unfortunate joy: they deducted from a meager salary, with light disorder, there is not enough for cinema, and for women it is the only consolation in life. The girl hides behind the door of the dining room, which smells of cabbage soup with rotten corned beef.

“The dog stood up on its hind legs and performed some kind of prayer in front of Philip Philipovich”

The dog is delighted with his savior to a violent canine exaltation. He is devoted and ready to endure even a collar. A world-famous scientist appears in the halo of his greatness. Residential comrades tremble before him, one call to an influential patron solves the problem of the impending "seal". He talks at length and wisely, like a man knowing life. Professor Preobrazhensky will speak about devastation weightily and to the very point. We will remember. Professor Preobrazhensky, the quotes we repeat are the whole world, he admires insight.

"Learning to read is completely useless when the meat smells like that from a mile away"

Everything will end with the transformation of Sharik into Polygraph Polygraphovich. This is no longer cute Sharik, but Klim Chugunkin, an unrestrained drunkard who plays the balalaika in taverns. impudent, dark force will turn the well-established life at home: reception will become impossible, the flood will bring water to the landing, Sharikov's friends will steal galoshes and the owner's personalized expensive cane from the hallway. The fruit of human hands is more terrible than Shvonder: the day will come and Sharikov will sweep him out of his way and destroy him. The danger is terrible because it grows from within, it is impossible to get away from it. The owner of the apartment is changing before our eyes. Bormental will notice how haggard he is, hunched over, becoming smaller, grumbling like an old man. Preobrazhensky, a professor and scientist, thought deeply, the dark thought of murder ripens in him, expands and oppresses. Here's the price for purity scientific idea. And he speaks bitter famous words about the senselessness of the artificial fabrication of Spinoza, when any woman can easily give birth to them, as Madame Lomonosov gave birth to her famous in Kholmogory. The brilliant experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky is meaningless.

The hero of the story "Heart of a Dog" is Professor of Medicine Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky. He deals with the then fashionable problem of human rejuvenation. We must pay tribute to the talent of the scientist. He is known for his work abroad. Hard worker: receives patients, and then, in the evening, studies medical literature. The professor is no stranger to small earthly joys: he loves to eat deliciously, to shine in a respected society in expensive clothes, to chat with his assistant Bormental on various slippery topics. In a word, a typical intellectual, to whom the Soviet government has not yet had time to finally cut off, as they say, oxygen. However, such a scientist suits the Bolsheviks quite well: he is not involved in politics.

The main events unfold after the appearance of the mongrel Sharik in the house of the professor. His character miraculously consonant with "homo sovieticus": the dog is ready for anything for a piece of sausage, he has an absurd and aggressive character. Passing by the porter, Sharik thinks: "I wish I could nip him on the proletarian callused leg." And he looks at the stuffed owl with such feelings: “And this owl is rubbish. Insolent. We will explain it."

The professor, who is fascinated by science, does not notice what kind of monster he has brought into the house. As an experiment, he transplants human seminal glands to Sharik, dreaming of doing good to humanity. In front of the astonished scientist, the dog gradually turns into a man.

Sharik, or already Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, quickly finds himself in human society their social niche. Everything happens as in the Soviet state: the lower classes, having seized power, begin to crowd out everything that previously occupied this social living space. As a result, his "parent" Preobrazhensky himself almost finds himself on the street, and only his old connections save him from Sharikov's lawlessness.

Bulgakov shows psychological type Russian scientist, who has not yet encountered all the "charms" of the Bolshevik regime. His fur was still being stroked. But he, carried away by his developments, did not notice that he himself created such a representative of harsh power.

The ball literally squeezes the scientist out of the world. Behind the ridiculousness of the plot lies the deep tragedy of the Russian scientific intelligentsia, which in those years unwittingly helped the Bolsheviks to strengthen their positions. The Sharikovs gradually advanced to all the highest echelons of power and began not only to poison fate normal people but also solve it. They began to define foreign policy countries.

professor at late regret laments his mistake: “I cared about something completely different, about eugenics, about improving the human race. And here I ran into rejuvenation. Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor becomes a participant in the crime: on the advice of Bormental, they decide to get rid of Sharikov and free humanity from this nightmare.

