The story “Tosca” is a reflection on the comprehensive pattern of human existence. Plot, composition, storyline of the work

It is no coincidence that I turned to the topic of the essay, dedicated to “The loneliness of man in the world according to A.P. Chekhov’s story “Tosca,” because in his short stories Chekhov posed problems that are relevant for our time, he deeply explored life phenomena, exposing the causes of social disorder . Chekhov saw with pain that, under conditions of reaction, the Russian intelligentsia openly broke with the ideals of progress and democracy. The standard of social behavior became lack of spirituality, pessimism, and sometimes direct betrayal of the ideals of goodness, which reflected the general crisis of noble-bourgeois culture. Chekhov was not associated with the emerging proletarian movement, but, anticipating a radical restructuring of all forms public life, the writer opposed inertia, stagnation, and resolutely denied the existing order. “His enemy was vulgarity, he fought against it all his life... No one before him knew how to so mercilessly and truthfully paint people a shameful and dreary picture of their life in the dull chaos of bourgeois everyday life.” (M. Gorky).

The well-fed philistine happiness caused irritation in Chekhov; he suffered because beauty was being destroyed in the sleepy stupor of philistinism human relations. Hence the writer’s longing for the real, spiritual meaningful life, full of work and creativity. In this feeling, perhaps, the whole of Chekhov with his hidden suffering, merciless denunciation of vulgarity, active defense of the healthy, active principles of human life.

Indifference is another reason for my turning to this topic. How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget about the insults and sorrows that we ourselves brought to our closest and dearest people. After all, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say a kind word, to smile. But sometimes we feel so sorry for this little thing. Well, what did it take for the heroes of the story “Tosca” to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov. Their souls would become much brighter and purer if they understood the cab driver’s grief. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, and indifference finally leave us.

2. Goals and objectives that I set for myself:

deeper knowledge of a given work of literature;
identify the theme and problems of the story;
take a deeper look at the work of A.P. Chekhov.

I. The history of the creation of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca"

II. The theme of human loneliness in the world, expressed in one work by A.P. Chekhov.

The story “Tosca” is a reflection on the comprehensive pattern of human existence.
Fable, composition, story line works.
Artistic detail in the story.

III. The loneliness of a person among people - here terrible essence story "Tosca".

“Chekhov had the least claim to the role of a preacher, an ideological leader of youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy actions only because he, as if with a click, eradicated all spiritual trashiness from us.”

K. Chukovsky

MEANING (press?) oppression of the spirit, languor of the soul, painful sadness;

mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom,

grief, sadness, heartache, grief.

V. I. Dal (“ Dictionary

alive Great Russian language»)

A.P. Chekhov is a subtle psychologist of the human soul. He showed how hopeless the melancholy of a person can be, lonely, like a person. They fill each other, vessels with deep, viscous contents. And human deafness, which leads to boundless loneliness and emptiness, to the emptiness of vessels that should be filled with living moisture.

Having entered Russian literature, Chekhov became a master of the “small” form. This great artist words. He is capable of transmitting a short story throughout a person’s life, adhering to the rules formulated by himself: “to write with talent, that is, briefly” and “brevity is the sister of talent.” Behind his landscapes, often drawn with the help of one precise and precise detail, behind short dialogues and monologues, behind small details, an attentive reader always discerns the depths of life not named by the author, but clearly visible.

The story “Tosca”, dedicated to the theme of disunity between people and human loneliness, has been written by many researchers literary heritage A.P. Chekhov is recognized as the pinnacle of early works writer. This work was published in January 1886 in the Petersburg Newspaper, in the “flying notes” section, where A.P. Chekhov had previously published many ironic scenes and other short satirical works, which brought him literary fame as a witty, observant humorist - Antosha Chekhonte. What served as the leading motive for A.P. Chekhov’s approach to this topic is not known for certain. In December 1885, the writer visited St. Petersburg for the first time and the “pool full of monstrous lights, restless crashing and running people,” into which he plunged upon arriving in the capital, contrasted with his defensive psychasthenic mentality and, perhaps, this to a certain extent served as one of the incentives for writing Tosca. Moreover, the most vividly psychasthenic characterological pattern manifests itself precisely at the age of 20–40 years (Lichko, 1977). The author of Tosca is twenty-six. Draft versions of the manuscript of “Tosca” have not survived, since during this period of creativity A.P. Chekhov had the habit of destroying all preliminary sketches and used preparatory materials upon completion of work.

Chekhov's stories pose serious problems for the reader, receive careful development in their plot structure, and become a genre of great literature. Paving the way for the story, Chekhov started from old techniques, dilapidated themes, and external entertainment. On the other hand, Chekhov's story absorbed the best

achievements of previous Russian literature. Chekhov became the master of this “small”

forms. Chekhov's stories are fraught with great meaning, differing from others in their clarity and conciseness, carrying a certain moral conclusion. An example of such a story

his story “Tosca” can be considered. This is a story about well-fed, indifferent people who consider themselves a class above, unable to understand, feel sorry for another person, support him with friendly, soft and kind smile, alien to responsiveness and compassion.

The plot of Tosca, at first glance, is another reflection of the beloved literary device young Chekhov - with warm irony to build a composition, a storyline of a story from an essentially anecdotal situation: not finding understanding from a single person he met along the way, the old cabman, who buried his son, pours out his grief to the horse. However, the story told by Antosha Chekhonte on the pages of the periodical is “not an ironic trinket” of entertaining humorous journalism, but the age-old tragedy of a man knocking on people’s souls (Dunaev, 1998).

In the plot of “Tosca,” at least, one can find two interconnected plans: on the one hand, the author calls on the reader to empathize with Iona Potapov, and on the other, to reflect on the all-encompassing pattern of human existence - longing for someone’s soul, consonant with oneself, able to understand, respond, sympathize, listen.

Without setting ourselves the goal of conducting a comprehensive textual analysis, we would like to consider only one aspect of the story - clinical and psychological, the study of which, of course, enriches the understanding of the basic meaning of “Tosca”, and also clearly demonstrates the ethical and philosophical position of A. P. Chekhov, not only as a writer, but also as a doctor.

Medical education, according to one of the literary critics, gave the observations of A.P. Chekhov the writer “a special character: it gave them extraordinary breadth and depth” (Kroichik, 1982: 6). Practical medicine, no less than literature, was the true calling of A.P. Chekhov. For example, A.I. Kuprin notes in his memoirs: “if Chekhov had not been so wonderful writer, he would be an excellent doctor. Doctors who occasionally invited him for consultations spoke of him as an extremely thoughtful observer and resourceful, insightful diagnostician. (...) He believed in medicine firmly and firmly, and nothing could shake this faith” (quoted in: Kroichik, 1982: 6).

About his clinical, natural-scientific worldview, which served as a starting point and a kind of tuning fork in literary creativity A.P. Chekhov himself writes in his autobiography: “I have no doubt that my studies in medical sciences had a serious influence on my literary activity; they significantly expanded the scope of my observations, enriched me with knowledge, the true value of which for me as a writer can only be understood by someone who is a doctor himself; they also had a guiding influence, and, probably due to my proximity to medicine, I managed to avoid many mistakes” (Chekhov, 1979: 271).

The epigraph to “Tosca”: “To whom shall we tell my sadness?..”, the opening line of the spiritual verse “Joseph’s Lament and the True Story,” once sung by Russian wanderers “walking kalikas,” sets a certain psychological tone for Chekhov’s story. The author thereby expands the boundaries of the upcoming narrative, encourages the reader to think about the “existential” dilemma of human existence - the theme of a person’s loneliness among people, the lack of response to someone else’s pain, the inability to be heard, to pour out one’s grief, to establish confessional contact with another person.

The beginning of "Tosca" is reminiscent of the overture to piece of music, in which the main theme of the story sounds, the emotional, eventual, philosophical and clinical-psychological plans are combined into a single whole. "Evening twilight. Large wet snow lazily swirls around the newly lit lamps and falls in a thin soft layer on the roofs, horses’ backs, shoulders, hats...” (Chekhov, 1982: 42). Running people in the usual street bustle of a big city do not notice either the falling snow or the cab driver Jonah Potapov, who is “white as a ghost” and with his immobility, resembles a snow statue.

