Ancient life of the Russian people. Russian people: culture, traditions and customs
This state is the fruit of the feat of the Russian people, who defended their faith and independence, their ideals on the edge of the European world. Researchers note such features in ancient Russian culture as syntheticity and openness. Original spiritual world was created as a result of the interaction of heritage and traditions Eastern Slavs with Byzantine culture, and therefore with the traditions of antiquity. The time of formation, as well as the first flowering of Old Russian culture, falls on the period from the 10th to the first half of the 13th centuries (that is, in the pre-Mongol period).
Folklore
The traditions of ancient paganism have been preserved primarily in folklore in songs, fairy tales, proverbs, spells, conspiracies, and riddles. IN historical memory Russian people special place occupied by epics. They represented heroic tales about brave defenders from enemies native land. Folk storytellers sing about the exploits of Mikula Selyaninovich, Volga, Alyosha Popovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and other heroes (there are more than 50 different main characters in the epics).
They appeal to them to stand up for the fatherland, for the faith. In the epics, interestingly, the motive of defending the country is supplemented by another - the defense of the Christian faith. The most important event was her baptism.
Writing in Rus'
With the adoption of Christianity, writing began to develop rapidly. Although she was known even earlier. As evidence, one can cite the mention of “traits and cuts” dating back to the middle of the first millennium, information about treaties between Rus' and Byzantium, which were drawn up in Russian, a clay vessel near Smolensk with a Cyrillic inscription (the alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius, the enlighteners of the Slavs at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries).
Orthodoxy brought many liturgical books, secular and religious literature in translation to Rus'. Reached us handwritten books: two “Izborniki” of Prince Svyatoslav, dated 1073 and 1076, “Ostromir Gospel”, dating back to 1057. It is claimed that in the 11th-13th centuries there were about 130-140 thousand books with several hundred titles in circulation. By the standards of the Middle Ages in Ancient Rus' The literacy rate was quite high. There is also other evidence. These are those discovered by archaeologists in Veliky Novgorod in the mid-20th century, as well as inscriptions on handicrafts and the walls of cathedrals, the activities of monastery schools, book collections and the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and others, which are used today to study the culture and life of Ancient Rus'.
There was an opinion that Old Russian culture belonged to the “mute” category, that is, it did not have its own original literature. However, this assumption is incorrect. Various genres The literature of Ancient Rus' is presented. These include the lives of saints, chronicles, teachings, journalism, and travel notes. Let us also note here the famous “Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which did not belong to any of the genres that existed at that time. Thus, the literature of Ancient Rus' is distinguished by a wealth of trends, styles, and images.
Spinning and weaving
The Old Russian state was distinguished not only original culture, but also by their way of life. The life of Ancient Rus' is interesting and original. Residents were engaged in various crafts. For women, the main occupation was spinning and weaving. Russian women had to weave the required amount of fabric to dress their family, usually a large one, and also to decorate the house with towels and tablecloths. It is no coincidence that the spinning wheel was considered a traditional gift among peasants, which was kept with love and passed on from generation to generation.
There was a custom in Rus' to give beloved girls a spinning wheel of their own making. The more skillfully the master carved and painted it, the more elegant it looked, the more honor he had. Russian girls were going winter evenings to get-togethers, they took spinning wheels with them to show off them.
Houses in cities
Customs, like life, in ancient Russian cities had a slightly different character than in villages. There were practically no dugouts here (see photo).
The life of Ancient Rus' in cities was reflected in various buildings. City residents most often built two-story houses, which consisted of several rooms. The houses of warriors, clergy, princes, and boyars had their own differences. Large areas of land were necessarily allocated for estates, log houses for servants and artisans, as well as various outbuildings were built. The life of Ancient Rus' was different different layers population, which reflected the types of housing. Boyar and princely mansions were real palaces. These houses were decorated with expensive carpets and fabrics.
Enough major cities Russian people lived. They numbered tens of thousands of inhabitants. Villages and hamlets could have only a few dozen households. Life was preserved in them longer than in cities.
Houses in villages
More high level life had residential areas along which various trade routes passed. Peasants lived, as a rule, in small houses. In the south, semi-dugouts were common, the roofs of which were often covered with earth.
In Rus', northern huts were two-story, high, with small windows (there could be more than five of them). Sheds, storerooms and canopies were built to the side of the dwelling. They were all usually under one roof. This type of housing was very convenient for the harsh northern winters. Many elements of the houses were decorated with geometric patterns.