The professor decides to have one more operation and returns Sharikov to his previous state.

The ending of the story, however, is not prosperous, because outside the walls of the professor's house, where the dog Sharik is peacefully dozing, there are many people infected with Sharikov's microbe, and they will still do many bitter deeds in the country.

The hero of the story "Heart of a Dog" is Professor of Medicine Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky. He deals with the then fashionable problem of human rejuvenation. We must pay tribute to the talent of the scientist. He is known for his work abroad. Hard worker: receives patients, and then, in the evening, studies medical literature. The professor is no stranger to small earthly joys: he loves to eat deliciously, to shine in a respected society in expensive clothes, to chat with his assistant Bormental on various slippery topics. In a word, a typical intellectual, to whom the Soviet government has not yet had time to finally cut off, as they say, oxygen. However, such a scientist suits the Bolsheviks quite well: he is not involved in politics.

The main events unfold after the appearance of the mongrel Sharik in the house of the professor. His character is surprisingly consonant with the “homo sovieticus”: the dog is ready for anything for a piece of sausage, he has an absurd and aggressive character. Passing by the porter, Sharik thinks: "I wish I could nip him on the proletarian callused leg." And he looks at the stuffed owl with such feelings: “And this owl is rubbish. Insolent. We will explain it."

Sharik, or already Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, quickly finds his social niche in human society. Everything happens as in the Soviet state: the lower classes, having seized power, begin to crowd out everything that previously occupied this social living space. As a result, his "parent" Preobrazhensky himself almost finds himself on the street, and only his old connections save him from Sharikov's lawlessness.

Bulgakov shows the psychological type of a Russian scientist who has not yet encountered all the "charms" of the Bolshevik regime. His fur was still being stroked. But he, carried away by his developments, did not notice that he himself created such a representative of harsh power.

The ball literally squeezes the scientist out of the world. Behind the ridiculousness of the plot lies the deep tragedy of the Russian scientific intelligentsia, which in those years unwittingly helped the Bolsheviks to strengthen their positions. The Sharikovs gradually advanced to all the highest echelons of power and began not only to poison the fate of normal people, but also to decide it. They began to determine the foreign policy of the country.

The professor, in late remorse, complains about his mistake: “I cared about something completely different, about eugenics, about improving the human race. And here I ran into rejuvenation. Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor becomes a participant in the crime: on the advice of Bormental, they decide to get rid of Sharikov and free humanity from this nightmare.

The professor decides to have one more operation and returns Sharikov to his previous state.

Starting my discussions about Professor Preobrazhensky, the hero of the work "Heart of a Dog", I would like to dwell a little on some facts of the author's biography - Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich (05/15/1891, Kiev - 03/10/1940, Moscow), a Russian writer, theater playwright and director. All this in order to draw some parallels that will largely unite the author and his imaginary hero.

A little about the author's biography

Bulgakov was born into the family of an associate professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy, but he himself soon became a student of the medical faculty of Kyiv University. In World War I, he worked as a front-line doctor. In the spring of 1918 he returned to Kyiv, where he practiced as a private venereologist. IN civil war 1919 Bulgakov - military doctor of the Ukrainian military army, then the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, the Red Cross, the Volunteer Army, etc. Having fallen ill with typhus in 1920, he was treated in Vladikavkaz, and after that writing talent woke up in him. He will write to his cousin that, at last, he understood: his job is to write.

Prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky

You can really compare Bulgakov with the prototype of the protagonist, they have too much in common. However, it is generally accepted that Preobrazhensky (professor) as an image was written off from his uncle Mikhail Afanasyevich, a famous doctor in Moscow, a gynecologist

In 1926, the OGPU searched the writer's house, and as a result, the manuscripts of The Heart of a Dog and the diary were seized.

This story was dangerous for the writer because it became a satire on Soviet power 20-30s. The newly minted class of the proletariat is represented here by heroes like the Shvonders and Sharikovs, who are absolutely far from the values of destroyed tsarist Russia.

