Fedor Abramov family. Essay "Around the bush"
Years of life: from 1920 to 1983
Fedor was born on Pinega, in the village of Verkole, in the Arkhangelsk region in 1920 on February 29. It was on his native northern land that he began his working life, he defended these same lands at the front, and he was brought here when he was wounded. He is connected with his village through creativity and his books.
In 1948, Fyodor Aleksandrovich completed his studies at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Leningrad, and then completed his postgraduate studies. Abramov worked as an associate professor, head of the department, spoke in print with critical articles about Soviet literature.
In 1949 he first appeared as a literary critic in print. And in 1958, his first novel, called “Brothers and Sisters,” was published.
Critics often called Abramov “a writer of rural themes.”
After all, his work is characterized by respect for the difficult life of the village people, for their work. With his novels and stories, Fyodor Alexandrovich forced the reader to think about complex and sometimes contradictory, social and economic processes, which are encountered “at every step” of collective farm life.
1961, the story “Fatherless”;
1968, the novel “Two Winters and Three Summers” was written;
1969, story “Pelageya”;
1970, story “Wooden Horses”;
1972, story “Alka”;
1973, “Crossroads”, which continued the village theme;
1975, Abramov receives State Prize, immediately for several novels that made up a trilogy called “Pryasliny”. Fyodor Alexandrovich dedicated this trilogy to the life of a Russian village during the war and after the war.
IN last years life, Fyodor Abramov wrote a story, which was called “Mamonikha,” and a little later a collection short stories"Grass-murova."
The works have been staged several times for theatrical production.
Fedor Aleksandrovich Abramov died in 1983...
Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) - start preparing
Updated: 2013-02-11
Attention!
Thank you for your attention.
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and click Ctrl+Enter.
By doing so, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.
Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich (1920-1983), writer.
Born on February 29, 1920 in the village of Verkola, Arkhangelsk region, into a large peasant family.
In 1938, after graduating from a rural school, he entered the philological faculty of Leningrad state university. When the Great Patriotic War began, he joined the people's militia, participated in the defense of Leningrad, and was wounded several times. Only in 1948 did he graduate from Leningrad State University, and in 1951 he defended his candidate's thesis.
Abramov’s article in “New World” “People collective farm village"(1954), in which he protested against the embellished portrayal of life in the countryside, became one of the reasons for the removal of A. T. Tvardovsky, editor-in-chief of the magazine. She was condemned by a special resolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1958, Abramov’s novel “Brothers and Sisters”, the first part of the “Pryasliny” trilogy, was published in the Neva magazine. The writer confirmed in it his loyalty to the principle: to speak only “the truth - direct and impartial.” In 1968, he wrote his second novel, “Two Winters and Three Summers,” and in 1973 he completed the third, “Crossroads.”
In 1975, the author was awarded the USSR State Prize for the trilogy “Pryaslina”. Abramov showed the path that the Russian village has traveled since the difficult war years. In 1975, the novel “Home” was published, which traces further destinies heroes. After the death of the writer (May 14, 1983 in Moscow), collections of journalism “What We Live and We Live on” (1986), “The Word in the Nuclear Age”, “On Daily Bread and Spiritual Bread” were published.
(both 1987), published “Three Stories”, “Life of Maxim” (1993-1994).
Abramov was called a country writer. Indeed, his novels, novellas and stories are mainly dedicated to the people of the village. Using well-known material, the author poses universal human problems. Abramov's prose is imbued with faith in the strength of the peasantry, capable of overcoming all difficulties.
Abramov Fedor Aleksandrovich - writer, publicist and literary critic Soviet period. Was one of the brightest representatives « village prose" - Very popular destination 60-80 years of the twentieth century. Many of the author's stories have become part of the children's reading and became part of the school curriculum.
Family and childhood
Was born future writer Fyodor Abramov in the village of Verkola, Arkhangelsk region, February 29, 1920.
He was born into a poor and large peasant family. The father's name was Alexander Stepanovich, the mother's name was Stepanida Pavlovna. The couple had five children, Fedya was the last. It was a turbulent time, Civil War. The family was in great need; they didn’t even have all their clothes and shoes. In 1921, the head of the family died of a cold.
Now Stepanida Pavlovna had to manage the household together with her older children. Neighbors believed that the family would die. But after 10 years, the Abramovs had already acquired their own farm and had long forgotten about the time of famine. Well-being didn't come easy. Mikhail, the eldest son, had to get a job and become a mentor for the younger ones. Fyodor later wrote about him as a “brother-father.” But it was not easy for the younger ones either - the future writer learned to mow at the age of 6.
