Outstanding monuments of ancient Russian writing (review with discussion of individual fragments). Good people of ancient Rus'
Boris Zaitsev " Venerable Sergius Radonezh"
Teacher: L.L. Telegina
Purpose of the lesson: - To give students an idea about the people of ancient Rus', their
ideals and aspirations;
Introduce the historical essay by B. Zaitsev
"Reverend Sergius of Radonezh", with the personality of St.
Sergius of Radonezh.
To instill in students patriotic feelings of love and
respect for the historical past of our Fatherland,
of his people.
Equipment:
Paintings: V. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”, M. Vrubel “Mikula Selyaninovich”, P. Korin “Alexander Nevsky”, I. Glazunov “Dmitry Donskoy”, A. Bubnov “Morning on the Kulikovo Field”, etc.
Recording: from the opera “The Snow Maiden” by N. Rimsky – Korsakov,
During the classes:
Teacher's opening speech.
So, based on what you have read, seen and heard, how do you imagine the people of Ancient Rus', their ideals and aspirations?
Teacher's summary:
Yes, guys, the people of Ancient Rus' are people who passionately love their Motherland, their Fatherland. These are hardworking people: ploughmen, farmers. These are valiant warriors who defended their Fatherland from foreign invaders.
(For example: Dmitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, etc.)
Were you still in Rus'? special people who lived differently, not in a worldly way. These are monks, monks who spent their lives in prayer, fasting, and solitude. They prayed to God for all of Holy Rus', for all the Russian people. Someone lived in the forest, saving his soul, but such hermits were gradually joined by other people (monks, brothers). This is how the monastery was founded - a place where monks live and carry out their prayerful works and obediences. There are many monasteries in our country, but the 4 Lavras are especially revered (Laurels - Greek: secluded place, large monastery).
1.Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
2. Trinity-Sergius Lavra (near Moscow, Sergiev Posad)
3. Alexander Nevsky Lavra (in St. Petersburg)
4. Pochaevo-Uspenskaya Lavra (in Kremenets in Ukraine)
(Address to books at the exhibition)
The teacher's word about St. Sergius of Radonezh.
Our great-great-grandfathers went to him to receive instructions, consolation, advice, to be healed of his infirmities with his holy prayers and miraculous water from the holy spring.
Rev. Sergius of Radonezh is the founder the greatest shrine our Fatherland - the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. In it, the Holy Right-Believing Prince Dmitry Donskoy once received a blessing for the Battle of Kulikovo (show portrait) from the Venerable himself. Sergius of Radonezh and won. In it, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, he wrote his famous icons Andrei Rublev (show a reproduction of A. Rublev’s painting “Trinity”), it still attracts thousands of pilgrims, both from our Orthodox Fatherland and from abroad, and is the abode of the Patriarch in our days.
So how did the Trinity-Sergius Lavra become such a shrine, revered by the entire Orthodox world?
Setting problematic questions for the lesson.
Why Rev. Sergius is called a Saint?
What does life teach us? Sergius?
What are the qualities of Pr. Can we take Sergius of Radonezh into our arsenal?
Conversation:
Who first compiled the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh? (Epiphanius the Wise. It was written a very long time ago: about 600 years ago. Epiphanius The Wise One lived in the monastery of St. Sergius and knew him personally.)
Now you will hear an audio recording based on facts from the life of St. Sergius, comp. Epiphanius the Wise.
While listening, you will need to pay attention to and answer the following questions:
- At what time did St. Sergius live?
- Which episode from the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh do you especially remember?
- What causes you surprise, admiration, bewilderment in the personality of Pr. Sergius?
- In what ways would you like to be like him?
Lexical work.
A monastery is a place where monks live.
Brothers are monks in monasteries.
The youth is a boy.
Child is a child.
Grieving - sad.
Eating is when one eats.
Hegumen is the head of the monastery.
Reverends - righteous people, who moved away from worldly life in society and pleased God, arriving in fasting and prayer, living in deserts and monasteries.
Listening to audio recordings with episodes from the life of Pr. Sergius.
Conversation after listening.
What was your name from birth to monastic vows? (Bartholomew)
What were the names of Pr's parents? Sergius? (Maria and Kirill)
What are the activities of Sergius the monk? (Cooked lunch, sewed clothes, shoes, etc.)
What was the beginning of the Trinity - Sergius Lavra? (Tiny wooden church in the name of the Holy Trinity, built by St. Sergius)
Reading history from an essay by B. Zaitsev.
Conversation after reading B. Zaitsev’s essay “Reverend Sergius of Radonezh”
- How does the text say this? Find and read.
- Why do you think Bartholomew “wasn’t good at science”?
And so Sergius, together with his brother Stefan, built a church in the name of the Holy Trinity.
What trials and temptations did PR have to endure? Sergius and his brother Stefan? Why does Stefan leave his brother?
(Unable to withstand a hard life)
-How is monastic life different from our secular life?
(The incident when, after starving for 3 days, he went to build a vestibule in Daniel’s cell and received for the work “a sieve with pieces of rotten bread”)
-What battle did the Ave. bless for? Sergius Dmitry Donskoy?