All of them are opposed by Professor Preobrazhensky, whose quotes deserve special attention. This surgeon and scientist, who is a luminary Russian science, appears for the first time at the moment when in the story the dog, the future Sharikov, dies in the city gateway - hungry and cold, with a burned side. The professor appears at the most painful hours for a dog. The dog's thoughts "voice" Preobrazhensky as a gentleman of culture, with an intelligent beard and mustache, like the French knights.

Experiment

The main business of Professor Preobrazhensky is to treat people, to look for new ways to achieve longevity and effective means of rejuvenation. Of course, like any scientist, he could not live without experiments. He picks up the dog, and at the same time a plan is born in the doctor's head: he decides to perform a pituitary transplant operation. He does this experiment on a dog in the hope of finding effective method for a second youth. However, the consequences of the operation were unexpected.

Over the course of several weeks, the dog, which was given the nickname Sharik, becomes a person and receives documents for the surname Sharikov. Professor Preobrazhensky and his assistant Bormental are trying to instill in him worthy and noble human manners. However, their "education" does not bring any visible results.

Transformation into a human

Preobrazhensky expresses his opinion to the assistant Ivan Arnoldovich Bormental: it is necessary to understand the whole horror, consisting in the fact that Sharikov no longer has a dog's heart, but a human one, moreover, "the lousiest of all that exists in nature."

Bulgakov created a parody of the socialist revolution, described the clash of two classes, in which Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky is a professor and an intellectual, and the working class is Sharikov and his ilk.

The professor, like a real nobleman, accustomed to luxury, living in a 7-room apartment and every day eating different delicacies such as salmon, eels, turkey, roast beef, and washing it all down with cognac, vodka and wine, suddenly got into an unexpected situation. Unbridled and arrogant Sharikovs and Shvonders burst into his calm and proportionate aristocratic life.

Domkom

Shvonder is a separate instance of the proletarian class, he and his company make up the house committee in the house where Preobrazhensky, the experimental professor, lives. They, however, seriously undertook to fight with him. But that one is also not so simple, Professor Preobrazhensky’s monologue about devastation in the minds says that he simply hates the proletariat and its interests, and as long as he has the opportunity to devote himself to his favorite business (science), petty swindlers and swindlers like Shvonder will be indifferent to him.

But with his household Sharikov, he enters into a serious struggle. If Shvonder presses purely outwardly, then you can’t just disown Sharikov, because it is he who is the product of his scientific activity and the production of a failed experiment. Sharikov brings such confusion and devastation to his house that in two weeks the professor experienced more stress than in all his years.

Image

However, the image of Professor Preobrazhensky is very curious. No, he is by no means the embodiment of virtue. He, like any person, has his shortcomings, he is a rather selfish, narcissistic, conceited, but lively and real person. Preobrazhensky became the image of a real intellectual, fighting alone against the devastation that the generation of Sharikovs brings. Isn't this fact worthy of sympathy, respect and sympathy?

Revolution time

The story "Heart of a Dog" shows the reality of the 20s of the twentieth century. Dirty streets are described, where signs are hung everywhere with promises of a brighter future for people. An even more depressing mood is caused by bad, cold, inclement weather and the homeless image of a dog that, like most Soviet people of a new country under construction, literally survives and is in constant search of warmth and food.

It is in this chaos that one of the few intellectuals Preobrazhensky, a professor-aristocrat, who survived in a period of dangerous and difficult times, appears. Sharikov's character, still in his canine body, assessed him in his own way: that he "eats plentifully and does not steal, will not kick with his foot, and is not afraid of anyone, because he is always full."

Two sides

The image of Preobrazhensky is like a ray of light, like an island of stability, satiety and well-being in a terrible reality post-war years. He is actually pleasant. But many do not like a person who, in general, everything is going well, but for whom it is not enough to have seven rooms - he wants another, eighth, to make a library in it.

However, the house committee began an intensified struggle against the professor and wished to take away his apartment from him. In the end, after all, the proletarians did not manage to harm the professor, and therefore this fact could not but please the reader.

