Draw patterns for Russian folk costume. Differences in patterns in different regions
Development specific features folk costume is influenced mainly by climatic, socio-historical factors and national mentality. Also significant role Neighborhood and relationships with other ethnic groups and their cultural and everyday life characteristics play a role in the formation of a particular stylistic image of a folk costume. In any case, national clothing is a synthesis folk art. Drawing it step by step will be a good way to remember its main features. After all, clothing is the face of an ethnic group, a mirror reflecting its life and beliefs.
IN modern society, with increasing interest in their culture, people strive to find out what Russian folk costumes are and how to draw them. To fully satisfy your interest, you need to master some theory of the origin of clothing. For example, you can consider a woman or draw her step by step in watercolor, thereby fixing the presented image on paper.
The history of the emergence of Russian folk clothing
The history goes back many centuries. Statistical virtually unchanged conditions peasant life, climate and natural environment life, religious environment and folk beliefs formed a clothing style that was maximally adapted to hard work.
Many artists wonder how to draw a Russian folk costume. To do this, you should know its specific features. Firstly, such features are lightness, functionality, and ease of dressing. For each type of activity there is its own clothing - from a jacket and a cossack to a long-sleeved sheepskin coat and army coat. The very activity of daily activity set its own limits for cutting and sewing clothes - a wide wedge was inserted into the trousers, and diamond-shaped gussets were inserted into the armpits of the shirt. The clothes had a wide wrap and were without buttons - they were tied with a sash, and any family member could at any time put a zipun and a zipunnik or a sheepskin sheepskin coat on the shirt.
The design of the sundress, shirt, poneva, armyak and zipun practically did not require the use of scissors, and the excess material was extremely insignificant.
So how to draw, guided by knowledge about its model range?
Women's and men's Russian national costumes
Russian folk costume differed by gender, age and territorial affiliation. You need to know this in order to imagine what Russian folk costumes look like and how to draw them.
Children's clothing repeated the cut and decoration of adult clothing, but was made in a smaller size and from cheaper fabric. In summer, children wore long shirts tied with belts.
To draw a Russian folk costume for men, it is useful to know that men's clothing was of the same type. Her complex included a shirt, a belt, ports, an upper and lower caftan, bast shoes or boots and a headdress.
Choosing the position of the suit, its cut and color features
To draw a Russian folk costume step by step, you must remember that the costume different layers population differed not only in the number of parts, but also in the variety of materials, having the same cut of its individual parts.
So, a large number of draperies and folds create additional volume of clothing, giving it the illusion of layers. Therefore, the artist should avoid compositional congestion of the silhouette, and if this congestion does occur in the cut of the clothing, then it is necessary to minimize the number of folds.
Fabrics were always dyed with vegetable dyes - the predominance of red is due to the presence of madder weed as a dye in every village, while green dyes were brought exclusively from China. It is important to voice this in order to show how to draw a Russian folk costume.
Drawing the lines of a mannequin
Before drawing a Russian folk costume step by step, it is necessary to determine the angle of the transmitted image and its technical and stylistic qualities.
For a more open “panoramic” look of clothing, it is recommended to depict it in a “three-quarter” turn, for the construction of which the suit will be rotated along the “y” axis of the ternary coordinate system, that is, turned 95 degrees relative to the observer. This angle allows you to simultaneously show the object both from the front and from the profile. You can copy a Russian folk costume (photo), drawing it is quite simple.
From such an angle as presented below, the reliefs and decorations of such women's headdresses as the kichka or kokoshnik will be perfectly visible.
Physiological characteristics of the mannequin
So, the midline of the mannequin’s body will lie on the “y” axis: it is also worth depicting shoes along it - for women it is represented by low-heeled shoes, boots or bast shoes, for men - boots or bast shoes.
Three lines are drawn arbitrarily: shoulders, chest and pelvic girdle. Then, two ovals are built along the belts of the limb - respectively, male and To draw a Russian folk costume in stages, it is necessary to supplement the female mannequin with one more line - at the level of the midline of the chest - it will indicate the angle of the female chest. Then all the limb belts and the shoulder line are connected by a body contour curved at an arbitrary waist.
