Basic colors include: Color theory - basic characteristics of color

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Scheme No. 1. Complementary combination

Complementary, or additional, contrasting colors are colors that are located on opposite sides color wheel Itten. Their combination looks very lively and energetic, especially with maximum color saturation.

Scheme No. 2. Triad - a combination of 3 colors

A combination of 3 colors lying at the same distance from each other. Provides high contrast while maintaining harmony. This composition looks quite lively even when using pale and desaturated colors.

Scheme No. 3. Similar combination

A combination of 2 to 5 colors located next to each other on the color wheel (ideally 2–3 colors). Impression: calm, inviting. An example of a combination of similar muted colors: yellow-orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green.

Scheme No. 4. Separate-complementary combination

A variant of a complementary color combination, but instead of the opposite color, neighboring colors are used. A combination of the main color and two additional ones. This scheme looks almost as contrasting, but not so intense. If you are not sure that you can use complementary combinations correctly, use separate-complementary ones.

Scheme No. 5. Tetrad - combination of 4 colors

A color scheme where one color is the main color, two are complementary, and another one highlights the accents. Example: blue-green, blue-violet, red-orange, yellow-orange.

Scheme No. 6. Square

Combinations of individual colors

White: goes with everything. The best combination with blue, red and black.
Beige: with blue, brown, emerald, black, red, white.
Grey: with fuchsia, red, purple, pink, blue.
Pink: with brown, white, mint green, olive, gray, turquoise, baby blue.
Fuchsia (deep pink): with grey, tan, lime, mint green, brown.
Red: with yellow, white, brown, green, blue and black.
Tomato red: blue, mint green, sandy, creamy white, gray.
Cherry red: azure, gray, light orange, sand, pale yellow, beige.
Raspberry red: white, black, damask rose color.
Brown: bright blue, cream, pink, fawn, green, beige.
Light brown: pale yellow, creamy white, blue, green, purple, red.
Dark brown: lemon yellow, blue, mint green, purple pink, lime.
Tan: pink, dark brown, blue, green, purple.
Orange: blue, blue, lilac, violet, white, black.
Light orange: gray, brown, olive.
Dark orange: pale yellow, olive, brown, cherry.
Yellow: blue, lilac, light blue, violet, gray, black.
Lemon yellow: cherry red, brown, blue, gray.
Pale yellow: fuchsia, grey, brown, shades of red, tan, blue, purple.
Golden yellow: gray, brown, azure, red, black.
Olive: orange, light brown, brown.
Green: golden brown, orange, light green, yellow, brown, gray, cream, black, creamy white.
Salad color: brown, tan, fawn, gray, dark blue, red, gray.
Turquoise: fuchsia, cherry red, yellow, brown, cream, dark purple.
Electric blue is beautiful when paired with golden yellow, brown, light brown, gray or silver.
Blue: red, gray, brown, orange, pink, white, yellow.
Dark blue: light purple, light blue, yellowish green, brown, gray, pale yellow, orange, green, red, white.
Lilac: orange, pink, dark purple, olive, gray, yellow, white.
Dark Purple: Golden Brown, Pale Yellow, Grey, Turquoise, Mint Green, Light Orange.
Black is universal, elegant, looks in all combinations, best with orange, pink, light green, white, red, lilac or yellow.

Astronomer, writer, chemist, physicist, philosopher - Isaac Newton. And he once conducted an experiment with a prism through which an ordinary sunlight. Imagine the natural scientist’s surprise when he saw white light - a real rainbow. And then, in the course of further experiments, other scientists realized that in fact there are only three primary colors.

Every hunter wants to know...

Everyone is Red

Hunter - Orange

Wishes - Yellow

Know – Green

Where - Blue

Sitting - Blue

Pheasant – Purple

This well-known mnemonic encrypts all the primary colors of the spectrum. Observant people have already noticed that there is no black and white here. But such states are usually not considered in the spectrum, and therefore they are not included in the proverb.

However, from all this diversity, scientists have identified only three primary colors - blue, red and yellow. And all other colors, tones, halftones and shades are obtained from mixing these three colors. As this is well known, for example, to artists who are familiar with the palette and know how to achieve the desired shade.

Man and colors

The human eye is able to perceive colors because the retina has three types of special cones that work independently. They contain different pigments that respond to certain colors, red, green and so on.

In fact, each cone reacts to all light waves (except ultraviolet and infrared), but “its own color” is felt better by the pigment. Then the received signals are transmitted to the brain and it then analyzes the information received and gives us an understanding of this or that shade.

It is interesting that primary colors cannot be called a property of the color itself; rather, they are determined by the human ability to distinguish them. In addition, this is influenced by various technical technologies that reproduce color.

