Book printing and education in the Belarusian lands during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first educational books created by Belarusian educators

Many famous people - from medieval saints to laureates Nobel Prize and modern Olympic champions - natives of Belarus

Famous historical figures of Belarus

Barbara Radziwill
Grand Duchess, Queen of Poland.

Lev Sapega
Statesman and military leader, hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, diplomat, thinker. One of the main creators of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588) – outstanding monument legal and political thought, essentially the first constitution in Europe.

Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Tadeusz Kosciuszko, born in Belarus in 1746, is a national hero of Belarus, America and Poland. He was the leader of the national liberation uprising of 1794 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and took part in the American War of Independence.

Famous scientists from Belarus

Ignat Domeyko
Born in Belarus in 1802. Was famous geologist, He spent most of his life in Chile, where he became a national hero. For its achievements it is officially recognized by UNESCO.

Ivan (Yan) Chersky
A prominent geographer, geologist, famous explorer Siberia, after which a number of geographical objects are named. Born on the Svolna estate in Vitebsk province in 1845.

Nikolai Sudzilovsky (Nicholas Roussel)
Ethnographer, geographer, chemist, biologist, geneticist, revolutionary populist, first president of the Senate of the Hawaiian Islands. Born in 1850 in Mogilev into an impoverished noble family. From 1892 he lived in Hawaii, where he defended the rights of indigenous people.

Alexander Chizhevsky
Born in the Grodno region in 1897. Recognized scientist, who studied the biological effects of the sun and the universe, including the relationship of solar activity with periods of war in human history.

Sofia Kovalevskaya
The world's first female professor of mathematics comes from the gentry Belarusian family. She spent her childhood on the Palibino estate in Vitebsk province, and at the age of 18 she entered into a fictitious marriage in order to go abroad and study science. Kovalevskaya's works are devoted to mathematical analysis, mechanics, and astronomy.

Pavel Sukhoi
Aircraft designer, inventor, one of the creators of jet and supersonic aviation, author of fifty original aircraft designs, more than thirty of which were built and tested. Born in 1895 in the city of Glubokoye, Vitebsk region.

Mikhail Vysotsky
An outstanding scientist and designer, under whose leadership the best cars were created, for decades the general designer of automotive technology in Belarus. Author of 134 inventions and 17 patents. Hero of Belarus (2006). Born in the village of Semezhevo, Minsk region (1928).

Born in Vitebsk in 1930. Alferov was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.

Famous cosmonauts from Belarus

Peter Klimuk
Pyotr Klimuk, first Belarusian cosmonaut, scientist in the field of technical sciences, twice Hero Soviet Union. Born in the village of Komarovka, Brest district in 1942. Carried out three flights as part of the crews of spacecraft and orbital complexes, spent 78.76 days in space.

Vladimir Kovalyonok
Vladimir Kovalenok, Belarusian cosmonaut, scientist in the field of military sciences, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Born in the village of Beloye, Minsk region in 1942. Implemented three flights into space as commander crew, spent 216.38 days in space, incl. in outer space 2.3 hours.

Oleg Novitsky
The first Belarusian cosmonaut, headed in 2013 the crew of the 34th international expedition on the ISS. born in 1971 in Cherven, Minsk region. Before joining the cosmonaut corps, he served as a military pilot, a combat veteran, and was awarded medals from the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Famous Belarusians in art

Marc Chagall
Born in 1887 in Vitebsk. Most famous native Belarus, known throughout the world as a classic of the avant-garde in fine arts.

Leon Bakst

Illustrious theater artist and stage designer, decorator and fashion designer, portrait painter and craftsman easel painting, one of the founders of the famous association "World of Art". Leib-Chaim Rosenberg was born in 1866 in Grodno, and with his first successes he took his grandmother’s shortened surname (Baxter) as a pseudonym. He gained worldwide fame thanks to his collaboration with Sergei Diaghilev, at whose invitation he brilliantly designed productions of the legendary "Russian Seasons" in Paris.

Napoleon Horde
Artist, composer, native of the village of Vorotsevichi, Pinsk district. He created more than a thousand sketches of buildings in Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, and France, which are a valuable source for architectural historians and restorers in Europe. In 2007, the 200th anniversary of the birth of N. Orda was included in the calendar memorable dates UNESCO.

Ivan Khrutsky
Born in the town of Ula, Lepel district, Vitebsk province. Outstanding Artist, who developed his own type of still life combined with portraiture. The 200th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Khrutsky in 2010 was in the UNESCO calendar of memorable dates.

Louis Bart Mayer
Born in Minsk in 1885. Cinematographer Louis Barth Mayer is best known as one of the founders of the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, as well as the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It was Mayer who proposed annually presenting the now famous Oscar Award.

Writer, founder of new Belarusian literature and professional drama, creator of the first Belarusian theater group, actor. In 2008, the 200th anniversary of the birth of V. Dunin-Martsinkevich was included in the UNESCO calendar of memorable dates.

Mikhail Savitsky
People's Artist of Belarus, author of about 200 paintings, creator of a unique series of paintings "Numbers on the Heart", dedicated to concentration camp prisoners. Many of Mikhail Savitsky's works have gained worldwide fame. Born in the village of Zvenyachi, Vitebsk region (1922). Hero of Belarus (2006).

Vasil Bykov
Bykov Vasily Vladimirovich, Belarusian prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born in 1924 in the village of Bychki, Vitebsk region. People's Writer Belarus (1980). In 1990 – 1993 President of the association of Belarusians of the world "Batskaushchyna".

Svetlana Alexievich
Belarusian writer and journalist, author of the books “War Has No woman's face", "The Last Witnesses", "Zinc Boys", "Enchanted by Death", "Chernobyl Prayer", "The Last Witnesses. Solo for child's voice", "Second Hand Time". In 2015: "for her polyphonic creativity - a monument to suffering and courage in our time."

Gabriel Vashchenko
People's Artist of Belarus, painter and teacher. "Man of the Year 92" and "Man of the 20th Century" (1993) as recognized by the International Biographical Center of Cambridge. "Man of the Year 94" according to the American Biographical Institute. Born in the village of Chikalovichi, Gomel region (1928).

Vladimir Mulyavin
A brilliant performer, composer and arranger, collector of Belarusian folklore, creator (1970), who for many years was one of the most popular in the Soviet Union. National artist BSSR and USSR, Knight of the Order of Francis Skaryna (2001). The name of Vladimir Mulyavin, who became a Belarusian by spirit, and not by birth, is immortalized on Avenue of Stars in Moscow(2001) and the capital Vitebsk.