But this is only one side of the medal of Preobrazhensky's life, and if you delve deeper into the essence of the matter, you can see a not very attractive picture. The wealth that main character Bulgakov, Professor Preobrazhensky, it must be said, he also did not suddenly fall on his head and was not inherited from wealthy relatives. He made his own wealth. And now he serves people who have received power into their own hands, because now it is their time to enjoy all the benefits.

Very interesting things are voiced by one of Preobrazhensky’s clients: “No matter how much I steal, everything goes to female body, champagne "Abrau-Durso" and cancer necks "". But the professor, in spite of all his high morality, intelligence and sensitivity, does not try to reason with his patient, re-educate or express displeasure. He understands that he needs money to maintain his usual way of life without need: with all the necessary servants in the house, with a table filled with all sorts of dishes like sausages not from Mosselprom or caviar spread on crispy fresh bread.

In the work, Professor Preobrazhensky uses a dog's heart for his experiment. It's not out of love for animals that he picks up exhausted dog to feed or warm, but because, as it seems to him, a brilliant, but monstrous plan for him was born in his head. And then this operation is described in detail in the book, which causes only unpleasant emotions. As a result of the rejuvenation operation, the professor has a “newborn” person in his hands. That is why it is not in vain that Bulgakov gives speaking surname and the status of his hero - Preobrazhensky, a professor who implants the cerebellum of a recidivist thief Klimka into a dog that has fallen into his hands. This has borne fruit, side effects the professor did not expect.

The phrases of Professor Preobrazhensky contain thoughts about education, which, in his opinion, could make Sharikov a more or less acceptable member. social society. But Sharikov was not given a chance. Preobrazhensky had no children, and he did not master the basics of pedagogy. Perhaps that is why his experiment did not go in the right direction.

And few people pay attention to the words of Sharikov that he, like a poor animal, was seized, slashed and now they disdain, and he, by the way, did not give his permission for the operation and can sue. And, what is most interesting, no one notices the truth behind his words.

Teacher and educator

Preobrazhensky became the first teacher of literature for Sharikov, although he understood that teaching to speak does not at all mean becoming a full-fledged person. He wanted to make a highly developed personality out of the beast. After all, the professor himself in the book is a standard of education and high culture and a supporter of the old, pre-revolutionary mores. He very clearly defined his position, speaking about the ensuing devastation and the inability of the proletariat to cope with it. The professor believes that people should first of all be taught the most elementary culture, he is sure that using brute force, nothing in the world can be achieved. He realizes that he has created a being with dead soul, and finds the only way out: to do the reverse operation, since his educational methods did not work on Sharikov, because in a conversation with the maid Zina, he noted: "You can't fight anyone ... You can only act on a person and an animal by suggestion."

But the skills of demagogy, as it turned out, are learned much easier and faster than the skills of creative activity. And Shvonder succeeds in educating Sharikov. He does not teach him grammar and mathematics, but begins immediately with the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, as a result of which Sharikov, with his low level of development, despite the complexity of the topic, from which his "head was swollen", came to the conclusion: "Take everything and share!" This idea of social justice was best understood by the people's authorities and the newly minted citizen Sharikov.

Professor Preobrazhensky: "Devastation in the minds"

It should be noted that "Heart of a Dog" from all sides shows all the absurdity and madness of the new structure of society that arose after 1917. Professor Preobrazhensky understood this well. The character's quotes about devastation in their heads are unique. He says that if the doctor, instead of performing operations, starts to sing in chorus, he will be devastated. If he begins to urinate past the toilet, and all his servants do this, then devastation will begin in the restroom. Consequently, the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads.

Famous quotes of Professor Preobrazhensky

In general, the book "Heart of a Dog" is a real quote book. The main and vivid expressions of the professor were described in the text above, but there are a few more that also deserve the attention of the reader and for different thoughts will be interesting.

“The one who is in no hurry anywhere succeeds everywhere.”

“Why was the carpet removed from the front stairs? What, Karl Marx forbids keeping carpets on the stairs?

- "Humanity itself takes care of this and in the evolutionary order every year stubbornly creates dozens of outstanding geniuses from the mass of all sorts of filth, decorating the globe."

- "What is this devastation of yours? An old woman with a stick? The witch who broke all the windows, put out all the lamps?"