At the same age, little Fedya went to school. I studied excellently, in the 3rd grade I even received a prize - fabric for sewing shirts and trousers.
Best student
In 1932, Fyodor Abramov, whose biography is presented here, graduated primary school. He wanted to go to a seven-year school that had recently opened, but he was not accepted. First of all, children from poor families were accepted. Fedya loved to study and was terribly upset by this event.
By winter, fortunately, the situation had cleared up and the child was accepted into school. Due to difficulties at home, Fedya soon moved to live with the family of his brother Vasily, who later helped him get a higher education.
Future writer and high school continued to study excellently. More than once he was awarded a prize, which was a good help to the family.
In 1938, Abramov graduated from school and was accepted into the philological department of Leningrad University without exams.
War time
Like many others, Fyodor Abramov, a third-year student, went to the front in 1941, joining the people's militia. The young man was sent to an artillery and machine-gun battalion, where he was wounded in September and was sent to the rear for treatment. The injury turned out to be harmless, and after a few months he returned to duty.
And he immediately got into battle - the order for a breakthrough came. The soldiers had to make a hole in the enemy's barrier, hiding behind the bodies of their comrades who would go ahead. Abramov had the chance to be in the second ten. A few meters from the target, his legs were broken by a machine gun burst. In the evening, the funeral team found him completely by accident - one of the soldiers spilled water on his face, and the wounded man groaned.
This is how Abramov ended up in the hospital besieged Leningrad. In 1942 he was evacuated with other wounded along the “Road of Life”. After completing treatment, he received three months' leave. The writer spent this time in native land, working as a teacher in a Karpogory school. It turned out to be no easier in the rear than in the war. There was a lot of hard male work that women and children had to do, but the worst thing was hunger and constant funerals.
In the summer of 1942, he returned to the army and ended up in a non-combatant unit - his injury did not allow him to return to the front. A year later he ends up in the counterintelligence department of SMERSH, the service is going well. In 1944, Abramov became a senior investigator.
Higher education
In November 1944, Fyodor Abramov decides to resume his studies and asks for permission to enroll in the correspondence department of the Arkhangelsk Pedagogical Institute. He also asks to send documents from Leningrad State University stating that he completed three courses at the Faculty of Philology.
However, the rector did not agree with this decision and asked to demobilize Abramov to continue his studies. In 1948, the writer graduated from the Faculty of Philology and entered graduate school.
Personal life and angry critics
While studying, Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov meets his future wife. She also studied at the philology department, the girl’s name was Lyudmila Krutikova. The young people got married in 1951. Their first home was a small communal room with sparse furnishings. Another thing happened in the same year significant event- Abramov managed to defend his Ph.D. thesis.
In 1954, the writer published an article that caused many attacks from critics and the public. It was published in Novy Mir and was called “People of a Collective Farm Village in Post-War Prose.” In it, the author mercilessly criticized his fellow writers, winners of the Stalin Prize, who did not write the whole truth in their works. Abramov described hard work without embellishment, in detail peasant life, depicted pictures of hunger and disease, showed how heavy taxes are. For that time it was incredibly frank and harsh.
Shortly after the article was published, it was removed Chief Editor“New World”, which was then A. T. Tvardovsky. Official criticism attacked Abramov, and he found himself in disgrace. But among students and progressive youth, the writer became a real hero.
Soon Abramov was forced to concede and admit that he had made mistakes in the article. He was threatened with expulsion from the party and dismissal from his job. What also forced me to give up was the need to publish new novel“Brothers and Sisters,” which could have been banned.
Success in Europe
Until 1960, Fyodor Abramov worked at the university, but then decided to devote all his time to his writing career.
Published in 1963 new story writer - “Around and around.” This work was attacked by censorship, although the editors tried to cheat by placing it in the “Essays and Publications” section. No measures helped, the story was officially called “ideologically vicious,” and Abramov’s works were banned from publication for several more years.
Soon “Around the Bush” will be published on English language in London, then it appears in Germany, the USA, France and other countries. Abramov was even offered to come to the UK to give lectures, but at that time leaving the USSR was impossible.
