What are the 3 primary colors? Nature of color

Test work 6th gradeI quarter(option 1)

Which color is not composite colors?

The color is:

8. What color is it?

9. Red, blue, yellow are the colors...

10. Line, stroke, tone - basic means artistic expression:

11. Preliminary drawing for the work, reflecting the search the best composition:

.12. A quick drawing to study nature:

13.

15. What else are they called? spatial views art?

Test work 6th gradeI quarter(option 2)

1. Line, stroke, tone - the main means of artistic expression:

a) painting; b) sculptures; c) graphs

2. Preliminary drawing for the work, reflecting the search for the best composition:

a) sketch; b) sketch; c) sketch

.3. A quick drawing to study nature:

a) sketch; b) sketch; c) sketch

4. Works of which art form have a three-dimensional volume:

a) architecture, b) graphics, c) sculpture, d) painting

5..Which of the following refers to temporary forms of art?

a) painting b) literature c) sculpture d) design

6. What is another name for spatial art??

a) constructive b) decorative c) figurative d) plastic

7. What art materials include pencils, crayons, ink, charcoal, sanguine, pastel?

a) architectural b) graphic c) sculptural d) picturesque

What types of plastic arts are considered fine?

Graphic arts; b) architecture; c) design; d) painting; d) sculpture

Write down the sequence of colors in the spectrum.

Which color is not a primary color?

a) red; b) yellow; c) green; d) blue

Which color is not composite colors?

Orange; b) green; c) purple; d) yellow

To get lightness you need to add:

a) yellow color; b) white color; c) gray color

The color is:

a) light waves of a certain length; b) polar opposition

c) the relationship of all color elements

Does not apply to achromatic colors:

black; b) white; c) brown

15. What color is it?

a) local, b) well-fed, c) foggy, d) saturated, e) light,

16. Red, blue, yellow are the colors...

a) Cold; b) warm; V) additional colors; d) primary colors.

We have already figured out what it is "basic" colors . This colors that go with everything else, creating relatively calm combinations . For each type these can be their own colors; you can see them in more detail in the chapter wardrobe for colors in the table of contents.

There are basic colors according to the season, according to 6 characteristics: and beyond. Each of the 12 colors also has its own base colors - mostly neutrals soft colors And dark colors+ shades of light gray and white. (different shades of the palette can be seen in the same chapter - analysis of palettes. For example, cold summer)

Mostly, basic colors include
1) achromatic colors (white, black, and all shades of neutral gray),

3) Shades of brown and beige (taupe taupe, gray beige, neutral beige, golden beige, color camel hair camel, nude, pink beige, brown, coffee, chocolate, rose brown, etc.)

4) Dark shades cold part of the spectrum(this does not mean that it must have a cool undertone)- green, blue, purple:
Blue: (navy, jeans color, royal blue)
Dark color sea wave
Green: (evergreen, forest green, dark olive, moss
Dark purple

There are not so few of them. They are usually used in basic wardrobe- this is the basis with which brighter and richer colors will be combined.

However, Just because a color is basic doesn't mean it will suit everyone . There are basic colors that few people suit - for example, pure white or pure black. Basic colors for each color its own (see links at the top of the post for more details).

Is there "universal" colors ,that almost anyone can wear . Of course, they suit some types more, some less, but they don’t spoil anyone. They sometimes match neutral colors, but not always.

This is first of all off-white And off-black - the color of the white of the eyes, grayish white and grayish black or wet asphalt color (pewter) And ivory color ), for most colors these 4 colors are a replacement for white and black.

From the gray-brown range it is medium gray , neutral beige , gray-brown (taupe) And stone (light grayish beige)

Of the brighter and interesting colors This sea green (teal) , dark neutral pink (blush pink ),slightly softened purple without distortions in blue and red, jade

As you can see, universal colors similar to the palette of mild seasons, especially mild summer. This is very well explained - mild seasons, especially mild summers, are a mixture of everything - dark and light, warm and cold. Therefore, some of their colors, in principle, suit almost everyone. Although other colors of mild seasons will cast a gray shadow on the face of other colors, especially bright ones.

We all know the technique of memorizing the colors of the rainbow from school. Something similar to nursery rhyme sits deep in our memory: “ TO every O hunter and wants h nah, G de With goes f azan." The first letter of each word means a color, and the order of the words is the sequence of these colors in the rainbow: To red, O range, and yellow, h green, G blue, With blue, f purple
Rainbows occur because sunlight is refracted and reflected by water droplets floating in the atmosphere. These droplets deflect and reflect light differently different colors(wavelengths): red is less, violet is more. As a result, white sunlight is decomposed into a spectrum, the colors of which smoothly transition into each other through many intermediate shades. The rainbow is the most obvious example of what the visible world consists of. White light

However, from the point of view of the physics of light, no colors exist in nature, but there are certain wavelengths that an object reflects. This combination (superposition) of reflected waves hits the retina of the human eye and is perceived by it as the color of an object. For example, green color birch leaf means that its surface absorbs all wavelengths of the solar spectrum, except for the wavelength of the green part of the spectrum and the wavelengths of those colors that determine its hue. Or Brown color school board Our eye perceives blue, red and yellow wavelengths of varying intensities as reflected wavelengths.

White color, which is a mixture of all colors sunlight, means that the surface of an object reflects almost all wavelengths, and black reflects almost nothing. Therefore, we cannot talk about “pure” white or “pure” black colors, since complete absorption of radiation or its complete reflection in nature is practically impossible.

But artists cannot paint with wavelengths. They use real paints, and even a fairly limited set (they won’t carry more than 10,000 tones and shades with them on an easel). Just like in a printing house, an endless amount of paints cannot be stored. The science of color mixing is one of the fundamental ones for those who work with images, including airbrushing. Compiled great amount tables and guides for obtaining the desired colors and their shades. For example, these*:

The human eye is the most versatile “device” for mixing. Studies have shown that it is most sensitive to only three primary colors: blue, red-orange and green. Information received from excited cells of the eye is transmitted along nerve pathways to the cerebral cortex, where complex processing and correction of the received data occurs. As a result, a person perceives what he sees as a single color picture. It has been established that the eye perceives a huge number of intermediate shades of color and colors obtained from mixing light different lengths waves In total there are up to 15,000 color tones and shades.
If the retina loses the ability to distinguish any color, then the person also loses it. For example, there are people who are unable to distinguish green from red.

Based on this feature of human color perception, the RGB color model was created ( Red red, Green green, Blue blue) for printing full-color images, including photographs.

The color gray and its shades stand a little apart here. Gray color is obtained by combining three primary colors - red, green and blue - in equal concentrations. Depending on the brightness of these colors, the shade of gray varies from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness).

Thus, all colors found in nature can be created by mixing the three primary colors and changing their intensity.

*Tables taken from open access in the Internet.

So, briefly for reference: initially light, as electromagnetic radiation with a certain wavelength, is white. But when passing it through a prism, it decomposes into the following components: visible colors (visible spectrum): To red, O range, and yellow, h green, G blue, With blue, f purple ( To every O hunter and wants h nat G de With goes f adhan).

Why did I highlight " visible"? The structural features of the human eye allow us to distinguish only these colors, leaving ultraviolet and infrared radiation outside our field of vision. The ability of the human eye to perceive color directly depends on the ability of the matter of the world around us to absorb some light waves and reflect others. Why is a red apple red? Because that the surface of an apple, having a certain bio-chemical composition, absorbs all waves visible spectrum, with the exception of red, which is reflected from the surface and enters our eye in the form electromagnetic radiation a certain frequency, is perceived by receptors and recognized by the brain as red. WITH green apple or an orange orange, the situation is similar, as with all the matter that surrounds us.

The human eye's receptors are most sensitive to blue, green and red colors in the visible spectrum. Today there are about 150,000 color tones and shades. At the same time, a person can distinguish about 100 shades of color, about 500 shades of gray. Naturally, artists, designers, etc. have a wider range of color perception. All colors located in the visible spectrum are called chromatic.

visible spectrum of chromatic colors

Along with this, it is also obvious that in addition to “colored” colors, we also recognize “non-colored”, “black and white” colors. So, shades of gray in the range “white - black” are called achromatic (colorless) due to the absence of a specific color tone (shade of the visible spectrum) in them. The brightest achromatic color is white, the darkest is black.

achromatic colors

Further, for a correct understanding of the terminology and competent use of theoretical knowledge in practice, it is necessary to find the differences in the concepts of “tone” and “shade”. So, Color tone- a characteristic of color that determines its position in the spectrum. Blue color is a tone, red is also a tone. A shade- this is a variety of one color, differing from it both in brightness, lightness and saturation, and in the presence of an additional color that appears against the background of the main one. Light blue and dark blue are shades of blue in terms of saturation, and bluish-green (turquoise) are based on the presence of additional green color in blue.

What's happened color brightness? This is a color characteristic that directly depends on the degree of illumination of an object and characterizes the density of the light flux directed towards the observer. To put it simply, if, all other things being equal, the same object is successively illuminated by light sources of different powers, in proportion to the incoming light, the light reflected from the object will also be of different powers. As a result, the same red apple in bright light will look bright red, but in the absence of light we will not see it at all. The peculiarity of color brightness is that when it decreases, any color tends to black.

And one more thing: under the same lighting conditions, the same color can differ in brightness due to its ability to reflect (or absorb) incoming light. Gloss black will be brighter than matte black precisely because gloss reflects more incoming light, while matte absorbs more.

