A systematic view of modern cinema. Cinema

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Elena Albertovna KUDELINA - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute Latin America RAS (115035, Russia, Moscow, B. Ordynka St., 21; [email protected])

NEW TRENDS IN MODERN CINEMATOGRAPHY

Annotation. The article examines the topic of social significance and responsibility of cinema as a powerful channel of communication and influence on viewers. Based on the example of the work of the 39th Moscow International Film Festival in 2017 and the screening of the film program within the framework of this festival virtual reality new trends in modern cinema are analyzed. Keywords: cinema, media mass communication, cinematography, social responsibility, Moscow International Film Festival, virtual reality cinema

End of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of such great scientific and technical discoveries in the world as the telephone, radio and cinema. This caused the creation of new national and international mass media, which radically changed the entire system of social communication and interaction in society [Milov et al. 2006: 226].

Cinema has proven to be a more effective and attractive means of disseminating information compared to radio, because added visual images to the messages perceived aurally, helping to perceive the transmitted information visually and emotionally.

The exceptional nature of cinema lies in the fact that in essence it is absolutely self-sufficient. It is both a product of creativity and a means of its presentation and transmission. The art of cinema is a synthesis of literature, visual arts, theater, music and technology. It includes linguistic, directing, acting, musical, artistic, plastic elements and technical means of audiovisual communication.

The advent of television in the 50s. XX century did not weaken, but on the contrary, strengthened the position of cinema as a powerful instrument of cultural influence on the audience and became another technical channel and means of its popularization.

Today, the social significance of cinema as a powerful communication channel is undeniable. Film art has become an important means of social and political influence. Possessing a complex structure, cinema makes it possible to realize all the functions of mass media - information, education, organization of behavior, entertainment, communication, and at the same time it is a synthetic form of modern art.

Talentedly made films comprehensively influence the deep layers of the viewer’s consciousness, form aesthetic preferences, and also demonstrate the most pressing problems of our time. Similar advantages of cinema compared to other media mass media require more close attention to the content of information that millions of viewers receive through movie screens. The larger the audience, the more significant for society is the social effect of their perception of the ideological and moral content of films. This effect can only be positive if these films carry humanistic values ​​and undeniable social ideals.

However, film producers are not always interested in their propaganda. In the public sector of film production, its products are often used for specific political purposes. And in commercial

In a sector where the main objective is to maximize profits, there is a prevailing desire to move away from presenting complex social issues and focus solely on entertaining content. Therefore, it is very important to ensure a reasonable combination and balance of the entertainment function with the objectives of education and moral education of the audience.

In close interaction with complex and contradictory social processes, screen art played a decisive role in the democratization of culture, in the formation of its new forms, which have a significant impact on the broadest sections of the population. During for long years The Moscow International Film Festival (MIFF), one of the oldest in the world of cinema, serves these noble goals. And today it remains the most important socio-cultural phenomenon of Russian cinematic life, which provides everyone with the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest in domestic and international artistic and documentary filmmaking, as well as the latest trends in this field of art in a short time.

The MIFF was first held in 1935; its jury was then headed by Sergei Eisenstein himself. Then there was a long break. In 1959, the MIFF was resumed and since then has been regularly held in Moscow. This year he celebrated his 39th anniversary. Main principle MIFF is a commitment to humanistic ideals and socially significant moral values. Therefore, it is no coincidence that this year the main prize of the festival “Golden St. George” for best movie received the film “The Crested Ibis” by Chinese director Liang Qiao, dedicated to environmental issues and social responsibility for conservation environment and national traditions.

In addition to the official competition program, as part of the MIFF-39, as usual, an extensive non-competition program was shown, which always arouses the greatest interest among viewers. Such cycles as “Spectrum”, “Eight and a half films”, “Euphoria of the outskirts”, “Films that were not here”, “Russian trace”, etc. were presented. The documentary program “Free Thought” enjoyed constant success. where the most relevant and significant works of world documentary cinema are shown. Usually these are laureates, nominees or winners of major international festivals. The audience's interest in this particular program is due to the fact that its films reflect universal social, political and economic issues that concern each of us.

XXI century - this is the century of new technologies and computer graphics, which marked the beginning new page in the history of cinema. Traditional cinema is giving way to computer cinema. The possibilities of cinema today are greater than ever. New technologies opened up new perspectives for him. We are talking about fundamentally new trends such as 5D and interactive cinema, 3D-MTO, which can be watched right at home, virtual reality glasses and other modern inventions of technological progress, which are now used by the creators of new films. Even more fantastic is interactive cinema. This is not even a movie in the usual sense, but rather a game. The viewer can now independently change the plot of the film. Filmmakers are trying to remove barriers between what is happening on the screen and the viewer himself. This means not only immersion in virtual reality, but also the introduction of gaming interactivity. The viewer goes inside the movie, participates in its creation, feeling like an actor, a director, and a screenwriter.

For the first time, within the framework of MIFF-39 2017, the virtual reality (VR) cinema program Russian VR Seasons was shown. More than 40 short

length spherical documentary, fiction and animated films in 360° format for viewing in virtual reality helmets.

There is a growing number of supporters of virtual reality cinema around the world. New technologies have made a real revolution in the world of cinema. At the same time, a number of researchers both in Russia and abroad express concern that virtual reality technologies do not receive proper ethical and legal regulation and carry the danger of representatives escaping reality younger generation who failed to realize themselves in real life.

The incredible realism of scenes in virtual reality has a strong emotional impact on the viewer, encouraging him to repeat certain actions, assimilate values ​​and behavior patterns. The problem is not how to prevent works containing scenes of cruelty and violence from being shown on the “virtual screen” (distribution certificates are simply not issued for such film works in accordance with the norms in force in the Russian Federation), but how to predict the effect of the viewer’s short stay in a virtual environment.

Speaking about virtual reality at the current level of development of this cinematic technology, we de facto mean real virtuality. What happens in the virtual world of a film with the participation of the viewer

Really, because has consequences in physical everyday reality. The presentation of the virtual space of cinema as a change in physical reality in time and space forces the application of the same ethical norms and rules as in real life.