When wondering how to draw a Russian folk costume step by step, you should remember that from the huge variety of women’s clothing, two can be distinguished: South Russian and North Russian.
Therefore, in order to draw a Russian folk costume in stages, first a territorial costume model is selected: for the South Russian - an embroidered shirt, an apron, a belt, a checkered blanket, a shortened shoulder shirt, a “magpie” headdress; for Northern Russian - shirt, long sundress, belt, jacket, kokoshnik.
Methods of practical decoration of Russian folk costumes
Since ancient times, Russians have used embroidery and patterned weaving to decorate clothes. Patterned weaving includes a three-dimensional pattern with a convex (mostly red) ornament located in stripes across the fabric.
When using the patterned sewing technique, it is very difficult to convey the round outlines of the design, so the ornamental motifs are geometric and rectilinear, and the circle motif in sewing was conveyed using rhombuses or squares placed at the corner. On combined festive clothing, ornaments were made in the form of stitching, embroidery, sewn ribbons, small appliqué, located along the shoulder seams, backing seams, and the like, thus marking constructive and functional elements. Only small, geometric, and less often floral ornaments were used. On underwear, the ornament performed primarily a protective function, based on folk superstitions, and covered the collar, sleeve cuffs and the hem of the shirt.
Drawing decorated parts of clothing
On both mannequins, in the shoulder area, a shirt is drawn with long sleeves falling down, the cuffs of which or the sleeves themselves are covered with a surrounding pattern of red and white stripes. A similar pattern should cover the collar of a shirt - for women it is round or finely gathered, for men it is oblique.
At the level of the female chest, a sundress bodice is drawn, the straps of which, trimmed with yellow or red ornaments, are drawn towards the shoulders. The bodice of the sundress goes around the rounded female breast, goes down to the very bottom in two lines. The hem of the sundress can be covered with horizontal or vertical patterns.
A man's shirt continues to the waist level, where it is intercepted by the circumference of the belt, and then drawn untucked. Its lower edge is also covered with ornaments.
Below the line of the pelvic girdle, the trouser legs of the ports are drawn, reaching the ankle levels.
The shirt has White color, the sundress is often red, less often green or blue; ornament - red, green or yellow, less often blue. Men's ports were made of gray or dark brown cloth.
A kokoshnik, drawn in the shape of a crescent, decorated with arbitrary scallops and lines, a round or rectangular colored pattern, is perfect for a women's sundress. Patterns should always be small and located along the hemline of the dress or shirt.
Applying light shadows
In order to fully draw a Russian folk costume with a pencil, you need to apply light shading of the shadows. It will run along the edge of the shirt along the sleeves, in a single spot from the chest line to the middle of the pelvic girdle. It is recommended to put several folds along the sleeves and vertical planes - the pattern will bend there and a shadow will be imposed.
The checkered pattern should be applied to an already shaded surface. hard pencil. In planes close to the viewer, the drawing is distinguished by strokes of increased softness.
Scenic watercolor treatment
The color saturation of the paint on the brush must be checked on the plane of the white palette before each stroke. First, the required color segment is filled in, then a repeat tone is applied to emphasize the accents of perspective and the color saturation of the image.
Most were made from shiny, smooth fabrics that took on bright glare. Therefore, it is recommended not to touch surfaces that stand out in the sun with color in advance, but to create a tone for them with a brush from paint by repeatedly washing it out.
Since ancient times in Rus', on every piece of utensil, on every piece of clothing, as well as on houses, various elements and symbols were depicted, which formed patterns. Each detail had its own meaning and place. This is how Russian was formed folk pattern.
Historical information about Russian folk patterns
It should be understood that there are two terms - pattern and ornament. And it was not the same thing from the beginning. Even now, not every pattern can be called an ornament. For example, if this is a constantly repeating pattern (rapport).