(To the Battle of Kulikovo.)
Tell us about it. (Message from a student about the Battle of Kulikovo.)
Working with a portrait.
The eyes are attentive;
The look is kind and meek;
Hands: right hand blesses, and in the left holds a scroll, probably as a sign of blessing for teaching, for educational work.
Let us turn to Nesterov’s painting “Vision to the Youth Bartholomew.”
- What can you say about the landscape?
- Let’s read in the student’s article “The Language of Painting” about the role that landscape plays in expressing the essence of Russian character.
Answers to problematic issue lesson.
Summing up the lesson.
Homework– differentiated.
IIlevel "4"- You receive the task: 3 are written on the cards folk proverbs. You need to give an example from the life of Pr. Sergius, illustrating this proverb:
“He who honors his parents never perishes”
“To live is to serve God”
"The smart one humbles himself, the stupid one puffs up"
IIIlevel "5"- Answer in writing the question: What is common and what is the difference between the two works - Epiphanius the Wise “Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh" and B. Zaitsev's essay "Prospect. Sergius of Radonezh."
Create an outline for your essay.
(approximate plan:
Parents
Birth
Meeting with the icon
Youth
- service to God)
Boris Zaitsev
"Reverend Sergius of Radonezh"
Fill in the missing words in the statements of St. Sergius:
The desire of the abbess is the beginning and the root………….
It is better to study than………….
It is better to obey than………….
I don't charge before………….
Quiz by ancient Russian literature:
Who compiled the life of Sergius of Radonezh?
Name the first autobiographical work Russian literature.
How is the name of Sergius of Radonezh connected with the Battle of Kulikovo?
To whom St. Sergius said: “Death awaits him. And what about your help, mercy, and glory to the Lord? Who will be destroyed, who will be celebrated?
What were the names of the two monks - schema-monks whom St. Sergius gave as assistants to Prince Dmitry?
Name four famous Laurels and their locations.
About whom did Gorky write: “The language, as well as the style... remains an unsurpassed example of the fiery and passionate speech of a fighter”? ………….
Write the meanings of church words.
presbyter………….
prosphora………….
psalm………….
abbot………….
cell………….
deserts………….
liturgy………….
schema………….
deacon………….
Archpriest………….
All-night vigil………….
archimandrite………….
black………….
What was a person like in Ancient Rus'? The Old Church Slavonic language testifies that he was very active and talkative, but in poor health. There was more sadness in his life than fun. He would gladly not work, but he never refused to work. However, he was not unscrupulous and had a precise concept of love. The study was carried out at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the support of the Russian Humanitarian Fund.The consciousness of a person of any era can be reconstructed through the language he spoke. Researcher at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences T.I. Vendina, having analyzed vocabulary the most ancient Old Church Slavonic written sources of the 10th-11th centuries, as well as the peculiarities of word formation of the Old Church Slavonic language, was able to answer the question of who he was, the man of Ancient Rus', what he was like and what he did?
The external portrait of a person in Ancient Rus' is very stingy. Do not drink water from your face, apparently, this was the belief at that time. This is probably why in the dictionary of a person of that era there were only two adjectives with the meaning “beautiful” - KIND and KIND. At that time they looked much more closely at the moral character of the builder of feudalism. The language has preserved many names for the vices and virtues of which man was capable. What can you do, and the man of Ancient Rus' was sometimes a BESSRAM, a BESTOUDNIK, a BESTOUDNESS, a LYUTYD, a PRODUCT, a WINE DRIVER, an INCHLOVEK, in a word. But at the same time he was never unscrupulous and soulless. There were simply no such words. Indeed, in the view of the Middle Ages, every person has a conscience, like a soul. Our ancestor had many virtues; he was a man of prayer, a hermit, and a saint (LOVER OF GOD, GOD-CHIRD). And the fact that in Old Slavonic language the number of virtues is inferior in number to sins, which may indicate his excessive severity towards himself.
His own imperfection did not allow him to rejoice. There were few words in his vocabulary that conveyed happiness and joy. The adjective HAPPY is rather an exception to the rule. And if he was cheerful, it was about God (BOGOVESELEN). But the state of sadness was conveyed by many words and expressions. He was OUNYL, and SCRUBBING, and MINSTOPLACHN, and FUCKING. Life forced him to SUFFER, SCRIP, SUFFER, STRIP, GRIEVE, CRY, SLIP and SOOB. The state of sadness was even described by the very eloquent verb LOBOKATI (that is, to love to cry). How can one not cry when there was a high probability of dying not by natural causes? It is not for nothing that the meaning of “to kill, to put to death” is conveyed in the Old Church Slavonic language by 17 verbs, and “to leave alive” is conveyed by only one, ZHIVITI.
The physical form of man in Ancient Rus' left much to be desired: the language retained many names for the diseases from which he suffered. He was GNOIN, and KRUVOTOCHIV, and LEPER, and P·GOTIV, and SOUKHONOG. A very common misfortune was going crazy. Verbs with the meaning “get well” were noticeably inferior in number to verbs with the meaning “die”, and only a single verb indicated being in health - WELCOME. A medieval person would have complained, but there was no suitable word.