The stories of A.P. Chekhov are distinguished by their brevity and richness of plot, and this work is no exception. In the story "Tosca" it seems that nothing happens. Cab driver Iona Potapov is covered with snow in the dull winter twilight. He is waiting for his passengers. In fact, Jonah is no longer waiting for anyone or anything. For a whole week now he has been living half asleep: his son has died. The tragedy of Jonah interests no one: neither the military man, nor the idle youth, nor a man of his own class - a cab driver. No one is interested in Iona Potapov, no one needs his soul-bursting pain. Everyone is in a hurry somewhere, everyone is dissatisfied, irritated, only Jonah has nowhere to rush. He is lonely, sad, deep in thought. Death made a mistake, “missed the door,” and took away the heir, who “was a real cab driver.” After several attempts to pour out his soul to strangers, Iona Potapov understands that there are no sympathizers in grief and there won’t be, people become isolated, they want anything, but not talk about someone’s death. People don’t want to think about mortality, they mindlessly scurry around the world, hoping that luck will protect them, they will find their place in life, and what do they care about the death of some person. Winter. Snow falls. It will melt when it gets warmer, and not a trace will remain of it. Ion’s melancholy will also dissipate if he finds warm feedback and participation. Yes, the pain of loss will remain, like the memory of a previous snowfall, but you can live, taking care of the horse, and calmly think about your death. Who can Jonah cry to? Only a living soul, only it is able to understand the grief of another. Jonah found such a silent friend - his partner - a horse, old, worn out, tired from work, which can only breathe its warmth into the hands of its owner.

Among other writers, A.P. Chekhov is distinguished by his extraordinary powers of observation. A deep knowledge of life and people helped him, with the help of small details and individual strokes, to truthfully and vividly depict the character of a person, objects, and nature. Therefore, the artistic detail has important in the works of Chekhov. He was very strict in the selection of details, checking everything down to the smallest detail - there can be nothing accidental in his works. The writer said that if in the first act there is a gun hanging on the wall, then in the end it must fire. Chekhov perfected the genre of the story. IN small work he could convey a large amount of information, this was important for the writer. The artistic detail contributed to the reduction in volume. In his works, Chekhov omitted such important information, like a genealogy, a biography of heroes. The main means of characterization was a portrait, although it also did not correspond to the usual idea. This was not a description of the color of hair, eyes, and the like; the writer chose two or three of the most accurate and accurate details, and this was enough to vividly represent the image as a whole. Mastery of detail: in the story by the author for the most part calls the horse a little horse. As soon as the suffix appears, the reader sees this old, worn-out nag, tired of work, as pathetic as its owner, and just as evoking aching pity. And only she can breathe her warmth into Jonah’s arms. In his stories, Chekhov shows only the main, most important points, and omits the rest. Artistic detail helps him condense time. Chekhov does not say this directly, but the reader vividly imagines these changes, and all this thanks to artistic detail.

The development of artistic detail is an important merit of Chekhov; he contributed huge contribution V world literature. This technique was introduced into short stories with great skill. Chekhov painted ordinary, everyday life and achieved maximum approximation to it. A colorful realistic picture is created from small strokes and brushstrokes. The reader forgets that there is a text in front of him, he imagines everything described so clearly.

A.P. Chekhov describes Jonah’s state of mind with clinical care: the immobility of an unnaturally bent body for many hours, apathy - “if a whole snowdrift had fallen on him, even then, it seems, he would not have found it necessary to shake off the snow...” (there same), inhibition of reaction. Like a blanket of snow, Jonah is enveloped in a depressive curtain that the old cabman cannot “pull back” on his own, and when through it someone’s voice reaches him: “Carrier!”, he intuitively begins to seek help from the person who called him. Jonah is overwhelmed with worries about his departed son, and in order to cope with his grief, he needs to talk to someone “sensibly, with clarity” and about how his son got sick, and how his son suffered, “what he said before he died,” and about a daughter left in the village, and a lot more about what. But Jonah fails to speak out and pour out his grief. Four times in the story the situation of failed communication and the establishment of full psychological contact between Jonah and another person is repeated.

The first rider, a military man, brings the cabman out of his mental stupor: “Jonah fidgets on the box as if on pins and needles, pokes his elbows to the sides and moves his eyes like a madman, as if he does not understand where he is and why he is here” (Chekhov, 1982: 43) . But as soon as he drops off the military man at his destination, he again bends on the box into a frozen position, and the soul freezes in painful immobility for an indefinite time. “An hour passes, then another...”

A noisy company of young people - new riders - also do not want to hear about his grief, but even the spinning body of one of the riders behind his back and curses addressed to him help Jonah momentarily overcome the burning feeling of loneliness. The young people pay and disappear into the dark entrance, “Jonah looks after them for a long time.” “Again he is lonely, and again silence comes for him...” (Chekhov, 1982: 45). Another one unsuccessful attempt establishing contact raises new wave The melancholy subsided for a short time, the painful numbness gives way to painful anxiety in the soul, Jonah’s eyes “run across the crowds scurrying on both sides of the street: isn’t there at least one of these thousands of people who would listen to him? But the crowds run away, not noticing either him or the melancholy...” (ibid.).

Describing the melancholy of Iona Potapov, using the literary device of metaphor, A.P. Chekhov reveals the essence of mental and physical suffering a person with a depressive disorder: “The melancholy is enormous, not knowing boundaries. If Jonah’s chest had burst and melancholy poured out of it, it would seem to have filled the whole world, but, nevertheless, it is not visible. She managed to fit into such an insignificant shell that you cannot see her during the day with fire...” (ibid.).

In A.P. Chekhov’s story, there is nowhere a direct indication of the main character’s religiosity. Jonah's longing is not directed towards to the higher world, this is not “longing for the transcendental” - this is how the Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev defines this state of soul (cited from: Burno, 2008: 123). Meanwhile, the Russian theologian and literary critic M. M. Dunaev’s understanding of Chekhov’s story as one addressed to a person’s religious feelings deserves attention. In a situation acute grief a person feels the need to experience in someone’s soul closeness to himself, the ability to understand, to sympathize. And God, notes M. M. Dunaev, “is invisibly present in the event - with His expectation that man will respond to His truth. “Behold, I’m standing at the door and knocking...” (Dunaev, 1998: 262). Did A.P. Chekhov want to say this when he told the story of the cab driver Ion Potapov, who buried his son and in his painful melancholy for several days did not meet a single person who would see his melancholy and smooth out the painful “ache of the heart”? Let us turn to several statements of the writer, made by him on the pages of his notebooks: “Between “there is a God” and “there is no God” lies a whole huge field, which a true sage traverses with great difficulty. A Russian person knows one of these two extremes, but the middle between them is not interesting to him, and he usually knows nothing or very little” (Chekhov, 2000: 19). And further: “A person cannot live without faith” (ibid.: 20).

The above words of the writer, of course, cannot give an exhaustive answer to the question about the degree of religiosity of the young A.P. Chekhov, much less about his development religious theme in the story “Tosca”, since these reflections on God and faith relate to the records of 1891–1904. Iona Potapov, who did not see a living soul capable of compassion in the stream of people flashing before his eyes among the dazzling city lights in the twilight, returns to the court. But here, too, there is no listener imagined in Jonah’s imagination: groaning, sighing, lamenting over the misfortune that befell him. “People are snoring on the stove, on the floor, on the benches. There is a “spiral” and stuffiness in the air... Jonah looks at the sleeping people, scratches himself and regrets that he returned home so early..." (Chekhov, 1982: 45). A person in a state of acute grief, overwhelmed by depressive experiences, on the one hand, is constantly melancholy focused on the personality of the deceased, on the other hand, being left alone is “unbearably creepy for him to think and draw his image for himself...” (ibid.: 46). Sleep is disturbed, and the need to talk to someone about the deceased only intensifies at night.

Jonah cannot speak out to somehow alleviate his grief. And melancholy grows, “huge melancholy that knows no bounds.” At the end of the story, Jonah goes to the stable and pours out his longing for the horse's son. But such a denouement of Chekhov's story is not at all sentimental or pessimistic. On the contrary, Iona Potapov ultimately finds the best listener in his position, sincere in his natural naturalness, in tune with the languishing soul of a being.