In Rus' it was believed that the pattern was much deeper, it meant more. The word ornament is borrowed from Latin, and it appeared much later and means decoration. In Rus' there was an analogue to it - “decorations”. It was believed that it was intended for decorative stylization. However, later these two concepts became intertwined and began to complement each other.
Russian folk pattern is a collection of various lines, symbols, and other elements that can be repeated or be in a single version. Pictures may vary in different areas. Thus, in the eastern regions of Rus', in the pattern you can find such an element as the “Indian cucumber,” which is still popular today.
Also, each locality had its own color scheme patterns and ornaments.
Signs and symbols in the Russian pattern
If we consider the Russian folk pattern from the point of view of symbolism, then we can say that not a single element is depicted there just like that. Each has its own meaning and is in its place.
The most popular symbols in the pattern are:
- The star of Alatyr, or, as it is also called, the cross of Svarog. It has eight petals and symbolizes the Universe, its cycles of folding and unfolding.
- The symbol of Beregini (Rozhanitsa) is also very popular. This is a schematic representation of a woman who protects.
- Very a significant symbol is which is sometimes also called the World Tree. It combines the world axis, the universe and the race.
- Everyone knows: During the time of Hitler, the swastika became a symbol of war and fascism, but initially this was not at all the case.
- Also popular is the Orepei symbol, which is a comb diamond. This symbol brings happiness, balance and peace of mind.
- In addition, flowers, stars, spirals and other symbols are used in the pattern and ornament, each of which carries a specific meaning, enhancing the positive and protective energy of a person.
In addition to the above elements, there are many others. In addition, almost all patterns of the scheme are quite diverse. The same symbol can be depicted in different ways, maintaining, however, common features and lines. This is how whole protective phrases arise, as well as short stories or conspiracies.
The sacred meaning of the pattern
You should know that the same symbol, but depicted in different parts clothes, could have different meaning. For example, the Orepei sign, depicted in the elbow area on women's clothing, denoted an ancestor. If he was depicted on the hem, then he was the entrance to the other world.
The ancient gods who rode in chariots were also symbolically depicted. They were harnessed to various animals that personified a specific deity.
Some Russian patterns (photo below) in their numerical repeatability carried specific code. So, the following numbers were important:
- three (Absolute, Trinity, time, space);
- four (cardinal directions, seasons);
- seven (symbol of harmony);
- twelve.
Such patterns and ornaments also reveal the attitude towards Mother Nature of our ancestors. With their images, they seemed to ask her for protection and patronage from various evils, troubles and misfortunes.
Where are Russian folk patterns used?
The use of patterns is quite varied. They are used in towels, napkins, for painting utensils, houses, and for carving wood and metal. In the old days, not a single object was left without a design.
Russian patterns (photos of them are in our review) are not only the beauty of an object, but also protection, a talisman for its owner. It is known that even before the advent of writing, people already depicted on utensils various symbols(diamonds, lines, dots).
Differences in patterns in different regions
Each region of Russia has its own history of painting, embroidery, patterns and ornaments. Let's look at the Russian folk pattern (pictures of some will be presented below) for some types and areas:
- Gzhel painting - characterized by blue and white colors in the drawings that are made on ceramic and porcelain products;
- paintings, for which the village of Zhostovo is famous, on metal trays;
- very interesting Khokhloma painting various patterns, it is characterized by a golden color (there are also red, yellow and orange);
- in addition, in many regions they made their own special toys (Dymkovo, Kargopol, Stary Oskol), each of which had its own unique pattern in the painting;
- Pavlovo Posad shawls are also very famous, which are made in red and black colors, with floral patterns.
And these are not even all the known crafts where Russian folk patterns are used.
The most ancient patterns
The most ancient patterns include a set of various signs that in ancient times had special meaning and were simply not applied to any product. Each family had its own set of embroideries and paintings, which were passed down from generation to generation. They even have a special meaning for the family, being its own symbol. Of course, over time, knowledge was lost.
Ancient Russian patterns breathe mystery into us, the power of amulets, the meaning of every curl or sign.