Ethical requirements for the degree of responsibility of the director for what happens to the viewer during and after the film screening should be even stricter than when creating ordinary feature films. This is due to the fact that the viewer’s immersion in the space of a film has a very strong emotional impact. In fact, the viewer continues to “live” in the space of the movie even after it ends, which can lead to a loss of self-control and deep deformation of the users’ personality. This poses a real danger to users of the new type of cinema and those around them.

Nevertheless, I would like to hope that this will not lead to mass autism and virtual addiction. And traditional feature films, documentaries and animation will continue to exist.

These are the new trends and realities of modern cinema.

Bibliography

Milov L.V., Voronkova S.V., Vdovin, Barsenkov A.S. 2006. History of Russia XX

The beginning of the 21st century. M.: Eksmo. 960 pp.

KUDELINA Elena Al"bertovna, Cand.Sci. (Hist.), Institute of Latin America, Russian Academy of Sciences (21 Bolshaya Ordynka St, Moscow, Russia, 115035; [email protected])

NEW TRENDENCIES IN MODERN CINEMA

Abstract. The article considers the social importance and responsibility of cinematograph as a powerful means of mass communication and influence on the audience. The author analyzes new tendencies in modern cinema in the frames of the 39th Moscow International Film Festival work and its program of virtual reality film.

Keywords: cinematograph, mass media, cinema art, social responsibility, Moscow International Film Festival, VR cinema

Since the 1980s, the world market has been captured by the American film business, although in many European countries laws were passed on a mandatory quota of films from national film studios. The mass audience grows up watching American cinema, so European directors have to take this into account in their work. We should not forget that famous European directors often receive invitations to work in Hollywood, which also makes adjustments to their work. We can say that cinema is internationalizing.

In American cinema of recent decades, staged action films in which a hero fights evil has come to the fore. One of the first such heroes was James Bond - agent 007, the first film about whose adventures was shot back in 1962, after which continuations of his adventures appeared with surprising regularity. To date, about two dozen films from this series have been shot, the last (so far) “Quantum of Solace” was released in the fall of 2008. They were filmed different directors, they were played by different actors, but they invariably attract increased audience interest. Major directors and actors are working on the creation of such action films, and more and more funds are being allocated for them.

The image of the 1980s action hero had a lot to do with the actors Sylvester Stallone, who played in the Rambo film series (the first was released in 1982) and Arnold Schwarzenegger. But Schwarzenegger's real success was working in films James Cameron"Terminator" and "Terminator 2".

Continued his work Steven Spielberg, who directed a series of films about the archaeologist Indiana Jones, in which he played the main role Harrison Ford. These films are stylized as Westerns of the 1930s and 1940s; they contain many quotes, allusions, and well-known stereotypes, which creates a subtle ironic parody as a subtext in a bright, entertaining film. In the 1990s, Spielberg moved away from the sci-fi and adventure genres, producing such films as Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan about World War II and the Holocaust, but in 2007 he returned to his beloved hero again, directing New film about Indiana Jones (“Kingdom of the Crystal Skull”).

Francis Coppola filmed the third part " Godfather" and "Bram Stoker's Dracula", in which the vampire appears not as a bloodthirsty monster, but as a suffering creature. The film received very mixed reviews Martin Scorsese“The Last Temptation of Christ,” in which the temptation for Christ was peaceful life the average person.

A landmark film not only for American but also for world cinema Quentin Tarantino“Pulp Fiction”, which blurred the line between art and consumer goods. This film won a prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Oscar for original screenplay.

One of the peaks of world cinema - the film "Titanic" James Cameron, which has become not just disaster movie but also a love story between two young heroes. In this film, Cameron, who had previously directed mainly Schwarzenegger, brought new star - Leonardo DiCaprio, who created the image of a new, softer hero than the previous pumped-up action heroes created by actors J.-C. Van Damme, B. Willis, S. Stallone And A. Schwarzenegger.

Recently, when creating films, the latest computer technologies are increasingly being used to obtain unusual special effects. Thus, since 2001, a series of films about Harry Potter- film adaptation of books Joanne Rowling. A young actor plays them successfully Daniel Radcliffe, growing up with his hero. The large-scale trilogy “The Lord of the Rings” (2001-2003) directed by Peter Jackson by works John Tolkien.

Animated films have developed greatly. Full-length films, both hand-drawn (The Lion King, Ice Age, Madagascar) and 3D animation (a series of films about Shrek), are extremely popular.

Since the late 1970s, Italian cinema has been experiencing a deep crisis - almost all the great directors had already passed away by this time. The last of the greats was Federico Fellini, who made the films “And the Ship Sails On” (1983), which predicted the death of the entire outdated past, and “The Interview” (1988), in which he recalled his past. The greatest Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci, in his films of the 1980s-1990s he showed the unsightly realities of contemporary life in the country - “Tragedy funny man", and also turned to the secrets of the East - " The last Emperor", "Little Buddha" etc.

French cinema experienced a boom during these years. Continued his creative activity Jean-Luc Godard, who directed the films “Save Who Can”, “Passion”, “Name: Carmen”, “Our Music”. World fame purchased French comedies Francois Weber“Unlucky”, “Dads”, “Runaways”, in which wonderful actors played Pierre Richard And Gerard Depardieu.

New names also appeared. One of the most talented modern directors - Luc Besson creator of the adventure films “The Blue Abyss” and “Leon”. His action movie Her Name Was Nikita (1989), about a former criminal recruited by the intelligence services and becoming a super killer, was a huge success. Viewers also love his blockbuster “The Fifth Element,” based on the recipes of American space fairy tales. The film Francois Ozona“8 Women”, filmed in the style of a retro detective story with elements of a musical and farce, in which outstanding actors played French actresses Catherine Deneuve, Isabelle Huppert, Fanny Ardant and etc.

Creativity has become the biggest phenomenon in English cinema Peter Greenaway, who became famous after his first full-length film"The Draughtsman's Contract" (1982). It identified the main themes of concern to the director - sex and death, as well as his characteristic style - extraordinary color saturation and theatricalization of the action, the use of a large number of quotes from books and films. All of his films are very famous and have great commercial success, despite their shocking nature - “Zed and Two Zeros”, “Countdown of the Drowned”, “The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover”, “Child of Macon”, “Intimate Diary” and etc. Recently, English filmmakers are increasingly working together with other countries. So, big success had movies Wolfgang Peterson on historical themes "Gladiator" and "Troy", filmed jointly with the USA.