From the beginning of the story, A.P. Chekhov points out the harmony present in the relationship between the old cab driver and his “horse”, which is sensitive to the slightest changes state of mind its owner. Either she is “white and motionless”, looking like a “penny gingerbread horse”, together with the silent Jonah stands for hours under the wet snow, “immersed in thought”, then she “begins to trot” when the owner’s melancholy becomes unbearable, bursts out from the chest and dictates to quickly leave the bustle of the city crowd and return to the court. The world of people rejected him, and the old man goes to his horse - a dumb creature - which alone understands him: “the little horse chews, listens and breathes on the hands of its owner.” With warm irony for his hero, for all people alone in their melancholy, vainly seeking a response, salvation in another person, and, perhaps, for himself, A.P. Chekhov ends the story with the following two phrases: “The little horse chews, listens and breathes.” into the arms of his master... Jonah gets carried away and tells her everything...” (ibid.).

The theme of loneliness stated by A.P. Chekhov in the story is developed and comprehended by the writer throughout the subsequent literary activity. The leitmotif of A.P. Chekhov’s plays is also the problem of mental loneliness and broken psychological contact between people - the monologues of the characters do not find a response from each other, they are met with mockery or indifference. In solving this eternal problem for man, A.P. Chekhov manages to avoid sentimentality, edifying tone, condemning sarcasm and philosophical pathos. A.P. Chekhov does not blame anyone for the self-absorption of people, nor for their inability to understand and hear each other - this is a primary reality, conditioned by the otherness of each person for the other. Overcoming alienation and entering into psychologically meaningful contact with another person who is not similar to oneself is possible only when a minimal effort is made to broadcast one’s spiritual warmth or sincerely perceive it from another person. The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of the story “Tosca.” And Chekhov does not allow himself to moralize anywhere - he simply paints life, but the laconic narrative perfectly conveys everything that the author would like to say.

Indifference. How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget about the insults and sorrows that we ourselves brought to our closest and dearest people. After all, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say a kind word, to smile. But sometimes we feel so sorry for this little thing. Well, what did it take for the heroes of the story “Tosca” to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov? Their souls would become much brighter and purer if they understood the cab driver’s grief. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness and indifference finally leave us.

This topic is also relevant for us living in the 21st century, because we are always in a hurry somewhere, not paying attention to the suffering of other people, not thinking that we ourselves may find ourselves in a similar situation.

^ BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burno, M. E. (2008) About the characters of people (psychotherapeutic book). Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional M.: Academic project; Peace Foundation.
Dunaev, M. M. (1998) Orthodoxy and Russian literature. In 5 vols. M.: Christian literature. T. 4.
Kroychik, L. (1982) Man with a Hammer // Chekhov A.P. Stories and Tales. Voronezh: VSU Publishing House. pp. 5–23.
Chekhov, A.P. Autobiography (1979) // Chekhov, A.P. Complete collection essays and letters. In 30 volumes. M.: Science. T. 16.
Chekhov, A. P. (1982) Longing // Chekhov A. P. Stories and tales. Voronezh: VSU Publishing House. pp. 42–46.
Chekhov, A. P. (2000) Notebooks. M.: Vagrius.

Material overview

The lesson "A.P. Chekhov. The story "Tosca". The theme of man's loneliness in the world" is a lesson in the comprehensive application of knowledge. On it I use elements of collaboration technology and group technology, person-oriented and research.

Goal: to create conditions for analyzing Chekhov’s story “Tosca” and determining its ideological sound.

Tasks:

Educational: deepen students’ knowledge about the personality and work of A.P. Chekhov, the humanist writer;

Developmental: to form supra-subject methods educational activities: understanding and analysis work of art, research skills, the ability to participate in discussions, express one’s opinion, the ability to organize oneself to solve assigned problems;

Educational: to cultivate the moral qualities of a person capable of being responsive to the pain of others, capable of resisting immoral acts

Teaching aids: text of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Tosca”, portrait of the writer, educational presentation

Lesson type: lesson on the integrated application of knowledge.

Forms of organizing student activities: frontal, individual, group

During the classes

Org moment.

Motivation for cognitive activity:

The famous Russian writer Korney Chukovsky said: “Chekhov had the least claim to the role of a preacher, an ideological leader of youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy actions only because he, as if with a click, eradicated all spiritual trashiness from us.” (slide2)

Can we say these words about us today? Let's try to answer this question today. To do this, let's start with getting to know you creative path A.P. Chekhov, with whom the 3rd group of students will introduce us

I. Individual message about the work of A.P. Chekhov

II. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. (slide 1)

1. Teacher's word

In his short stories, Chekhov posed problems that are also relevant for our time; he deeply explored life phenomena, exposing the causes of social disorder. The writer saw with pain that, under conditions of reaction, the Russian intelligentsia openly broke with the ideals of progress and democracy. The standard of social behavior became lack of spirituality, pessimism, and sometimes direct betrayal of the ideals of goodness, which reflected the general crisis of noble-bourgeois culture. Chekhov was not associated with the emerging proletarian movement, but, anticipating a radical restructuring of all forms of social life, the writer opposed inertia, stagnation, and resolutely denied the existing order.

(slide 3) “His enemy was vulgarity, he fought against it all his life... No one before him could so mercilessly and truthfully paint people a shameful and dreary picture of their lives in the dull chaos of bourgeois everyday life.” (M. Gorky).

Well-fed petty-bourgeois happiness irritated Chekhov; he suffered because the beauty of human relationships was being destroyed in the sleepy stupor of philistinism. Hence the writer’s longing for a real, spiritually significant life, full of work and creativity. In this feeling, perhaps, the whole of Chekhov with his hidden suffering, merciless denunciation of vulgarity, active defense of the healthy, active principles of human life.

And in order to better understand the essence of the story “Tosca”, we will work according to the following plan(slide 4)

I. The history of the creation of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca"

II. The theme of human loneliness in the world, expressed in one work by A.P. Chekhov.

1. The story “Tosca” as a reflection on the comprehensive pattern of human existence.

2. Plot, composition, storyline of the work.

3. Artistic detail in the story.

III. The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of the story “Tosca”

IV. Analysis of the story “Tosca”

1. Vocabulary work

What do you think is melancholy? What's it like lexical meaning this word?. The 2nd group has dictionaries, tell us this concept - “longing”

(slide 5) From V.I. Dahl’s Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: “TOSKA (to crowd?) oppression of the spirit, longing of the soul, painful sadness; mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom,

grief, sadness, heartache, sorrow"

Teacher: A.P. Chekhov is a subtle psychologist of the human soul. He showed how hopeless the melancholy of a person can be, lonely, like a person. They fill each other, vessels with deep, viscous contents. And human deafness, which leads to boundless loneliness and emptiness, to the emptiness of vessels that should be filled with living moisture.

Having entered Russian literature, Chekhov became a master of the “small” form. This is a great artist of words. He is able to convey in a short story the whole life of a person, adhering to the rules formulated by himself: “to write with talent, that is, briefly” and “brevity is the sister of talent.” Behind his landscapes, often drawn with the help of one precise and precise detail, behind short dialogues and monologues, behind small details, an attentive reader always discerns the depths of life not named by the author, but clearly visible.

2. The history of the creation of the story. The first group of students will introduce us to it:

(slide 6) The story “Tosca,” dedicated to the theme of the disunity of people and the loneliness of man, is recognized by many researchers of the literary heritage of A.P. Chekhov as the pinnacle of the writer’s early works. This work was published in January 1886 in the Petersburg Newspaper, in the “flying notes” section, where before that A.P. Chekhov had already published many ironic sketches and other short satirical works that brought him literary fame as a witty, observant comedian - Antosha Chekhonte. What served as the leading motive for A.P. Chekhov’s approach to this topic is not known for certain. In December 1885, the writer visited St. Petersburg for the first time and the “pool full of monstrous lights, restless crashing and running people,” into which he plunged upon arriving in the capital, contrasted with his defensive psychasthenic mentality and, perhaps, this to a certain extent served as one of the incentives for writing Tosca. Moreover, the most vividly psychasthenic characterological pattern manifests itself precisely at the age of 20–40 years (Lichko, 1977). The author of Tosca is twenty-six. The draft versions of the manuscript of “Tosca” have not survived, since during this period of creativity A.P. Chekhov had the habit of destroying all preliminary sketches and used preparatory materials upon completion of the work.

achievements of previous Russian literature. Chekhov became the master of this “small”

forms. Chekhov's stories are fraught with great meaning, differing from others in their clarity and conciseness, carrying a certain moral conclusion. An example of such a story

his story “Tosca” can be considered. This is a story about well-fed, indifferent people who consider themselves a class above, unable to understand, feel sorry for another person, support him with a friendly, soft and kind smile, alien to responsiveness and compassion.

