Proverbs, sayings and sayings of the peoples of the world. Working with proverbs in literary and extracurricular reading lessons in primary school

Our teaching staff works according to the educational complex “Harmony”; We conduct literary reading according to the program and textbook of O.V. Kubasova. For the third year now, our pro-gymnasium has been a city experimental site on the topic “The linguistic component of education and its role in the formation of key competencies of schoolchildren”; within the framework of this platform, we expand and deepen work on words, sentences and texts both in the lessons of linguistic and non-linguistic subjects in primary school. In this article I will talk about such work related to both traditional and new types of use of Russian (and foreign) proverbs in literature and literature lessons. extracurricular reading and in extracurricular activities.

If you listen to our everyday language today, you can often feel that it is stereotyped, inexpressive and uninformative - “tasteless” to the ear. Unfortunately, we hear examples of dull, uninteresting speech, with the unlawful use of anglicisms, and sometimes lexically reduced speech not only from ordinary people, but also from high stands.

We must convey to our students the idea that in times of globalization and high speeds, large flows of information and little time for making decisions, your path to success must begin with a deep study of your native language, in which folk wisdom has accumulated over centuries. This wisdom is accurately, briefly and aptly expressed in proverbs. Outstanding Russian teacher K.D. Ushinsky wrote: “The Russian proverb has meaning in the initial teaching of the native language, firstly, in its form, and secondly, in its content.”

Working with proverbs is mandatory in class literary reading; This folk genre has traditionally received much attention, since it, like no other, illustrates the beauty, richness and wisdom of language. Children express their interpretation of proverbs, big job is carried out on the imagery of proverbs, on understanding their figurative meaning.

But in addition to the usual tasks ( match the text, explain the meaning, remember the proverb), I offer children a number of tasks that diversify and make work with proverbs deeper and more interesting both in class and in extracurricular activities; contributing to the enrichment of children's vocabulary, the expressiveness of expressed thoughts, and, therefore, the development of schoolchildren's speech.

I. Introducing first-graders to such small genres as “proverb” and “saying” in the “Oral Folk Art” section, I conduct such a dialogue with children.

– When did proverbs and sayings appear? No one knows this for sure yet. Only one thing is certain: they came from distant times. But people still get confused by calling proverbs sayings and vice versa. And in order for us to understand this issue, we will use the help of the proverb “A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry.”

What does the word "flower" mean? This is something beautiful and beautiful, which means the saying is something beautiful. But we cannot tell from a single flower which fruit will grow from it, therefore, the saying is beautiful, beautiful, but it does not yet have a completely completed thought. And about the proverb it is said that she is a berry; Let's remember the fruits of strawberries, currants, etc. And since a berry is a fruit, and fruits are not just beautiful, but also useful, it means that it helps people understand the main thing, it has an assessment of good and bad, that is, it contains, albeit a short, but complete thought.

Russian proverbs and sayings are suitable for all occasions. Whether you have sorrow or joy, they will always give reasonable advice, guidance, consolation, or even cheer you up. And no matter who or what they talk about, they are always addressed to a person.
What allowed the proverb to survive through the centuries? Brevity, rhythm, frequent use of rhyme.

II. Proverbs often contain many ancient words, the meanings of which are incomprehensible to modern children. Therefore, before working on understanding the meaning of a proverb, I definitely conduct lexical work over ancient words, using various dictionaries.
For example, in the proverb “One with a bipod, seven with a spoon,” you need to find out the meaning of the word “bipod” (“bipod”, “plow” is an ancient Russian wooden tool used for plowing).
But in the proverb “If you take up the tug, don’t say that it’s not hefty,” the children do not know the words “tug” - (the loop in the clamp that fastens the shaft to the arc.), and “hefty.” (“hefty” - healthy, strong, well-built). In the dictionary entry explaining the meaning of the word “tug”, urban children also do not understand the words “collar”, “shaft” and “arc”, therefore in this case and in some other similar ones it is advisable to show objects about which we're talking about, on the picture.
By the way, the interpretation of outdated words themselves is given in textbooks and in children's fiction much less frequently than is objectively required.

III. The number of proverbs (as well as any new units of knowledge) that can be taught to children in one lesson has been established both theoretically and experimentally - no more than seven. Authors of children's textbooks do not always use proverbs after reading the text of a literary work and analyzing it, where appropriate, or not in full. For example, for the Russian folk tale “The Fox and the Crane” (2nd grade) the textbook gives only one proverb: “Good is paid for with good,” but you can expand this work using the following tasks: find words similar to the proverb in the text of the fairy tale(“As it came back, so it responded”) , or Which proverb could become the main idea of ​​the fairy tale:(“Friendship is strong through care and help”, “Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you yourself will fall into it”).