Famous politicians from Belarus

Joseph Goshkevich
Diplomat, orientalist, traveler, first consul of the Russian Empire in Japan and author of the world's first Japanese-Russian dictionary. The species of insects he described and the bay in North Korea(Chosanman). Born in 1814 in Rechitsa district (Gomel region). The 200th anniversary of the birth of I. Goshkevich is included in calendar for 2014-2015

Mikhail Kleofas Oginsky
Diplomat, political figure, participant in the uprising under the leadership, talented composer. Famous Polonaise "Farewell to the Motherland" he wrote in the generic ( The Grodno region). The 250th anniversary of the birth of M.K. Oginsky is included in calendar for 2014-2015

Chaim Weizmann
Born in Belarus in the village of Motol (now Ivanovo district, Brest region) in 1874. Chaim Weizmann was an outstanding chemist who lectured in Switzerland and Great Britain. As an active Zionist he was elected first president of the State of Israel(1949) and remained in this position until his death (1952).

Andrey Gromyko
Diplomat, 1957-1985 Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. He headed the Soviet delegation at the conference on the creation of the UN, and developed the Charter of the organization. Born in 1909 in the village of Starye Gromyki (Vetkovsky district, Gomel region).

Famous educators of Belarus

Francisk Skaryna
Born in Polotsk in 1486. Belarusian and East Slavic pioneer printer. He translated and published 23 books of the Bible into Belarusian, the first in 1517.

Saint Euphrosyne
Princess of Polotsk. Born in the 12th century. She became a nun at age 12 and spent her life helping the poor and building churches and monasteries throughout Belarus. She died during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, her relics were returned to Belarus in 1910. Canonized as a saint, she is revered as a patroness, heavenly intercessor of the Belarusian land.

Champions from Belarus

Alexander Medved
Belarusian athlete and coach (freestyle wrestling). Champion Olympic Games(1964, 1968, 1972), peace (1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1969–71). Recognized as the best freestyle wrestler of the twentieth century.

Olga Korbut
Legendary gymnast won 4 Olympic gold medals, three of them at the Olympic Games in Munich (1972). In 1972 she was recognized as the best athlete in the world.

Vitaly Shcherbo
Belarusian athlete ( gymnastics). Champion of the XXV Olympic Games (1992, Spain). Bronze medalist of the XXVI Olympic Games (1996, USA).
14-time world champion, 10-time European champion. Winner of the Goodwill Games (1990, USA). Universiade champion (1993, 1995). Best Athlete world for 10 years (1991–2000).

Igor Makarov
Makarov won a gold medal in judo

Yulia Nesterenko
Nesterenko won a gold medal in 100 meter dash at the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004.

Maxim Mirny
Maxim Mirny is the most famous tennis player in Belarus, who won a series of international awards in doubles and led the Belarusian national team to the best place in its history in Davis Cup.

Victoria Azarenko
Famous Belarusian tennis player, winner of major world tournaments, Olympic champion. In January 2012, Victoria Azarenka topped the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) rankings for the first time in her career. At the 2012 Olympics in London, she won gold in mixed doubles (paired with Maxim Mirny) and bronze in singles.

Daria Domracheva
Four-time champion, silver and bronze medalist of the Olympic Games, two-time world champion, winner and medalist of World Cup stages, Honored Master of Sports, Hero of Belarus. According to the Biathlon Award, the Belarusian athlete was named best biathlete 2010.

Alexey Grishin
Freestyler, who brought Belarus the first gold medal in the history of an independent state at the Winter Olympic Games (Vancouver 2010), bronze medalist at the Salt Lake City Olympics (2002).

Sergey Martynov
“King of the small-bore rifle,” Olympic champion in London 2012, two-time bronze medalist at the Sydney and Athens Olympics, world record holder: 600 points out of 600 possible in prone shooting from a small-bore rifle.

One of the best players in the history of Belarusian hockey, captain of the national team. Ruslan Salei was the first Russian stick master to reach the Stanley Cup final.

Singer Alexander Rybak became the most popular “foreign” Belarusian of the past year. But he is far from the first to glorify his homeland beyond its borders. IN last years Many Belarusian media cannot resist the temptation to find out the distant Belarusian ancestors of all kinds of foreign celebrities. Either a grandmother will be found, or a grandfather, of whom the stars themselves do not even suspect. But let's dwell on those of our famous compatriots and more or less contemporaries who at least knew where their homeland was located.

Flight painter

The jealous French, with sullen stubbornness, keep silent about the fact that the famous artist Marc Chagall is a Belarusian Jew; they really want to have him as their undivided property. During a tour of the Grand Opera in Paris, the ceiling lamps of which were painted by our internationally recognized compatriot, the guide so persistently did not remember Chagall’s Belarusianness that the portal’s observer had to ask a leading question.

The guide changed his face and exclaimed expressively: “He left you!” But, no matter how much the French want to appropriate our artist, they cannot escape the fact that the master’s Vitebsk childhood became the main theme of his work throughout his life, not only painting, but also literary - the autobiographical book “My Life”. It’s sad, but albums with reproductions of Marc Chagall’s paintings are not published in Belarus, because the French copyright holders are not interested in this. But everyone can visit the Chagall art center in Vitebsk and see the house where he was born and grew up.

Leger's steel muse

Another Belarusian Nadezhda Khodasevich-Léger, a native of the Belarusian village of Zembin, became a famous French artist and muse of the famous painter and sculptor Fernand Léger. This woman had great amount will and perseverance. Since childhood, she wanted to draw and live in Paris. In the village where she was born, such an idea was perceived solely as a form of madness. Nadya, without her parents' permission, ran away to study painting in Smolensk, from there to Warsaw, where she got married, and together with her husband went to Paris, to the academy of her idol Fernand Léger, who himself invited them. After a quarrel with her husband, who returned to Warsaw, left without money, with a small daughter in her arms, Nadya Khodasevich began working as a servant. But at the same time, with her tiny funds, she published a magazine about painting, where works by Picasso, Le Corbusier, Léger were published...

During World War II, Khodasevich, an active participant in the French Resistance, worked as a teacher at the academy during the day and posted leaflets around the city at night. After the war, she helped Russian emigrants by organizing an auction at which paintings by the same Picasso and Léger were exhibited. After the death of the teacher’s wife, Nadezhda Khodasevich marries him and adds Leger to his surname, and the most famous people of Russia and France gather in their house. After the death of the master, Nadezhda returned to her first husband, and together they opened a museum in memory of the master, which they donated to France. Khodasevich-Léger herself became famous in monumental art; her mosaic portraits of her contemporaries are exhibited in many galleries around the world. She was an active supporter of the development of Franco-Soviet relations, for which she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the Order of the Legion of Honor of France.