3. Work on the epigraph:

Teacher: reads out: slide 7)

To whom shall I convey my sorrow,

Whom shall I call to weep?

Only for You, my Lord,

Sadness is known.

What is an epigraph for? (idea of the work)

4. Working with text

Where does the story begin? (urban winter landscape - reading passage to students)

The landscape prepares us for the meeting with the main characters, Jonah and his little horse, and emphasizes the complete alienation of the world from Jonah.

What do Jonah and his little horse look like? (reading passage)

What is each of them thinking?

Tell us about the main character. (student answer)

How many plot lines are there in the story? (Jonah the son, Jonah the horse, Jonah the outside world: military man, three merry revelers)

5. Story composition (slide 8)

Teacher: the plot of “Tosca,” at first glance, is another reflection of the young Chekhov’s favorite literary device - with warm irony, to build a composition, the storyline of a story from an essentially anecdotal situation: an old man who did not find understanding from a single person he met along the way the cabman, who buried his son, pours out his grief to the horse. However, the story told by Antosha Chekhonte on the pages of the periodical is “not an ironic trinket” of entertaining humorous journalism, but the age-old tragedy of a man knocking on people’s souls (Dunaev, 1998).

(slide 9)In the plot of “Tosca,” at least, one can find two interconnected plans: on the one hand, the author calls on the reader to empathize with Iona Potapov, and on the other, to reflect on the all-encompassing pattern of human existence - longing for someone’s soul, consonant with oneself, able to understand, respond, sympathize, listen.

Teacher: guys, now let's try to think about what the conflict of the story is? (The conflict of the story is that melancholy and loneliness stem from the fact that people’s hearts are closed, callous, and not ready for compassion for their neighbors. Therefore, “my sadness” (epigraph) remains unknown to anyone except God, and Jonah’s answer to his bitter words are the silence of the whole world). (slide 10)

(Simultaneous repetition of literary terms: plot, plot, conflict)

6. The role of artistic detail (slide 11)

Teacher: Among other writers, A.P. Chekhov is distinguished by his extraordinary powers of observation. A deep knowledge of life and people helped him, with the help of small details and individual strokes, to truthfully and vividly depict the character of a person, objects, and nature. Therefore, artistic detail is important in Chekhov’s work. He was very strict in the selection of details, checking everything down to the smallest detail - there can be nothing accidental in his works. The writer said that if in the first act there is a gun hanging on the wall, then in the end it must fire. Chekhov perfected the genre of the story. In a small work he could convey a large amount of information, this was important for the writer. The artistic detail contributed to the reduction in volume. Mastery of detail: in the story, the author mostly calls the horse a little horse. As soon as the suffix appears, the reader sees this old, worn-out nag, tired of work, as pathetic as its owner, and just as evoking aching pity. And only she can breathe her warmth into Jonah’s arms.

7. Individual work by cards in groups.

Instructions.

Operating time – 5 minutes. Presentation time: 1 minute.

Support your thoughts with text. The comment must be reasoned

Card No. 1.

1.How many times does Jonah try to tell about his son’s death? (3)

2. Write down the reaction of the interlocutors. (the son died - from what? ... go; the son died - we will all die, hurry up; the son died - ..... (no answer)

3.What is it called? means of expression? (repeat)

4.Comment.

Card No. 2

1. At what time of day did the events of the story take place? (In the evening)

2. Write down the change in evening lighting (evening twilight - evening haze - darkness).

3. What is the name of this expressive device? (gradation)

4.How many times does this change occur? (3)

5.Comment.

Card No. 3

1. Write down verbs from the text that characterize the actions of a crowded city (dark masses are moving - crowds are running - crowds are scurrying about)

2. How many times does Chekhov talk about this in the story? (3)

3.Comment.

Additional task for all groups

1. Extract from the text how Jonah’s address to the horse changes.

2. How it changed emotional coloring words (from the contemptuous horse, to the neutral - horse - to the diminutive - filly)

3. What is the name of such vocabulary (words 1 and 3)? (expressive).Please comment.

Teacher: Read the last sentence expressively. How do you explain the ellipsis? (Indifference is laziness of the soul. After all, a person needs so little from people - he needs to be listened to, they said kind word, smiled. But it’s not that it’s a pity for this little thing, it’s just too lazy to sympathize and understand)

What is the essence of the story “Tosca” (slide 12)

From the beginning of the story, A.P. Chekhov points out the harmony present in the relationship between the old cab driver and his “little horse,” which sensitively captures the slightest changes in the mental state of its owner. Either she is “white and motionless”, looking like a “penny gingerbread horse”, together with the silent Jonah stands for hours under the wet snow, “immersed in thought”, then she “begins to trot” when the owner’s melancholy becomes unbearable, bursts out from the chest and dictates to quickly leave the bustle of the city crowd and return to the court. The world of people rejected him, and the old man goes to his horse - a dumb creature - which alone understands him: “the little horse chews, listens and breathes on the hands of its owner.”

The theme of loneliness stated by A.P. Chekhov in the story is developed and comprehended by the writer throughout his subsequent literary activity. The leitmotif of A. P. Chekhov’s plays is also the problem of mental loneliness and broken psychological contact between people - the monologues of the characters do not find a response from each other, they are met either with ridicule or indifference.. Overcoming alienation, entering into psychologically full contact with another, not similar to yourself as a person is only possible when a minimal effort is made to broadcast your warmth or sincerely perceive it from another person. The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of the story “Tosca.” And Chekhov does not allow himself to moralize anywhere - he simply paints life, but the laconic narrative perfectly conveys everything that the author would like to say.

Applications

At all times, many literary figures interested in people who lived a life separate from society, had their own ideas about the world, which often did not coincide with the public worldview.

A person who has the strength to resist public opinion has always been a coveted prototype for a literary hero. The image of a lonely, detached person in Russian literature was subject to changes, which were caused primarily by different historical eras.

Ways to depict loneliness

For the literary process first half of the 19th century century, two directions in depicting the loneliness of a literary hero are very characteristic. Initially, the lyrical heroes - loners - were rebels who showed active disagreement with the ossified worldview of the majority of the population.

Their loneliness lay in the fact that thoughts that did not find support in society remained personal; the person was a kind of hermit and perceived this primarily as a personal tragedy. A striking example such literary movement Alexander Chatsky is the main character of the comedy “Woe from Wit”.

Chatsky was forced to live in a world alienated to himself by the old foundations; he was surrounded by a society that did not seek to change its habitual and idle way of life. This is where Chatsky's loneliness is expressed. The literary hero faces not only misunderstanding, but also active protest against his personality. Chatsky is left alone with his ideas, never achieving the point that society listens even a little bit to him.

The hero is faced with a choice: or obey the low social traditions, or preserve his own ideals and forever leave the environment he hates. Chatsky chooses the latter and remains true to himself, despite the fact that he voluntarily dooms himself to loneliness.

The loneliness of realism

Over time loneliness literary heroes acquires a more acute philosophical overtones. Literary works are imbued primarily with realism. Lyrical hero does not even realize his loneliness, which is the reason that he makes catastrophic mistakes in life.

He creates an illusion for himself, without actually understanding that he is a lonely hermit. The writers portray a person for whom the desire for personal freedom is alien. IN literary works the blame for a person’s loneliness is placed primarily on society, which provoked it through its influence.

Another loner hero, Eugene Onegin, appears on the pages of Russian literature. A not particularly observant reader can argue with the loneliness of Eugene Onegin.

At first glance, he was a socially active person. Brought up according to all the rules of society, Onegin was a welcome guest at all social events and received sincere pleasure from his idle life.

However, the end of the novel dots all the i’s: Onegin makes a terrifying conclusion for himself that all his life he was “a stranger to everyone...”.