From the point of view of psychophysiology, scientists believe that there are actually four “pure” ones - red, green, yellow and blue. Among them, yellow and blue form one axis in color contrast, and red and green form another. However, there are people who cannot distinguish between primary colors or any individual shades. They are called colorblind. Contrary to popular belief, they do not see the world as black and white photograph, but simply cannot perceive specific colors well.

The purpose of the lesson: introduce students to primary and secondary colors.

Lesson plan:

1. Basic three colors.

2. Additional colors.

The student must:

know: basic and additional colors.

Answers to lesson plan questions:

1 . The practice of artists clearly showed that many colors and shades can be obtained by mixing a small amount of paints. The desire of natural philosophers to find the “primary principles” of everything in the world, analyzing natural phenomena, to decompose everything “into elements”, led to the identification "primary colors", which were not immediately chosen as red, green and blue. In England primary colors red, yellow and blue were considered for a long time, only in 1860 Maxwell introduced the additive system RGB (red, green, blue). This system currently dominates color reproduction systems for cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and televisions. The color wheel can be divided into three broad sectors: red, green and blue. These colors are called primary colors; mixing them in different proportions produces any other color. Between the primary colors there are three more sectors formed by additional colors: purple (blue-red), yellow and cyan (green-blue). On the color wheel, the primary and secondary colors are opposite each other. For example, purple is opposite green and is its complementary color. Each complementary color is a mixture of two primary colors, and when two complementary colors are combined, they form a common primary color. For example, cyan (blue and green) and magenta (blue and red) produce blue. This relationship between primary and secondary colors is called “subtractive” and forms the basis for the processing and printing of color photographic materials.

2. Concept "complementary color" was introduced by analogy with the “primary color”. It was found that the optical mixing of certain pairs of colors can give the sensation white. So, to the triad of primary colors Red-Green-Blue, additional colors are Cyan-Magenta-Yellow. On the color wheel, these colors are placed in opposition, so that the colors of both triads alternate. In printing practice, different sets are used as primary colors. We call two colors complementary if their pigments, when mixed, produce a neutral gray-black color. In physics there are two chromatic lights that when mixed give White light, are also considered optional. The two complementary colors make an odd pairing. They are opposite to each other, but they need each other. Placed side by side, they excite each other to maximum brightness and destroy each other when mixed, forming a gray-black tone, like fire and water. Each color has only one single color, which is complementary to it. In the color wheel, complementary colors are located diametrically to one another. They form the following pairs of complementary colors:

yellow – violet; yellow-orange - blue-violet; orange – blue; red-orange - blue-green; Red Green; red-violet - yellow-green.

If we analyze these pairs of complementary colors, we will find that they always contain all three primary colors: yellow, red and blue:

yellow - purple = yellow, red + blue;

blue - orange = blue, yellow + red;

red - green = red, yellow + blue.

Just as a mixture of yellow, red and blue produces grey, a mixture of two complementary colors also turns into a variant of grey. You can also recall the experiment from the section “Physics of Color”, when when one of the colors of the spectrum was excluded, all other colors, being mixed, gave its additional color. For each color of the spectrum, the sum of all the others forms its complementary color. It has been physiologically proven that both the phenomenon of afterimage and simultaneous contrast illustrate the amazing and still inexplicable fact of the appearance in our eyes, when perceiving one color or another, at the same time of another, balancing it, an additional color, which, in the event of its real absence, is spontaneously generated in our consciousness. This phenomenon is very important for everyone practically working with color. In chapter " color harmony“It was found that the law of complementary colors is the basis of the harmony of the composition, because when it is observed, a feeling of complete balance is created in the eyes.

Review questions:

1. What are the main colors?

2. Give the concept of “complementary” colors?

3. How are complementary colors formed?

Literature:

1. Yashchukhin A.P. Painting. M.: Enlightenment. 1979.

2. Winner A.V. How masters of painting work, M., 1965.

3. Grenberg Yu. I. Technology easel painting, M., 1982.

Knowledge of the law of drawing up color combinations and the color wheel allows you to work without errors with different color palettes and create various color combinations.

Introducing ten types of color combinations:

Achromatic colors

Achromatic colors (without admixture of shades), i.e. pure ones do not exist in nature. Black (or grey) will always have an undertone. As brightness decreases, all colors tend to black. And, conversely, with increasing brightness they tend to white.

Primary colors

The main ones on the color wheel are: yellow, red and blue. These colors form the foundation of the color wheel.

In the hands of experienced artist paints of only these colors, as well as white and black, will create all the others.