Interior of peasant huts
In Ancient Rus' it was quite simple. The huts in the villages usually did not look rich. Interior peasant huts It was decorated quite strictly, but elegantly. In front of the icons in the front corner there was a large table, which was intended for all members of a given family. Ancient household items in Rus' also included wide benches that stood along the walls. They were decorated with carved edges. Most often, there were shelves above them, which were intended for storing dishes. Household items of Ancient Rus' included a postavets (northern cabinet), which was usually complemented by elegant paintings depicting flowers, birds, horses, as well as pictures allegorically depicting the seasons.
Table in holidays covered with red cloth. They placed carved and painted dishes on it, as well as lights for the torch. Ancient Rus' was famous for its wood craftsmen. They made various dishes. The most beautiful were the ancient Russian ladles of various sizes and shapes. Some of them could accommodate several buckets in volume. Ladles intended for drinking were often boat-shaped. Their handles were decorated with horse heads or carved ducks. The ladles were also generously complemented with carvings and paintings.
Duck ladles were duck-shaped ladles. The chiseled vessels that resembled a ball were called brothers. Beautiful salt shakers, shaped like horses or birds, were carved by wood craftsmen. Beautiful spoons and bowls were also made. Everything related to the life of Ancient Rus' was usually made of wood: cradles for children, mortars, bowls, baskets, furniture. The craftsmen who created furniture not only thought about convenience, but also about beauty. These things certainly had to please the eye, turning even the most difficult work of the peasants into a holiday.
Clothes of various segments of the population
It was also possible to identify different segments of the population by clothing. Peasants and artisans, both men and women, wore shirts that were made from homespun linen. In addition to shirts, men wore pants, and women wore skirts. Ordinary people wore ordinary fur coats in winter.
The shape of the clothing of noble people was often similar to that of peasants, but in quality, of course, it was completely different. Such clothes were created from expensive fabrics. Often cloaks were made from oriental fabrics embroidered with gold. Made only from valuable furs winter coats. Peasants and townspeople also wore different shoes. Only rich residents could afford to buy boots or pistons (shoes). The princes also wore boots that were richly decorated with inlay. Peasants could afford to make or purchase only bast shoes, which survived in Russian culture until the 20th century.
Feasts and hunting in Ancient Rus'
The hunting and feasts of the ancient Russian nobility were known throughout the world. During such events, the most important state affairs were often decided. The inhabitants of Ancient Rus' publicly and magnificently celebrated their victories in campaigns. Honey and overseas wine flowed like a river. Servants served huge platters of meat and game. These feasts were necessarily attended by mayors and elders from all cities, as well as a huge number of people. It is difficult to imagine the life of the inhabitants of Ancient Rus' without abundant feasts. The tsar feasted with the boyars and retinue on the high gallery of his palace, and the tables for the people were located in the courtyard.
Falconry, hound hunting and hawk hunting were considered the pastime of the rich. For common people Various games, races, and tournaments were built. The life of Ancient Rus' also included a bathhouse as an integral part, especially in the north.
Other features of Russian life
Children in the boyar-princely environment were not raised independently. Boys at the age of three were put on a horse, after which they were given to the care and training of a pestun (that is, a teacher). Young princes at the age of 12 were sent to govern volosts and cities. Wealthy families began teaching literacy to both girls and boys in the 11th century. The Kyiv market was a favorite place for ordinary and noble people. It sold items and products from all over the world, including India and Baghdad. The ancient people of Rus' loved to bargain.
By the beginning of the 16th century, Christianity played a decisive role in influencing the culture and life of the Russian people. It played positive role in overcoming the harsh morals, ignorance and wild customs of ancient Russian society. In particular, the norms of Christian morality had a huge influence on family life, marriage, raising children. Is it true. theology then adhered to a dualistic view of the division of the sexes - into two opposite principles- “good” and “evil”. The latter was personified in a woman, determining her position in society and family.
U Russian peoples for a long time used to be big family, uniting relatives along direct and lateral lines. Distinctive features of a large peasant family was collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. Among the urban (posad) population, families were smaller and usually consisted of two generations of parents and children. The families of feudal lords were, as a rule, small, so the son of a feudal lord, having reached the age of 15, had to serve the sovereign and could receive both his own separate local salary and a granted estate. This contributed to early marriages and the formation of independent small families.