The lyrical hero chose false methods of dealing with his own loneliness. It seemed to him that balls and social receptions could somehow satisfy

THE THEME OF HUMAN LONELINESS IN A. P. CHEKHOV’S STORY “MEANING”

GOALS: continue to introduce students to creativity;

conduct research into the content of the story “Tosca”,

Develop skills in analyzing a work of art based on the method of critical thinking and expressive reading.

Promote the development of abstract thinking, analytical and creativity students.

Create a special emotional mood in interaction with the reality of words, helping students write creative works

Regulatory UUD:

Goal setting training;

Independently formulate the topic, problem and goals;

Set new goals independently;

Independently analyze the conditions and ways to achieve the goal;

Independently draw up a plan for solving an educational problem;

Work according to the plan, checking your actions with the goal;

Make a decision in a problem situation.

Cognitive UUD:

Define concepts;

Independently read all types of text information: factual, subtextual, conceptual;

Adequately understand the basic and additional information of the text perceived by ear;

State the content of the text read;

Build reasoning.

Carry out analysis and synthesis;

Establish cause-and-effect relationships;

Make comparisons;

Summarize concepts;

Retrieve information presented in different forms;

Use techniques of introductory and screening reading;

Process and transform information from one form to another;

Forecast and adjust your activities;

Communication UUD:

Formulate your own opinion and position, give reasons for it and coordinate with the positions of partners in joint activities;

Establish and compare different points of view before making decisions and choices;

Ask questions necessary to organize your own activities and cooperation with a partner;

Express and justify your point of view;

Listen and hear others, try to accept a different point of view, be ready to adjust your point of view;

Express your thoughts orally and in writing

Create texts of various types

Present messages to an audience of peers;

Ask questions necessary to organize your own activities;

Recognize the importance of communication skills in a person’s life;

Use adequately speech means to solve various communication problems;

Use monologue and dialogic forms of speech;

Evaluate and edit oral and written speech;

Negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in situations of conflict of interests;

Exercise mutual control and provide the necessary assistance in cooperation;

Evaluate and edit oral and written expressions.

Planned subject, meta-subject and personal results:

Subject

Ability to analyze artistic text, develop your own opinion based on the text you read, argue your point of view

Metasubject

Mastering the techniques of selecting and systematizing material on a specific topic, the ability to create oral and written texts of various types

Personal:

Create conditions for the desire for self-education, understanding of loved ones and surrounding people.

DURING THE CLASSES

1.ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

2. TEACHER'S WORD. CALL. Reproduction and correction of students' basic knowledge. Updating knowledge.

We continue to study the work of the great Russian writer, whom he once called Pushkin in prose, who went down in the history of world culture as an unsurpassed master of the story and a new type of play, who had a tremendous talent for reflecting the subtlest emotional experiences of his characters.

Please introduce this writer.

Indeed, we will talk about Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, in which genius artist connected with a wonderful person. Our first lesson was called “100 facts about Chekhov”, in preparation for which you looked for information about the writer that was not in the textbook. What touches would you add to the portrait of A. Pavlovich?

CHILDREN'S MESSAGES

“As a child, I had no childhood,” said Chekhov.

1. “Despotism and lies have distorted our childhood to such an extent that it is sickening and scary to remember,” Chekhov wrote to his brother in 1889. The childhood of Chekhov, whose father, Pavel Yegorovich, ran a trading shop, was subject to a truly convict regime. The life of young Anton and his brothers passed between work in a shop open from 5 am to 11 pm, a gymnasium and endless rehearsals in the church choir organized by Pavel Yegorovich. In addition, all the children learned a craft, Antosha learned tailoring. The father’s difficult disposition, which extended not only to the children, but also to his wife, Evgenia Yakovlevna, softened only when Anton became the main breadwinner in the family.

2. Chekhov's grandfather was a serf

Chekhov's grandfather, Yegor Mikhailovich, was a serf, but was later able to buy himself and his family freedom. Chekhov's grandfather was, apparently, the first literate person in the family, which helped him get his freedom and bring his sons into the world. Chekhov himself never forgot about his origins. “A peasant’s blood flows in me,” Chekhov wrote to a book publisher in March 1894.

3. Chekhov was a doctor. Despite writing activity Chekhov continued to be a doctor throughout his life. In letters to his brother, he signed himself jokingly - “brother and sister Anthony and Medicine”; he continued to participate in medical congresses and become acquainted with discoveries in this area. He also treated the sick in his Melikhovo region near Moscow, and helped the sick in Yalta.

Even before his death, in the spring of 1904, he wrote from Yalta to an acquaintance: “If I am healthy, then in July or August I will go to Far East not a correspondent, but a doctor.”

4. Chekhov had about 50 pseudonyms

When publishing his stories and “humoresques” in magazines, Chekhov “acted” under pseudonyms. While hiding the author's real name, they also entertained the reader and gave the works more comic effect. Chekhov's imagination knew no bounds: Schiller Shakespeareovich Goethe, Champagne, Uncle - with whatever “nicknames”, as Chekhov called them, he signed his works.

In total, Chekhov had about 50 pseudonyms, the most famous of them, without a doubt, is “Antosha Chekhonte”.

5. About Chekhov’s great interest in Lermontov and many of Anton Pavlovich’s contemporaries spoke about the high appreciation of his work. Chekhov himself admitted: “I don’t know a better language than Lermontov’s. I learned to write from him.”

6.Memories of the amazing combination in Chekhov’s character of sociability and openness with “extraordinary modesty” “slip” in almost all memories of him. Here is how, for example, his contemporary wrote about Chekhov: “He was not one of those who like to make an impression... When he noticed that they were waiting for him and, as they say, looking in his mouth, he seemed to try as little as possible be different from everyone else."

7. The last phrases of Chekhov's letter to my sister: “Help the poor. Take care of your mother. Live peacefully.”
Indeed, Chekhov possessed an invaluable human quality - he knew how to love people.

People who came into contact with Anton Pavlovich felt the high nobility of his nature, were drawn to him, communication with him left a grateful mark on many.

SLIDE Here is another quote from M. Gorky

“Past this boring, gray crowd of powerless people walked past a big, smart, attentive person, he looked at these boring inhabitants of his homeland and with a sad smile, in a tone of soft but deep reproach, with hopeless melancholy on his face and in his chest, in a beautiful sincere voice he said:

You live badly, gentlemen!

What personality traits does M. Gorky note?

Do you know these gentlemen? Where did we meet them?

Let's remember who and what the writer told us about.

Ivan Dmitrievich Chervyakov. In what story do we meet of this hero? Why do you think the writer gives the hero this last name? What a story?

The fat one wanted to object something, but the thin one had so much reverence, sweetness and respectful acid written on his face that the Privy Councilor vomited. He turned away from Thin and shook hands with him in farewell.

From which story this passage? Comment on the theme and idea of this work.

Hm!!! Put a coat on me, brother Eldyrin... Something blew in the wind... It’s chilling... You take her to the general and ask there. You will say that I found it and sent it. And tell her not to let her go outside... She may be dear, but if every pig pokes a cigar in her nose, how long will it take to ruin it. A dog is a gentle creature... And you, idiot, put your hand down! There's no point in sticking out your stupid finger!

Which story is the excerpt from? Why is the story called "Chameleon"?

Reproduction and correction of knowledge, skills and abilities of students necessary for creative work.

Highlight the concepts that helped us understand the theme and idea of the works, the writer’s thought?

Poem, elegy, story

Poem meter, paired rhyme, artistic detail

Fantasy, mysticism, reality

Theme, idea

Title, trochee, iambic.

One famous Russian writer said: “Oh, this constant painful search for names!” Indeed, a good title is a great find of the author.

Slide Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson. Motivation for students' learning activities.

The story we are going to meet today is called “Tosca”

What words do you associate with given word? And with what color? And with what geometric figure?

Please select synonyms for this word.

(Grief, sorrow, chagrin, sadness, sadness, despondency, boredom)

Look at the lexical meanings of this word.

V. Dahl. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language...

Yearning(to oppress) oppression of the spirit, languor of the soul, painful sadness; mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom, grief, sadness, heartache, grief

2. Ozhegov's Dictionary

Yearning

1. Mental anxiety, despondency.

2. Boredom, as well as (colloquial) something. very boring, uninteresting.

So, you and I know what melancholy is. What do we want to know?