Medieval man was very mobile. Suffice it to say that he had about 200 verbs of motion. And there are only two verbs with the meaning “stop” (“STATE”). Slowness, that is, slowness, was regarded as laziness and indifference. He moved on his own two feet. Therefore, it was important for his characteristics to be BLAGOGOL · NNЪ (having strong legs).
He did not stop working, but he would gladly refuse to work. The work was hard, associated with suffering (SUFFERING - hard work), but it was work for oneself. Work, in the minds of medieval people, was forced, slave labor. (WORK - slavery, bondage; WORK - hard work for someone).
At large physical activity he could not deny himself such a pleasure as conversation. Talking was his weakness. This is evidenced by the huge number of verbs with the meaning “to speak”, as well as the existence of such verbs as MULTIPLE VERB, EXTEND THE WORD (to speak for a long time). Apparently, due to the need for listeners to interrupt this verbal flow, even special verbs arose: OUMCHATI, MONEMLYATI (silence).
And finally, about the personal. For the people of Ancient Rus', the concept of “friendship” did not exist (again, there was no such word in his dictionary). But he knew exactly what love was. To love, in the minds of medieval people, is BLAGOVOLITI, BLAGOVOLITI, VBLAGOVILITY, that is, to wish goodness and benefit to another person.
Source -
Today our knowledge of Ancient Rus' is similar to mythology. Free people, brave princes and heroes, milk rivers with jelly banks. True story less poetic, but no less interesting.
There was no “Kievan Rus”
The name “Kievan Rus” appeared in the 19th century in the works of Mikhail Maksimovich and other historians in memory of the primacy of Kyiv. Already in the very first centuries of Rus', the state consisted of several isolated principalities, living their own lives and completely independently. With the lands nominally subjugated to Kyiv, Rus' was not united. Such a system was common in the early feudal states of Europe, where each feudal lord had the right of ownership of the lands and all the people on them.
"From the Varangians" anywhere
The route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” along the Dnieper was not an independent trade artery. Rather, it is a collective name for land, river and sea routes between the Baltic and Byzantium. This is evidenced by the small number of Byzantine coins and large treasures of Arab ones. No treasures of coins were found at all on an important section of the route. The difficulties of the route along the Dnieper were the complexity of the portages and rapids (in summer and autumn the rapids were impassable). Although Dnepr played important role, such rivers as the Pripyat, Neman and Western Dvina no less served as a connection with Europe and Scandinavia. The path “from the Germans to the Khazars” was just as extensive.
The walls of ancient temples hid organs
In Kievan Rus one could see organs and not see bells in churches. Although bells existed in large cathedrals, in small churches they were often replaced by flat bells. After the Mongol conquests, the organs were lost and forgotten, and the first bell makers came again from Western Europe. A researcher writes about organs in the ancient Russian era musical culture Tatiana Vladyshevskaya. One of the frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, “Buffoons,” depicts a scene with playing the organ.
Polotsk residents are “relatives” of Poles
The language of the Old Russian population is considered East Slavic. However, archaeologists and linguists do not entirely agree with this. The ancestors of the Novgorod Slovenes and parts of the Krivichi (Polotsk) arrived not from the southern expanses from the Carpathians to the right bank of the Dnieper, but from the West. Researchers see a West Slavic “trace” in ceramic finds and birch bark records. The prominent historian-researcher Vladimir Sedov is also inclined towards this version. Household items and ritual features are similar among the Ilmen and Baltic Slavs.
The princes had an oriental appearance
Appearance Kyiv princes was not always truly “Slavic” as is commonly imagined. It's all about subtle Kyiv diplomacy, accompanied by dynastic marriages, both with European dynasties and with nomads - Alans, Yases, Polovtsians. The Polovtsian wives of the Russian princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vsevolod Vladimirovich are known. In some reconstructions, Russian princes have Mongoloid features.
Not in Russian, but in Pskov
Novgorod and Pskov dialects differed from other dialects of Ancient Rus'. They contained features inherent in the languages of Polabs and Poles, and even completely archaic, proto-Slavic ones. Known parallels: kirk-"church", hede- “gray-haired”. The remaining dialects were very similar to each other, although they were not such a single language as modern Russian. Despite the differences, ordinary Novgorodians and Kyivians could understand each other well: the words reflected the common life of all Slavs.
“Non-folk” meetings were the norm
Veches were not always truly popular gatherings, as the chronicles so beautifully say. Many don't free people did not have any rights. Often the meeting gathered only the most influential and wealthy people. At the same time, any crowded meeting of free people could be called a veche, but the concept of “freedom” in the 9th-10th centuries. it was still quite vague: people were completely dependent on the feudal lords. Therefore, even the veche squares accommodated only a limited number of “best” people.
Rusyns never lived in Rus'
The fate of the East Slavic people of the Rusyns was very strange. Rusyns in old treaties and chronicles usually called the inhabitants of Rus'. But the Carpathian people of Rusyns never live much further west than the borders of Rus', if we could talk about borders in that distant era. According to one version, these people were nicknamed Rusyns because of the similar language of the Hungarians, Romanians or Poles to the Russian dialects; according to another, the name was brought by the Tivertsy and Ulichi who migrated to the west, having been under the rule of Kyiv.