In the section “The Author and His Heroes” in 2nd grade, when reading with children a number of works of different genres, where the main character is a hare, you can ask the children to first guess the riddle (“What kind of forest animal stands up like a post under a pine tree? Who is standing among the grass, ears more head?), and having guessed who will be discussed in the following texts, remember the familiar proverb “To chase two hares, you won’t catch either,” and then introduce a few more little-known ones, for example, “While the hare is in the bushes, don’t put the boiler on fire”, “The hare is not a coward, he takes care of himself”, “You can’t catch a hare without a dog” and, of course, reveal their content.

The image of the great and powerful luminary of the Sun occupies important place in Russian phraseology; Russian proverbs confirm the close spiritual connection of a person with him. When getting acquainted with Nikolai Sladkov’s fairy tale “The Bear and the Sun” (2nd grade), you can touch on this topic by asking the children the question “Why did the Bear, having argued with snow and water, not argue with the Sun?” After the children’s answers, you can say that in Russian folk art, proverbs usually mention the Sun with positive side: it is in them a symbol of love, goodness (“It’s warm in the sun, goodness in the mother’s presence”), beauty, wisdom (“The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge”), truth (“You can’t cover the sun, but you can’t hide the truth”) .

IV. Starting from grade 2, during literary reading lessons, students become familiar with some artistic techniques. When encountering the “comparison” technique in the “Words, words, words” section, I also use proverbs as material.

Acquaintance with comparison begins with reading the poems by R. Sefa “Cactus” and “Everything in the world is like everything else...”. After reading the poems, children find in the text that a cactus and a hedgehog have needles, and in this way they are similar, that a snake is like a leather strap, the moon is like a huge round eye, a crane is like a crane, etc. Here you can use the task: restore the proverbs by selecting them from reference material relevant comparisons. For example, “Untried friend, that...” (“the nut is not cracked”); “Getting a bad reputation is like...” (“ask for a drink”); “The beauty is crazy that...” (“wallet without money”). And later, students can complicate the task by offering compose my a proverb, inventing yours comparison:For example, « an affectionate word that...” (“warm sun”, “spring day”, “mother’s love”, “kind look”, “clear weather” - all these comparisons belong to children). Such tasks can also be used when analyzing lyric poems.

V. Another type of task that is popular in our literary reading lessons is selecting a suitable proverb for the work being studied. Analysis of proverbs and their independent selection develop children's thinking, teach them to find commonalities between the title of a work and its content, teach them to understand the main idea of ​​the work and the meaning of the titles.

For example, when working on a story by N.N. Nosov “On the Hill” (grade 3) can be offered find episodes from works that correspond to proverbs:“There is patience for every desire”, “If you hurry, you will make people laugh”, “If you know how to make a mistake, you will be able to get better.” The first proverb corresponds to the part of the story that talks about Kotka’s desire to ride down the hill. To the second proverb - the episode where Kotka ruined the slide built by the guys, and the third - where the comrades forced Kotka to fix the damaged slide.

To the story by B. Zhitkov “ Brave Duckling“You can suggest the proverbs “Fear has big eyes”, “The city takes courage.” The first proverb corresponds to the episode where the ducklings are afraid of the dragonfly and hide in the grass, and the second - where the little duckling Alyosha saves his neighbors from the attacks of this dragonfly. Similar work can be done with the works of V.Yu. Dragunsky, and V.A. Oseeva, and N.M. Artyukhova, etc.

VI. This type of work like finding proverbs in a text works of art and elucidation of their function is well known in the methodology of teaching literary reading in elementary school. I am expanding the scope of such work. Rich material for such observations is provided by works studied in extracurricular reading lessons.

For example, on the pages of V. G. Gubarev’s book “The Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors” we came across proverbs "All that glitters is not gold"- this is what Olya’s grandmother told her, and the girl was convinced of this when she visited a beautiful city with sparkling carriages and mirrors... The mirrors are beautiful, but they are crooked, and life is hard for poor people. “If you hurry, you’ll make people laugh”– Ole’s father often repeated.

In the fairy tale story “Old Man Hottabych” by Lazar Lagin we found a proverb "The morning is wiser than the evening". It sounded at the moment when things to move to new apartment Volka's family decided to reschedule in the morning. Another proverb was also found in the episode when Hottabych said the following words to the greedy Italian inspector: “Wisdom teaches that he who judges people by their clothes is often mistaken.” Volka at that moment remembered that they now talk about it like this: “You are greeted by your clothes, you are escorted by your mind”.

We also came across proverbs in Gianni Rodari’s book “The Adventures of Cipollino”. “In your home, even the walls help”- said godfather Blueberry, thinking about his chestnut shell, when he was asked to live in the house of godfather Pumpkin, guarding him. "Live and learn! It's a small world“Maybe we will meet again,” Cipollino thought about Mole, and they actually met many more times. "He who laughs last laughs best"- said Signor Tomato to Master Grape and detective Mr. Carrot to little Bean.

But it is not enough just to find proverbs in the texts; it is important to reveal deep meaning these sayings, understand their purpose in the text - a proverb often illustrates the main idea of ​​a passage.

VII. IN Lately One of the most pressing issues throughout the world has become the topic of tolerance, which presupposes respect for the cultures and languages ​​of other peoples, as well as for the representatives of other cultures themselves.

In literary reading lessons, children get acquainted with this genre folk art as a fairy tale that allows children to expand their understanding of a variety of moral qualities: kindness, courage, mutual understanding. Reading fairy tales of different nations, we also turn to proverbs, working with which makes it possible to educate students in tolerance.

For example, after reading the African fairy tale “The Lazy Woman,” work is done with the African proverb “Even the most beautiful scarf cannot satisfy your hunger,” and the Chinese proverb “Don’t judge a person by his appearance,” which accurately express the main idea of ​​this fairy tale. After reading the English fairy tale “The Woman Who Lived in a Bottle”, we become acquainted with the Kazakh proverb “Greed pushes one to meanness,” the Arabic “Greed does not bring good” and the Russian “To wish for a lot is not to see good.” But for the Russian folk tale “How a man divided the geese” we can suggest the Russian proverb “The need for invention is cunning”, the Azerbaijani “Wealth alone is not enough to become a man” and bhazian“There are no unfamiliar paths for a beggar.”

We conclude: both fairy tales and proverbs from different countries give people the same lessons about the need to be kind, hardworking, generous, resourceful, that it is bad to be lazy, angry, cowardly. Almost every Russian proverb can have an analogue in the folklore of other peoples, which means that the cultures of all nations have something in common, and this commonality is clearly manifested in such a genre of oral folk art as a proverb.

You can summarize the work of reading fairy tales of different peoples by proposing the task: for each proverb invented by different peoples (in the left column), select a Russian one that corresponds to it in meaning (in the right column).

Proverbs different nations	Russian proverbs
1. You can’t catch a flying word even with four horses (Chinese).	1. The word is silver, silence is gold.
2. Feather mightier than the sword(English).	2. For one beaten, they give two unbeaten.
3. Fled from the smoke, but ended up in the fire (Turkish)	3. A goose is not a friend to a pig.
4. Not everything that is round is an apple (Armenian).	4. The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.
5. One gained experience is better than seven rules of wisdom (Arabic).	5. What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe.
6. A job done quickly is never good (Indian).	6. All that glitters is not gold.
7. A wolf and a ram, a saber and a joke cannot be together (Turkish)	7. He who has a clear conscience sleeps peacefully.
8. Silence is better than verbosity (Chinese).	8. Out of the fire and into the fire.
9. There is no pillow softer than a clear conscience (French)	9. If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

VIII. Many interesting tasks with proverbs can be used in general lessons, as well as in extracurricular activities: quizzes, literary competitions, etc.

Paste the right word and explain the meaning of proverbs.

1) The forest is cut down - chips ... a) burnt; b) ruin; c) fall; d) fly.
2) Not caught – not... a) enemy; b) athlete; c) thief; d) villain.

Complete the proverbs by inserting the missing words and explain the meaning.

1) ... the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.
2) Fear... has big (eyes).
3) ... it hurts my eyes (true).
4) After a fight... they don’t wave (with their fists).

Remember the second part of the proverb.

1) The homeland is a mother, know how to... (stand up for it).
2) Learning is light, but... (ignorance is darkness).
3) Where the needle goes, ... (there goes the thread).
4) He who reads a lot... (knows a lot).

Correct the mistake (replace the word with another one to make sense).

1) It’s good at a party, but worse (better) at home.
2) There is no smoke without a horse (fire).
3) You can’t spoil masha (porridge) with butter.
4) Don’t make an elephant out of flour (flies).

Reconstruct the proverb using the two given words or play “Name the Proverb.”

Explain the meaning of the proverb by choosing the correct interpretation. Explain your choice using an example of a certain life situation (that’s what they say when...)

1) If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove.

• After work you need rest.
• To live well, you need to work well.
• It is harmful to eat while lying down.

2) Measure seven times and cut once.

• Take your measurements, then cut the fabric.
• Think very carefully before you do anything serious.
• Folded fabric is easier to cut.

Compare the proverbs and find ones that are similar in meaning.

1) What has passed cannot be brought back.

• What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.
• The morning is wiser than the evening.
• Finished the job - go for a walk safely.
• Whatever fell from the cart was lost.

2) Fear has big eyes.

• If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest.
• Cheek brings success.
• A coward mistakes a cockroach for a giant.
• Don't be afraid of the knife, but of the tongue.

Explain whether this proverb can be used in the proposed situations.

1) If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.

• The girl got a dog, but doesn’t want to clean up the dirt after it.
• Girl sledding with high mountain and is not afraid.
• The girl always helps her mother clean the room after the guests leave.

2) A good gardener is a good gooseberry.

• Gooseberries are good when they are ripe.
• Children can learn a lot from a capable teacher.
• A talented tailor makes all his clothes beautiful.

Answer the question with a proverb or saying.

1) What can’t you hide in a bag? (Sheila)
2) When does the appetite come? (While eating)
3) Without what can you catch a fish from a pond? (Easily)
4) Who better than two new friends? (Old friend)

Come up with your own story for one of the proverbs.

(Here is the story for the proverb “Time for work, time for fun,” invented by a 2nd grade student.

“Yesterday my mother and I were cleaning the street around our house. They collected garbage, branches, old leaves. When we finished work, we went home to watch TV."
So we carried out similar work with the proverbs “The eyes are afraid, but the hands do”, “Don’t dig a hole for others, you yourself will fall into it.”

Which general meaning unites the following proverbs from different peoples of the world? Remember the Russian proverb, which is close in meaning to them.(Shoemaker without shoes)

1) The needle sews for everyone, but she herself is naked (Tajik).
2) The tailor has a bare back (Turkish).
3) The carpenter's door is always broken (Arabic).
4) Shoemaker's shoes without heels (Persian).
5) The potter drinks water from a cracked jug (Persian).

When performing the tasks described above, it is important to attract children’s attention to melody, beauty, wisdom folk word. The teacher’s task is to show students that a person who knows his native phraseology well, comparing his behavior and thoughts with the wise opinion of the people, can become a good, respected person in society. In addition, by including folk sayings in his speech, he gives it special accuracy, imagery, expressiveness, which means he can be more convincing in an argument and achieve greater success in life than a person who does not use this folk wealth.

Working on proverbs, in the apt expression of K.D. Ushinsky, “introduces children ... into the best folk language.” And if it is carried out systematically, then the children themselves gradually begin to introduce proverbs and sayings into their speech.

Children learn to collect folk sayings, relate them to a specific topic, analyze their meaning, and understand their general nature. Studying proverbs enriches students' speech, improves their literacy, and contributes to the development of aesthetic taste. Various work with proverbs instills in them an interest and love for Russian oral folk art, teaches them to be attentive to apt figurative expressions, be interested in the history of their people, respect and be proud of their language and Motherland.

Literature.

1. Voinova L.A. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2007.
2. Volina V.V. Phrasebook. – St. Petersburg, 2001.
3. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. – M., 2008.
4. Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: In 4 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1996.
5. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2001.
6. Ushakov D.N. Large explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. – M., 2007.
7. Ushinsky K.D. Collected works, vol. 6, – M., 1949.
8. Fedosov I.V., Lapitsky A.N. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2003.