With the introduction of Christianity, marriages began to be formalized through a church wedding ceremony. But the traditional Christian wedding ceremony (“fun”) was preserved in Rus' for about six to seven centuries. Church rules did not stipulate any obstacles to marriage, except for one: the “possession” of the bride or groom. But in real life, the restrictions were quite strict, primarily in social terms, which were regulated by customs. The law did not formally prohibit a feudal lord from marrying a peasant woman, but in fact this happened very rarely, since the feudal class was a closed corporation where marriages were encouraged not just with people in their own circle, but with peers. A free man could marry a serf, but had to obtain permission from the master and pay a certain amount as agreed. Thus, both in ancient times and in the cities, marriages, basically, could only take place within one class-estate.
Divorce was very difficult. Already in the early Middle Ages, divorce (“dissolution”) was permitted only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. A husband could divorce his wife if she cheated, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to betrayal. IN late Middle Ages(since the 16th century) divorce was permitted with the condition that one of the spouses was tonsured a monk.
The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only during the first marriage. A fourth marriage was strictly prohibited.
A newborn child had to be baptized in church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be a basic, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. The church forbade burying a child who died unbaptized in a cemetery. The next rite - "tonsuring" - was carried out a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godmother (godparents) cut a lock of the child’s hair and gave a ruble. After the tonsures, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the “day of the angel”), and the birthday. The Tsar's name day was considered an official public holiday.
All sources indicate that in the Middle Ages the role of its head was extremely great. He represented the family as a whole in all its external functions. Only he had the right to vote at meetings of residents, in the city council, and later in meetings of Konchan and Sloboda organizations. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He controlled the property and destinies of each of its members. This even applied personal life children whom he could marry off or marry against their will. The Church condemned him only if he drove them to suicide. The orders of the head of the family had to be carried out unquestioningly. He could apply any punishment, even physical. "Domostroy" - an encyclopedia of Russian life of the 16th century - directly indicated that the owner should hit educational purposes wife and children. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.
In-house family life was relatively closed for a long time. However simple women- peasant women, townspeople - did not lead a reclusive lifestyle at all. Testimonies from foreigners about the seclusion of Russian women in the chambers relate, as a rule, to the life of the feudal nobility and eminent merchants. They were rarely allowed even to go to church.
There is little information left about the daily routine of people in the Middle Ages. The working day in the family began early. Mandatory meals ordinary people there were two - lunch and dinner. At noon production activity was interrupted. After lunch, according to the old Russian habit, there was a long rest and sleep (which greatly amazed foreigners). then work began again until dinner. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.
With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days became official holidays church calendar: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should have been devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals. working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.
Relative isolation home life diversified with receptions of guests, as well as festive ceremonies, which were held mainly during church holidays. One of the main religious processions arranged for Epiphany - January 6th Art. Art. On this day, the patriarch blessed the water of the Moscow River, and the population of the city performed the Jordan ritual (washing with holy water). On holidays, street performances were also organized. Traveling artists, buffoons, were known back in Ancient Rus'. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, and songs, the performances of the buffoons included acrobatic performances, competitions with predatory animals. The buffoon troupe usually included an organ grinder, a gayer (acrobat), and a puppeteer.
Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - fraternities. However, popular ideas about the supposedly unrestrained drunkenness of Russians are clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 major church holidays were the population allowed to brew beer, and taverns were state monopoly. The maintenance of private taverns was strictly persecuted.
Social life also included games and fun - both military and peaceful, for example, the capture of a snowy city, wrestling and fist fights, small towns, leapfrog, etc. . From gambling The game of dice became widespread, and from the 16th century - with cards brought from the West. The favorite pastime of kings and nobles was hunting.
Thus, although the life of a Russian person in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from being limited to the production and socio-political spheres, it included many aspects of everyday life, to which historians do not always pay due attention
In historical literature at the turn of the 15th - 16th centuries. rationalistic views on historical events. Some of them are explained by causal relationships caused by the activities of people themselves. Authors historical works(for example, “Tales of the Princes of Vladimir,” late 15th century) sought to affirm the idea of the exclusivity of the autocratic power of the Russian sovereigns as the successors of Kievan Rus and Byzantium. Similar ideas were expressed in chronographs - summary reviews general history, in which Russia was considered as the last link in the chain of world-historical monarchies.