"White spots" in the most visible place
We know almost nothing about the first Rurikovichs. The events described in the “Tale of Bygone Years” were already legendary at the time of writing, and the evidence of archaeologists and later chronicles scanty and ambiguous. Written treaties mention certain Helga, Inger, Sfendoslav, but the dates of events in different sources diverge. The role of the Kyiv “Varangian” Askold in the formation of Russian statehood is also not very clear. And this is not to mention the eternal controversy surrounding the personality of Rurik.
"Capital" was a border fortress
Kyiv was far from being in the center of Russian lands, but was the southern border fortress of Rus', while being located in the very north modern Ukraine. Cities south of Kyiv and its environs, as a rule, served as centers of nomadic tribes: Torks, Alans, Polovtsians, or were primarily of defensive importance (for example, Pereyaslavl).
Rus' - a slave trading state
An important source of wealth in Ancient Rus' was the slave trade. They traded not only in captured foreigners, but also in Slavs. The latter were in great demand in eastern markets. Arab sources of the 10th-11th centuries vividly describe the path of slaves from Rus' to the countries of the Caliphate and the Mediterranean. The slave trade was beneficial to the princes; large cities on the Volga and Dnieper were centers of the slave trade. Great amount people in Rus' were not free; they could be sold into slavery to foreign merchants for debts. One of the main slave traders were Radonite Jews.
In Kyiv, the Khazars “inherited”
During the reign of the Khazars (IX-X centuries), in addition to the Turkic tribute collectors, there was a large diaspora of Jews in Kyiv. Monuments of that era are still reflected in the “Kiev Letter,” containing correspondence in Hebrew between Kyiv Jews and other Jewish communities. The manuscript is kept in the Cambridge Library. One of the three main Kyiv gates was called Zhidovsky. In one of the early Byzantine documents, Kyiv is called Sambatas, which, according to one version, can be translated from Khazar as “upper fortress.”
Kyiv – Third Rome
Ancient Kyiv before Mongol yoke occupied an area of about 300 hectares during its heyday, the number of churches numbered in the hundreds, and for the first time in the history of Rus', it used a block layout that made the streets orderly. The city was admired by Europeans, Arabs, and Byzantines and was called a rival to Constantinople. However, from all the abundance of that time, almost not a single building remains, not counting the St. Sophia Cathedral, a couple of rebuilt churches and the recreated Golden Gate. The first white-stone church (Desiatinnaya), where Kievans fled from the Mongol raids, was destroyed already in the 13th century
Russian fortresses are older than Rus'
One of the first stone fortresses of Rus' was the stone-earth fortress in Ladoga (Lyubshanskaya, 7th century), founded by the Slovenes. The Scandinavian fortress that stood on the other bank of the Volkhov was still wooden. Built in the era Prophetic Oleg the new stone fortress was no longer inferior to similar fortresses in Europe. It was she who was called Aldegyuborg in the Scandinavian sagas. One of the first strongholds on the southern border was the fortress in Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny. Among Russian cities, only a few could boast of stone defensive architecture. These are Izborsk (XI century), Pskov (XII century) and later Koporye (XIII century). Kyiv to Old Russian time was almost entirely made of wood. The oldest stone fortress was the castle of Andrei Bogolyubsky near Vladimir, although it is famous more for its decorative part.
The Cyrillic alphabet was almost never used
The Glagolitic alphabet, the first written alphabet of the Slavs, did not take root in Rus', although it was known and could be translated. Glagolitic letters were used only in some documents. It was she who in the first centuries of Rus' was associated with the preacher Kirill and was called the “Cyrillic alphabet”. Glagolitic script was often used as a cryptographic script. The first inscription in the actual Cyrillic alphabet was the strange inscription “goroukhsha” or “gorushna” on a clay vessel from the Gnezdovo mound. The inscription appeared shortly before the baptism of the Kievites. Origin and exact interpretation This word is still controversial.
Old Russian universe
Lake Ladoga was called “Lake the Great Nevo” after the Neva River. The ending “-o” was common (for example: Onego, Nero, Volgo). The Baltic Sea was called the Varangian Sea, the Black Sea was called the Russian Sea, the Caspian Sea was called the Khvalis Sea, the Azov Sea was called the Surozh Sea, and the White Sea was called the Icy Sea. The Balkan Slavs, on the contrary, called the Aegean Sea the White Sea (Byalo Sea). The Great Don was not called the Don, but its right tributary, the Seversky Donets. Ural Mountains in the old days it was called the Big Stone.
Heir to Great Moravia
With the decline of Great Moravia, the largest Slavic power of its time, the rise of Kyiv and the gradual Christianization of Rus' began. Thus, the chronicled White Croats came out from under the influence of the collapsing Moravia and fell under the attraction of Rus'. Their neighbors, the Volynians and Buzhanians, had long been involved in Byzantine trade along the Bug, which is why they were known as translators during Oleg’s campaigns. The role of the Moravian scribes, who with the collapse of the state began to be oppressed by the Latins, is unknown, but the most a large number of translations of Great Moravians Christian books(about 39) was located in Kievan Rus.