Nowadays, many people collect similar images that make sense.
How to start drawing Russian folk patterns
Now people are increasingly turning to our ancestral heritage, wanting to revive lost traditions. For example, many people wonder how to draw a Russian pattern. Where to start?
First, you should understand that in Rus' there are many techniques of painting and embroidery, which have their own characteristics. For beginners, you need to take patterns that are not very complex, having a repeating pattern. This will make it easier to grasp its very essence.
Before drawing itself, you need to practice with its simple components: dots, lines, strokes, droplets, loops, etc. In fact, the most difficult pattern consists of the above details. Of these simple shapes After some time of training, you will be able to create more complex ones.
In order to understand how to draw a Russian pattern, you should not rush. Some forms may indeed seem complex, but you need to remember that they are all made up of simple ones. First, lay out the repeating pattern into details; start depicting it with the easiest and most basic ones, for example, a point. Gradually draw other shapes around it, and so at the very end you can get your finished pattern. Take a look at the photo below, which shows all the stages of drawing. And make sure that this process is not so complicated.
Thus, you can learn how to create ornaments and patterns yourself. In principle, you can take ready-made diagrams and then transfer them to the surface.
Using patterns on household items
Also, patterns and ornaments in ancient times were made on household items, household utensils. For example, in Rus', salt shakers were depicted with a six-petal rosette. It had symbolic meaning. This rosette represented the sun, and salt was considered associated with it. Also, her image was often found on spinning wheels, as a symbol of endless time.
In addition to the symbolic painting of utensils, there was also simply decorating the product. Of course, it did not appear immediately, but the technology was developed over the years.
It should be noted that some patterns, the patterns of which are quite complex, are still made by craftsmen. This is, for example, Khokhloma painting, which looks very beautiful and rich. However, its production is quite complex and multi-stage.
Using patterns in embroidery
Russian embroidery in Rus' traditionally not only decorates clothes, towels, bedspreads and other linen products, but is also a talisman. The interweaving of patterns is by no means random. All symbols are in their place.
In addition, the color of the thread that is used also matters in embroidery. Let's consider some points:
- an embroidered rooster or horse in red or black colors is suitable to protect the baby;
- for successful activities, embroidery should be done in blue or golden-green tones;
- woolen embroidery is suitable if there are already some energy holes; it is done in the area of a person’s chakras;
- flax is used for peace; it is used to embroider trees, birds, stars or the sun;
- for women, black color should be used in embroidery to protect against infertility;
- for men - green (protects from wounds), blue (protects from the elements).
In addition, symbols are also used in embroidery - a cross (barrier and protection from evil), a star (heavenly fire), a circle (denotes fertility, abundance and motherhood) and others.
Thus, Russian embroidery is a whole set of knowledge that our ancestors used in ancient times, protecting themselves, their relatives and their clan.
The use of patterns on clothing in the old days
Probably the most famous use of pattern and ornament is Even the most ignorant person in this matter will recognize this embroidery. True, colors and patterns again vary by region.
For example, the further south the area, the brighter the clothes people wore. This was due to the fact that used to paint was of natural origin, and the warmer it was, the greater the variety in the possibilities of producing it.
If we talk about men's and women's clothing, then the first had almost no differences in the regions, except perhaps for preferences in color and pattern. And here women's clothing was quite varied and significantly different.
And also embroidery of various animal figures was very popular in the northern part of Russia. But the southern ones had more colored embroidery (often red).
The use of Russian folk patterns in modern clothing
Russian folk patterns on clothes periodically return to fashion. Famous fashion designers release collections with folk motives(for example, in 1976 Russian Collection from Yves Saint Laurent).
In our time, Russian patterns have long been a priority among true connoisseurs. In addition to colorful traditional ones, bright floral (or other folk) prints are used. I remember the ancient patterns that craftswomen embroidered on clothes for their family and friends. You can also certainly order similar clothes for yourself if you wish.
Products that have long earned recognition both in quality and style (for example, Pavlovo Posad shawls) also remain popular.
Thus, the Russian pattern simply cannot go into oblivion. His influence on the people is undeniable, this is his legacy, and one day he will rightfully take his rightful place in the hearts of people. After all, ancient Russian patterns truly carry the harmony and beauty that was known to our ancestors. This is also our history, which should not be forgotten.
Goals:
- Introduce the history and traditions of Russian folk holidays.
- Cultivate respect, develop interest in folk art.
- Reinforce the concept of “ornament” and its types.
- Improve your visual skills and the ability to work with gouache.
Visibility: images of Russian folk costumes, ornaments, panels depicting a village square, audio recording “Ringing of Bells”, templates of human figures, proverbs on the board:
- You can't feed a chicken, and you can't dress up a girl.
- The woman’s shirts are the same bags: tie the sleeves and put whatever you want.
- They praise the silk on a girl when the girl herself has a lot of sense.
I. Organizational moment.
II. Announcing the topic of the lesson
a) Conversation
Every nation has holidays. They reveal a person’s soul, his character. In Rus' they loved holidays. They greeted spring and said goodbye to winter; holidays celebrated the completion of field work, and sometimes simply the end of the working day. Holidays were always fun, filled with music, singing, games and dancing. Every evening people different ages they gathered in the evening at someone’s hut and sang and danced there. The song and dance repertoire was very rich and varied. For all seasons, for everything calendar holidays there were their own songs, games, dances, fun, nursery rhymes. Often, catchphrases, jokes, and jokes were invented on the spot, improvised on the spot, especially ditties.
The holiday is not only songs and dances.
How else does this day differ from ordinary everyday life?/outfits/
The day before folk festivals heavy chests swung open. The more they were stuffed, the richer the owner of the house was considered. All festive clothing was necessarily decorated with elements of embroidery, beads, and sparkles, which, as a rule, was not present in everyday clothing. One could judge the taste and skill of the craftswoman by the clothes, because the peasant woman made her own outfit<рисунок 1>.
What a variety of holiday outfits!
What do they have in common? (patterns)
How can you call it differently? (ornament)
Any Russian costume in the old days was certainly decorated with ornaments and embroidery.
Let's remember what types of ornaments you know?
/plant and geometric/
Attention to the board. Before you are patterns (they can simply be depicted on the board with colored chalk.) Which of them will not be ornaments? Why? /in the ornament the elements are depicted in a certain order, rhythmically./
Game “Compose a melody for the ornament.”
b) STORY about Russian folk costumes.
Let's take a closer look at the outfits.
The basis of any Russian costume was the shirt<рисунок 1и 2>. Shirts with a fastener on the side were called kosovorotki. These were usually worn by men. Their outfit also included pants, which were tucked into boots or onuchi (a piece of fabric), and bast shoes were worn on top of the onuchi.
The shirt was wide and decorated along the hem, collar, and edge of the sleeves with embroidery. And always tied with a sash<рисунок 2>.
Belts performed many functions: they spoke about a person’s well-being, and were also a reward and a gift and were passed on by inheritance. Festive shirts were embroidered with colored silk threads. Preference was given to red color (as a talisman).
Particular importance was attached to the location of the drawing. For example:
- chest patterns - protected the heart and lungs,
- shoulder guards - protected the hands,
- floor-mounted - did not allow evil forces to penetrate from below.
In the central and northern regions of Russia, women wore a sundress for the holidays<рисунок 3>.
Smooth lines the sundress seemed to flow, making the woman look like a swan. It’s not for nothing that in songs and fairy tales they are called swans.
The festive outfit also included the so-called soul warmers - epanechki or koroten - short blouses with straps, similar to sundresses<рисунок 4>.
And in the southern regions of Russia, fashionistas wore a pony complex<рисунок 5>.
Poneva - skirt. She always dressed over a shirt, then an apron, and then a top.
The apron was generously decorated with embroidery<рисунок 6>.
Red color predominated. This is the color of fire, the sun, magical, beautiful, a symbol of salvation and a sign of a barrier to evil forces. This color was supposed to scare away demons and spirits in human form, and to preserve and protect the owner from various misfortunes.
