Archive of questions. The symbolic meaning of the image of Sonya Marmeladova
“Truth” by Sonya and “truth” by Raskolnikov (based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”)
I. Introduction
Sonya and Raskolnikov are heroes who have a lot in common: they are both sinners (“a murderer and a harlot”), both are kind by nature, both acutely and painfully perceive the evil and injustice of the life around them, they understand each other in their hearts and have compassion for each other. It is no coincidence that their destinies are so closely intertwined.
II. main part
1. But at the same time, Sonya and Raskolnikov are ideological antipodes. In confronting the surrounding evil, Raskolnikov prefers the path of violence, the path of heroic remaking of the world through active actions, and Sonya prefers the path of humility and compassion. Sonya comes very close to her favorite thought
Dostoevsky that every person is morally responsible for all the sins of the world and that, therefore, a person must accept the image of Christ and, through his suffering, try to atone for at least some of the sins of everyone. For Sonya, this thought is not a theory, but a practical action: she not only sacrifices herself for the sake of others, but does not even think about it; she has some kind of moral instinct of compassion. Another important feature of her nature is that she never blames anyone, partly because she sincerely considers herself the most sinful of all, and partly because she very keenly feels the suffering of people and pays attention primarily to this (her attitude towards Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov, Raskolnikov. The latter is especially significant: looking at Raskolnikov, she sees not a criminal, but an immensely suffering person).
(For more details on Raskolnikov’s “idea”, see the plan on the topic “Rodion Raskolnikov and his theory in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment.”)
2. The conflict between Sonya’s beliefs and Raskolnikov’s beliefs is most clearly manifested in their conversations. Two “truths” really collide here. Raskolnikov’s “truth” is that scoundrels and scoundrels have unlimited power over the defenseless and kind people, and something needs to be done about it. Raskolnikov’s truth is that Katerina Ivanovna will soon die, her children will remain orphans and Sonechka will not save them, that Polechka will most likely remain on the same road as Sonya. To this, Sonya cannot object to anything except that “God, God will not allow such horror!” To which Raskolnikov quite reasonably replies: “He allows others.” But there is also Sonya’s “truth”: it is that a person is not a “louse”, that murder and violence in general are a moral crime, a sin before God and people, that no person is a judge of people even in extreme cases. and at first glance obvious circumstances. To Raskolnikov’s question: “Should Luzhin live and do abominations, or should Katerina Ivanovna die? then how would you decide: which of them should die? - Sonya replies: “Who made me the judge here: who should live and who should not live?”
III. Conclusion
To Dostoevsky himself, Sonya's Christian humanism was, of course, immeasurably closer to Raskolnikov's ideas. However, such was the nature of Dostoevsky's talent that he allowed the disputing parties to express the strongest arguments. Therefore, in his novels it is not obvious truth that fights against obvious untruth, but one “truth” against another.
Target: Show what the writer sees as the source of renewal of life, changing the existing way of life; consider scenes in which the writer protests against the inhumanity of society; comprehend the last pages of the novel by answering the question: “How does the schismatic discover Christian values through their love for Sonya?”
Equipment: Textbook, text of the novel, illustrations for the novel, table “Two truths in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment””, worksheet for group work.
Projected
Results: Students draw conclusions about the humanism of the author, who affirms the redemptive power of human suffering, about man’s responsibility for his life position; note the presence of polyphony in the novel - the presence of several “truths” of the characters expressing their attitude to life.
Form: Lesson artistic perception works.
DURING THE CLASSES
I . OrganizationalStage
II . StagingGoalsANDTasksLesson.
MotivationEducationalActivities
4. Statement and solution problematic situation(in groups)
Assignment for 1st group. Prove that the writer asserts Sonya’s “truth” in the novel. How does F. M. Dostoevsky answer the question: “How to destroy evil on earth?”?
Assignment for group 2. What is F. M. Dostoevsky right and what is wrong when he contrasts the “truth” of Raskolnikov with the “truth” of Sonechka Marmeladova?
Assignment for group 3. Turning to the epilogue, follow how the resurrection of a person in Raskolnikov occurs through love for Sonya.
5. teacher’s general word
Sonya Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov exist in complete different worlds. They are like two opposite poles, but cannot exist without each other. In the image of Raskolnikov
The idea of rebellion is embodied, and in the image of Sonya - the idea of humility. But the content of both rebellion and humility are numerous disputes that continue to this day. The heroes of the novel remain true to their beliefs, despite the fact that their faith is different. Both understand that God is one for everyone, and he will show the true path to everyone who feels his closeness. author of the novel by moral quest and reflection I came to the idea that every person who comes to God begins to look at the world in a new way, rethinks it. Therefore, in the epilogue, during the moral resurrection of Raskolnikov, F. M. Dostoevsky says that “it begins new story“, the history of the gradual renewal of man, the history of his gradual rebirth, gradual transition from one world to another, acquaintance with a new, hitherto completely unknown reality.”