We will begin reading the story in an unusual way. I will read you the ending of the work, after reading the passage, I will ask you to answer the question, why does the hero feel melancholy?

“Go and look at the horse,” Jonah thinks. “You’ll always have time to sleep... You’ll probably get some sleep...”

He gets dressed and goes to the stable where his horse is. He thinks about oats, hay, the weather... He can’t think about his son when he’s alone... You can talk to someone about him, but it’s unbearably creepy to think about him and draw his image for yourself...

Are you chewing? - Jonah asks his horse, seeing its sparkling eyes. - Well, chew, chew... If we didn’t go out to harvest oats, we’ll eat hay... Yes... I’m getting old now... My son should be driving, not me... He was a real cab driver... If only I could live...

Jonah is silent for a while and continues:

So, brother filly... Kuzma Ionych is gone... He ordered him to live long... He took it and died in vain... Now, let’s say, you have a foal, and you are this foal’s own mother... And suddenly, let’s say, this same foal ordered to live long... It’s a pity, isn’t it?

The little horse chews, listens and breathes into the hands of its owner...

Jonah gets carried away and tells her everything...

What happened to Jonah?

What surprised you?

What question interested us? Why does Jonah tell the animal about his grief?

-What question interested us? Why does Jonah tell the animal about his grief? This is the question we will have to answer at the end of the lesson. Please write it down in the center of the sheet. What will you and I have to do to get an answer to the question? How will we work?

What does the name Jonah mean?

And she - ancient prophet, whose writings were included in the Bible. Translated, the name Jonah means “dove.” The dove is a symbol of the soul and connection with the divine world, the bird is a messenger. What message did the hero named Jonah bring us?

Let's pay attention to the epigraph of the story. To whom shall we take my sorrow?...

What does the word mean shall we tell?(I'll tell you, I'll tell you)

ANALYTICAL READING, COMPREHENSION, CLUSTER COMPILATIONApplication of knowledge and skills in a new situation

1. Evening twilight. Large wet snow lazily swirls around the newly lit lamps and falls in a thin soft layer on the roofs, horses' backs, shoulders, and hats. The cab driver Iona Potapov is as white as a ghost. He is bent over, as far as it is possible for a living body to bend, sits on the box and does not move. If a whole snowdrift had fallen on him, even then, it seems, he would not have found it necessary to shake off the snow... His little horse is also white and motionless. With its immobility, angular shape and stick-like straightness of its legs, even up close it looks like a penny gingerbread horse. She is, in all likelihood, lost in thought. Anyone who has been torn away from the plow, from the usual gray pictures and thrown here into this pool, full of monstrous lights, restless crackling and running people, cannot help but think...

Jonah and his little horse have not moved for a long time. They left the yard before lunch, but still there was no move. But then the evening darkness descends on the city. The pallor of the street lamps gives way to vibrant colors, and the bustle of the streets becomes noisier.

-WHERE DOES THE STORY TAKE PLACE?

- WHAT TIME OF THE YEAR DOES THE STORY TAKE PLACE?

- HOW DOES A WINTER LANDSCAPE REVEAL THE HERO’S STATE?

- IS JONAH IN THIS POSITION BECAUSE HE IS FROZEN?

- WHO DOES THE WRITER COMPARE ION WITH? WHY LIKE A GHOST?

- WHAT KIND OF HORSE DO YOU IMAGINE?

-IS THE SAME WORD REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES IN THE PASSAGE? WHICH?

-WHEN DOES MOVEMENT APPEAR?

- THE WORD CITY IS NOT IN THIS PASSAGE, WHAT WORD DOES THE AUTHOR USE INSTEAD OF THE WORD CITY?

A PORTULAR FULL OF MONSTERAL FLIGHTS.

2.-- Cabby driver, to Vyborgskaya! - Jonah hears. - Cab driver!

Jonah shudders and through his eyelashes, covered with snow, sees a military man in an overcoat with a hood.

To Vyborgskaya! - repeats the military man. - Are you sleeping, or what? To Vyborgskaya!

As a sign of agreement, Jonah pulls the reins, causing layers of snow to fall from the horse’s back and from his shoulders... The military man sits down in the sleigh. The driver smacks his lips, stretches his neck like a swan, sits up and, more out of habit than necessity, waves his whip. The little horse also cranes its neck, bends its stick-like legs and moves hesitantly...

Where are you going, devil! - at first, Jonah hears exclamations from the dark mass moving back and forth. -Where the hell are they going? Keep it right!

You don't know how to drive! Keep your rights! - the military man gets angry.

The coachman from the carriage scolds, a passer-by, who was crossing the road and bumped into the horse’s face with his shoulder, looks angrily and shakes snow off his sleeve. Jonah fidgets on the box as if on pins and needles, pokes his elbows to the sides and moves his eyes like a madman, as if he doesn’t understand where he is and why he’s here.

What scoundrels they all are! - the military man jokes. “They try to bump into you or get run over by a horse.” It was they who conspired.

Jonah looks back at the rider and moves his lips... He apparently wants to say something, but nothing comes out of his throat except a wheeze.

What? - asks the military man.

Jonah twists his mouth into a smile, tenses his throat and wheezes:

And my master, my son died this week.

Hm!.. Why did he die?

Jonah turns his whole body towards the rider and says:

And who knows! It must have been from a fever... He spent three days in the hospital and died... God's will.

Turn around, devil! - is heard in the darkness. - It crawled out, or something? old dog? Look with your eyes!

Go, go... says the rider. “We won’t even get there until tomorrow.” Adjust it!

The driver again cranes his neck, rises and swings his whip with heavy grace. Several times then he looks back at the rider, but he has closed his eyes and, apparently, is not in the mood to listen. Having dropped him off on Vyborgskaya, he stops at the tavern, bends over on the box and again does not move... The wet snow again paints him and his little horse white. An hour passes, then another...

-What would you call this passage?

-Jonah takes the first rider. Find a sentence that reveals Jonah's condition.

- Read other people's remarks. What surrounds the hero?

Why can't Jonah even make a sound at first? Why was his throat numb?

-Does the military give Jonah hope of being listened to?

- Find those lines when body language reveals a great desire to tell everything?

Why does a soldier close his eyes? Did he actually fall asleep? What is the quality called when a person closes his eyes to the misfortune of another?

Please create a cluster.

3. Three young men walk along the sidewalk, loudly knocking their galoshes and squabbling: two of them are tall and thin, the third is small and hunchbacked.

Cab driver, to the Police Bridge! - the humpback whale shouts in a rattling voice. - Three... two kopecks!

Jonah tugs the reins and smacks his lips. The two-kopeck price is not similar, but he doesn’t care about the price... Whether it’s a ruble or a nickel, it’s all the same to him now, if only there were riders... Young people, jostling and swearing, approach the sleigh and all three immediately climb onto the seat . The solution to the question begins: which two should sit, and which third should stand? After a long squabble, capriciousness and reproaches, they come to the decision that the humpback should stand like the smallest.

Well, let's go! - the humpback rattles, standing up and breathing into the back of Jonah’s head. - Loopy! And you have a hat, brother! You can't find anything worse in all of St. Petersburg...

Gee... gee... - Jonah laughs. -- Such as there is...

Well, you are what you are, drive! So are you going to drive all the way? Yes? And on the neck?..

My head is hurting... - says one of the long ones. “Yesterday at the Dukmasovs’, Vaska and I drank four bottles of cognac.

I don’t understand why you lie! - the other long one gets angry. - He lies like a beast.

God punish me, really...

This is as true as the fact that a louse coughs.

Gee! - Jonah grins. - Merry gentlemen!

Fie, damn you!.. - the hunchback is indignant. -Are you going, old cholera, or not? Is that how they drive? Beat her with a whip! But damn! But! Nice of her!

Jonah feels the spinning body and vocal tremor of a humpback whale behind him. He hears swearing directed at him, sees people, and the feeling of loneliness begins to gradually lift from his chest. The hunchback scolds until he chokes on an elaborate, six-story curse and bursts into coughing. The long ones begin to talk about some Nadezhda Petrovna. Jonah looks back at them. After waiting for a short pause, he looks around again and mutters:

And this week... my son died!