Yakov Protazanov
Rhey Eisenstein
"Queen of Spades"
"Father Sergius"
"Battleship Potemkin"

Cinema is the art of the 20th century. But the 20th century has gone
past.
Traditional
cinematic professions
change their content, demand more and more new and
new skills.
Directors are increasingly looking not into the future, but into
past. It turns out that cinema, even in itself
traditional form has not exhausted its
opportunities. So, no matter how important technical
side of the matter, the leading one is still
artistic. Cinema is still first
art, and then technology and industry

The formation of Russian cinema after the war years

The history of the development of Russian cinema during the war years was different
special ideological propaganda. Despite the difficult period for
all over the world, domestic cinematography has received a serious leap in
development and became part of Stalinist ideology. The main goal is almost
each tape became a rise folk spirit and the strengthening of the cult of personality.
It was cinema that became the main driving force mode. However
less, great amount new tapes created considerable difficulties in
tracking, because censorship has ceased to cope with its main
task. That is why it was decided to make the main
emphasis on quality rather than quantity. This provided the necessary
effect and strengthened the faith of the population, but at the same time also contributed
development of cinematography, generating talented directors and
real masterpieces. After Stalin's death there was a real boom in
industry. Not only new talents, but also “old” directors received
second chance. For example, it was in the 60s that Mikhail Romm released his
the best films, including the well-known “Ordinary
fascism" and "Nine Days of One Year". The thaw period allowed
develop such talents as: Andrei Tarkovsky. Gleb Panfilov.
Leonid Gaidai. Eldar Ryazanov.

10.

11. Contemporary Russian cinema

A turning point in the field of Russian cinema
can be considered 1992. Due to sudden enrichment, many people
began to actively look for potential areas for investment,
That’s why the film industry has become a real tasty morsel.
This situation contributed to the emergence of private
investments on which most of all films were shot. IN
this period marks real ups and downs for many
directors. The change in preferences and audience played quite a role
a cruel joke for many directors who could not
adapt to the “culture of the nineties”. As a result, their films
failed at the box office and did not have even the minimum
audience success. On further development steel industry
It is economic factors that influence. If
consider the history of Russian cinema briefly, then in this
period, the creativity of many directors did not always find its own
viewer. Periods of default, the Chechen war, and after the world
crisis significantly reduced the number of films released
films. Nevertheless, after 2008 the number of films
continued to grow steadily.

12.

13.

From 2004 to 2012, the number of screens in Russia increased
3.6 times and exceeded 3 thousand. For commercial fees,
amounting to more than one billion dollars per year,
The Russian market has been in 4th position in Europe since 2009
year. The share of Russian cinema decreased from 22-29% (2000-
2009) and occupies 13.8% (2012) of the country's film market. Despite
on the growth of film production and at a leading pace
construction of cinemas in the world [recently,
cinema attendance is either decreasing (2011) or increasing
insignificant (2012). On the one hand, this is due to
cutting off the generation of 30 and 40-year-old viewers due to
the predominance of blockbusters, and on the other hand -
competition with other media. At the same time, the average cost
tickets approached $8, which is comparable to
prices in the West.

Cinema(from Greek κινημα, gen. p. κινηματος - movement and Greek γραφω - write, draw; that is, “recording movement”) - industry human activity which involves creating moving images. Sometimes also referred to as cinematograph(from fr. cinematography, obsolete) and cinema. Cinematography was invented at the end of the 19th century and became extremely popular in the 20th century.

The concept of cinema includes cinematography - a type of modern fine art, the works of which are created using moving images, and the film industry (film industry) - a branch of the economy that produces films, special effects for films, animation, and demonstrates these works to viewers. Works of cinematic art are created using film technology. The science of film studies studies cinema. The films themselves can be shot in various genres of feature and documentary films.

Cinema occupies a significant part of modern culture in many countries. In many countries, the film industry is a significant sector of the economy. Film production is concentrated in film studios. Films are shown in cinemas, on television, distributed “on video” in the form of videotapes and video discs, and with the advent of high-speed Internet, it has become possible to download films in the form of video files on specialized sites or through peer-to-peer networks (which may violate the rights of the film’s copyright holders).

History of cinema

1. The emergence of cinema

The history of cinema begins in the 19th century. Although photography as a method of capturing still images appeared in the first half of the 19th century, in order for the process of shooting and reproducing movement to become possible, it was necessary that photography could take place with short shutter speeds. But even after the appearance of the corresponding types of photographic emulsions in the 70s of the 19th century. the movie did not appear immediately. What seems obvious to us today was not immediately understood by the inventors and pioneers of cinema. Dozens of attempts were made to create systems for recording and reproducing moving images, in which even the famous Edison took part, but his system turned out to be inconvenient, designed only for individual viewing, which did not allow Edison to succeed.

As a result, the French brothers Louis and Auguste Lumières became recognized as the inventors of cinema. The Lumiere equipment turned out to be very convenient; with its help it was possible to easily shoot and show films on big screen, which predetermined the success of their invention. “Cinematograph” (or “cinematograph”) - that’s what the Lumières’ device was called.

The first public demonstration was given in Paris back in March 1895, but happy birthday movie another date is considered, December 28, 1895, when the first commercial film show took place (this happened in the basement of the Grand Café on Capuchin Boulevard).

In their sessions, the Lumières showed several short (only 50 seconds) videos, the first of which was “Workers leaving the factory.” However, the most popular of these videos was a video called “The Arrival of a Train.” The train on the screen seemed to be approaching the hall, which looked very realistic and made a strong impression on the audience.

Still from the film "Arrival of a Train"

2. The initial period of cinema development

After the brilliant invention of the Lumières there was cinema, but there was no movie. The pioneers who created systems for recording and reproducing images did not foresee all the possibilities of using cinematography. The Lumières believed that the main function of their invention was to record and preserve newsreels for posterity. Others saw the display of moving pictures as merely amusing entertainment. However, even in the absence of narrative films, cinema quickly gained popularity. The interest in cinema sessions of some influential people, heads of state, including the Russian Tsar, greatly contributed to the spread of cinema throughout the world.