Having rightly condemned Raskolnikov’s “rebellion,” Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong, intelligent and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering is better than violence—suffering purifies. Sonya confesses moral ideals, which, from the writer’s point of view, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, silent submission. In our time, most likely, Sonya would become an outcast. And not every schismatic in our days will suffer and suffer. But the human conscience, the human soul, have lived and will always live as long as “the world stands.” This is the great immortal meaning of the most complex novel created by the brilliant writer-psychologist F. M. Dostoevsky.
IV. Reflection. Summing upResultsLesson
“Finish the phrase...” (in groups)
The attitude of F. M. Dostoevsky to the “hero of action” - characteristic person sixties of the XIX century
The novel “Crime and Punishment” was conceived by F. M. Dostoevsky in hard labor “in a difficult moment of sadness and self-destruction.” It was there, at hard labor, that the writer encountered " strong personalities", placing themselves above the moral laws of society. Having embodied the traits of such individuals in Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky in his work consistently debunks their Napoleonic ideas. To the question: is it possible to destroy some people for the sake of the happiness of others, the author and his hero answer differently. Raskolnikov believes, which is possible, since this is “simple arithmetic". No, Dostoevsky claims, there cannot be harmony in the world if even one child’s tear is shed (after all, Rodion kills Lizaveta and her unborn child). But the hero is in the power of the author, and therefore in In the novel, the anti-human theory of Rodion Raskolnikov fails. The theme of rebellion and the theme of the individualist hero, last years who owned Dostoevsky, united in Crime and Punishment.
The hero's rebellion, which lies at the basis of his theory, is generated social inequality society. It is no coincidence that the conversation with Marmeladov became the last straw in Raskolnikov’s cup of doubt: he finally decides to kill the old money-lender. Money is salvation for disadvantaged people, Raskolnikov believes. The fate of Marmeladov refutes these beliefs. Even his daughter’s money cannot save the poor guy; he is crushed morally and can no longer rise from the bottom of his life.
Raskolnikov explains the establishment of social justice by violent means as “blood according to conscience.” The writer further develops this theory, and heroes appear on the pages of the novel - Raskolnikov’s “doubles”. “We are birds of a feather,” Svidrigailov says to Rodion, emphasizing their similarities. Svidrigailov, like Luzhin, exhausted the idea of abandoning “principles” and “ideals” to the end. One has lost his bearings between good and evil, the other preaches personal gain - all this is the logical conclusion of Raskolnikov’s thoughts. It is not for nothing that Rodion responds to Luzhin’s selfish reasoning: “Bring to the consequences what you preached just now, and it will turn out that people can be slaughtered.”
Raskolnikov believes that only “real people” can break the law, since they act for the benefit of humanity. But Dostoevsky proclaims from the pages of the novel: any murder is unacceptable. Razumikhin expresses these ideas, citing simple and convincing arguments that human nature resists crime.
What is the result of Raskolnikov, considering himself the right to destroy “unnecessary” people for the benefit of the humiliated and insulted? He himself rises above people, becoming an “extraordinary” person. Therefore, Raskolnikov divides people into “chosen ones” and “trembling creatures.” And Dostoevsky, removing his hero from the Napoleonic pedestal, tells us that it is not the happiness of people that worries Raskolnikov, but he is occupied by the question: “...am I a louse, like everyone else, or a man? Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right...” Rodion Raskolnikov dreams of ruling people, this is how the essence of an individualist hero is revealed.
Refuting life goals of his hero, preaching Christian principles, Dostoevsky introduces the image of Sonya into the novel. The writer sees the “greatest happiness” in the destruction of his “I”, in undivided service to people - Fyodor Mikhailovich embodied this “truth” in Sonya. Contrasting these images, Dostoevsky pits Raskolnikov’s revolutionary atheistic rebellion against Christian humility, love for people and Sonechka’s God. Sonya's all-forgiving love and her faith convince Rodion to “accept suffering.” He confesses to the crime, but only in hard labor, comprehending the truths of the Gospel, does he come to repentance. Sonya returns Raskolnikov to the people from whom he was separated by the crime he committed. "They were resurrected by love..."
Having destroyed Raskolnikov’s “harmonious” theory, his “simple arithmetic,” Dostoevsky warned humanity against the danger of revolutionary riots and proclaimed the idea of the value of any human personality. The writer believed that “there is one law - the moral law.”
– There are two truths in the novel “Crime and Punishment”: Raskolnikov’s truth and Sonya’s truth. But the truth is one is true, the other is false.