Fight against censorship
The works of Fyodor Abramov, despite ongoing attacks, continue to retain their topicality and sharpness. Such were the novels “Two Winters and Three Summers”, “Crossroads” and the stories “Pelageya”, “Wooden Horses”, “Alka”. I was really looking forward to all these works. hard fate. They were not accepted for publication and were prohibited by censorship; entire chapters were cut out of some texts. Only in a shortened form were works allowed to be published; the rest ended up in trash can editorial staff Nevertheless, Abramov’s popularity among readers only grew.
Last years
In 1980, Abramov finally received recognition from the government and censorship, and he received the Order of Lenin. The writer's works are actively published in newspapers and magazines.
In the last years of his life, Fyodor Abramov traveled actively. So, in 1977 he visited Germany, but the trip was overshadowed by memories of the Great Patriotic War. Then there were trips to Finland, which he visited several times and was delighted with the local hospitality, and the USA, where he was amazed and saddened by many things.
Few people knew, but Abramov was seriously ill, the writer’s health was significantly undermined, and, in addition, over the years, his front-line wounds affected him. In 1982, the writer underwent a serious operation, and a year later a second one was scheduled. Unfortunately, on May 14, 1983, Abramov died of heart failure.
On May 19, the writer was buried in Verkola, in his homeland, not far from the house that he himself once built.
"Brothers and sisters"
This novel was published in the Neva magazine in 1958. “Brothers and Sisters” by Fyodor Abramov was written over the course of six years. He carved out several hours every day to write in between lectures and spent all his free time on the novel.
The work was highly appreciated by critics and readers. It was dedicated to describing the life of the village in post-war years. The writer truthfully and reliably stated everything that he saw himself. The novel was reprinted several times, even published in Czechoslovakia.
However, the writer himself believed that the work was not yet completed and required continuation.
"Two winters and three summers"
This novel became the continuation of “Brothers and Sisters”. It was published in 1968 in New World. This became the beginning of the “Pryaslina” cycle.
However, this book was no longer so well received by the censors. The editors of the Zvezda magazine, where Abramov took the work, refused to publish it in the proposed form. Then “Two Winters and Three Summers” went to “ New world", where it was immediately published. Readers received the novel with delight, but criticism did not react so unequivocally - several scathing articles were published. It was not possible to publish the work in one book, but the editors of Novy Mir nominated it for the State Prize.
"What do horses cry about"
This is the most big compilation Abramov's stories, intended for intermediate school age and included in the list of recommended literature for children. Includes works describing countryside, the life of its inhabitants, hardships and adversities. “What Horses Cry About” is an excellent example not only of Abramov’s works, but also of classic village prose. It is also important that the writer tried to be as truthful as possible. This makes his stories historical.
The crown of creation
The most best novel The author is considered to be “House”, which completes the cycle of “Pryaslina”. The work indicates that Fyodor Abramov, whose books are presented here, has grown significantly as a writer. If usually in his work he turned mainly to social issues, then in “House” he significantly expanded the problems. Now he is also interested in philosophical and moral topics relating to human existence and the universe.
Abramov worked on the novel for five years - from 1973 to 1978. The work seemed ready to the writer already in 1977, but in last moment he changed his mind and decided to completely rework it, which took another year.
However, printing "Home" in full version censorship prohibited it, so the novel had many edits and even additions by proofreaders. These changes were in no way agreed with the author. But even in this form, the work produced a stunning effect and delighted readers.
To sum up, we can say that Abramov’s life was not easy. The writer had to constantly fight censorship, endure attacks from critics and pressure from the party. Nevertheless, he did not want to deviate from the truth and continued to describe to the last real life, without embellishing it to please the government.
Abramov was born into a peasant family, the youngest of five children.
Parents
Alexander Stepanovich Abramov (1878-1921), was a driver in Arkhangelsk, and Stepanida Pavlovna, born. Zavarzina (1883-1947), an Old Believers peasant woman. When he was 2 years old, his father died.
Education
After graduating from the Verkolsk four-year elementary school in 1933, Fedor moved to the regional center - the village. Karpogory (45 km from Verkola) to finish a ten-year school. In 1938, after graduating with honors high school, was enrolled without exams at the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad University.
After the third year, on June 22, 1941, he volunteered for the people’s militia.
In 1948 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad State University and entered graduate school at Leningrad State University. In 1949, while a graduate student, he took part in the persecution of “cosmopolitan” professors (Boris Eikhenbaum, Grigory Gukovsky, Mark Azadovsky and others). Abramov was subsequently ashamed of these episodes in his career.