Proverbs, sayings and sayings of the peoples of the world

middle Asia

Why do you need a donkey if you have nothing to carry? Tajik proverb The sound of the drum is pleasant from afar. Tajik proverb The earth needs moisture, the husband needs glory. Turkmen proverb The earth is hard - the bull blames the bull. Turkmen proverb Land into which no labor has been invested has no name. Turkmen proverb Knowledge without application is like clouds without rain. Tajik proverb Gold glitters even in dirt. Tajik proverb And you need to feed one chicken. Kyrgyz proverb Rotten words come out of a stinking mouth. Kazakh proverb The needle sews for everyone, but she herself is naked. Tajik proverb Go ahead of the smart one; but behind the fool. Kyrgyz proverb Anyone who walks can master any road. Karakalpak proverb One grain of millet will not make porridge. Kazakh proverb If you have hands, you will find a shovel, and that means you will have money. Turkmen proverb You have a hundred sheep - and you are right. Turkmen proverb The name is noble, but the dish is empty. Uzbek proverb The source of abundance is in action. Turkmen proverb If you are looking for a friend without flaws, you will be left without friends. Turkmen proverb Every day you eat enough - you will go broke; If you don’t eat your fill at least once a week, you’ll die. Kazakh proverb Everyone scratches their own head. Uzbek proverb Which donkey is meat, which tradesman is friend? Uzbek proverb The stone that is needed is not heavy. Turkmen proverb Drop by drop - a lake, no drops - a desert. Turkmen proverb When the caravan turns back, the lame man will be in front. Turkmen proverb When there are no people, the frog says: “The lake is mine!” Kazakh proverb When the fire flares up, it burns both wet and dry. Tajik proverb When the sand collects, a hill grows; when people gather, the master appears. Karakalpak proverb The goat is about life, the butcher is about lard. Uzbek proverb If you fall, it’s from a high camel. Karakalpak proverb Those who have nothing to eat fast, those who have nothing to do pray. Turkmen proverb The end of the wind is rain, the end of the game is a fight. Turkmen proverb The horse is bad - the desires will go away, the children are bad - the strength will go away, the wife is bad - the guest will leave. Uzbek proverb Mows grass while sitting on a camel. Tajik proverb Mowing your tongue - the lower back does not hurt. Turkmen proverb The cauldron is open, but where is the cat's conscience? Tajik proverb If you have fasted for even one day, do not ask advice from him for forty days. Kazakh proverb He who walks a lot hears a lot. Turkmen proverb Those who have not experienced grief have not thought about it. Kazakh proverb Whoever the khan doesn’t like is liked by the people; whoever the people like, the khan does not like. Kazakh proverb

See next page... -

3. For each foreign proverb, choose a Russian one. Fill out the table using the textbook materials (task 1).

Even with four horses you won’t be able to catch up with a word that has flown out. - The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.

You don't talk about poverty with a rich man. – A well-fed person is no friend to a hungry person.

You recognize a friend in danger. - Friend is known in trouble.

If there is smoke, there is fire. - There is no smoke without fire.

I chased a flock of pheasants but didn’t catch a single one. If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.

Silence is better than verbosity. - Silence is gold.

The umbrella is ready in clear weather. - Prepare the sleigh in the summer, and the cart in the winter.

Many people, many opinions. – How many people, so many opinions.

Don't judge a person by his appearance. – They greet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence.

A needle is made into a stick. - They're making a mountain out of a mountain.

Dance to someone else's music. - Dancing to someone else's tune.

4. Write down proverbs based on the following two words.

1 team

The point is bold. (Business before pleasure).

It hurts, he says. (Whoever hurts something speaks about it).

Crane is a tit. (A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush).

Ford - water. (If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water).

2nd team

The word is sparrow. (The word is not a sparrow, you won’t catch it if it flies out).

Labor is a fish. (You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty).

Time is fun. (Business time - fun - hour).

Feather - axe. (What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe).

5. Give an interpretation to the following proverbs. Determine the theme of the proverbs.

1 team

The rain will soak you, but the red sun will dry you. (There will not always be difficulties, joys will come too). The topic is weather phenomena.

There is patience for wanting. (If you want to achieve something, be patient). The theme is character.

Patience and work will grind everything down. (You need to work hard and hard to achieve what you want). The theme is character.

The drop is small, but the stone is chiseling. (If you do something consistently, you can achieve the impossible). The theme is nature.

2nd team

From a good tree comes good fruit. (They do good deeds good people). Theme: vegetable garden.

Let every business ferment in its own yeast. (It will take time for everything to fall into place). The theme is cooking.

The ax will cut through. (A persistent person will achieve his goal). The theme is peasant life.

A year is not a week: everything will be, but not now. (Not everything comes right away, you have to wait). The topic is time.

6. How do the following sayings characterize a person? Choose adjectives to replace them.

1 team

Born in a shirt. (Lucky)

2nd team

Seven spans in the forehead. (Smart)

7. What is the meaning of the following proverbs from different peoples of the world? Remember the Russian proverb, which is close in meaning to them.

The needle sews for everyone, but she herself is naked. The tailor's back is bare. The carpenter's door is always broken. Shoemaker's shoes without heels. A potter drinks water from a cracked glass.

Russian: A shoemaker without boots. (He helps everyone, but deprives himself.)