Soon, the director of one of the Parisian theaters, Georges Méliès, became interested in cinema. He was the first to appreciate the possibilities of cinema, seeing in it, first of all, an excellent means of greatly expanding the possibilities of the stage. He was the first to make films based on scripts, use many film-specific tricks and special effects, and in general became one of the main founders of cinema as an independent art form. One of Méliès's most famous films is A Trip to the Moon (1902).

During the first decade of the 20th century. The length and variety of movie scripts gradually and steadily increased. Society's attitude towards cinema is changing - from perceiving it only as a form of entertainment to perceiving it as a form of art. In 1908, the concept of “film d’ar”—“feature film”—appeared in France.

By 1910, 70% of films were still produced in France. However, other countries, primarily the USA, Great Britain, and Germany, are also beginning to have a noticeable influence on the development of world cinema. At the beginning of the century, the typical length of a film was 15 minutes; by 1910, many films with a duration of about an hour appeared, and in 1915, the American Griffith made the film “The Birth of a Nation” (on the theme of the American Civil War) lasting a full 3 hours. Despite the fact that the content of the film, being racist in essence, caused mass riots in the United States, this film also won great success among the public (about 100 million people watched it) and brought huge box office revenue to the creators.

In the 1920s, the film industry began to take shape in the United States, films were put on stream, and directors were forced out of leading roles. producers. A standard Hollywood system is being formed - the producer selects and buys the script on which the film should be made, he also invites the director, and he also selects the actors, as a rule, from among the so-called. “stars”, the very fact of whose participation in the film is, in fact, a certain lure for the viewer. Some of the most successful products of American cinema in the 1920s were comedies, especially with the participation of Charlie Chaplin.

Nevertheless, a significant part in the development of world cinema, the introduction of new techniques and discoveries into it, was at the same time European cinema. A direction is developing in German cinema called expressionism, and in French - avant-garde European directors are looking for and finding new methods that can significantly enhance the expressiveness of the depiction of scenes and objects in cinema, through the use of various techniques that influence the subjective impressions of the viewer, and expand the capabilities of film language.

Before the revolution, Russian cinema mainly followed the path of copying Western models. However, in the 20s Soviet directors begin to actively experiment with expressive possibilities movie. Particular attention is paid to attempts to increase expressiveness using special tactics for editing film fragments. The discoveries of some directors, especially Sergei Eisenstein, were included in the golden fund of world cinema.

3. Development of sound cinema

Until 1927, almost all films were “silent”; they contained only images, no sound. In the early 1920s, the first system capable of recording and playing sound films appeared, but film producers were cautious for a long time, fearing a significant increase in the cost of film production and distribution. The American company Warner Brothers was the first to decide on an experiment; in 1927 it released the first film in which a character on the screen speaks - “The Jazz Singer”.

The arrival of sound in cinema somewhat reduces the role of artistic expression techniques, which previously were designed in many ways to compensate for the lack of sound. Sound encouraged the creation of a more realistic, narrative-driven, and less conventional film. Some famous directors and actors (including Charlie Chaplin) spoke out against sound films or for sound not to interfere with their visual experiments, but sound very quickly gained a place in cinema, and throughout the 30s almost all films became sound. Diversity artistic techniques And expressive means in cinema decreases, but the role of dialogues, which carry the main meaningful and expressive message, increases significantly. load in a fairly large group of films.

In the USA, as a result of the Great Depression, the entire film industry finally finds itself in the hands of big capital, which sees main task cinema in churning out films of the same type, designed primarily for commercial success. These films were of high quality, but made according to standard recipes and devoid of any signs of the author's style, which is not surprising, since the director who shot the film had the most minimal freedom.

In the USSR (and especially in Germany), directors experienced pressure from the regime, which also limited the opportunity for experimentation. In the USSR, the bet was made on “ socialist realism” and the creation of fewer, but higher quality, films, this trend continued until the famous Twentieth Congress and the beginning of the “Thaw” (1956).

IN post-war period(late 40s and 50s), a significant contribution to the development of world cinema was made by Italian (with its so-called neorealism), as well as Japanese cinema (especially films directed by director Akiro Kurosawa).

4. Development of color cinema

The introduction of color into cinema was slower than the introduction of sound. The technical capabilities of creating satisfactory color films appeared back in the 30s, and in 1939 one of the first color films was shot in the USA, which gained enormous popularity - “Gone with the Wind”, but a stable superiority of color films over black and white began to develop only in 60-70s. In addition, the characteristics of the film are gradually improving - its light sensitivity is increasing, which in many cases allows you to do without additional backlights and shoot in more difficult conditions.

In the post-war period, the development of cinema turned out to be to a certain extent connected with social and political trends. In the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe, after the onset of the “thaw”, there was a surge in the development of cinema, at which time new films were being filmed here. interesting movies, new ones appear famous names. In Western Europe at this time, experiments continue with new ways of conveying the psychological mood of characters and psychological expressiveness, while in the USA, on the contrary, cinema is moving along the path of enhancing pure entertainment. Subsequently, under the pressure of competition from television in the United States, the tendency to create expensive, a large number special effects and scenery, films - “blockbusters”.

5. Latest trends

The latest, most significant innovations in cinema are associated with the beginning of the widespread use of computer graphics, and not only in those cases and scenes where it is difficult to depict something using conventional means, but almost everywhere. One of the most advanced films in terms of total use of computer graphics was The Matrix, and computer effects (along with, of course, an extraordinary and deeply thought-out script) ensured the film a huge success. Nowadays, computer graphics, allowing easy on-screen “mixing” of images taken from nature and images imported using a computer, is setting new standards for entertainment and realism (where complex and atypical scenes are concerned) of cinema.

Film genres

Genre (French genre, Latin genus - genus, type) is a group of film works, identified on the basis of similar features of their construction. The genre system of cinema is not complete and does not have strict boundaries. The main, largest genres of modern cinema are described below. The definition of a work to a specific genre is conditional and ambiguous. This is confirmed by the examples I gave of films of different genres, some of which were used more than once.
Genres: action, western, detective, drama, historical, comedy, melodrama, adventure, thriller, horror, fantasy.

Action

An action movie focuses on violence: fights, stalking, etc. These films are often high budget, filled with stunts and special effects. Films of this genre often do not have a complicated plot; the main character usually faces evil in its most obvious manifestation: corruption, terrorism, kidnapping, murder. Finding no other way out, the main character decides to resort to violence. As a result, dozens and sometimes hundreds of villains are destroyed. Most action films are not recommended for anyone under 16 years of age. A happy ending is a must in an action movie, “harm must be punished.”
I recommend:
Russian— “First After God”, “Shadow Fighting”, “Antikiller”, “Brother”, “Sisters”
foreign— “Fight Club”, “The Matrix”, “Die Hard”, The Bourne Trilogy, “Terminator”, “RoboCop”, “Face Off”, “Sin City”, “Mission Impossible”, “Resident Evil”

Western

Classic films of this genre take place in the American Wild West in the 19th century. The conflict usually takes place between a gang of criminals, government officials and bounty hunters. As in a typical action movie, the conflict is resolved with gun violence. Westerns are imbued with the atmosphere of freedom and independence characteristic of the western United States.
I recommend:
Russian- "The Man from the Boulevard des Capuchins"
foreign- "McKenna's Gold", "Once Upon a Time in the West", "Red Sun", "The Quick and the Dead", "Dances With Wolves"

Detective (Mystery)

Detective is a genre whose works contain illustrations of criminal actions, the subsequent investigation and determination of the perpetrators. The viewer, as a rule, has a desire to conduct his own investigation and put forward his own version of the crime.
I recommend:
“Silence of the Lambs”, “From Hell”, “9 Gate”, “Saw”, “Fight Club”, “Bodyguard”, “Vanilla Sky”, “A Beautiful Mind”, “23”

Drama

Films of this genre are distinguished by their plot, conflicting action, and many dialogues and monologues. Dramas mainly depict privacy man and his acute conflict with society, paying attention to universal contradictions in the behavior and actions of specific characters in the film.
Tragedy- subgenre of drama. Its basis is also the collision of the individual with the world, society, fate, struggle strong characters and passions. But, unlike drama, tragedy usually ends with the death of the main character.
I recommend:
Russian— “Scarecrow”, “Intergirl”, “The Barber of Siberia”, “Driver for Vera”, “72 Meters”, “Morphine”
foreign— “The Notebook”, “The Green Mile”, “A Beautiful Mind”, “City of Angels”, “Ghost”, “Sid And Nancy”, “Babylon”, “P.S. I Love You", "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", "Autumn in New York", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Split", "Memoirs of a Geisha", "Gone with the Wind"

Historical film (History)

Films of this genre show real events historical events. Historical films are usually high-budget, feature beautiful landscapes, and impressive extras.
I recommend:
Russian— “9th Company”, “Star”, “Turkish Gambit”, “Admiral”, “Taras Bulba”
foreign— “Troy”, “Gladiator”, “Another Boleyn Girl”, “Joan of Arc”, “Saving Private Ryan”, “13th Warrior”, “300”, “Turkish Gambit”

Comedy

The main feature of comedy is the depiction of characters, conflicts and situations that make the audience laugh and improve their mood.
I recommend:
Russian- “Girls”, “Operation “Y” And Other Adventures of Shurik”, “Caucasian Captive”, “ Love affair at work"", "Irony of Fate", "The Most Charming and Attractive", "Radio Day", "Election Day"
foreign- “Always Say YES”, “Wasabi”, “Pretty Woman”, “Legally Blonde”, “Bruce Almighty”, “Duplex”, “Mask”, “Rush Hour”, “Tootsie”, “Dads”

Melodrama (Romance)

Works of this genre reveal the spiritual and sensory world of the characters with a particularly vivid depiction of emotions based on contrast: good and evil, love and hate, etc.
I recommend:
Russian- “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears”, “Men”, “Carnival”, “Princess on the Beans”, “American Daughter”
foreign— “Hurry to Love”, “If Only”, “House by the Lake”, “Legends of Autumn”, “Paris”, “Scent of a Woman”, “Groundhog Day”, “Bodyguard”, “Dirty Dancing”

Adventure

Adventure films are characterized by a rich plot, a constant change of events, active work heroes. Unlike action films, in adventure films attention is paid to the ingenuity of the characters, the ability to outwit and deceive the villain. The heroes find themselves in difficult situations and get out of them in an original way. A happy ending often ends films of this genre.
I recommend:
"Star Wars", "Lord of the Rings", "Pirates" Caribbean"", "The Fifth Element", "Beach", "Charlie's Angels", "Men In Black", "Spider-Man"

Thriller

Thriller (English: thrill) is a film that evokes in the viewer a feeling of tension, anxiety, and excitement. The genre has no clear boundaries. Thrillers are often classified as detective-adventure films and horror films.
I recommend:
“What Lies Beneath”, “Perfume”, “The Beach”, “Saw”, “From Hell”, “Face Off”, The Bourne Trilogy, “Kill Bill”, “Desperado”, “Wolf”, “Resident Evil”

Horror

Horror films are designed to frighten the viewer, instill fear, anxiety, create an atmosphere of horror or tense anticipation of something terrible.
I recommend:
"A Nightmare on Elm Street", "The Ring", "Scream", "The Orphanage", "The Haunting of Hill House", "Red Rose", "The Amityville Horror", "House" Wax figures", "Silent Hill", "The 6 Demons of Emily Rose", "Clown"

Fantasy

Fantasy (from the Greek phantastike - the art of imagining) is a genre in which imagination prevails over reality, generating a picture that is incompatible with ordinary ideas about plausibility and everyday life.
Fantasy is a subgenre of science fiction films. The main difference between these films is that the actions take place in worlds ruled by “sword and sorcery.” Not only people, but also various mythological creatures often appear here - elves, gnomes, dragons, werewolves, cat people, as well as gods and demons.
Mystic is another subgenre of science fiction films. Actions in such paintings are associated with the interaction of people and various mysterious forces that cannot be clearly described scientifically.
I recommend:
fantastic— “The Fountain”, “Cube”, “The Fifth Element”, “Planet of the Apes”, “Wolf”, “Frankenstein”
Mystic— “The 9th Gate”, “The Butterfly Effect”, “Final Destination”, “What Lies Hide”, “Interview with the Vampire”, “The Raven”, “The Omen”
fantasy— “The Chronicles of Narnia”, “The Neverending Story”, “The Lord of the Rings”, “Harry Potter”, “Blade”, “Underworld”, “Van Helsing”, “Twilight”

In addition to these most popular genres, the following can be distinguished:

• Biography- a genre characterized by a greater focus on the individual and his inner world.
• Gothic novel(Gothic) - a romantic “black novel” in prose with elements of supernatural “horror”, mysterious adventures, fantasy and mysticism (family curses and ghosts). Developed mainly in English-language literature. The name comes from the Gothic architectural style (novels often take place in old Gothic castles).
• Documentary film(or non-fiction cinema) - a genre of cinema. A documentary is a film based on the filming of real events and people. Reconstructions of true events do not belong to documentary films. The first documentary filming was made at the birth of cinema. The topic for documentaries is most often interesting events, cultural phenomena, scientific facts and hypotheses, as well as famous persons and communities. Masters of this type of filmmaking often rose to serious philosophical generalizations in their works. Currently, documentary films have become firmly established in cinematography all over the world.
• Mystic- a genre of cinema in which there are images of supernatural phenomena and spiritual practices aimed at connecting with other world and supernatural forces.
• Soap opera- one of the genres of television series. It is distinguished by a huge number of episodes and is often broadcast for years.
• Tragicomedy- a type of drama that combines the characteristics of tragedy and comedy.
• Phantasmagoria- fantastic performance, obsession. Phantasmagoria in cinema is a subgenre of science fiction. Phantasmagoria in cinema is a film about something completely unreal, depicting bizarre visions and delusional fantasies. This genre has some similarities with abstract art in painting.

Making the film

In the process of making a film, art and film technology are inextricably linked, without which cinema is impossible. One of the most important aspects of film production, which is a type of commerce, is the possibility of making a profit and the amount of invested funds. These types of activities are combined in film production centers - film studios, where administrative buildings and filming pavilions are located.

A film studio is a complex of creative and production units, including film crews, script and editorial boards, music editorial offices, lighting shops, camera equipment shops, acting departments, warehouses for storing costumes and props, and much more. Large film studios sometimes form film associations, which include several film crews.

As a rule, a producer or production company is at the origins of a film. Their main task is to find sources of financing for a film project. It is necessary to find private firms or government agencies that would be interested in these investments. The producer often chooses or orders the script himself, invites the director, participates in the selection of actors (casting), artist, etc. His professional competence includes studying the audience's interest, on the basis of which he builds a strategy for his activities. The producer not only organizes the production process, but also actively participates in drawing up contracts, film estimates, and the shooting schedule.

The film process involves many specialists from the most different professions. The decision to attract certain specialists is also made by the producer, but the director can initiate the involvement.

The producer controls the work until the very end and, after finishing work on the film, continues to promote the film and organize its distribution.

Technological stages of modern film production

The film production process is usually divided into three stages: preparatory period. Pre production"Pre-production"), the filming period and the editing and toning period (eng. Post production"Postproduction")

Filmmaking Soviet period provided for the following stages of creating a feature film, which have survived with minor changes to this day:

Preparing a film script

• Thematic plan;
• Application or libretto;
• Writing a literary script;
• Approval of the film cost limit and production time;

Director's script

• Writing a director's script;
• Approval of the literary script;
• Drawing up an estimate and calendar plan for the preparatory period;

Preparation period

• Development of a film production project;
• Director's script with explications;
• Sketches of scenery, combined shooting, costumes, props, makeup, drawings and descriptions for them;
• Shooting maps and camera notes;
• Sketches of frames;
• Installation and technical developments;
• Photographic materials characterizing the visual side of the painting;
• Sound explication of the film;
• Schedule and production plan;
• General estimate;
• Selection of locations for location shooting;
• Selection of actors and preliminary rehearsals;
• Preparation of staging materials;
• Approval of the film production project;

Production period Filming period

• Acceptance of the object;
• Development of the object;
• Filming in the pavilion;
• Shooting on location;
• Trick photography;
• Recording sound during filming;

Installation and tinting period

• Film editing;
• Speech dubbing;
• Music recording;
• Noise dubbing;
• Production of inscriptions;
• Re-recording of the film soundtrack;
• Delivery of the film on two films;
• Installation of the negative;
• Printing copies on one film;
• Production of a set of starting materials;
• Delivery of raw materials;
• Production and financial report;
• Dissolution of the film crew;

In modern cinema, filmmaking goes through the same stages, with the exception of the difference in technology, which today is mostly digital. For example, the stage of creating computer animation has appeared, which is carried out simultaneously with the stage of creating titles and inscriptions and partially replaces it. Many stages of the installation and tinting period are a thing of the past with the arrival of latest technologies working with “digital negative” (eng. Digital Intermediate). There may also be additional stages of film production: filming of passing scenes, reshooting and additional filming of film episodes, recording of additional sources of phonograms and other stages at the discretion of the production company or depending on the circumstances of a particular film.

Preparation period

The first necessary stage on the path to realizing the concept of a feature film is the creation of a script - its literary basis, which defines the theme, plot, issues, and characters of the main characters. For more than hundred year history cinema, the script has gone through its development path from “scripts on cuffs”, where the plot of the future film was briefly described, to a special literary genre- film dramaturgy.

The longest and most important in film production is the preparatory period. At large film studios there is a very important division - an information and methodological group, which selects materials and information necessary in working on any film. This includes historical data and ideas about the life of the era depicted, the technical and scientific level, style of clothing, behavior, etc. Employees of this group contact museums, libraries, galleries, and collectors. Sometimes the studio accumulates large archives that help film crews work on films.

During the preparatory period, the director, having studied a huge amount of material on the topic of the film, develops the concept of the film. The creative group, which in addition to the director includes a producer, artist and director of photography, creates the director’s script and explication (the director’s interpretation of the future film, his vision of the film).

The director's script is, in essence, technical description future film. Based on the literary script, a sequential recording of all episodes of the film is made, breaking them down into separate filming frames with visual and sound features of their execution.