Without alcohol and sugar
There was no alcoholism as a phenomenon in Rus'. Wine spirit came to the country after the Tatar-Mongol yoke, even brewing in classic look did not work out. The strength of drinks was usually not higher than 1-2%. They drank nutritious honey, as well as intoxicated or infused honey (low alcohol), digests, and kvass.
Ordinary people in Ancient Rus' did not eat butter, did not know spices like mustard and bay leaves, or sugar. They cooked turnips, the table was replete with porridges, dishes from berries and mushrooms. Instead of tea, they drank infusions of fireweed, which would later become known as “Koporo tea” or Ivan tea. Kissels were unsweetened and made from cereals. They also ate a lot of game: pigeons, hares, deer, boars. Traditional dairy dishes were sour cream and cottage cheese.
Two "Bulgarias" in the service of Rus'
These two most powerful neighbors of Rus' had a huge influence on it. After the decline of Moravia, both countries, which arose from the fragments of Great Bulgaria, experienced prosperity. The first country said goodbye to the “Bulgar” past, dissolved in the Slavic majority, converted to Orthodoxy and adopted Byzantine culture. Second after Arab world became Islamic, but retained the Bulgarian language as the state language.
The center of Slavic literature moved to Bulgaria, at that time its territory expanded so much that it included part of the future Rus'. A variant of Old Bulgarian became the language of the Church. It was used in numerous lives and teachings. Bulgaria, in turn, sought to restore order in trade along the Volga, stopping the attacks of foreign bandits and robbers. The normalization of Volga trade provided the princely possessions with an abundance of eastern goods. Bulgaria influenced Rus' with culture and literature, and Bulgaria contributed to its wealth and prosperity.
Forgotten “megacities” of Rus'
Kyiv and Novgorod were not the only ones major cities Rus', it’s not for nothing that in Scandinavia it was nicknamed “Gardarika” (country of cities). Before the rise of Kyiv, one of the largest settlements in all of Eastern and Northern Europe was Gnezdovo, the ancestor city of Smolensk. The name is conditional, since Smolensk itself is located to the side. But perhaps we know his name from the sagas - Surnes. The most populated were also Ladoga, symbolically considered the “first capital,” and the Timerevo settlement near Yaroslavl, which was built opposite the famous neighboring city.
“Rus”, “Roksolania”, “Gardarika” and more
The Balts called the country “Krevia” after the neighboring Krivichi, the Latin “Rutenia”, less often “Roxolania”, took root in Europe, the Scandinavian sagas called Rus' “Gardarika” (country of cities), the Chud and Finns “Venemaa” or “Venaya” (from the Wends), the Arabs called the main population of the country “As-Sakaliba” (Slavs, Sklavins)
Slavs beyond borders
Traces of the Slavs could be found outside the borders of the Rurikovich state. Many cities along the middle Volga and Crimea were multinational and inhabited, among other things, by Slavs. Before the Polovtsian invasion, many Slavic towns existed on the Don. Known Slavic names many Byzantine Black Sea cities - Korchev, Korsun, Surozh, Gusliev. This indicates the constant presence of Russian traders. The Peipus cities of Estland (modern Estonia) - Kolyvan, Yuryev, Bear's Head, Klin - passed into the hands of the Slavs, the Germans, and local tribes with varying degrees of success. Along the Western Dvina, Krivichi settled interspersed with the Balts. In the zone of influence of Russian traders was Nevgin (Daugavpils), in Latgale - Rezhitsa and Ochela. Chronicles constantly mention the campaigns of Russian princes on the Danube and the capture of local cities. For example, the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl “locked the door of the Danube with a key.”
And pirates and nomads
Fugitive people from various volosts of Rus' formed independent associations long before the Cossacks. There were known Berladians who inhabited the southern steppes, the main city of which was Berlady in the Carpathian region. They often attacked Russian cities, but at the same time they took part in joint campaigns with Russian princes. The chronicles also introduce us to the Brodniks, a mixed population of unknown origin who had much in common with the Berladniks.
Sea pirates from Rus' were ushkuiniki. Initially, these were Novgorodians who were engaged in raids and trade on the Volga, Kama, Bulgaria and the Baltic. They even took trips to the Urals - to Ugra. Later they separated from Novgorod and even found their own capital in the city of Khlynov on Vyatka. Perhaps it was the Ushkuiniki, together with the Karelians, who ruined ancient capital Sweden - Sigtun in 1187.
Goals: continue acquaintance with works of ancient Russian literature; improve skills in analyzing the text read and building historical and literary connections; help to feel the moral, aesthetic impact cultural heritage on a person's spiritual life. Equipment: texts of the chronicles “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum”, “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, reproductions of paintings by V. Vasnetsov, M. Vrubel, a. Bubnova, P. Korina. DURING THE CLASSES I.
Organizational stage II. Update background knowledge Listening to 2-3 messages: “Literature Kievan Rus How medieval art words”, “The significance of the introduction of Christianity in Rus' for the development of education, literature and art” (see. Homework previous lesson).