It was not only the historical ones that expanded. but also the geographical knowledge of people of the Middle Ages. In connection with the complication of administrative management of the growing territory of the Russian state, the first geographic Maps("blueprints"). This was also facilitated by the development of Russian trade and diplomatic ties. Russian navigators made a great contribution to geographical discoveries in the North. By the beginning of the 16th century, they explored the White, Icy (Barents) and Kara Seas, discovered many northern lands - the Bear Islands, New Earth, Kolguev, Vygach and others. Russian Pomors were the first to penetrate into Arctic Ocean, created the first handwritten maps of the surveyed northern seas and islands. They were among the first to explore the Northern sea route around the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Some progress has been observed in the field of technical and natural scientific knowledge. Russian craftsmen learned to make quite complex mathematical calculations when constructing buildings and were familiar with the properties of basic building materials. Blocks and other construction mechanisms were used in the construction of buildings. To extract salt solutions, deep drilling and laying of pipes were used, through which the liquid was distilled using a piston pump. In military affairs, the casting of copper cannons was mastered, and battering and throwing weapons became widespread.
In the 17th century, the role of the church in influencing the culture and life of the Russian people intensified. At the same time, state power penetrated more and more into the affairs of the church.
Infiltration purposes state power Church reform was supposed to contribute to church affairs. The tsar wanted to obtain the sanction of the church for state reforms and at the same time take measures to subordinate the church and limit its privileges and lands necessary to provide for the energetically created army of the nobility.
All-Russian church reform was carried out at the Stoglav Cathedral, named after the collection of its decrees, which consisted of one hundred chapters ("Stoglav").
In the works of the Stoglavy Council, issues of internal church order were brought to the fore, primarily related to the life and everyday life of the lower clergy, with the performance of church services by them. The flagrant vices of the clergy, the careless performance of church rituals, moreover, devoid of any uniformity - all of this aroused a negative attitude among the people towards the ministers of the church and gave rise to freethinking.
In order to stop these dangerous phenomena for the church, it was recommended to strengthen control over the lower clergy. For this purpose, a special institution of archpriests was created (the archpriest is the main priest among the priests of a given church), appointed “by royal command and with the blessing of the saint, as well as priestly elders and tenth priests.” All of them were obliged to tirelessly ensure that ordinary priests and deacons regularly performed divine services, “stood with fear and trembling” in churches, and read the Gospels, Zolotoust, and the lives of the saints.
The Council unified church rites. He officially legitimized, under penalty of anathema, the double-fingered sign of the cross and the “great hallelujah.” By the way, these decisions were later referred to by the Old Believers to justify their adherence to antiquity.
The sale of church positions, bribery, false denunciations, and extortion became so widespread in church circles that the Council of the Hundred Heads was forced to adopt a number of resolutions that somewhat limited the arbitrariness of both the highest hierarchs in relation to the ordinary clergy, and the latter in relation to the laity. From now on, taxes from churches were to be collected not by foremen who abused their position, but by zemstvo elders and tenth priests appointed in rural areas.
The listed measures and partial concessions could not, however, in any way defuse the tense situation in the country and in the church itself. The reform envisaged by the Stoglavy Council did not set as its task a deep transformation of the church structure, but only sought to strengthen it by eliminating the most blatant abuses.
With its decrees, the Stoglavy Council tried to put the stamp of churchliness on all folk life. Under pain of royal and church punishment, it was forbidden to read the so-called “renounced” and heretical books, that is, books that then made up almost all secular literature. The Church was ordered to intervene in everyday life to turn people away from barbering, from chess, from playing musical instruments, etc., to persecute buffoons, these bearers of a folk culture alien to the church.
Time for Grozny - time big changes in the field of culture. One of the most significant achievements of the 16th century was printing. The first printing house appeared in Moscow in 1553, and soon books of church content were printed here. Among the earliest printed books include the Lenten Triodion, published around 1553, and two Gospels, printed in the 50s. 16th century.
In 1563, the organization of the "sovereign Printing House" was entrusted outstanding figure in the field of book printing in Russia to Ivan Fedorov. Together with his assistant Peter Mstislavets, on March 1, 1564, he published the book “Apostle”, and the following year “The Book of Hours”. We also associate the name of Ivan Fedorov with the appearance in 1574 in Lvov of the first edition of the Russian Primer.