The director's script is accompanied by a storyboard - drawings of all frames made by hand by the film's artist or director.

During the preparatory period, photo and video samples of location shooting locations are taken.

The director of photography studies the conditions for filming staged objects in the pavilion interior and on location and creates a camera operator's note, in which he indicates the features of light-tonal and color solution frames of objects. Actors are selected, first rehearsals are held, and sketches of scenery and costumes are developed. In the selection of actors for the main and minor roles, as well as to participate in extras, the director and producer are helped by the acting department, which is available at every film studio. There is an extensive card index in which you can find information about film and theater artists: data on appearance, roles played, photographs. Particular attention is paid to the visual design of the film.

The production designer develops sketches of scenery for stage and location shooting, costumes, makeup, combined shooting, thinks through and selects props. All this conveys the characteristic features of the era, environment and life. In addition, the sketches should give an idea of ​​the film's style, color and plastic structure. During this same period, the director, together with the artist and cameraman, select locations for location shooting. As a result, a production project is created, which includes: the director's script and explication, development of individual episodes and scenes, photo and screen tests, sketches, shooting maps and camera explications, detailed storyboards, editing and technical developments, photographic materials, explications of the film's sound design, calendar - production plan and general estimate.

An important stage of the preparatory period is the creation and installation of scenery. This stage is especially important in historical or science fiction films that require the artificial creation of interiors or landscapes. The creation of scenery is carried out by the Decorative and Technical Constructions Workshop of the film studio. The scenery can be built in the pavilion or on location. Work on the construction of decoration objects is carried out under the supervision and consultation of the production designer.

Filming period

Camera crew at work

The production of any film is carried out by a group of creative and production workers, united during production in a common team called the film crew. The composition, size and duration of existence of the film crew depend on the type, genre, and production complexity of the film. Documentaries can be filmed by a small group, in which it is enough to have a director, cameraman, sound engineer and director. Full-length feature films are produced by a team that can include dozens or even hundreds of employees, depending on the scale and complexity.

Numbering clapper with time code indicator

After preparation for shooting each frame is completed and as all participants are ready, the shooting process begins.

During the filming process, an artist-photographer from the photo workshop attached to the film crew takes photographs of photographic advertising, and the filming is carried out by him in conditions of general shooting lighting. Subsequently, from these photographic frames a set of advertising photographs is created, transferred to distribution organizations and used for the production of advertising for the film.

Recording a synchronized soundtrack during shooting

The shooting period of a feature film can last several months, however proper organization filming and careful development of their plan during the preparatory period make it possible to reduce the filming period to a minimum, since this is the most expensive stage of film production. When planning filming, an important point is to ensure its continuity and eliminate downtime for the group.

Installation and tinting period

The editing and editing period of film production is the final stage. During this period, only the main creative workers and attached specialists from the editing and sound departments remain in the film crew. Therefore, the cost of editing and toning work, due to the lack of expenses for staging work, inviting extras and other items, is significantly lower than the cost of filming work. The group begins editing work after completion of all filming, but often film editing is carried out in parallel with filming, which reduces the time of the editing and toning period. This period, with rare exceptions, consists of standard sequential operations.

Film editing. During the shooting process, the footage goes to the film editor, who views it, marks it and organizes it. The production director, together with the editing team, selects the most successful takes and gives instructions on editing. After filming an episode or scene is completed, a rough cut is carried out. In the case of using video monitoring, rough editing is carried out on video footage received from a television set. Digital production technology uses non-linear editing of the digital negative.

Editing table at a film studio

Before the start of editing and toning work, the production director, using the rough editing made during filming, clarifies the editing rhythm of the film, the sequence of scenes and editing transitions between them, checks the footage of the film and gives instructions on the final editing. Some production directors conduct the final editing of the film in parallel with filming, which makes it possible to complete the production of the film almost simultaneously with the end of filming.

During the editing and post-production period, the production director, together with the attached editing department team, finishes editing the film, which began during filming. At this stage, they have at their disposal all the captured images, phonograms of synchronized recordings, speech and noise dubbing, recorded music and inscriptions. The editing shop provides the group with sound editing tables and synchronizers. As a result of editing work, the film must be prepared for dubbing and dubbing. The film image and the corresponding phonograms of speech, music and noise must be mounted in the form of clips from 250 to 300 meters in length. Each part of a film edited and prepared for re-recording has several films: a film with an edited working positive image and separate phonograms of speech, music and noise. After the installation is completed, curtains, fades and blackouts are marked, which are ordered in the combined filming workshop.

Sometimes film editing work begins even before filming.
At his desk, the director draws up a kind of layout on paper, on which he marks frames of different lengths in different colors, arranging them in an editing sequence. At this stage, he already imagines the entire film as a whole, building its rhythmic pattern. In the rehearsal, shooting and actual editing periods of film creation, this editing vision of the future film work is concretized, clarified, but should never change radically.

Film scoring

The most important stage in creating a modern sound film and one of the most labor-intensive, after the filming period, is the scoring of the film.

The result of this process, as a rule, is the final receipt of an analog and digital phonogram of the film on magnetic or other physical media. Such a phonogram is obtained as a result of mixing and carefully adjusting the ratios of individual phonograms obtained during filming and recordings in the studio. The resulting soundtrack is the main source material and is stored along with the negative of the image. When making a film with an optical phonogram, a copy of the phonogram obtained as a result of dubbing is converted into a negative of an analogue or digital optical phonogram of the film, which is necessary for obtaining combined film copies. Modern technology involves the production of digital and analogue optical phonograms applied to the film copy. Most often, four types of soundtracks are printed simultaneously: two digital SDDS and Dolby Digital, directly printed on film, analog Dolby SR and time code for a DTS digital soundtrack recorded on a separate compact disc.

When both media (the working copy of the image and the general soundtrack) are ready, the film is delivered on two films admissions committee. If the commission approves the resulting film, the film processing shop performs a final editing of the negative against the control positive, taking into account the amendments made by the commission. If amendments require additional shooting or redoing of scenes, they are re-shot and the whole process is repeated.

Production of titles and inscriptions. Until recently, the production of inscriptions and titles was a complex process performed in a composite filming workshop by graphic artists. Currently, most film captions are produced using a computer and then printed onto film using a film recorder or directly edited into digital content in the case of digital production. In any film, opening and closing credits are required. All other inscriptions are produced depending on the tasks set by the authors.

Replication

After final editing and production of titles and inscriptions, an editing film copy is printed from the mounted negative. A specialist from the film processing workshop makes the final agreed-upon color setting and the resulting passport of the editing film copy is subsequently used when printing a double-positive (interpositive, “lavender”), equalized in density and color rendition. From the double-positive, several double-negatives are printed with a combined phonogram, which are transferred to the film copying factory. In the case of a rental format that uses a magnetic phonogram applied to the film copy, the double-positive is not combined with it. At the factory, copies of film copies are printed from double negatives, intended for distribution in cinemas. After developing and drying, a magnetic track is applied to film copies with a magnetic soundtrack, and the magnetic soundtrack is copied in the electric copying shop, which in this case is attached to the double negative.

In modern cinema, integral part which is distributed on optical discs and on television, the circulation of film copies can be small, and the double negative is digitized and the discs are mastered. In most cases, mastering discs using television standards high definition, is produced from an aligned intermediate double positive (“lavender”), which ensures the best video quality. At digitally In film production, copies of the film obtained after editing and color correction are copied onto hard drives distributed over the cinema network, and part of the circulation is printed on film for distribution in provincial and low-budget cinemas that are not equipped with digital projection. Mastering of optical discs in this case is carried out directly from the re-encoded digital film.

TV movies

A special place in film production technology is occupied by films specially shot for distribution on television. Often such films are shot on narrow 16mm film, which significantly reduces the cost of production while still being of sufficient quality to be shown on TV. Most of Modern television films are shot using electronic technology, without the use of film. An early version of this method was filming with television cameras followed by film recording of the video signal. Often television films made in this way were called teleplays.

When producing a television film, some technological phases are absent: for example, television films do not involve printing copies of film copies, and can be shown even without printing a double negative directly from the original negative using a telecine projector. The production of a soundtrack for a television film also has a simplified technology. Television films are distributed using optical video discs, without distribution in cinemas.

Promotion of the film on the market

Promotion begins almost simultaneously with the writing of the script; the producer is involved in this. To promote a film other than the film itself film crew A standard set of promotional materials is being prepared, which includes an extended annotation, a list of the main members of the creative team, photographs of the most expressive shots of the film, which are taken by a photo workshop photographer assigned to the group during filming on location and in the pavilion. A set of photographs for advertising a film is approved by the director. Some of the photographs from the set are distributed to print and online media. In addition, for promotion, the film studio prepares commercials that are edited from takes that are not included in the film, or specially filmed. Important They have movie posters for promotion.

• cinema chain;
• Internet;
• radio;
• TV;
• video;
• printed publications;
• related products.

Even before the release of the film, an advertising campaign begins: press conferences are held, reports from the filming are held, commercials are broadcast on television and shown in cinemas, photographs and interviews are published in the press. One of important points promotion - organizing a high-profile film premiere with the invitation of stars and celebrities, ensuring resonance in the media.

The producer calculates in advance how many cinemas will buy the film, how many viewers will watch it, as well as how much it will pay off and what profit it will bring. The promotion of the film is also facilitated by the film’s participation in various film festivals and nominations for film awards. After the film's distribution in a cinema chain has been established, widespread production of video cassettes and optical discs begins. Sometimes DVDs appear almost simultaneously with the start of rental on the big screen. The widest audience gets the opportunity to get acquainted with the film when it appears on television.

Modern technologies

Nowadays, with the spread of digital technologies, the filmmaking process has become different from the classical one and represents various combinations of film and digital working techniques. Some technological stages ceased to exist altogether and new opportunities appeared. It can definitely be said that today no films are created using exclusively film or digital production methods. One of the common techniques of modern cinema is working with digital negatives. Digital Intermediate). In practice, the editing and toning period is carried out using computers that process a digital image scanned from a negative and digital audio. Replication also occurs in two techniques in parallel, because modern films, intended for a wide audience, are released simultaneously for digital film exhibition, distribution on optical discs and for cinemas equipped with traditional film installations.

Each of us likes to watch certain films. Some people like melodramas, some prefer comedies, some like action films, and others are ardent fans of various horror films. One way or another, all these people have one thing in common - love for the film.

Cinema has been developing throughout the second century. Great progress has been seen in this area. If the first films were black and white, and there was simply no sound, then modern cinema can't compare to what it was before. Today's films are made using large number special effects, as well as other computer techniques that take your breath away, create a suitable atmosphere and help the viewer immerse yourself in another, virtual world of cinema.

To date, a huge number of films have been released that have won the honor and attention of a multi-million audience around the world. Most of the films were captivating with their plots, and some triumphed thanks to their incredibly beautiful and well-placed special effects. Such films include the series Angel or Demon on STS, which has won a huge audience.

However, today on our TV screens you can see films that do not carry much meaning, are not distinguished by their interesting plot, and also do not have beautiful and bright special effects. Without all this, the film seems gray and uninteresting.

Such films, as a rule, are not shown in cinemas, but are simply broadcast on television for the purpose of entertaining the casual viewer. Such films are made, as a rule, by novice directors and are more a work for themselves. Than for a large audience. As well as TV series, which today are very popular and are in great demand mainly among modern girls, filming becomes just a hobby, and not some kind of professional work.

There are such famous films as “Titanic”, “Home Alone” (the first and second parts are the most striking and memorable), “The Pianist”, “Avatar” and many, many others. All these films have already entered the history of world cinema and will remain in people's memory forever.

20-05-2013, 09:26

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  Modern cinema has a huge number of films. They are filmed on different subjects, in different genres, with different special effects. The budget of the film also plays an important role.


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  If you consider yourself to be ordinary people who are not deeply interested in cinema, and you do not care about such aspects as the fame of the directors of the films or the cult status of the video, online viewing movies are what you need.


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  “Brother 2” has long become a cult Russian movie, loved even by those who, in principle, do not recognize Russian films as a cinematic phenomenon. Undoubtedly, this happened largely thanks to Sergei Bodrov, who died in the mountains.