III. Setting goals and objectives for the lesson. Motivation educational activities 1.
posing a problematic question “remember something familiar...” (in groups) Teacher. In grades 7-8, you read excerpts from works of ancient Russian literature (name which ones), as well as some epics and fairy tales. More by primary classes, obviously, you know the works of painters on the topic of Russian history - paintings by V. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”, M. Vrubel “Mikula Selyaninovich”, P. Korin “Alexander Nevsky”, A.
Bubnova "Morning on the Kulikovo Field". Perhaps you have heard, at least in fragments, the opera by N. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Snow Maiden". How do you, based on what you have read, seen and heard, imagine the people of Ancient Rus', their ideals and aspirations? 2. presentation of results creative works representatives of groups IV. Work on the topic of the lesson 1. Teacher's message (As the message progresses, students make up theses.) - In the 11th–12th centuries, works of ancient Greek, ancient Roman, and Byzantine authors were translated in Kyiv. These were books on history, geography, natural history, as well as stories, novels, collections of legends and fairy tales. During the same period, original works were created. Many literary monuments Ancient Rus' is associated with religion (church sermons, “lives of saints”). Outstanding historical work there was a chronicle created in the cities of Ancient Rus' and, above all, in Kyiv. Chroniclers not only recorded what they themselves witnessed, but also sought to recreate big picture past of the Russian land. For this purpose they used Byzantine historical chronicles, as well as folk legends, epics. Enormous in scope historical events chronicle called “The Tale of Bygone Years” (that is, bygone years). Over the course of several decades, it was created by many authors. IN beginning of XII century, all the records were brought together into a single whole by the chronicler Nestor. The chronicle tells about the emergence of the Old Russian state (“where did the Russian land come from”) and the first princes (“who was the first prince in Kyiv”). The chronicler monk Nestor and his successors were educated people of their time, not alien to “worldly” interests. The breadth of mental horizons and patriotism allowed the authors of The Tale of Bygone Years to correctly judge the true needs of the country. With a feeling of deep bitterness, they spoke about the troubles of their homeland, suffering from princely strife, calling on the princes to unite to fight the steppe nomads who were ravaging Rus'. Chronicle texts were often distinguished by high artistry: picturesque sketches, lyrical emotion. IN chronicle stories reproduced interesting stories, historical or legendary, fabulous; characters were abundantly introduced into the narrative, filled with vivid comparisons, wise sayings. In addition to the chronicle, military historical stories were widespread in Rus', telling about the heroic struggle of the Russian people with foreigners; “walking” - stories about inquisitive travelers; sermons and teachings, the authors of which said what a person should be; messages - passionate journalistic writings, often accusatory; “words” dedicated to important issues public life; “lives” are stories about exemplary (“saints”), according to the ideas of that time, people. Since the 13th century, the number of hermits in the country has been growing - people who break with their surroundings, go to desert places, mountains, forests, so that, abandoning material goods and bodily joys, devote themselves to prayers and curb their whims and passions. Gradually, entire communities of hermits were created, and forest monasteries arose. Such a monastery, called Trinity, was founded not far from Moscow by Sergius of Radonezh. Many forest elders were distinguished by hard work, modesty, and a sense of mutual respect, and in difficult times for their homeland they did everything to rouse and rally the people to fight the external enemy. Those who were most famous for their feats of self-sacrifice and faith were canonized by the church as saints. Contemporaries and descendants talked about them in hagiographies, which served as the main form of reading in the Middle Ages. The lives wonderfully intertwined descriptions of the facts of reality with legends and fantasies. The life of the famous religious figure Sergius of Radonezh, compiled by Epiphanius the Wise (Epiphanius himself spent more than thirty years in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery). Zaitsev Boris Konstantinovich - author of stories, novels, essays, plays, translations, works in religious themes. His historical essay “St. Sergius of Radonezh” was written on the basis of ancient sources - legends, traditions, as well as the life compiled by Epiphanius the Wise. We will get acquainted with excerpts from this essay, since the text of Epiphanius the Wise is difficult for an unprepared reader. 2. Commented reading of excerpts from the historical essay by B. Zaitsev “Reverend Sergius of Radonezh” 3. work with the chronicle text “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum” A) Teacher’s message
You have read the answer to the question Outstanding monuments of ancient Russian writing (review with discussion individual fragments) and if you like the material, bookmark it - » Outstanding monuments of ancient Russian writing (review with discussion of individual fragments)? .