Miniature essay based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
What is Dostoevsky right and what is wrong, contrasting Raskolnikov’s truth with Sonya’s truth?
In the novel Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky presented us with two (main) opposing theories in the persons of the main characters Sonya Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov. However, none of them can be accepted and used in pure form due to its incompleteness.
Sonya's truth lies in kindness, mutual assistance, self-sacrifice; she brings with her the light of hope and faith, love and sympathy, tenderness and understanding; she understands and experiences their pain with people, and does not judge people for their actions. And to be more precise, she sees salvation in religion. Sonya sincerely believes that the fate of a person is completely predetermined by God, that only He has the right to control people’s lives and no one else. But, it would seem, being such a believer, Sonechka still becomes a sinner, a sinner in her own life. However, the heroine “transgressed” and became a sinner not for herself, but for others. And unlike Raskolnikov, she suffers herself, and he brings suffering to others.
Raskolnikov's theory is completely opposite. She divides people into “trembling creatures” and “those who have the right.” According to it, only man is the creator of his destiny and his entire life. Thus, this theory even traces humanistic ideas, especially in a place where the individuality of each person, her power, and great abilities are exalted. However, this truth is not as humane as we would like. Rodion's theory also gives the right to unjustifiably take the life of others. After all, he killed the old pawnbroker only for one purpose, as he himself later said, in order to “quickly find out whether I’m a louse like everyone else, or a man; whether I’m a trembling creature, or whether I have the right:.” He did this only for himself, to test both himself and his theory.
So what happens?
Sonya's life is full of love, tenderness, sympathy; Raskolnikov - pride, individuality, determination. Raskolnikov teaches Sonya courage and masculinity. Sonya teaches him mercy and love, forgiveness and empathy. But, despite everything, what awaits them is not happiness in life, but the difficult fate of fate that they are destined to go through together. This is what it's all about negative side both theories of heroes, in their hopelessness.
So, the theories shown by Dostoevsky in the novel do not provide a solution for us. But it makes us think about how we live, and understand that we need to start with ourselves.
Rodion Raskolnikov - main character Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Raskolnikov is very lonely. He is a poor student living in a small room that looks more like a coffin. Every day Raskolnikov sees " dark side» life, St. Petersburg: the outskirts of the city, where drinking bars flourish, where people who have lost themselves pour out their grief with alcohol.
In such terrible conditions of suffering and humiliation, the hero develops an original theory. According to it, all people are divided into two types - “trembling creatures,” which are just matter that serves to reproduce their own kind, and “ the mighty of the world this" - people called to say a new word, destroying the present in the name of the future, for whom they are alien moral laws. Raskolnikov seeks to check who he is: “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?”
To test this, he decides to kill: if his conscience does not torment him later, it means that he is the one who “has the right.” But after crime committed Raskolnikov falls ill and gradually realizes that his theory is wrong.
But Raskolnikov’s theory also had another background - social. Life itself, full of bitterness, loneliness and injustice, the imperfection of social order pushes him to begin to “restore justice” himself, to kill the pawnbroker and help those whom she has robbed.
The same unbearable conditions push Sonechka Marmeladova to make a deal with fate: in order to earn money to support her family, she becomes a prostitute. Her crime is even worse than Raskolnikov’s, because Sonechka transgressed through herself, “killed” herself. Sonya initially realized this because she was a very religious person. It was faith in God that helped the heroine endure her life and her activities. Sonya believes that she is capable of spiritual resurrection and rebirth. An example of this is her reading of the legend of the resurrection of Lazarus.
Of course both doomed hero were supposed to meet. Sonechka, who has retained the divine principle within herself, saves Raskolnikov. Only to her does he explain the reason for his terrible act: “I didn’t kill in order to help my mother - nonsense! I did not kill so that, having received funds and power, I could become a benefactor of humanity. Nonsense! I just killed; I killed it for myself, for myself alone...” But the hero feels that he has made a terrible, irreparable mistake. He didn’t kill the old woman, but he killed himself, his soul. And Sonya understands this.
Raskolnikov must repent of his sins, return to God in order to return his soul. Sonechka reads him the chapter about the resurrection of Lazarus in order to “resurrect” spirituality hero. But for now Sonya sees in him only the Jews who were present when Christ performed a miracle. However, Raskolnikov immediately combines three characters: and the Jews, and Lazarus, and Christ himself. The image of Christ can be traced in him when he confesses to the crime he has committed. Thus begins the hero’s resurrection, his path to purification.
Raskolnikov is sent to hard labor. Sonya follows him, just as the myrrh-bearing women followed Christ on his crusades. She goes to help him there with her love.
This is how both heroes of the novel “Crime and Punishment” are healed. Their mutual love and distance from the places where they committed their crimes help restore their spiritual balance.
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