The topper is outerwear, which was worn in autumn or spring. The top was not belted<рисунок 7>.
And finally, hats.
They were clearly divided into dresses for girls and for married women:
Kokoshniks, ribbons, wreaths /girls/.
Koruna, magpie, kitschka /female/.
In the names of the headdresses one can hear a relationship with a bird: kokoshnik, kichka, magpie. And this is no coincidence. Remember the fairy tales: the swan, the swan is white, like a peahen.
c) Working with proverbs.
III. Practical work – creation of a collective panel on the theme “Holiday in the Village.”
Students are given figurines depicting people and need to make them festive clothes.
Differentiated task:
1st group: Colorize ready-made figures, already “dressed” - a task for slow children and those who have difficulty drawing images on their own. Create your own ornament.
Group 2: “Dress” paper figurine, i.e. come up with and draw a festive outfit yourself.
Group 3 (children who draw well): Depict figure of a man in a festive costume.
The main condition is the presence of an ornament in clothes.
Finished works are glued onto a pre-prepared panel depicting a rural square with a cathedral and peasant houses. /Audio recording “Ringing of bells” - people gather in the cathedral square./
IV. Bottom line.
Everything in life changes, but the holiday remains. And although he can cope in different ways, the main thing remains - joy, special excitement, fun, elegant clothes, gifts, songs and dances, which are now sometimes mysterious to us. However, these traditions constitute extraordinaryness and peculiarity. You need to remember and know about them.
Do you remember?
We'll check this now.
Children are given arrow cards with words and names of Russian folk clothes:
- shirt - epanechka - kokoshnik - sash - short - koruna - braided shirt - poneva - forty - onuchi - apron - kitschka. - sundress - topper
It is necessary to connect the arrow cards with the items of clothing in the pictures so that they match the names.
V. Evaluation of work.
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Russian folk costume is filled with small patterns and many details, which is why its depiction will require scrupulousness and diligence from you.
I offer several options for similar drawings that can be printed in daytime attach it to the window and put it on top Blank sheet paper and just draw the image.
Let's start the drawing with the head of a Russian beauty and the Russian national headdress - kokoshnik.
next step sketch of styled hair and earrings
draw eyes and lips in a modest smile
let's move on to drawing the kokoshnik
now let's move on to the national sundress
clearly drawing the shirt and sundress straps
finishing the sleeves of the shirt
and a handkerchief in hand
draw small parts sundress and kokoshnik
decorate the beauty
In order to draw a woman in Russian folk costume, you first need to draw the silhouette of a woman. And then draw a Russian folk costume on it. To do this, you need to know what Russian folk costume looks like.
First of all, the costume consists of a sundress, a slasher and a kokoshnik headdress.
Ideas can be found here:
The woman was lucky in those ancient times, because the Russian folk costume was distinguished by a certain festiveness, which is worth only the kokoshniks crowned various embroideries and precious stones shimmering in the light.
To draw a suit, or more precisely if it is a long dress or a traditional Russian sundress for a woman, you can watch a visual master class on how to draw it here.
It will also be useful to look at for drawing:
How to draw a woman with a pencil step by step?
A Russian woman can be drawn with a pencil step by step in the following sequence:
First, let's draw the silhouette of the future long robe, draw the lines like this:
Then the second stage is drawing the details:
The third stage is coloring the costume:
It is really very difficult to draw a national Russian costume, and even more so a female one. It's much easier with men's. But there are a lot of sketches and answers above, and I will give a video that clearly shows how to draw this costume step by step.
Women's Russian national costume looks much richer and brighter than men's.
A woman's folk costume can be drawn by anyone who has ever seen it and remembered the variety of embroideries on a long shirt.
The easiest way to draw a female Russian folk costume is by looking at a drawing example, as we see below:
The most complex thing in this drawing is the woman’s face and the small drawings on the national Russian costume.
We sketch the main parts of the costume.
Then you need to draw the shapes.