We’ll all die... - the hunchback sighs, wiping his lips after coughing. - Well, drive, drive! Gentlemen, I absolutely cannot go on like this! When will he take us there?

And you lightly cheer him up... in the neck!

Old cholera, do you hear? After all, I’m crippling my neck!.. To stand on ceremony with your brother, to walk on foot!.. Do you hear, Zmey Gorynych? Or do you not care about our words?

And Jonah hears more than he feels the sounds of a slap on the head.

Gee... - he laughs. - Merry gentlemen... God bless you!

Cab driver, are you married? - asks the long one.

Me? Gee... merry gentlemen! Now I have only one wife - damp earth... Hee-ho-ho... A grave, that is!.. My son died, but I’m alive... It’s a wonderful thing, death has become a door... Instead to come to me, she to her son...

And Jonah turns around to tell how his son died, but then the hunchback sighs lightly and declares that, thank God, they have finally arrived. Having received two kopecks, Jonah stares for a long time after the revelers disappearing into the dark entrance. Again he is lonely, and again silence comes for him...

-What title would you give to this part of the story?

- What a ruble, what a nickel, would there be riders? How can you explain this phrase from Chekhov?

-Why does Jonah laugh and his melancholy gradually subside?

Do you like these gentlemen? Why? What qualities of their soul do they show towards Jonah? Merry gentlemen.. says Jonah.. does he feel anger towards these drunkards?

And yet, Jonah decides to talk about his grief and involuntarily reveals the thought that gnaws at him the most. Find her.

The gentlemen have arrived, and Jonah is again left alone. Is his melancholy growing? Find an epithet, what melancholy? Whom are Jonah's eyes looking for?

Please register your cluster.

4. The melancholy that has subsided for a short time appears again and bursts into the chest with even greater force. Jonah's eyes anxiously and martyrically run through the crowds scurrying on both sides of the street: is there not one of these thousands of people who would listen to him? But the crowds flee, not noticing either him or the melancholy... The melancholy is enormous, knowing no boundaries. If Jonah’s chest had burst and melancholy poured out of it, it would seem to have filled the whole world, but, nevertheless, it is not visible. She managed to fit into such an insignificant shell that you cannot see her during the day with fire...

Jonah sees the janitor with a bag and decides to talk to him.

Darling, what time will it be now? he asks.

Tenth... What happened here? Drive on!

Jonah moves away a few steps, bends over and gives in to melancholy... He considers it no longer useful to address people. But not even five minutes have passed before he straightens up, shakes his head as if he felt a sharp pain, and tugs on the reins... He can’t bear it.

“To the yard,” he thinks. “To the yard!”

And the little horse, as if understanding his thought, begins to trot. An hour and a half later, Jonah is already sitting near a large dirty stove. People are snoring on the stove, on the floor, on the benches. There is a “spiral” and stuffiness in the air... Jonah looks at the sleeping people, scratches himself and regrets that he returned home so early...

“And I didn’t go to the oats,” he thinks. “That’s why there’s melancholy. A man who knows his business... who is well-fed himself, and his horse is well-fed, is always at peace...”

In one of the corners a young cab driver rises, quacks sleepily and reaches for a bucket of water.

Jonah asks for a drink.

So, drink!

So... To your health... And my brother, my son died... Did you hear? This week in the hospital... History!

Jonah looks at the effect his words had, but sees nothing. The young man has covered his head and is already asleep. The old man sighs and itches... Just as the young man wanted to drink, so he wants to talk. Soon it will be a week since my son died, and he still hasn’t spoken to anyone... We need to talk clearly, in detail... We need to tell how our son got sick, how he suffered, what he said before his death, how he died... You need to describe the funeral and the trip to the hospital to buy the deceased’s clothes. His daughter Anisya remains in the village... And we need to talk about her... But who knows what he can talk about now? The listener should groan, sigh, lament... And talking to women is even better. Even though they are fools, they roar at just two words.

What title would this part of the work be given?

How does Jonah address the janitor? Can this address to another person reveal to us the character of Jonah?

After the meeting with the janitor, what word reflects the hero’s state? How is he? (bends), it’s unbearable.

Why didn’t anyone here listen to him or sympathize with him? AND IT'S EVEN BETTER TO TALK TO WOMEN. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE FOOLS, BUT ROAR AT TWO WORDS. MAYBE, HAVING RECEIVED SYMPATHY, JONAH WOULD CRY, AND THEN THE MEANING would break through.

We know the ending of the work. The hero goes to his horse. And even if the little horse can’t say anything, it won’t turn away, won’t reproach, and won’t leave.

“THE HORSE CHEWS, LISTENS AND BREATHES ON THE HANDS OF HIS MASTER” WHAT DOES IONA RECEIVE FROM THE HORSE?

Are you ready to answer the question we posed at the beginning of the lesson? Why does Jonah tell the little horse about his grief?

What did Anton Pavlovich Chekhov tell us about? What does the main character Jonah face? What is the main human commandment that Chekhov is trying to remind you and me of?

Is Chekhov's work relevant today? Why? After all, the profession of a coachman is already a thing of the past?

Certainly, this work a classic that is still relevant today. People in the hustle and bustle of their days, under the weight of their own worries, forget about those who need simple human warmth. And how much easier it would be to live if each of us had at least one kind word for a person in need of support...

REFLECTION

Tell me what exactly are you feeling right now? How does your heart feel right now?

“It is necessary that everyone is satisfied behind the door, happy person someone would stand with a hammer and constantly remind him by knocking that there are unfortunate people, that no matter how happy he is, life will sooner or later show its claws to him, trouble will strike him - illness, poverty, losses, and no one will see or hear him how now he doesn’t see or hear others.”

Please tell me, did you, happy and contented children, hear the writer’s hammer today? I ask you to pour out your thoughts on paper at home. On next lesson we will read and discuss your work. The choice of title for your work is also yours.

Thank you for the lesson! Goodbye!

Lesson objectives:

Equipment: textbook, story text " Yearning» , material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type

Predicted results:

K. I. Chukovsky

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"GORODETSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATION SCHOOL

NAMED AFTER THE HERO OF RUSSIA ALEXANDER PROKHORENKO"

Sherstyuk Nina Gavrilovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

first qualification category

MBOU "Gorodets secondary school"

Named after Hero of Russia Alexander Prokhorenko"

2017

The theme of a person’s loneliness in a crowded city in the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca"

Lesson objectives:

1. continue to introduce students to the works of A.P. Chekhov;

2. give an idea of the plot and composition of the story “Tosca”;

3. find out moral issues story, theme, idea;

4. repeat theoretical concepts: composition, story, landscape,

Expressive means of language;

5. develop reading culture;

6. educate spiritual and moral student culture.

Equipment : textbook, story text " Yearning" , material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type : a lesson in analyzing a work of art.

Predicted results:

1. students know about the plot and composition of the story “Tosca”;

2. determine plot elements story, composition features;

3. determine the theme and idea of the work, correlate the beginning and ending;

4. characterize the main character of the story;

5. carry out research work with the text of the story in groups.

Chekhov had the least claim to the role of a preacher, an ideological leader of youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy actions only because he, as if with a click, eradicated all spiritual trashiness from us.

K. I. Chukovsky

DURING THE CLASSES

Updating of reference knowledge

Listening to several creative works (see. homework previous lesson)

Motivation for learning activities

Chekhov is a master of the short story.

This is a great artist of words. He is able to convey in a short story the whole life of a person, adhering to the rules formulated by himself: “to write with talent, that is, briefly” and “brevity is the sister of talent.” Behind his landscapes, often drawn with the help of one precise and precise detail, behind short dialogues and monologues, behind small details, an attentive reader always discerns the depths of life not named by the author, but clearly visible. The story "Tosca" is recognized as the pinnacle of the writer's early works.

Indifference... How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget that we have offended and brought grief to our closest and dearest people. After all, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say a kind word, to smile. But sometimes we feel so sorry for this little thing. Well, what did it take for the heroes of the story “Tosca” to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov? Their soul would become much brighter and purer if they understood the cab driver’s grief. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, and indifference finally leave us...

The famous Russian writer Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky said (addressing the epigraph of the lesson): “Chekhov least of all laid claim to the role of a preacher, an ideological leader of youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy actions only because he, as if with a click, drove out us with all sorts of spiritual crap." Can we say these words about us today? We will answer this question today in class.