The greatest science fiction writer Isaac Asimov , who, together with Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein, makes up the top three science fiction writers in the world, was born in the village of Petrovichi, Mogilev region, and at birth received the name Isaac Ozimov. His parents, who worked as millers in Belarus, three years after Isaac’s birth, took the future luminary of science fiction to the USA, where, maintaining their love for flour, they opened a confectionery store. Isaac grew up, acquired the profession of a biochemist and became a unique, multifaceted author of science fiction, whose works synthesized all styles and directions of science and literature: detective fiction, humor, astronomy, genetics, chemistry, history. Not to mention the fact that it was Asimov who invented the concepts that only appeared many years later in real life and were named with words that he coined: robots, robotics, positronic, psychohistory.

King of the Air Super popular American TV presenter Larry King also a native of Belarus.

His mother Jenny was from Minsk, and his father Eddie Zeiger was from Pinsk (one can assume that before emigration their names were Zhenya and Edik). They left for America, where the future screen star was born. Larry King is the recognized king of news journalism and talk shows, which he conducts in a rather tough manner. It was King who asked Vladimir Putin an uncomfortable question: “So what happened to the Kursk submarine?”, to which the then Russian president replied: “It drowned.” Larry King is the author of a practical guide, How to Talk to Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere, designed to help not only journalists, but also ordinary people who often cannot overcome their indecisiveness.

Radio amateur and television professional Extremely extraordinary, insightful businessman ahead of his time David Sarnoff before leaving for New York, his name was David Sarnov and he lived in the Belarusian village of Uzlyany. Already at the age of 15, the enterprising David owned a newsstand, and then his fate developed progressively. At first Sarnov worked in the company of the famous Italian Marconi,

and it was he who, back in 1915, proposed using radio for entertainment and starting the production of household radios. But then this idea, which later brought in billions, seemed so crazy that its implementation was postponed for decades. While working as president of Radiocorporation of America, Sarnov gave the green light and provided conditions for the development of another emigrant, Vladimir Zvorykin, who invented the kinescope and determined the direction of development of the media business for many years.

The roaring lion of the film industry The most memorable screensaver of the film company - the roaring head of a lion - belongs to the Metro Goldwyn Mayer corporation, which was founded by a man born in Minsk Lazar Meir. After emigrating, turning into Louis Barth Mayer, he gradually began to realize his American dream by selling scrap metal.

But he loved cinema so much that for the sake of it he betrayed non-ferrous metals and bought a crumbling cinema in a provincial town. And a few years later he moved his small company to Los Angeles, where, to consolidate success, he lured the first beauty of those times, actress Anita Stewart, from another studio. And then long years worked on the lion's share of what would later be called Hollywood. In addition, it was Mayer who founded the American Film Academy and invented what millions of movie lovers wait for every year - the Oscar.

First President of Israel Chaim Weizmann born near Pinsk, in the village of Motol, where he graduated from cheder. Afterwards he entered the Pinsk real school, after which he continued his education in Germany and began his path to the formation of the state of Israel.

Shimon Peres, the current president of Israel, who took this post in 2007, is also a native of our country: he was born in the village of Vishnevo, Volozhin district, Minsk region. His father was a lumber trader, his mother was a Russian language teacher and librarian. Love for culture Jewish people the future president was instilled by his grandfather, a rabbi. Since childhood, Shimon Peres wrote poetry, and did not abandon his passion for literature when he became a politician. His books were published in Israel and were successful, and one of them was written under a female pseudonym and on behalf of a woman.

Closer to the sky Famous fighter designer inventor Pavel Sukhoi born in the city of Glubokoye, Vitebsk region. His parents were teachers. Pavel Sukhoi graduated from the Gomel gymnasium, went to study in Moscow and went down in history as the general designer of the bureau named after himself. Under the leadership of Sukhoi, the Su line of combat aircraft was created.

Cosmonaut Peter Klimuk born in the village of Komarovka, Brest region. He made three flights into space as the head of the crew, spending a total of more than 2.5 months in Earth orbit.

In the cosmonaut’s homeland, which during space exploration turned from Komarovka into Tomashovka, the Museum of Cosmonautics was opened, which contains unique exhibits, many of which were in space with Klimuk. In addition, you can read about space travel in two books written by Peter Klimuk: “Near the Stars” and “Attack on Zero Gravity.”

Russian businessmen Chief reformer of the Russian energy system Anatoly Chubais born in the city of Borisov in the family of a retired colonel who worked as a philosophy teacher. After many high positions, he became chairman of RAO UES.

Chubais's main project - privatization - turned out to be very controversial and was considered a failure. It is not surprising that nothing worked out, but the people were hungry after the communist past and firmly believed in the promises of Chubais, which stated that each voucher would eventually cost as much as two cars.

Entrepreneur Andrey Melnichenko born and raised in Gomel, where his grandmother still lives, whom he visits on a private plane. Having started his career with currency trading in the 90s, Melnichenko subsequently became a co-founder of MDM Bank, and then its sole shareholder. Now Andrey Melnichenko is the chairman of the board of directors of Eurochem. His personal fortune before the crisis was estimated at $10.3 billion. Andrei Melnichenko is married to model Alexandra Nikolic, who is called the most beautiful Serbian woman on the planet.

Vice President of the Lukoil concern Sergei Kukura born in Brest. Very little is known about this businessman, but in 2002 his name made headlines in connection with a high-profile kidnapping: Sergei Kukuru was attacked at a railway crossing by unknown men dressed as police officers and held for two weeks in an abandoned Belarusian village, demanding $3,000,000 and EUR3 for his release. 000 000. Kukura hardly liked this return to his homeland, but then the kidnappers took the businessman to Bryansk, provided him with money and released him, according to Sergei Kukura, for reasons unknown to him.

Nobel laureates Academician Zhores Alferov, born in Vitebsk and graduated from school in Minsk, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components.

We use Alferov’s inventions every day. Without them, the operation of mobile phones and disk drives would not be possible; Alferov’s laser is even used in store “readers” of product barcodes. Alferov is not the first Belarusian to receive the Nobel Prize.

In 1971, the economist became its owner Simon Kuznets , a native of Pinsk, who coined the terms “gross national product”, “ human capital", and also invented and proved the "Kuznets' law" for economics developing countries: in the first 10 years of development, inequality in income distribution will increase sharply, then tendencies to level out will appear. He has done a lot for the modern world economy.

Famous Belarusians Many famous people - from the saints of the Middle Ages to Nobel laureates and Olympic champions of our time - natives of Belarus Famous historical figures of Belarus

Barbara Radziwill Grand Duchess, Queen of Poland.

Lev Sapega Statesman and military leader, hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, diplomat, thinker. One of the main creators of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588) - an outstanding monument of legal and political thought, essentially the first constitution in Europe.