While studying I met my future wife Lyudmila Krutikova (later - literary critic, researcher of Bunin’s work). In 1951, he married and defended his PhD thesis on the works of M. A. Sholokhov. In 1951-1960 was a senior teacher, then an associate professor and head of the department Soviet literature LSU.
War time
He served as a machine gunner in the 377th artillery and machine gun battalion; in September 1941 he was wounded in the arm, and after a short treatment he returned to the front line. In November 1941, he was seriously wounded (both legs were broken by a bullet); he was discovered only by accident by a member of the funeral team collecting the dead. He spent the blockade winter of 1941-1942 in a Leningrad hospital, and was evacuated across the ice in April 1942 Lake Ladoga one of latest cars. Due to injury, he received leave for 3 months and taught at the Karpogorsk school. Recognized as fit for non-combatant service, from July 1942 he was deputy company commander in the 33rd reserve rifle regiment in the Arkhangelsk Military District, from February 1943 - assistant platoon commander of the Arkhangelsk Military Machine Gun School. From April 1943 he was transferred to the counterintelligence department "Smersh" to the position of assistant reserve detective, from August 1943 - investigator, from June 1944 - senior investigator of the investigative department of the counterintelligence department. I wrote about that time autobiographical story"Who is He?", published by his widow after his death. Demobilized in the fall of 1945.
Member of the CPSU since 1945.
Creation
IN summer holidays In 1950, on the Dorishche farm in the Novgorod region, Abramov began writing his first novel, “Brothers and Sisters,” which was completed six years later. For two years the novel was not accepted for publication; the writer was rejected by the magazines “October” and “New World”. In 1958, the novel was published in the Neva magazine and was well received by critics. In 1960, Abramov left the department and became a professional writer.
Awards
Awarded the Order of Lenin (1980), the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, and the medals “For the Defense of Leningrad” and “For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War” Patriotic War 1941-1945."
He was buried in the village of Verkola on the right bank of the Pinega River; on the left bank there is the Artemiyevo-Verkolsky Monastery, the restoration of which Abramov was preoccupied with at the end of his life.
The Abramov Museum has been opened in Verkola.
(1920 - 1983)
F. Abramov was born in 1920 into a large peasant family. His childhood was not easy. Fedor's father died when the boy was only two years old. However, the future writer was able to complete his primary education and enter Leningrad University. But in his third year he volunteered for the front, where he was seriously wounded, so he spent the most difficult months of the siege in Leningrad and was evacuated across the ice of Lake Ladoga. Later, he continued his studies at the university and in 1948 graduated from the Faculty of Philology, then graduate school, and in 1951 defended his thesis on the novel by Sholokhov M.A. "Virgin Soil Upturned" For 9 years, from 1951 to 1960, Fedor Aleksandrovich Abramov worked as a senior teacher, and then became an associate professor and head of the department of Soviet literature at Leningrad University.
Fedor Alexandrovich is considered one of the most famous representatives so-called village prose - one of the main branches of Soviet literature of the 1960-1980s. Having lived in Verkola for a long time, and knowing the Russian North firsthand, he understood that the old village with its centuries-old history and traditions was going into oblivion today, the centuries-old foundations were disappearing, the soil on which all of ours had grown was collapsing. national culture. That is why he looked so closely at the type of person created by the village way of life, with his contradictory nature, but with enormous moral values, which were deeply rooted in his life structure. Distinguished by his laconic and strict manner of narration, Abramov at the same time carefully preserved the speech element of the Russian North.
In 1958, the author's first novel, Brothers and Sisters, was published, telling about a simple life peasant family during the hard times of war in the remote village of Pekashino. Afterwards the novels “Two Winters and Three Summers” (1968) and in 1973 were written. - “Crossroads”. These three works made up the trilogy “Pryasliny”, in 1975. received the USSR State Prize. It reveals the truth of the life of a peasant of those years, his struggle for existence.
The works “Fatherlessness”, “Alka”, “Pelageya”, “Wooden Horses” and others depict the life of a peasant, in sorrows and joys. Through the heroes of his works, the author tries to reveal the fate of the people. Particular attention is paid to women, according to Abramov, who opened the “second front” in 1941.
Closing the cycle of “Pryaslina” was the novel “Home,” written in 1978, where the writer turns to the 1970s, exposing the moral troubles of the modern village, showing the decaying family connections, growing indifference to the land and mismanagement.
The plays “Wooden Horses”, “Two Winters and Three Summers”, etc. were staged based on Abramov’s works.
Shustov Alexey