Working on the lesson topic

Teacher's opening speech

The epigraph to “Tosca” “To whom shall I tell my sadness?..” (the opening line of the spiritual verse “Joseph’s Lament and the True Story”) sets a certain psychological tone for Chekhov’s story. The author encourages the reader to think about the loneliness of a person among people, the lack of response to someone else’s pain, the inability to be heard, to pour out one’s grief, to establish confessional contact with another person. Beginning of "Tosca":

“Evening twilight. Large wet snow lazily swirls around the newly lit lamps and falls in a thin soft layer on the roofs, horses’ backs, shoulders, hats...” Running people in the usual street bustle of a big city do not notice either the falling snow or the cab driver Jonah Potapov, who is “white as a ghost” and with his immobility resembles a snow statue.

Immersion in the topic of the lesson (conversation)

What does it mean to be lonely?

Can a person be lonely among people?

What do you think is melancholy? Loneliness?

What is the lexical meaning of these words?

Vocabulary work (writing on the board and in notebooks)

Loneliness is the state and feeling of a person who is in conditions of real or imaginary isolation from other people, a severance of social ties, a lack of meaningful communication for him, a lack of communication, etc.

Melancholy - oppression of the spirit, languor of the soul, painful sadness; mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, grief, sadness, grief.

Analytical work with the text of the story "Tosca"

a) Teacher’s message about the history of the creation of the story “Tosca.”

The story appeared in January 1886 in the “Flying Notes” section of the Petersburg Newspaper, where before that A.P. Chekhov had already published many ironic sketches and other short satirical works that brought him literary fame as the witty, observant humorist Antosha Chekhonte. What served as the leading motive for A.P. Chekhov’s appeal to this topic is not known for certain. In December 1885, the writer visited St. Petersburg for the first time, and the “pool full of monstrous lights, restless crashing and running people,” into which he plunged upon arriving in the capital, may have, to a certain extent, served as one of the incentives for writing “Tosca.” A glimpse of a street scene, an overheard fragment of a conversation, or simply the sight of a cab driver and his horse bent under the snow - these or other impressions unknown to us could give impetus to the work of the writer’s imagination. Is there any need, however, for any special, real or literary, commentary on “Tosca,” on a story with such an obvious plot, with captivating reader sympathy for Jonah Potapov and his misfortune? Of course, the main meaning of the story should be clear without any commentary, through an understanding of the internal connections of the work, the logic of its plot, and composition. The author of "Tosca" is 26. No draft versions of the manuscript of "Tosca" have survived, since during this period of his work A.P. Chekhov had the habit of destroying all preliminary sketches and used preparatory materials upon completion of the work.

b) Research with the text of the story (in groups)

1st group

How many times does Jonah try to tell him about his son’s death? (Three times)
Write down the reaction of your interlocutors. (The son died... why?... go; the son died... we’ll all die, hurry up; the son died... (no answer)
What is the name of this expressive device? (Repeat) Support with examples from the text of the story.

2nd group

At what time of day did the events of the story take place? (In the evening)
Write down the change in evening lighting. (Evening twilight, evening haze, darkness)
What is the name of this expressive device? (Gradation)
How many times does this change occur? (Three times) Support with examples from the text of the story.

3rd group

Write down verbs from the text that characterize the actions of a crowded city. (Dark masses are moving, crowds are running, crowds are scurrying)
How many times does Chekhov talk about this in the story? (Three times) Support with examples from the text of the story.

4th group

Write down from the text how Jonah's address to the horse changes.
How did the emotional connotation of the word change? (From the contemptuous “little horse” - through the neutral “horse” - to the diminutive “little horse”)
What is this vocabulary called (first and third words)? (Expressive) Support with examples from the text of the story.

Presentation of work results

c) Conversation

1. Artistic detail.

Among other writers, A.P. Chekhov is distinguished by his extraordinary powers of observation. A deep knowledge of life and people helped him, with the help of small details and individual strokes, to truthfully and vividly depict the character of a person, objects, and nature. Therefore, artistic detail is important in Chekhov’s work. The artistic detail contributed to the reduction in volume. In his works, Chekhov omitted such important information as genealogy and biography of heroes. The main means of characterization was a portrait, although it also did not correspond to the usual idea. This was not a description of the color of hair, eyes, and the like; the writer chose two or three of the most accurate and accurate details, and this was enough to vividly represent the image as a whole. Mastery of detail: in the story, the author mostly calls the horse a little horse. As soon as the suffix appears, the reader sees this old, worn-out nag, tired of work, as pathetic as its owner, and just as evoking aching pity. And only she can breathe her warmth into Jonah’s arms. In his stories, Chekhov shows only the main, most important points, and omits the rest. Artistic detail helps him condense time. Chekhov does not say this directly, but the reader vividly imagines these changes, and all this thanks to artistic detail.

2. Story composition

The plot of “Tosca,” at first glance, is another reflection of the young Chekhov’s favorite literary device - with warm irony, to build a composition, the storyline of a story from an essentially anecdotal situation: an old cab driver who did not find understanding from a single person he met along the way, he who buried his son pours out his grief to the horse. However, the story told by Antosha Chekhonte on the pages of the periodical is “not an ironic trinket” of entertaining humorous journalism, but the age-old tragedy of a man knocking on people’s souls (Dunaev, 1998).

In the plot of “Tosca,” at a minimum, one can detect two interconnected plans: on the one hand, the author calls on the reader to empathize with Iona Potapov, and on the other, to reflect on the all-encompassing pattern of human existence - longing for someone’s soul, consonant with oneself, able to understand, respond, sympathize, listen.

The conflict of the story lies in the fact that melancholy and loneliness stem from the fact that people’s hearts are closed, callous, and not ready for compassion for their neighbors. That’s why “my sorrow” (epigraph) remains unknown to anyone except God, and Jonah’s answer to his bitter words is the silence of the whole world.

Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Teacher's summary:

Today in class you were once again convinced that A.P. Chekhov’s stories are distinguished by their brevity and richness of plot. In the story "Tosca" it seems that nothing happens. Cab driver Iona Potapov is covered with snow in the dull winter twilight. He is waiting for his passengers. In fact, Jonah is no longer waiting for anyone or anything. For a whole week now he has been living half asleep: his son has died. The tragedy of Jonah is of no interest to anyone: neither the military man, nor the idle youth, nor a man of his own class - a cab driver. No one is interested in Iona Potapov, no one needs his soul-tearing pain. Everyone is in a hurry somewhere, everyone is dissatisfied, irritated, only Jonah has nowhere to rush. He is lonely, sad, deep in thought. Death made a mistake, “missed the door,” and took away the heir, who “was a real cab driver.” After several attempts to pour out his soul to strangers, Iona Potapov understands that there are no sympathizers in grief and there won’t be, people become isolated, they want anything, but not talk about someone’s death. People don’t want to think about mortality, they mindlessly scurry around the world, hoping that luck will save them, they will find their place in life, and what do they care about the death of another person.

The lack of sincerity, responsiveness, and understanding is a problem not only of the 19th century, but also of the present one. Jonah Potapov may be a taxi driver whose son tragically died. Will it find a response in the souls of modern passengers? I think no. Jonah has “enormous melancholy, which knows no bounds,” and so is the boundless callousness and indifference of those around him. Winter. Snow falls. It will melt when it gets warmer, and not a trace will remain of it. Jonah’s melancholy will also dissipate if he finds warm feedback and participation. Yes, the pain of loss will remain, like the memory of a previous snowfall, but you can live, taking care of the horse, and calmly think about your death. Who can Jonah cry to? Only a living soul, only it is able to understand the grief of another. Jonah found such a silent friend - his partner, a horse, old, worn out, tired from work, which only breathes its warmth into the hands of its owner. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a subtle psychologist of the human soul. He showed how hopeless the melancholy of a person can be, lonely, like a person. They fill each other, vessels with deep, viscous contents. And human spiritual deafness leads to boundless loneliness and emptiness, to the emptiness of vessels that should be filled with living moisture.

The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Tosca.”

Homework on Russian literature

Prepare for the lesson extracurricular reading. Read Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's essay "Sakhalin Island".

Literature

IN methodological development The lesson used materials from the website of I. N. Perova.