- The founder and subsequently abbot of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery is revered in Rus' as the greatest ascetic and defender of the Russian land from enemies. What miracles did Saint Sergius of Radonezh know during his lifetime? 1. Power over demons. It is believed that during the solitary asceticism that preceded the founding of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Father Sergius drove away the demons testing him with prayer and the cross. 2. Signs about the future. Saint Sergius of Radonezh was given a heavenly sign that his monastery would never become scarce. 3. The founder and then abbot of the Trinity-Sergius monastery travels to Russia as the greatest ascetics and defenders of the Russian land among the enemies. What miracles did St. Sergius of Radonezh witness? 1. Vlad nad bisami. It is respected that at the hour of selfless asceticism, which passed on to the representatives of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Father Sergius, through prayer and the cross, raised up his demons to try. 2. Banner about the future. Saint Sergius of Radonezh was given a heavenly banner that his monastery would never be destroyed. The Nativity of Christ has been celebrated in Rus' for a long time. Unlike Christmas Eve, Christmas was celebrated cheerfully and noisily. Christmas in Rus' has always been the most joyful and anticipated holiday. With the first morning bell, on this day all people in Rus' went to the festive service in church. Then fun festivities took place. Young people went sledding or skiing down the hill. Christmas in Rus' has always been accompanied by laughter, fun and songs. Housewives began preparing treats for Kash in the morning - this was the main hot dish in Ancient Rus'. The porridge was seasoned with vegetable oil. They also ate meat that was fried or stewed. There were no soups in Ancient Rus'; they appeared only at the end of the seventeenth century, it was brought by foreigners from Europe. In summer popular dish there was a prison - the grandmother of the current okroshka. Vegetables such as turnips, carrots, onions and peas are widespread. What is interesting is that in those days they were already preparing vegetables for future use - 1. The year of birth of the saint is unknown, but the Church celebrates October 7 as the day of St. Sergius of Radonezh, because he: A) was born on this day; B) took monastic vows in a monastery; B) died. 2. What name did Sergius have before he was tonsured? A) Bartholomew; B) Eremey; B) Ptolemy. 3. Sergius of Radonezh in the forests of the Moscow region in the middle of the 14th century founded a monastery (male Orthodox monastery), which later received the name: A) Alexander Nevsky Lavra; B) Kiev-Pechersk Lavra; B) Trinity-Sergius Lavra. 4. Before the Battle of Kulikovo with the Tatars, Sergius of Radonezh blessed Dmitry Donskoy,
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Home > Lesson
Lesson summary on the topic: People of Ancient Rus'.
Boris Zaitsev "Reverend Sergius of Radonezh"
Teacher: L.L. Telegina
Purpose of the lesson: - To give students an idea about the people of ancient Rus', their
ideals and aspirations;
Introduce the historical essay by B. Zaitsev
"Reverend Sergius of Radonezh", with the personality of St.
Sergius of Radonezh.
To instill in students patriotic feelings of love and
respect for the historical past of our Fatherland,
of his people.
Equipment:
Paintings: V. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”, M. Vrubel “Mikula Selyaninovich”, P. Korin “Alexander Nevsky”, I. Glazunov “Dmitry Donskoy”, A. Bubnov “Morning on the Kulikovo Field”, etc.
Recording: from the opera “The Snow Maiden” by N. Rimsky – Korsakov,
from the opera “Prince Igor” by A.P. Borodin.
During the classes:
Teacher's opening speech.
Guys, in grades 5–7. you have already become acquainted with works of folklore and ancient Russian literature. You know epics, fairy tales, and in 8th grade. got acquainted with historical and lyrical songs. Please remember what epics and fairy tales you know, how you imagine the heroes of these oral folk genres.
So, based on what you have read, seen and heard, how do you imagine the people of Ancient Rus', their ideals and aspirations?
Teacher's summary:
Yes, guys, the people of Ancient Rus' are people who passionately love their Motherland, their Fatherland. These are hardworking people: ploughmen, farmers. These are valiant warriors who defended their Fatherland from foreign invaders.
(For example: Dmitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, etc.)
And there were still special people in Rus' who lived differently, not in a worldly way. These are monks, monks who spent their lives in prayer, fasting, and solitude. They prayed to God for all of Holy Rus', for all the Russian people. Someone lived in the forest, saving his soul, but such hermits were gradually joined by other people (monks, brothers). This is how the monastery was founded - a place where monks live and carry out their prayerful works and obediences. There are many monasteries in our country, but the 4 Lavras are especially revered (Laurels - Greek: secluded place, large monastery).
1.Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
2. Trinity-Sergius Lavra (near Moscow, Sergiev Posad)
3. Alexander Nevsky Lavra (in St. Petersburg)
4. Pochaevo-Uspenskaya Lavra (in Kremenets in Ukraine)
(Address to books at the exhibition)
The teacher's word about St. Sergius of Radonezh.
- The name of St. Sergius of Radonezh is widely famous in Rus'.
Our great-great-grandfathers went to him to receive instructions, consolation, advice, to be healed of his infirmities with his holy prayers and miraculous water from the holy spring.
Rev. Sergius of Radonezh is the founder of the greatest shrine of our Fatherland - the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. In it, the Holy Right-Believing Prince Dmitry Donskoy once received a blessing for the Battle of Kulikovo (show portrait) from the Venerable himself. Sergius of Radonezh and won. In it, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Andrei Rublev painted his famous icons (show a reproduction of A. Rublev’s painting “Trinity”), it still attracts thousands of pilgrims, both from our Orthodox Fatherland and from abroad, and is the abode of the Patriarch Nowadays.
So how did the Trinity-Sergius Lavra become such a shrine, revered by the entire Orthodox world?
Setting problematic questions for the lesson.
What is the significance of personality Pr. Sergius of Radonezh?
Why Rev. Sergius is called a Saint?