Lightness, lightness... As a characteristic of color, it exists. As an exact definition - probably not. Following some sources, lightness- the degree of proximity of the color to white. According to other sources - the subjective brightness of an image area, related to the subjective brightness of the surface perceived by a person as white. Still other sources classify the concepts of brightness and lightness of color as synonyms, which is not without logic: if when the brightness decreases, the color tends to black (becomes darker), then when the brightness increases, the color will tend to white (becomes lighter).

In practice this is what happens. During photo or video shooting, underexposed (not enough light) objects in the frame become a black spot, and overexposed (excess light) objects become white.

A similar situation concerns the terms “saturation” and “intensity” of color, when some sources say that “color saturation is intensity .... etc., etc.” In fact it's absolutely different characteristics. Saturation- “depth” of color, expressed in the degree of difference between a chromatic color and a gray color of the same lightness. As saturation decreases, each chromatic color moves closer to gray.

Intensity- the predominance of a particular tone compared to others (in a landscape autumn forest orange tone will be predominant).

This “substitution” of concepts most likely occurs for one reason: the line between brightness and lightness, saturation and intensity of color is as thin as the concept of color itself is subjective.

From the definitions of the main characteristics of color, the following pattern can be identified: color rendering (and, accordingly, color perception) of chromatic colors is greatly influenced by achromatic colors. They not only help to form shades, but also make the color light or dark, rich or faded.

How can this knowledge help a photographer or videographer? Well, firstly, no camera or video camera is capable of conveying color the way a person perceives it. And in order to achieve harmony in the image or bring the image closer to reality during post-processing of photo or video material, you need to skillfully manipulate brightness, lightness and color saturation so that the result satisfies either you, as an artist, or those around you, as viewers. It’s not for nothing that the profession of colorist exists in film production (in photography, this function is usually performed by the photographer himself). A person who has knowledge about color, through color correction, brings the filmed and mounted material to a state where color scheme The film simply makes the viewer amazed and delighted at the same time. Secondly, in coloristics, all these color features are intertwined quite subtly and in different sequence, allowing not only to expand color rendering capabilities, but also to achieve some individual results. If you use these tools illiterately, it will be difficult to find fans of your creativity.

And on this positive note, we finally come to colorism.

Coloristics, as the science of color, in its laws is based precisely on the spectrum of visible radiation, which, through the works of researchers of the 17th-20th centuries. from a linear representation (illustration above) was transformed into a chromatic circle shape.

What does the chromatic circle allow us to understand?

1. There are only 3 primary (basic, primary, pure) colors:

Red

Yellow

Blue

2. There are also 3 composite colors of the second order (secondary):

Green

Orange

Violet

Not only are they located opposite the primary colors on the chromatic circle, but they are also created by mixing the primary colors with each other (green = blue + yellow, orange = yellow + red, purple = red + blue).

3. Composite colors of the third order (tertiary) 6:

Yellow-orange

Red-orange

Red-violet

Blue-violet

Blue-green

Yellow-green

Composite colors of the third order are obtained by mixing primary colors with composite colors of the second order.

It is the location of color in the twelve-part color wheel that allows you to understand which colors and how they can be combined with each other.

CONTINUATION -

Story

The emergence of the concept of primary colors is associated with the need to reproduce colors for which there was no exact color equivalent in the artist’s palette. The development of color reproduction technology required minimizing the number of such colors, and therefore conceptually complementary methods for obtaining mixed colors: mixing colored rays (from light sources having a certain spectral composition), and mixing paints (reflecting light, and having their own characteristic reflection spectra).

Various options for choosing “primary colors”

Mixing colors depends on the color model. There are additive and subtractive mixing models.

Additive model

In the additive mixing model, colors are produced by mixing rays. In the absence of rays, there is no color - black and white. An example of an additive color model is RGB.

Subtractive color synthesis

A method using reflection of light and appropriate dyes. In the subtractive mixing model, colors are produced by mixing paints. In the absence of paint, there is no color - white, maximum mixing gives black. An example of a subtractive color model is CMYK.

According to Johannes Itten, there are only 3 primary colors: red, yellow and blue. The rest of the colors on the color wheel are formed by mixing these three in different proportions.

Biophysical prerequisites

Primary colors are not a property of light; their choice is determined by the properties of the human eye and the technical properties of color reproduction systems.

Four "pure" colors

Psychophysiological studies have led to the assumption of the existence of certain “pure” and unique colors: - red, yellow, green and blue, with red and green forming one color-contrast axis, and yellow and blue another.

Technical options for implementing the model of using “primary colors”

Notes

Links

Handprint: do “primary” colors exist? - a comprehensive site on color primaries, color perception, color psychology, color theory and color mixing.
Online color mixing - Web service for color modeling when mixing original colors in any proportions.

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2010.
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