Under the influence of the church, such a unique work as “Domostroy” was created, which was already noted above, the final edition of which belonged to Archpriest Sylvester. "Domostroy" is a code of morality and life rules, intended for the wealthy urban population. It is permeated with sermons of humility and unquestioning submission to authorities, and in the family - obedience to the householder.
For the increased needs of the Russian state, literate people were needed. At the Council of the Stoglavy, convened in 1551, the question of taking measures to spread education among the population was raised. The clergy were offered to open schools to teach children to read and write. Children were educated, as a rule, in monasteries. In addition, home schooling was common among rich people.
The intense struggle with numerous external and internal enemies contributed to the emergence in Russia of extensive historical literature, the central theme of which was the question of the growth and development of the Russian state. The most significant monument of historical thought of the period under review was the chronicle vaults.
One of the major historical works of this time is the Face (i.e. illustrated) chronicle: it consisted of 20 thousand pages and chalked 10 thousand beautifully executed miniatures, giving a visual representation of various aspects of Russian life. This code was compiled in the 50-60s of the 16th century with the participation of Tsar Ivan, Alexei Alexei Adashev and Ivan Viskovaty.
The achievements in the field of architecture were especially significant in the late 15th and 16th centuries. In 1553-54, the Church of John the Baptist was built in the village of Dyakovo (not far from the village of Kolomenskoye), exceptional in the originality of its decorative decoration and architectural design. An unsurpassed masterpiece of Russian architecture is the Church of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Church), erected in 1561. This cathedral was built to commemorate the conquest of Kazan.
Olga Lyukhina
Summary of the lesson “Life of the Russian people”
Target: Formation of ideas about life and everyday life Russian people, about its traditions.
Tasks: Introduce children to the hut and Russian life of people. Develop the ability to work together, listen carefully to the teacher, and engage in dialogue. Instill interest in Russian culture, histories people.
Material: illustration of a hut, home utensil: poker, grab handle, bread shovel, cradle, etc. Decorate a room to reproduce a residential village room (Houseware)
Methods:
verbal
visual methods
practical methods.
Techniques:
surprise moment (appearance of a teacher in Russian folk costume) ;
examination of household items, layout Russian hut;
story, show, conversation;
Progress of the lesson:
The owner of the hut meets the children at the entrance.
Hello, dear guests! A guest on the doorstep is a joy for the owner. Please come to the hut, make yourself at home, have a seat. Let's sit next to each other and talk well.
In ancient times, and even in our time, every person had a home.
What do you guys think, why does a person need a house?
How do we feel at home?
- Why do they say: "Being a guest is good, but being at home is better?"
Even in ancient times, people made homes for themselves, where they could hide from cold and bad weather, from wild animals, and warm themselves by the fire. We come home to rest and gain strength.
What could people use to build a house before? What wood? Now I’ll tell you a riddle, and you try it guess:
“A relative has a Christmas tree
Non-thorny needles,
But, unlike the Christmas tree,
Those needles are falling off" (larch)
Why were houses built from larch?
Because when larch gets wet, it becomes stronger and stronger, almost like stone. Such a house will last a long time and will not rot. But they also built houses from pine trees, and tried to lay the lower logs from larch.
In such a house the air always smells of resin. It is especially warm in winter, when there is frost and blizzard outside.
Children, what do you think was the most important thing in the hut?
Listen and guess mine riddle:
"He sleeps in the summer,
In winter it burns
Mouth opens
What they give, they swallow.” (bake)
The stove is the heart of the house. The stove fed the family, heated the house, young children and old people slept on it, dried clothes and even washed themselves. When the housewife gets up in the morning, the first thing she does is start lighting the stove. The stove is the village nurse.
How could the oven feed its owners?
IN cabbage soup was prepared in the Russian oven, porridge, baked bread and pies.
Between the stove and the wall of the house there was a place called "woman's cut" or a kutok is a corner that was separated from the rest of the hut by a colored curtain.
Where do you think he could be in our hut? "woman's cut"?
A woman was in charge of the shelter - mistress: cooked food, baked bread, cooked, spun, sewed. There, on a hook hammered into the ceiling, hung a cradle for the youngest in the family.
But not only people lived in the house. There were residents in it - some from the forest, some from the fields, some from the earth. You can’t do without them on the farm. What items were still in Russian hut? Stop silently visiting - it's time to solve the riddles. I will ask riddles, and you try to find the answers in our hut.
"Releases hot steam
An ancient teapot..." (samovar).
The whole big crowd gathered for the samovar peasant family, drank hot tea with honey, with pies and pancakes. The samovar has become a symbol of goodness, home comfort and family peace.
“I feed everyone with pleasure,
And she herself is mouthless" (spoon)
In a peasant family, each family member had his own spoon, which was carved from wood. And we always brought our own spoon when visiting. They even made up a saying “A thrifty guest does not go without a spoon”.
We've been sitting too long, it's time to play. "Business before pleasure", They say Russian people. Here I am, inviting you all to join the circle and listen to me one more time. About Russian folk I’ll tell you the game now and teach you how to play.
Everyone join hands and stand in a circle with me!
(the teacher starts a circle with the children, picks up two scarves).
teacher:
- What's the name of the game?: "Blind Man's Bluff of Mashenka and Ivashenka". How cheerful and wise she is. Because the boy here will speak in a thin voice, and the girl should speak in a rough bass voice. Now we will choose Mashenka and Ivashenka (selects children).
The circle is wider, turn around, and Mashenka and Ivashenka need to go in different directions in a circle, (the teacher takes them in different directions.). To get back into the circle again, Ivashka, you need to catch Mashenka. Stretching his arms forward, Ivashka will call in a thin voice Mashenka: "Masha, where are you?", and Masha in a rough voice reply: “Ivashka, I’m here!” trying not to fall into Ivashka’s hands. And we will blindfold you. Does everyone understand the game? Then let's blindfold the driver and our game will begin.
Educator: Guys, let's remember what we know about how people lived before. Let's play a game "What Was, What Has Become"
(The teacher asks questions, the children answer)
They used to wear bast shoes, but now (boots)
They used to cook in the oven, but now... (on the stove)
They used to sleep on benches, but now... (on the bed)
Previously, clothes were stored in chests, but now... (in the closet)
Previously, they carried water from a well, but now... (flows from the water supply)
Educator: Well done! Russians people have always been famous for their hospitality and loved to treat people to pies, gingerbread, and loaf.
And I baked bread for you, fluffy and rosy. And now I really want to treat you to delicious bread and tea. The teacher treats the children with bread and tea.
Publications on the topic:
"Bright Easter" - a tradition of the Russian people“Bright Easter” is a tradition of the Russian people. Middle group teacher: Bitarova O. S. s. Elkhotovo, 2016 Theme: “Bright Easter.”
Good afternoon everyone, everyone, everyone! I want to tell you about my leisure time, which took place on October 19th. We got acquainted with new material with accompaniment.
Goal: Formation of ideas about the sociocultural values of the Russian people. Objectives: To consolidate children’s knowledge about our traditions and customs.
Summary of educational activities in the middle group on getting to know the life and traditions of the Russian people “Visiting Pelageyushka” Summary of GCD in middle group on getting to know the life and traditions of the Russian people “Visiting Pelageyushka” Topic: “Visiting Pelageyushka” Integration:.
ARZAMAS
STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE
them. A.P.GAIDAR
HISTORY DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
A.S. NIKONOVA
5th year student
day department
Faculty of History
GRADUATE WORK
TRADITIONAL FORMS OF LIFE
OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE
SECOND HALF XIX CENTURIES
Scientific director
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor E.P. TITKOV
ARZAMAS, 2003
INTRODUCTION ........................................……………….. 3
CHAPTER I. SOCIAL LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE 15
§1. PEASANTS' ASSEMBLY.............…………........... 15
§2. HELP..........................……………………........... 21
§3. RELATIONS OF PEASANTS............ 26
CHAPTER II. FAMILY LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE ........ 32
§1. USUAL ORDER OF FAMILY LIFE......... 32
§2. RAISING CHILDREN...................................………..... 38
CHAPTER III. PAGANITY AND ORTHODOXY
IN THE LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE .................….. 42
§1. BELIEFS. VIEWS ON NATURE...... 42
§2. CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS REVERENCE.... 48
§3. CELEBRATIONS........................………………53
CONCLUSION .........……………………………………...…. 59
NOTES ...........……………………………….……....... 62
APPLICATIONS .........………………………………………...... 67
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES ……………… 69
INTRODUCTION
In the century before last, not so distant from us, much of what we now have to remember, collect bit by bit, was natural, and in some cases obligatory for the Russian people. If we perceive history as a chain, and everyday life as a link, then the following comparison suggests itself: break this link and the continuity of generations will be disrupted, the traditions of the nation will be lost, and new life will be built on scraps of the past and elements of the alien, alien.
Decades of brutal struggle of the 20th century not only with everything church and religious, but also with everything truly popular, traditional, national, bore fruit: the link was broken. The everyday thread of Russian life has been lost in time. Our country began a completely different period of history, without taking care of restoring the old for the revival of the people. But what happened in recent years changes in Russia made it possible to update various issues of the past, including the question of the life of the Russian people. Traditions are being revived, and the desire to follow them is intensifying. Of course, it is impossible to fully return the entire layer of life of past centuries. Now is a different time, a different way of life. But it is necessary to note that in the history of everyday life the form changes, but the function remains the same.
“An appeal to the centuries-old experience of the people, to their spiritual heritage is acquiring in our time no less important than the most pressing environmental problems of preserving natural resources and ecological balance. Life is our spiritual wealth, our ecological environment, which also requires preservation and protection, restoration of a person’s natural connections with the historical and spiritual heritage of his people, the past with the present.”
Russian life has evolved over centuries, and it has deep continuity. In this case, you can step forward only when the leg pushes off from something, but movement from or from nothing is impossible. Many disasters in the past and present occur due to reckless destruction traditional culture, rejection of a more ancient one. You need to look at it, get to know it and take the best from it. Otherwise, we will be destroyers, recoiling from our traditions, causing numerous disasters and creating new ones.
If we want to know the past as it “really” was, then we must develop the desire to study folk life from the inside, to present it, as it were, from the position of bearers of Russian folk culture.
It is also worth noting that each class in Russia had its own way of life, its own customs and way of life. But in this work, the word “people” means peasants. The use of the terms “peasantry” and “people” as synonyms seems to in this case, quite legitimate, since the peasantry was not only the largest class in Russia, but also the custodian of traditional ethical culture. This class was distinguished by its steadfastness in observing church canons and moral principles.
IN late XIX century, a member of the Ethnographic Bureau of Prince Tenishev, P. Kashinsky, wrote: “When we get to know ourselves and introduce the reader to how a peasant thinks, when we clearly show how the needs of human nature are refracted in his consciousness, then anyone will be able to deeply understand the forms peasant life, the whole way of life peasant life. The psychological motives for the peasant’s actions will become clear.”
The bulk of the peasantry was poor, poor materially, but their life was immeasurably rich. Not limited by theories and formulas, it was filled over the centuries with life itself, breathing nature.
It should be noted that it is impossible to cover all aspects of the life of the Russian people: it is great and diverse. Each family has its own customs, each community has formed its own traditions. Of course, many things were generally the same, with only minor changes. But in this work, attention is paid only to certain forms of family and social life. They passed from one generation to another, were supplemented with new elements, and became traditional, “conventionally accepted from time immemorial.”
Family and community served as the organizing principle in many phenomena ordinary life peasants The experience of the peasants, manifested primarily in the life of the family and community and their interaction, was rich and diverse. Everyone in the peasant community was a link in a chain of complex relationships. The community preserved and passed on traditions. She collected, accumulated knowledge developed by each generation, united it into a single whole. The family formed the basis of peasant life. She established the daily routine and work schedule, organized the household. Important role The family played a role in raising children, in their gradual and natural involvement in all the tasks of family life.
Beliefs, church, and holidays created a unique relationship between family and community. Each peasant had to take part in various rituals and actions in which religious-Christian standards and pagan traditions were closely intertwined with everyday ones.
Conducting research traditional forms the life of the Russian people in the second half of the nineteenth century is the purpose of this work.
To do this, it is necessary to set the following tasks:
Firstly , the Russian peasant community acted as the most complete social unit, reproducing and transmitting its group experience, and as a unit it was the bearer of everyday elements. In this regard, an important task is to reveal the traditional forms of life of the Russian community in the second half of the 19th century, namely: what the peasant gathering was, how it happened, what it regulated; how pomochi were carried out, what traditions were preserved in them; what kind of relationships developed between peasants, how hospitality and hospitality were developed.
Secondly , the peasant family was the unit of the community, it became the foundation for building everyday life. Therefore, coverage of the family life of the Russian people in the second half of the 19th century: what was the usual order of family life, how economic relations were distributed in the family, how family members ate, when they got up and when they went to bed; How children were raised is the next important task of this work.
Third , the life of the family and community intersected in various rites, ritual actions, and holidays. Moreover, all this was connected with paganism and Orthodox religion. This leads to another objective of this work: to identify how paganism and Orthodoxy manifested themselves in the everyday life of the Russian people, namely, what beliefs existed in the peasant environment, and bearing in mind that the peasant is an agricultural person, beliefs that are associated with nature; how the life of the peasants was connected with the Orthodox faith, when they attended church, what Orthodox activities they carried out at home; how the holidays passed, that is, a time that was separated from ordinary life, but had its own way of life and combined elements of paganism and Orthodoxy.
Characteristics of the source. The outlined range of tasks is provided by fairly solid materials from the Ethnographic Bureau of Prince V.N. Tenishev, which are recordings of observers according to a given program compiled with research purpose. The published source of this Bureau was the book: “The Life of Great Russian Peasant Tillers. Description of materials from the ethnographic bureau of Prince V.N. Tenisheva. (On the example of the Vladimir province)".
Prince V.N. Tenishev was concerned about the fate of Russia and conceptually argued that knowledge of the life of the main classes of the people was the most important prerequisite for managing the state and society of that time. He founded the Ethnographic Bureau, setting himself the goal of collecting ethnographic information about the peasantry, and created programs for collecting information that interested him, implemented with the help of a network of “freelance” correspondents.
Tenishev’s “peasant” program occupies a special place in its class of scientific materials on Russian historiography. The program was initially focused on collecting the most extensive information about the life of peasants in the central provinces of Russia. Since its author intended to create a monographic work on Russian peasant cultivators, his scientific interests included almost all aspects of the life of the peasantry at that time. Moreover, it is worth noting that the second half of the 19th century was a time of reform in the lives of peasants, which means the emergence of new elements in everyday life. It was necessary to collect all that was possible before the various introductions completely changed the existing order. In the language of the program, these intentions were materialized in issues covering and characterizing physical properties peasants; their local living conditions; general instructions about the way of life of peasants; social institutions, customs or laws regulating the relations of peasants to society; relations of peasants among themselves and towards outsiders; beliefs, knowledge, language, writing and the arts; family and normal life; bringing the sexes together; the birth of children, their upbringing and education; behavior of peasants in unusual circumstances. Tenishev included about 500 questions in his program, each of which was directly related to everyday life. Many points of the program were developed in detail and included options; were provided with examples; the questions were often of a suggestive nature, and the hint was based on very specific facts, previously recorded by specialists and repeatedly confirmed by that time.
“Oral folk art” - Lyrics are a type of literature in which the author expresses his feelings. (c) Maksimova G.G. Russian language teacher, State Educational Institution Secondary School No. 156, 2007. Folklore of the peoples of Russia. Ed. N.I. Kravtsova. Content: Oral Language, Oral poetic creativity. Folklore genres. Any folk art (dance, music, wood carving, etc.).
“Russian folk art” - Proverbs and sayings (compiled by Fundamental question: How in Russian folk art Are moral qualities reflected? What are nursery rhymes? Didactic tasks: Authors of the project: Kudryavtseva Anastasia Nikolaevna Popova Irina Vyacheslavovna. Children's work to discuss each person's assignment in the group. – Lesson 5.
“Life of the Russian people” - Autumn. EXCELLENCE on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord. Haymaking. Winter. Project. Fortune telling about one of the most ancient rituals of the Russian people. Spring. Director of the school “OPPORTUNITY” in Dubna, Moscow region, Ignatovich Svetlana Nikolaevna. Spinning. Picking berries and mushrooms.
“Russian traditions” - Target: Russians folk traditions. Results of our work. What traditions did our ancestors have in the fall? Photo report. Decoration of a Russian hut. Carols Maslenitsa. Large table Samovar Long benches Homespun rugs Russian stove. Spring traditions. Winter traditions. Traditions. We learned a lot about the life of our ancestors and tried to tell you.
“Russian epics” - Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. Alyosha Popovich and the beautiful girl. Avdotya-Ryazanochka. Volga Vseslavevich. Heroes of Russian epics. Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets. Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich. Dobrynya spares Fun from the serpent. Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber. Svyatogor. Sadko and the Tsar of the Sea. Svyatogor and the blacksmith of fate.
“Russian Writers” - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak. Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky. Anna Andreevna Akhmatova. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky. Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva. Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov. Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Agnia Lvovna Barto.
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