Tadeusz Kosciuszko, born in Belarus in 1746, is a national hero of Belarus, America and Poland. He was the leader of the national liberation uprising of 1794 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and took part in the American War of Independence.

Famous scientists from Belarus

Ignat Domeyko Born in Belarus in 1802. He was a famous geologist and spent most of his life in Chile, where he became a national hero. For its achievements it is officially recognized by UNESCO.

Ivan (Yan) Chersky A prominent geographer, geologist, famous explorer of Siberia, after whom a number of geographical objects are named. Born on the Svolna estate in Vitebsk province in 1845.

Nikolai Sudzilovsky (Nicholas Roussel) Ethnographer, geographer, chemist, biologist, geneticist, revolutionary populist, first president of the Senate of the Hawaiian Islands. Born in 1850 in Mogilev into an impoverished noble family. From 1892 he lived in Hawaii, where he defended the rights of indigenous people.

Alexander Chizhevsky Born in the Grodno region in 1897. Recognized scientist who studied the biological effects of the sun and the universe, including the relationship of solar activity to periods of war in human history.

Sofia Kovalevskaya The world's first female professor of mathematics comes from a Belarusian noble family. She spent her childhood on the Palibino estate in Vitebsk province, and at the age of 18 she entered into a fictitious marriage in order to go abroad and study science.

Kovalevskaya's works are devoted to mathematical analysis, mechanics, and astronomy.

Vladimir Kovalyonok , Belarusian cosmonaut, scientist in the field of military sciences, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Born in the village of Beloye, Minsk region in 1942.

Carried out three flights into space as a crew commander, spent 216.38 days in space, incl. in outer space 2.3 hours.

Napoleon Orda - artist, composer , native of the village of Vorotsevichi, Pinsk district. He created more than a thousand sketches of buildings in Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, and France, which are a valuable source for architectural historians and restorers in Europe.

In 2007, the 200th anniversary of the birth of N. Orda was included in the UNESCO calendar of memorable dates.

Ivan Khrutsky Born in the town of Ula, Lepel district, Vitebsk province. An outstanding artist who developed his own type of still life combined with portraiture. The 200th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Khrutsky in 2010 was in the UNESCO calendar of memorable dates.

Bykov Vasily Vladimirovich h, Belarusian prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born in 1924 in the village of Bychki, Vitebsk region. People's Writer of Belarus (1980). In 1990 - 1993 President of the association of Belarusians of the world “Batskaushchyna”. Died in 2003.

Andrey Gromyko Diplomat, 1957-1985 Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. He headed the Soviet delegation at the conference on the creation of the UN, and developed the Charter of the organization. Born in 1909 in the village of Starye Gromyki (Vetkovsky district, Gomel region).

Famous educators Belarus Francisk Skaryna Born in Polotsk in 1486. Belarusian and East Slavic pioneer printer. Translated into Belarusian and published 23 books of the Bible, the first in 1517.

Holy Euphrosyne of Polotsk princess. Born in the 12th century. She became a nun at age 12 and spent her life helping the poor and building churches and monasteries throughout Belarus. She died during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, her relics were returned to Belarus in 1910. Canonized as a saint, she is revered as a patroness, heavenly intercessor of the Belarusian land.

Champions from Belarus

Alexander Medved Belarusian athlete and coach (freestyle wrestling). Champion of the Olympic Games (1964, 1968, 1972), world champion (1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1969-71). Recognized as the best freestyle wrestler of the twentieth century.

Olga Korbut The legendary gymnast won 4 Olympic gold medals, three of them at the Olympic Games in Munich (1972). In 1972 she was recognized as the best athlete in the world.

Vitaly Shcherbo Belarusian athlete (gymnastics). Champion of the XXV Olympic Games (1992, Spain). Bronze medalist of the XXVI Olympic Games (1996, USA). 14-time world champion, 10-time European champion. Winner of the Goodwill Games (1990, USA). Universiade champion (1993, 1995). The best athlete in the world for 10 years (1991-2000).

Igor Makarov won a gold medal in judo at the Athens Olympics in 2004.

Yulia Nesterenko won a gold medal in the 100 meters at the Athens Olympics in 2004.

Maxim Mirny is the most famous tennis player in Belarus, who won a series of international awards in doubles and led the Belarusian team to the best place in its history at the Davis Cup.

Victoria Azarenko The first racket of the planet in the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking, September 2012.

Daria Domracheva Bronze medalist at the Olympic Games in Vancouver (2010) in the 15 km individual race. According to the Biathlon Award, the Belarusian athlete was named the best biathlete of 2010.

Alexey Grishin Freestyler, who brought Belarus the first gold medal in the history of an independent state at the Winter Olympic Games (Vancouver 2010), bronze medalist at the Salt Lake City Olympics (2002).

Sergey Martynov “King of the small-bore rifle,” Olympic champion in London 2012, two-time bronze medalist at the Sydney and Athens Olympics, world record holder: 600 points out of 600 possible in prone shooting from a small-bore rifle.

Ruslan Salei One of the best players in the history of Belarusian hockey, captain of the national team. Ruslan Salei was the first Russian stick master to reach the Stanley Cup final.

To be continued...

Euphrosyne of Polotsk

Daughter of the Prince of Polotsk Georgy Vseslavovich, granddaughter Vseslav Bryachislavich ( Sorcerer), nun and educator.

She was canonized as a saint by the Russian Holy Synod in May 1910.

At birth she was given a name Predslava. At the age of 12, she took monastic vows with the name Euphrosyne (in honor of the Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria). Being literate, Euphrosyne read a lot and settled in a cell near the Polotsk St. Sophia Cathedral, which housed a rich library. She was engaged in copying books at the request of townspeople, and distributed the money received as alms.

At the end of her life she made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where and died. Her body was taken to the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, where the relics of Euphrosyne were kept until 1910, when they were transferred to Polotsk, to the monastery she founded, where they are kept to this day.

Became the first woman on the territory of Belarus, recognized as holy. Despite the fact that her life took place after the schism of Christianity, she is equally revered in both Orthodoxy and Catholicism. “The Life of Euphrosyne of Polotsk” is one of the monuments of early Orthodoxy in Belarus. On the territory of Belarus, Euphrosyne of Polotsk, along with Cyril of Turov, is one of the most revered saints.

Cross of Euphrosyne of Polotsk, like the Amber Room, is one of the ten most valuable missing art objects. According to legend, the discovery of the Cross of Euphrosyne of Polotsk will mark the true revival of Belarus

Kirill Turovsky

Church leader and writer of Ancient Rus'. Having become the bishop of Turov, he became famous as a writer and preacher. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint
Contemporaries called Kirill Turovsky the “Russian Chrysostom.” Author of solemn “Words”, teachings, prayers, canons (about 70 works have survived). One of the first educators on the territory of Belarus.

Simeon of Polotsk

Spiritual writer, theologian, poet, playwright, translator;

Francysk Lukich Skorina

Belarusian scientist, philosopher, physician (Doctor of Medicine), pioneer printer and educator, founder of East Slavic printing, translator of the Bible into the Belarusian edition (edition) of the Church Slavonic language

In 1517, he founded a printing house in Prague and published the Psalter, the first printed Belarusian book, in Cyrillic.

In total, during the years 1517-1519, he translated and published 23 books of the Bible. Skaryna's patrons were Bogdan Onkov, Yakub Babich, as well as the prince, governor of Troki and the great hetman of Lithuania Konstantin Ostrozhsky.

In 1520 he moved to Vilnia and founded the first printing house on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). In it, Skaryna publishes “The Small Travel Book” (1522) and “The Apostle” (1525).

Fonts and engraved headbands from Skaryna’s Vilna printing house were used by book publishers for another hundred years.

Tadeusz Kosciuszko

Military and political figure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the United States, participant in the American War of Independence, organizer of the uprising in Poland, Belarus and Lithuania in 1794, national hero Poland, USA, Belarus, honorable Sir France.
Born in 1746 in the village of Merechevshchina, Ivatsevichi district, Brest region.

Nikolay Gusovsky.

poet-humanist and educator of the Renaissance, representative of the New Latin Eastern European school. Known for his poem “Song about the Bison.”
IN 1980 On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the poet, UNESCO included the name of Nikolai Gusovsky in the calendar of international dates of outstanding figures of world culture.

Vasily Tyapinsky

Humanist educator, writer, printer, translator.

Vasily Tyapinsky continued the humanistic and cultural-educational traditions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, laid down by Francis Skaryna, was personally and ideologically connected with Simon Budny, and shared his socio-political and religious views. Like Simon Budny, he moved from Calvinism to anti-Trinitarianism. In the book “On the Most Important Articles of the Christian Faith”

Symon Budny

Famous Socinian preacher of the 16th century, humanist, educator, church reformer. He published the New Testament with commentaries and observations, which became the first attempt in world literature at radical rationalistic criticism of the Gospel. Supported the concept of a limited, enlightened monarchy. One of the first development ideologists Belarusian culture in native language.

Development of education in the Belarusian lands before joining Russian Empire can be divided into three periods:

• Polotsk and Turov principalities (IX-XII centuries)
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania (mid-13th century - 1569)
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569 - 1795)

According to the chronicles, in the XI-XIII centuries. There were 35 cities on the territory of Belarus. Their growth, development of crafts and trade required literate people. The development of writing and education was greatly influenced by the adoption of Christianity. The centers of culture were monasteries and princely courts, where schools, libraries were founded, and books were copied. Writing spreads not only among princes, but also among ordinary people. Evidence of this are the chronicles, birch bark letters, found in Vitebsk and Mstislavl, handwritten Turov Gospel of the 11th century, preserved inscriptions on architectural monuments.

During the period under review, the Principality of Polotsk, which had close trade and cultural ties with Western countries and Byzantium, reached the highest level of development.

A major contribution to the development of culture and education in the East Slavic lands in the 12th century. contributed by Belarusian educators. One of the brightest representatives of Belarusian culture is Euphrosyne of Polotsk(1110-1173). The daughter of the Polotsk prince Svyatoslav Vseslavich, Predslava received a thorough education under princely court. Since childhood, she stood out for her abilities, strong character, love of books and broad outlook. Deciding to devote herself to serving God, against the wishes of her parents, in her early youth she went to a monastery, within whose walls she was named Euphrosyne. With the permission of the Polotsk bishop, she settled in the St. Sophia Cathedral and began copying books. This occupation required enormous labor, skill, and literacy, so it was carried out exclusively by men. Euphrosyne not only copied religious texts, Byzantine and Russian chronicles, and natural history treatises, but also wrote literary works herself and took part in the creation of a local chronicle.

According to the tradition of that time, St. Sophia Cathedral was the center of spiritual life - science, culture, writing. Divine services were held within its walls, the state treasury and archives were kept, and there was a library. Here they studied not only “book wisdom”, but also Christian commandments (obedience, humility, love for one’s neighbor). The highly educated abbess expanded curriculum. In addition to Church Slavonic, children learned Greek and Latin and received information on natural history, history, rhetoric, and medicine.

Euphrosyne founded two monasteries, where dozens of literate people began to copy books. She opened schools with them, which contributed to the spread of writing.

The abbess not only established the correspondence of books, but also rallied talented people around her - artists, jewelers. By her order, the world-famous Church of the Savior was built - a unique example of the Polotsk architectural school. Local master Lazar Bogsha made his famous cross for Euphrosyne - an invaluable monument of art that has become a symbol and national pride of the Belarusian people. The educational activities of Euphrosyne of Polotsk received a wide public response, her name became a symbol of service to the homeland and devotion to the ideals of education.

In the 12th century. the center of culture among the Eastern Slavs was Turov, which competed with Kiev. The Turov land gave birth to a famous educator, church leader, writer and preacher Kirill Turovsky(1130-1190). He was born into a noble family and received a good education. He knew Greek, theology, and the seven liberal arts. In order to comprehend book wisdom, he went as a novice to a monastery, where he was engaged in education and self-education, studying biblical books and theological treatises. For about 13 years he headed the episcopal see in Turov. At this time he created his best works.

The activities of Kirill of Turov were multifaceted: he was engaged in the arrangement of the diocese, preached, wrote church treatises, and didactic parables. His skill as an orator became generally recognized: many people flocked to listen to Turovsky’s sermons, and his sayings and prayers were known outside the Turov land. For his oratory skills, his contemporaries nicknamed him Chrysostom. Fiction Turovsky was impeccable in style, form and content, his works were distributed in lists and were well known in Rus'.

Kirill Turovsky did not leave a complete pedagogical system. About 60 of his works have reached us. The most valuable are three didactic stories-parables (“The Parable of the Soul and the Body”, “The Tale of the Belorizian and Monasticism”, “The Tale of the Chernoriz Order”) and eight sermons (“The Word on Great Day”, “The Word on Verbnitsa”, etc.). ), which contain valuable parenting tips. Turovsky believed that literacy and education are a condition for human self-improvement. Calling on his flock to study, reach for a book and read it, the educator dreamed of a time when knowledge would be available not only to rich people, but also to common people.

Turovsky's views on education are of interest. His works and sermons castigated human vices: evil, deception, laziness, gluttony, money-grubbing. The worst of all vices is pride, which is fertile ground for the development of human shortcomings. A person subject to this sin is weak in body and soul. On the contrary, the most important moral qualities are love and mercy, since it is they that help a person rise to the heights of virtue and approach the comprehension of God.

During the period when Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (second half of the 13th century - 1569), the Belarusian language became state language. Chronicles were written on it and diplomatic correspondence was conducted. As in Europe, the church monopolized education, however, according to a number of historians, this monopoly was not absolute. The correspondence of works and manuscripts not only of a church-religious, but also of a secular nature was developed.

Since the 14th century, Catholicism has penetrated the territory of Belarus, Catholic churches and schools have been opened. In Catholic primary schools They taught reading, writing, counting, and prayers. In cities (Vilno, Polotsk, Brest, Minsk, etc.) there are three-class cathedral Catholic schools, in which, in addition to languages ​​(Latin, Polish, Greek), arithmetic, grammar, and singing were studied. The University of Krakow, a generally recognized center of science and culture, had a great influence on the development of education in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The development of writing and the spiritual craving for books created the prerequisites for the development of printing. In the history of East Slavic culture and writing special place belongs to the Belarusian educator and pioneer printer Francysk Skaryna(1490 - not later than 1551). The thorough education he received at the leading universities of Europe (Cracow and Padua), versatile knowledge in various fields, multiplied by humanistic worldview, put him on a par with outstanding educators era. Skaryna not only created the first printing house in the history of the East Slavic peoples, but also published 23 illustrated books of the first Belarusian Bible under the general title “The Russian Bible was laid out by Dr. Francis Skorina from the glorious city of Polotsk, Honor God and the people of the commonwealth for good teaching."(1517-1519). Compared to other books of that time, Skaryna’s publications were noticeably different in both internal content and external design. In an era when Old Church Slavonic dominated in literature, and Latin dominated in science, Skaryna published books in his native language - Belarusian. Until the 16th century the publication of the Bible and its interpretation were considered a monopoly of the church and clergy. The only mediators between God and people could be the church and priests. Therefore, translating the Bible into another language, publishing it outside the church and reading it were tantamount to sacrilege, for which severe punishment was imposed.

Skaryna's Bible affirmed humanistic ideas: the dignity of man, the importance of his deeds and knowledge, respect for the individual, service to the homeland. Biblical stories, parables, commandments sound in the author's interpretation in a new way, full of optimism and faith. The author focuses on the earthly, close-to-human content of the Bible, the practical benefits that can be derived from reading it - enriching oneself with knowledge of history and the experience of past generations. Skorinskaya Bible - not only religious, but also historical, literary work, a collection of various information. The Enlightener provided the Bible with his own prefaces and afterwords, in which he revealed the idea of ​​each book, reporting under what historical circumstances it was written, and what its name sounds like in other languages. Skaryna did not adhere to the strict canons of church books: he handled the text freely, omitting and rearranging entire sections and chapters, and “blasphemously” published his portrait in the publication.

Francysk Skaryna was ahead of his time in many ways. In an era when religious intolerance reigned, the Inquisition was raging, books were destroyed, he preached love for one's neighbor and spoke out against religious fanaticism and superstition.

The successor of the cultural, educational and philosophical tradition of Skaryna was a Belarusian thinker, theologian and teacher Simon Budny(1530-1593). He received brilliant knowledge of history, philosophy, theology and literature for that time, and was fluent in languages ​​(Latin, Greek, Belarusian, Polish, Hebrew). Graduated from the University of Krakow with a bachelor's degree in philosophy. S. Budny is known as a prominent figure in the Protestant Church, theological theorist and preacher. He did a lot to unite anti-Catholic forces. In his works he criticized orthodox dogmas Christian religion(holy trinity, immortality of the soul, the afterlife). Being an opponent of Catholicism, he experienced particular intolerance towards the activities of the Jesuits in the field of education. He believed that they could not be trusted to educate and train young people.

Having become master of the Protestant cathedral in Kletsk in 1560, S. Budny paid great attention to issues of education and the development of the self-awareness of the Belarusian people and their culture. He advocated the widespread spread of literacy among all segments of the population, the development of a secular school, and believed that the study ancient literature and culture are a necessary condition for education. He took an active part in the creation of the Nesvizh printing house, where in 1562 he published the first printed textbook for school in the ancient Belarusian language - "Catechism". Budny developed his ethical and pedagogical ideas in theological writings - "Bible" (1572), « New Testament "(1574), “On the most important articles of the Christian faith” (576) and etc.

On the Belarusian lands, enlightenment and pedagogical thought in the 16th-17th centuries. developed in conditions of coexistence and confrontation between the Roman Catholic Church, Protestantism, Orthodoxy and Uniateism. Hence the wide variety of types of schools: Latin, Catholic, Protestant, Uniate, fraternal, etc. The strengthening of the position of Catholicism, the confrontation of churches, and the growth of patriotic sentiments had a great influence on school affairs. Therefore, from the 16th century. Along with traditional centers for the development of literacy (family, monasteries, church parishes), other centers of training and education are emerging: Catholic, urban (Latin), Protestant, fraternal schools, Uniate educational institutions.

20-60s XVI century were a period of religious tolerance. Most of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained Orthodox. The Orthodox Church occupied the Belarusian lands leading place and played a significant role in spiritual life. At the same time, with the active support of the supreme power (the Grand Duke and his inner circle), Catholicism, carried with it by monastic orders, spread across the Belarusian lands. The Jesuit order (1534-1773), which was the most persistent pursuer of the Vatican's policies in the Slavic lands, was particularly active. School and pedagogy occupied a leading place in the activities of the Jesuits. Influencing the minds of children and youth, the Jesuits sought to educate them as devoted servants of the Catholic Church, defending its interests in the fight against infidels. In an effort to seize enlightenment in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Jesuits create a network college schools in Polotsk, Nesvizh, Orsha, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Minsk, etc. Given the competition from Protestant schools, the Jesuits actively used the achievements of modern pedagogy and invited experienced teachers. The secular nature of education, religious tolerance, and free education attracted not only Catholics, but also representatives of other faiths to the Jesuit colleges. Jesuit schools were popular among the gentry, but talented people from poor families also studied there. The Jesuits fought for the younger generation and made great efforts to persuade them to move to Catholic faith. With the creation of an academy in Vilna on the basis of the collegium (1578), an integral system of Catholic education was formed: primary (parish), secondary (collegium) schools and graduate School(academy). The latter was given equal rights with the University of Krakow. The purposeful policy of the Jesuits in education brought tangible results: already in the 17th century. they secured for themselves a leading role in the spread of education among the ruling class.

In the middle of the 16th century. The ideas of the Reformation penetrate into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whose supporters sharply criticize the Catholic Church and its rituals. Of all the movements of Protestantism in Belarus, Calvinism is the most widespread. Protestant communities, as well as local magnates (Radziwills, Sapiehas, Volovichi, Chodkiewicz, etc.), who accepted Calvinism, opened Calvinist churches and schools with them. The Vilna five-year Calvinist school, where talented teachers taught, enjoyed fame. In 1617, Janusz Radziwill created a Calvinist school in Slutsk, which was called “Slutsk Athens”. The principles of its organization, methods of training and education, rules of behavior for students are reflected in the Charter, which was printed

11 years later. Protestant schools were distinguished by their clear organization, thoroughness of education, and provided training that allowed them to continue their studies at the university.

In the 60s XVI century a split occurred in the Reformation movement in the Belarusian lands. A radical wing broke away from the Calvinists, called anti-Trinitarians or Arians, who opened schools in Kletsk, Koidanov, Nesvizh, Novogrudok. Arian schools attracted a significant part of young people, regardless of their religious affiliation. Pupils of these schools were often invited as home teachers in the houses of the nobility. Each Anti-Trinitarian community had its own school, the program of which included the study of languages, philosophy, medicine, law, natural sciences and mathematics. It is believed that Arian pedagogy stood on more high level than Calvinist.

In 1569, after the conclusion of the Union of Lublin, a federal state arose between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The policy of Polonization begins, the Belarusian language turns into a second-class language. In 1596, the Orthodox Church of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered into an agreement on union with the Catholic Church, which meant recognition of the authority of the pope as the head of the church while maintaining Orthodox rites and worship in Church Slavonic and the native language. Many saw the union as a means of ending interfaith struggle and strengthening the state. Resistance to the union among believers required the church leadership to train preachers and create schools. Uniate schools were intended mainly for the poor population, they studied catechism and languages. The level of training was low.

Brotherhoods - national-religious public associations of the Orthodox Ukrainian and Belarusian population that arose in the second half of the 16th century - became the stronghold of the fight against Catholic expansion in Slavic lands. Struggle for folk traditions, for the customs and faith of the fathers was carried out by brotherhoods and through the network fraternal schools- in Vilna (1585), Lvov (1585), Mogilev (1590), Brest (1591), Minsk (1592), Kiev (1615), Lutsk (1617), Polotsk (1633). Fraternal schools were considered the most democratic educational institutions of that time, since they were all-class. Meanwhile, most of the students belonged to the middle class. Tuition fees in fraternal schools were differentiated depending on the level of family income. If wealthy families paid in full, then poor families could be exempt from paying or pay it in kind: bread, firewood, livestock, etc. .

The fraternal schools were headed by a rector. He was assisted by “watchmen” - persons appointed by the brotherhood, which strictly controlled the activities of the school. Classes started at 9 o'clock. After the prayer, the teacher questioned the students and checked their written homework. This was followed by an explanation of the new material and its consolidation. After lunch, in the presence of the teacher or older students, the students did their homework, asked questions and checked each other. On Saturday, all the material covered during the week was repeated. The organizational forms of education in fraternal schools have changed over time. At first it predominated individual training, but gradually it gives way to collective activities, and in the first quarter of the 17th century. the class-lesson system is being adopted everywhere

Education in fraternal schools was focused on the study of languages, which is why these schools were often called Greco-Slavic. Later, Latin and Polish were included in the curriculum. The works of Orthodox authors (I. Chrysostom, V. the Great, I. Damascus) and figures of fraternal schools (L. Zizaniy, I. Kopinsky, M. Smotrytsky) were actively studied. The training was divided into two stages. Younger schoolchildren were taught literacy and singing, while older students studied Old Church Slavonic, Greek and Latin, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, poetics, elements of mathematics and philosophy, and astronomy. Great place devoted to the Orthodox faith. Separate fraternal schools had printing houses. The brotherhoods exchanged works published in their printing houses and school textbooks; teachers moved from school to school, which contributed to the exchange of experience and the search for new teaching methods.

Fraternal schools were distinguished by strict discipline. Missing classes for several days without good reason could serve as grounds for exclusion. The same punishment applied to students accused of drunkenness, theft, slander, and fornication. Physical punishment was rarely used, which contrasted sharply with Western European schools, where rods were widely used.

Particular attention was paid to issues of morality. The most important task of the educational process was to raise a virtuous Christian. Children were to be taught such qualities as piety, obedience, meekness, respect and veneration for elders, and prudence. The teacher was obliged to systematically conduct conversations with students on religious and moral topics and monitor their behavior. High demands were placed on teachers, who had to be highly moral and educated people. Often outstanding cultural and educational figures of that time worked in fraternal schools: Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melenty Smotritsky, Leonty Karpovich and others.

Teachers from fraternal schools made a great contribution to the creation of the first teaching aids. So, L. Zizaniy created "ABC" which included the alphabet, prayers, dictionary, "Slovenian grammar"(1596), which left a deep mark on the history of educational literature. These books were used to study in fraternal schools in Ukraine and Belarus; they served as a model for the creation of grammars by M. Smotritsky and M.V. Lomonosov.

The activities of fraternal schools contributed to the rise of cultural life and the preservation of national identity. They played an exceptional role in the fight against Catholicism, Polonization, and in defending the purity of the Orthodox faith. Some historians believe that the activities of fraternal schools were a compromise between East Slavic and Western European Latin education. Fighting to save national traditions, they adopted some forms of Western European education and culture.

A century after the conclusion of the Union of Lublin between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland in 1696, a special resolution of the Sojm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth officially prohibited the use of the Belarusian language in state records. This decision put Latin and Catholic educational institutions in a privileged position, the displacement begins educational institutions other religious denominations. By the end of the 17th century. fraternal schools cease their activities.

In the 18th century School education on the territory of Belarus was concentrated in the hands of monastic orders: Jesuits, Dominicans, Basilians, Carmelites, Franciscans, Bernardines.

IN early XVIII V. Roman Catholic Order of PR opens PR schools(collegiums, schools). Focusing their activities on the Jesuits, these schools accept children of all classes, but they were especially popular among the gentry. Education there was free and conducted in Polish. Historians believe that of the Catholic orders, only the Jesuits could compete with PR in the pedagogical field.

In the middle of the 18th century. progressive Polish figure S. Canary carried out a reform of PR schools. In 1755 he published the work "Ordnationis visitationis apostalicae", in which rules for admission, teaching methods were developed, advice was given on education, on the use of textbooks, and the responsibilities of students were outlined. Kanarsky made changes to the content school education. The training program in PR schools was based on the Polish language and the works of Polish authors, the history of Poland, The World History and geography, social and natural sciences, mathematics.

An attempt to carry out a general reform of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was made in the 70s. XVIII century Educational Commission(1773-1794) - the state body for managing the education system. The commission's activities took place in difficult conditions. The educational system in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of various types of schools belonging to monastic orders. Their main contingent were children of the gentry. There were practically no schools for the lower classes. The commission developed a plan for reforms in the field of education - “The Charter prescribed by the Commission of Public Education for academies and schools of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.” According to the Charter, the school was supposed to become classless and secular. The Educational Commission made an attempt to separate the school from the church: general management of education was removed from the hands of the clergy, and the teaching of theology within the school was prohibited. The content of school education has been revised. Thus, in particular, great importance was given to the subjects of the natural cycle, mathematics, and the connection between teaching and practice. Humanitarian subjects were represented by languages ​​(Polish and Latin), history, law, logic, rhetoric, etc. The importance of physical education. At the same time, the authors of the document ignored the issue of female education.

Over the 20 years of its activity, the Educational Commission has opened 20 schools. However, the implementation of the reform encountered a number of obstacles: a lack of trained teachers, inconsistency and contradictory actions of the commission, and the inability to implement the planned plan. Against new system Enlightenment came from the Catholic clergy and the conservative part of the landowners. They disrupted the organization of parish schools for peasants. The declared principle of classless education was never implemented.

Education reform in conditions of political instability and internal strife in the country could hardly be successful. As a result of the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772, 1793, 1795), the Belarusian lands were transferred to Russia and were united into five provinces (Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk, Grodno, Vilna). Joining the Russian Empire drew a line under the whole historical period and marked new page in the history of education in the Belarusian lands.

Questions and tasks

• 1. What are the features of education in primitive society?
• 2. Name the common and specific features education in Sparta and Athens.
• 3. Analyze the main pedagogical ideas put forward in the teachings of the great ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle.
• 4. Give a comparative description of the ancient Greek and ancient Roman education systems.
• 5. What do you see as the influence of the traditions of Greco-Roman education on the formation and development of modern European educational practice?
• 6. Describe the main types, structure and training programs of church schools of the early Middle Ages.
• 7. Name the disciplines included in the course of the “seven liberal arts”.
• 8. What knightly virtues were formed by the system of knightly education?
• 9. Based on publications in the magazine “ALMA MATER” (1997. No. 6-10), prepare reports on the structure and content of education in the first European universities.
• 10. Analyze the development of pedagogical thought during the Renaissance.
• 11. What was the uniqueness of education in Ancient Rus'?
• 12. Why did the ancient Russian state not inherit the traditions of ancient education? Give reasons for your answer.
• 13. What literary monuments are sources of information about education in Kievan and Muscovite Rus'?
• 14. Describe the development of schooling in the Belarusian lands during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
• 15. Based on the materials of the encyclopedic reference book “Asvetshyu Land1 of Belarus (X-XIX centuries)” and additional sources, prepare biographies of the Belarusian enlighteners V. Tyapinsky, L. Zizaniya. K. Lyshchinsky.
• 16. Prepare a report on the activities of fraternal schools in Belarus, using materials from textbooks.
• 17. What do you know about the activities of the Educational Commission?

Main literature

• 1. Andreeva E.G. Pstoriya pedagogy: Vuch. dap. At 3 hours. Part II. Mn., 1993.
• 2. Asveta and the pedagogical thought in Belarus From the old days of 1917. Mn.: Nar. Asveta. 1984.
• 3. Vinnichuk L. People, morals and customs in Ancient Greece and Rome. M.: Vyssh, school, 1988.
• 4. Dzhurinsky A.N. History of pedagogy. M.: Vlados, 1999.
• 5. Zhurakovsky G.E. Essays on the history of ancient pedagogy. M., 1962.
• 6. History of Ancient Greece. M.: Vyssh, school, 1986.
• 7. History of pedagogy: Textbook, manual / Ed. A.I. Piskunova. M.: Sphere shopping center, 1997.
• 8. Kapterev P.F. History of Russian pedagogy. 2nd ed. Petersburg, 1915.
• 9. Konstantinov N.A., Medynsky E.N., Shabaeva M.F. History of pedagogy: Textbook. M.: Education, 1982.
• 10. Kornetov G.B. Education in a primitive society. M., 1993.
• 11. Ladyzhets N.S. Philosophy and practice of university education: Textbook. Izhevsk: Publishing house Udm. University, 1995.
• 12. Latyshina D.I. History of pedagogy: Textbook, manual. M.: Gardariki, 2002.
• 13. Meshcheryakov V.P. Fraternal schools of Belarus. Mn., 1977.
• 14. Narysy ricTopbii folk asvety i pedagogapchnay dumu u Belarus Mn.: Nar. Asveta, 1968.
• 15. Essays on the history of school and pedagogical thought of the peoples of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. / Rep. ed. ED. Dnieper M.: Pedagogy, 1989.
• 16. Plutarch. Table conversations. L.: Nauka, 1990.
• 17. Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia: 2 volumes / Ch. ed. V.V. Davydov. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1993. T. 1.
• 18. Fragments of early Greek philosophers. M.: Nauka, 1989. Part 1.

additional literature

Alekseev L.V. Polotsk land in the 9th-12th centuries. (Essays on the history of Northern Belarus). M., 1966.

Anthology of pedagogical thought of the Byelorussian SSR / Comp. E.K. Doroshevich et al. M.: Pedagogy, 1986.

Arlow W.A. Eufrasshnya Polatskaya. Mn.: Maet, lggaratura, 1992.

Asvetnsh land1 Belarusian (X-XIX centuries): Entsyklapedychny davedshk. Mn.: Bel. encyclopedia., 2001.

Botvinnik M.B. Lavrenty Zizaniy. Mn.: Science and technology, 1973. Korotky V.G. The creative path of Melenty Smotrytsky. Mn.: Science and technology, 1987.

Melnikau A. Yuryl, eshskap Turausk Mn., 1997.

Essays on the history and culture of Belarus in the 9th - early 20th centuries. Mn., 1996. Parashkou S.A. Adukatsyya i asveta Belarua paslya daluchennya yae da Rasshskaya iMnepbii (late XVIII - first palova XIX century): Vuch. dap. Magsheu, 1998.

Petukhova E.L. Razvschtse asvety i pedagogical thought on Belarus from the old times of the 18th century: Vuch. dap. Magsheu, 2004.

Podokshin S.A. Francis Skaryna. M.: Mysl, 1981.

Podokshin S.A. Skaryna and Budny: an essay on philosophical views. Mn., 1974.