What does life teach us? Sergius?
What are the qualities of Pr. Can we take Sergius of Radonezh into our arsenal?
Conversation:
- As called works that tell about people who became famous for their feats of self-sacrifice and faith and whom the church ranks among the saints? (lives of saints)
Who first compiled the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh? (Epiphanius the Wise. It was written a very long time ago: about 600 years ago. Epiphanius the Wise lived in the monastery of St. Sergius and knew him personally.)
Now you will hear an audio recording based on facts from the life of St. Sergius, comp. Epiphanius the Wise.
While listening, you will need to pay attention to and answer the following questions:
- At what time did St. Sergius live?
- Which episode from the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh do you especially remember?
- What causes you surprise, admiration, bewilderment in the personality of Pr. Sergius?
- In what ways would you like to be like him?
Lexical work.
Hermit - inhabitant of the desert.
A monastery is a place where monks live.
Brothers are monks in monasteries.
The youth is a boy.
Child is a child.
Grieving - sad.
Eating is when one eats.
Hegumen is the head of the monastery.
Reverends are righteous people who moved away from worldly life in society and pleased God by fasting and praying, living in deserts and monasteries.
Listening to audio recordings with episodes from the life of Pr. Sergius.
Conversation after listening.
What family does Pr. come from? Sergius of Radonezh?
What was your name from birth to monastic vows? (Bartholomew)
What were the names of Pr's parents? Sergius? (Maria and Kirill)
What are the activities of Sergius the monk? (Cooked lunch, sewed clothes, shoes, etc.)
What was the beginning of the Trinity - Sergius Lavra? (Tiny wooden church in the name of the Holy Trinity, built by St. Sergius)
Reading history from an essay by B. Zaitsev.
Conversation after reading B. Zaitsev’s essay “Reverend Sergius of Radonezh”
- What did Pr. tell you about his childhood? Sergius Boris Zaitsev in an essay?
- How does the text say this? Find and read.
- Why do you think Bartholomew “wasn’t good at science”?
And so Sergius, together with his brother Stefan, built a church in the name of the Holy Trinity.
What trials and temptations did PR have to endure? Sergius and his brother Stefan? Why does Stefan leave his brother?
(Unable to withstand a hard life)
-How is monastic life different from our secular life?
(The incident when, after starving for 3 days, he went to build a vestibule in Daniel’s cell and received for the work “a sieve with pieces of rotten bread”)
-What battle did the Ave. bless for? Sergius Dmitry Donskoy?
(To the Battle of Kulikovo.)
Tell us about it. (Message from a student about the Battle of Kulikovo.)
Working with a portrait.
Let's turn to the portrait of Pr. Sergius.
The eyes are attentive;
The look is kind and meek;
Hands: the right hand blesses, and in the left one holds a scroll, probably as a sign of blessing for teaching, for educational work.
Let us turn to Nesterov’s painting “Vision to the Youth Bartholomew.”
- Who is depicted in the picture?
- What can you say about the landscape?
- Let’s read in the student’s article “The Language of Painting” about the role that landscape plays in expressing the essence of Russian character.
Answers to the problematic question of the lesson.
(Problematic questions are read)
Summing up the lesson.
Homework is differentiated.
Ilevel "3"- prepare a retelling of your favorite episode from the history of B. Zaitsev’s essay “Prospect. Sergius of Radonezh ". Make an illustration or drawing in a notebook.
IIlevel "4"- You receive a task: 3 folk proverbs are written on the cards. You need to give an example from the life of Pr. Sergius, illustrating this proverb:
“He who honors his parents never perishes”
“To live is to serve God”
"The smart one humbles himself, the stupid one puffs up"
(To do this you need to know the essay well)
IIIlevel "5"- Answer in writing the question: What is common and what is the difference between the two works - Epiphanius the Wise “Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh" and B. Zaitsev's essay "Prospect. Sergius of Radonezh."
Create an outline for your essay.
(approximate plan:
Parents
Birth
Meeting with the icon
Serving God)
Boris Zaitsev
"Reverend Sergius of Radonezh"
Fill in the missing words in the statements of St. Sergius:
The desire of the abbess is the beginning and the root………….
It is better to study than………….
It is better to obey than………….
I don't charge before………….
Quiz on ancient Russian literature:
Who compiled the life of Sergius of Radonezh?
Name the first autobiographical work of Russian literature.
How is the name of Sergius of Radonezh connected with the Battle of Kulikovo?
To whom St. Sergius said: “Death awaits him. And what about your help, mercy, and glory to the Lord? Who will be destroyed, who will be celebrated?
What were the names of the two monks - schema-monks whom St. Sergius gave as assistants to Prince Dmitry?
Name four famous Laurels and their locations.
About whom did Gorky write: “The language, as well as the style... remains an unsurpassed example of the fiery and passionate speech of a fighter”? ………….
Write the meanings of church words.
monk………….
presbyter………….
prosphora………….
psalm………….
abbot………….
cell………….
deserts………….
liturgy………….
schema………….
deacon………….
Archpriest………….
All-night vigil………….
archimandrite………….
black………….
skufya………….
Apocalypse………….