Composite colors

The colors of the second rank include: green, purple, orange. They are obtained by pairwise mixing of the main ones: yellow, red and blue. Mixing yellow and blue colors, get green. Red and yellow form orange. Red and blue form purple. So, we get the following composite colors: purple, green, orange.

Complex colors

Complex ones are obtained by combining three component colors with nearby primary colors. For let's take an example Orange color. It was obtained by mixing yellow and red colors. So, to obtain complex colors, for example, orange, we mix it with its parents - yellow and red. The result will be yellow and red-orange colors. Thus, the rest are mixed as well. After this we get six new complex colors: red-orange, yellow-green, blue-violet; blue-green, yellow-orange, red-violet. It is noteworthy that on the color wheel they will be at the same distance from each other, while occupying an intermediate place between the components.

We will get the entire existing range of colors by darkening or lightening these colors to one degree or another.

Contrasting colors

A pair of colors is considered contrasting when there are three intermediate colors between them on the circle. There are six such pairs on the color wheel. To achieve bright, eye-catching combinations, we use contrasting colors to create a subtle accent. For example, let's take the color blue yellow paper. A different impression arises when using whitened contrasting combinations (adding achromatic colors), using gray-blue and creamy yellow. The more contrasting colors are washed out, the less restrictions there will be in applying them to one space. Achromatic colors can save a different selection of colors, even contrasting ones if necessary.

Additional colors

Complementary colors on the color wheel are considered to be directly opposite colors.

In fact, complementary colors practically “destroy” each other.

Obtained as a result of mixing, a person perceives this eye color as one of the gray shades.

Monochromatic colors

Monochromatic colors are usually called a combination of brightness and saturation in the same color. Such combinations are also called nuanced. The work uses shades of the same color.

Related colors

Three consecutive colors or their shades on a circle are called related. Select any color on the color wheel and add both adjacent colors to it on the side segments. This color selection is also called harmonious. There are 12 such combinations of triplets.

Neutral colors

To obtain a neutral color, you need to take a pair of adjacent colors on the color wheel within two lines and smooth out one of them by adding a related shade or “dilute” using achromatic (white or black).

Related-contrasting colors

These colors are located on the circle directly from the left and from right sides from its complementary color.

Story

The emergence of the concept of primary colors is associated with the need to reproduce colors for which there was no exact color equivalent in the artist’s palette. The development of color reproduction technology required minimizing the number of such colors, and therefore conceptually complementary methods for obtaining mixed colors: mixing colored rays (from light sources having a certain spectral composition), and mixing paints (reflecting light, and having their own characteristic reflection spectra).

Various options for choosing “primary colors”

Mixing colors depends on the color model. There are additive and subtractive mixing models.

Additive model

In the additive mixing model, colors are produced by mixing rays. In the absence of rays, there is no color - black and white. An example of an additive color model is RGB.

Subtractive color synthesis

A method using reflection of light and appropriate dyes. In the subtractive mixing model, colors are produced by mixing paints. In the absence of paint, there is no color - white, maximum mixing gives black. An example of a subtractive color model is CMYK.

According to Johannes Itten, there are only 3 primary colors: red, yellow and blue. The rest of the colors on the color wheel are formed by mixing these three in different proportions.

Biophysical prerequisites

Primary colors are not a property of light; their choice is determined by the properties of the human eye and the technical properties of color reproduction systems.

Four "pure" colors

Psychophysiological studies have led to the assumption of the existence of certain “pure” and unique colors: - red, yellow, green and blue, with red and green forming one color-contrast axis, and yellow and blue another.

Technical options for implementing the model of using “primary colors”

Notes

Links

Handprint: do “primary” colors exist? - a comprehensive site on color primaries, color perception, color psychology, color theory and color mixing.
Online color mixing - Web service for color modeling when mixing original colors in any proportions.

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Primary colors” are in other dictionaries: Three colors, optical addition (mixing) to rykh in definition. In fact, you can get a color that is completely indistinguishable to the eye from any given color. The limiting condition for O. c. yavl. their linear independence, i.e. none of them can be... ...

Physical encyclopedia primary colors - Primary colors on which color models are based. In the additive RGB model these are red, green and blue, and in the subtractive CMY model these are cyan, magenta and yellow.

Primary colors primary colors Primary colors in... ... Technical Translator's Guide

- cyan, magenta and yellow colors, with which you can synthesize all the colors of a multi-color original. See three-color reproduction...

Publishing dictionary-reference book Modern encyclopedia

Primary colors Three colors, mixing which in different proportions you can get any color. The number of possible primary color systems is infinite. Often the primary colors are red, green and blue... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary