The theme of loneliness in the story is melancholy. The theme of loneliness of older people in literary works
The well-fed philistine happiness caused irritation in Chekhov; he suffered because beauty was being destroyed in the sleepy stupor of philistinism human relations. Hence the writer’s longing for the real, spiritual meaningful life, full of work and creativity. In this feeling, perhaps, the whole of Chekhov with his hidden suffering, merciless denunciation of vulgarity, active defense of the healthy, active principles of human life.
Indifference is another reason for my turning to this topic. How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget about the insults and sorrows that we ourselves brought to our closest and dearest people. After all, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say sweet Nothing, smile. But sometimes we feel so sorry for this little thing. Well, what did it take for the heroes of the story “Tosca” to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov. Their souls would become much brighter and purer if they understood the cab driver’s grief. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, and indifference finally leave us.
2. Goals and objectives that I set for myself:
deeper knowledge of a given work of literature;
identify the theme and problems of the story;
take a deeper look at the work of A.P. Chekhov.
I. The history of the creation of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca"
II. The theme of human loneliness in the world, expressed in one work by A.P. Chekhov.
The story “Tosca” as a reflection on comprehensive pattern human existence.
Plot, composition, storyline of the work.
An artistic detail in a story.
“Chekhov had the least claim to the role of a preacher, an ideological leader of youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy actions only because he, as if with a click, eradicated all spiritual trashiness from us.”
K. Chukovsky
MEANING (press?) oppression of the spirit, languor of the soul, painful sadness;
mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom,
grief, sadness, heartache, sorrow.
V. I. Dal (“Explanatory Dictionary
living Great Russian language")
A.P. Chekhov - subtle psychologist human soul. He showed how hopeless the melancholy of a person can be, lonely, like a person. They fill each other, vessels with deep, viscous contents. And human deafness, which leads to boundless loneliness and emptiness, to the emptiness of vessels that should be filled with living moisture.
Having entered Russian literature, Chekhov became a master of the “small” form. This is a great artist of words. He is capable of transmitting a short story throughout a person’s life, adhering to the rules formulated by himself: “to write with talent, that is, briefly” and “brevity is the sister of talent.” Behind his landscapes, often drawn with the help of one precise and precise detail, behind short dialogues and monologues, behind small details, an attentive reader always discerns the depths of life not named by the author, but clearly visible.
The story “Tosca”, dedicated to the theme of disunity between people and human loneliness, has been written by many researchers literary heritage A.P. Chekhov is recognized as the pinnacle of early works writer. This work was published in January 1886 in the Petersburg Newspaper, in the “flying notes” section, where before that A.P. Chekhov had already published many ironic sketches and other short satirical works which brought him literary fame, as a witty, observant humorist - Antosha Chekhonte. What served as the leading motive for A.P. Chekhov’s approach to this topic is not known for certain. In December 1885, the writer visited St. Petersburg for the first time and the “pool full of monstrous lights, restless crashing and running people,” into which he plunged upon arriving in the capital, contrasted with his defensive psychasthenic mentality and, perhaps, this to a certain extent served as one of the incentives for writing Tosca. Moreover, the most vividly psychasthenic characterological pattern manifests itself precisely at the age of 20–40 years (Lichko, 1977). The author of Tosca is twenty-six. Draft versions of the manuscript of “Tosca” have not survived, since during this period of creativity A.P. Chekhov had the habit of destroying all preliminary sketches and used preparatory materials upon completion of work.
Chekhov's stories pose serious problems for the reader, receive careful development in their plot structure, and become a genre of great literature. Paving the way for the story, Chekhov started from old techniques, dilapidated themes, and external entertainment. On the other hand, Chekhov's story absorbed the best
achievements of previous Russian literature. Chekhov became the master of this “small”
forms. Chekhov's stories are fraught with great meaning, differing from others in their clarity and conciseness, carrying a certain moral conclusion. An example of such a story
his story “Tosca” can be considered. This is a story about well-fed, indifferent people who consider themselves a class above, unable to understand, feel sorry for another person, support him with friendly, soft and kind smile, alien to responsiveness and compassion.
The plot of Tosca, at first glance, is another reflection of the young Chekhov’s favorite literary technique - to build a composition with warm irony, storyline a story from an essentially anecdotal situation: having not found understanding with any person he met along the way, the old cab driver, who buried his son, pours out his grief to the horse. However, the story told by Antosha Chekhonte on the pages of the periodical is “not an ironic trinket” of entertaining humorous journalism, but the age-old tragedy of a man knocking on people’s souls (Dunaev, 1998).
In the plot of “Tosca,” at least, one can find two interconnected plans: on the one hand, the author calls on the reader to empathize with Iona Potapov, and on the other, to reflect on the all-encompassing pattern of human existence - longing for someone’s soul, consonant with oneself, able to understand, respond, sympathize, listen.
Without setting ourselves the goal of conducting a comprehensive textual analysis, we would like to consider only one aspect of the story - clinical and psychological, the study of which, of course, enriches the understanding of the basic meaning of “Tosca”, and also clearly demonstrates the ethical and philosophical position of A. P. Chekhov, not only as a writer, but also as a doctor.
Medical education, according to one of the literary critics, gave the observations of A.P. Chekhov the writer “a special character: it gave them extraordinary breadth and depth” (Kroichik, 1982: 6). Practical medicine, no less than literature, was the true calling of A.P. Chekhov. For example, A.I. Kuprin notes in his memoirs: “if Chekhov had not been so wonderful writer, he would be an excellent doctor. Doctors who occasionally invited him for consultations spoke of him as an extremely thoughtful observer and resourceful, insightful diagnostician. (...) He believed in medicine firmly and firmly, and nothing could shake this faith” (quoted in: Kroichik, 1982: 6).
A.P. Chekhov himself writes in his autobiography about his clinical, natural-scientific worldview, which served as a starting point and a kind of tuning fork in literary work: “I have no doubt that my studies in medical sciences had a serious influence on my literary activity; they significantly expanded the scope of my observations, enriched me with knowledge, the true value of which for me as a writer can only be understood by someone who is a doctor himself; they also had a guiding influence, and, probably due to my proximity to medicine, I managed to avoid many mistakes” (Chekhov, 1979: 271).
The epigraph to “Tosca”: “To whom shall we tell my sadness?..”, the opening line of the spiritual verse “Joseph’s Lament and the True Story,” once sung by Russian wanderers “walking kalikas,” sets a certain psychological tone for Chekhov’s story. The author thereby expands the boundaries of the upcoming narrative, encourages the reader to think about the “existential” dilemma of human existence - the theme of a person’s loneliness among people, the lack of response to someone else’s pain, the inability to be heard, to pour out one’s grief, to establish confessional contact with another person.
The beginning of “Tosca” resembles an overture to a musical work, in which the main theme of the story sounds and the emotional, eventual, philosophical and clinical-psychological plans are combined into a single whole. "Evening twilight. Large wet snow lazily swirls around the newly lit lamps and falls in a thin soft layer on the roofs, horses’ backs, shoulders, hats...” (Chekhov, 1982: 42). Running people in the usual bustle of the street big city they do not notice either the falling snow or the cab driver Iona Potapov, who is “white as a ghost” and with his immobility, resembles a snow statue.
The stories of A.P. Chekhov are distinguished by their brevity and richness of plot, and this work is no exception. In the story "Tosca" it seems that nothing happens. Cab driver Iona Potapov is covered with snow in the dull winter twilight. He is waiting for his passengers. In fact, Jonah is no longer waiting for anyone or anything. For a whole week now he has been living half asleep: his son has died. The tragedy of Jonah interests no one: neither the military man, nor the idle youth, nor a man of his own class - a cab driver. No one is interested in Iona Potapov, no one needs his soul-bursting pain. Everyone is in a hurry somewhere, everyone is dissatisfied, irritated, only Jonah has nowhere to rush. He is lonely, sad, deep in thought. Death made a mistake, “missed the door,” and took away the heir, who “was a real cab driver.” After several attempts to pour out his soul to strangers, Iona Potapov understands that there are no sympathizers in grief and there won’t be, people become isolated, they want anything, but not talk about someone’s death. People don’t want to think about mortality, they mindlessly scurry around the world, hoping that luck will protect them, they will find their place in life, and what do they care about the death of some person. Winter. Snow falls. It will melt when it gets warmer, and not a trace will remain of it. Ion’s melancholy will also dissipate if he finds warm feedback and participation. Yes, the pain of loss will remain, like the memory of a previous snowfall, but you can live, taking care of the horse, and calmly think about your death. Who can Jonah cry to? Only a living soul, only it is able to understand the grief of another. Jonah found such a silent friend - his partner - a horse, old, worn out, tired from work, which can only breathe its warmth into the hands of its owner.
Among other writers, A.P. Chekhov is distinguished by his extraordinary powers of observation. A deep knowledge of life and people helped him, with the help of small details and individual strokes, to truthfully and vividly depict the character of a person, objects, and nature. Therefore, the artistic detail has important in the works of Chekhov. He was very strict in the selection of details, checking everything down to the smallest detail - there can be nothing accidental in his works. The writer said that if in the first act there is a gun hanging on the wall, then in the end it must fire. Chekhov perfected the genre of the story. IN small work he could convey a large number of information, it was important for the writer. The artistic detail contributed to the reduction in volume. In his works, Chekhov omitted such important information, like a genealogy, a biography of heroes. The main means of characterization was a portrait, although it also did not correspond to the usual idea. This was not a description of the color of hair, eyes, and the like; the writer chose two or three of the most accurate and accurate details, and this was enough to vividly represent the image as a whole. Mastery of detail: in the story by the author for the most part calls the horse a little horse. As soon as the suffix appears, the reader sees this old, worn-out nag, tired of work, as pathetic as its owner, and just as evoking aching pity. And only she can breathe her warmth into Jonah’s arms. In his stories, Chekhov shows only the main, most important points, and omits the rest. Artistic detail helps him condense time. Chekhov does not say this directly, but the reader vividly imagines these changes, and all this thanks to artistic detail.
The development of artistic detail is an important merit of Chekhov; he made a huge contribution to world literature. This technique was introduced into short stories with great skill. Chekhov painted ordinary, everyday life and achieved maximum approximation to it. A colorful realistic picture is created from small strokes and brushstrokes. The reader forgets that there is a text in front of him, he imagines everything described so clearly.
A.P. Chekhov describes Jonah’s state of mind with clinical care: the immobility of an unnaturally bent body for many hours, apathy - “if a whole snowdrift had fallen on him, even then, it seems, he would not have found it necessary to shake off the snow...” (there same), inhibition of reaction. Like a blanket of snow, Jonah is enveloped in a depressive curtain that the old cabman cannot “pull back” on his own, and when through it someone’s voice reaches him: “Carrier!”, he intuitively begins to seek help from the person who called him. Jonah is overwhelmed with worries about his departed son, and in order to cope with his grief, he needs to talk to someone “sensibly, with clarity” and about how his son got sick, and how his son suffered, “what he said before he died,” and about a daughter left in the village, and a lot more about what. But Jonah fails to speak out and pour out his grief. Four times in the story the situation of failed communication and the establishment of full psychological contact between Jonah and another person is repeated.
The first rider, a military man, brings the cabman out of his mental stupor: “Jonah fidgets on the box as if on pins and needles, pokes his elbows to the sides and moves his eyes like a madman, as if he does not understand where he is and why he is here” (Chekhov, 1982: 43) . But as soon as he drops off the military man at his destination, he again bends on the box into a frozen position, and the soul freezes in painful immobility for an indefinite time. “An hour passes, then another...”
A noisy company of young people - new riders - also do not want to hear about his grief, but even the spinning body of one of the riders behind his back and curses addressed to him help Jonah momentarily overcome the burning feeling of loneliness. The young people pay and disappear into the dark entrance, “Jonah looks after them for a long time.” “Again he is lonely, and again silence comes for him...” (Chekhov, 1982: 45). Another failed attempt to establish contact raises new wave The melancholy subsided for a short time, the painful numbness gives way to painful anxiety in the soul, Jonah’s eyes “run across the crowds scurrying on both sides of the street: isn’t there at least one of these thousands of people who would listen to him? But the crowds run away, not noticing either him or the melancholy...” (ibid.).
Describing the melancholy of Iona Potapov, using the literary device of metaphor, A.P. Chekhov reveals the essence of mental and physical suffering person with depressive disorder: “The melancholy is enormous, no knowing boundaries. If Jonah’s chest had burst and melancholy poured out of it, it would seem to have filled the whole world, but, nevertheless, it is not visible. She managed to fit into such an insignificant shell that you cannot see her during the day with fire...” (ibid.).
In A.P. Chekhov’s story, there is nowhere a direct indication of the main character’s religiosity. Jonah's longing is not directed towards to the higher world, this is not “longing for the transcendental” - this is how the Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev defines this state of soul (cited from: Burno, 2008: 123). Meanwhile, the Russian theologian and literary critic M. M. Dunaev’s understanding of Chekhov’s story as one addressed to a person’s religious feelings deserves attention. In a situation of acute grief, a person feels the need to experience closeness to himself in someone’s soul, the ability to understand and sympathize. And God, notes M. M. Dunaev, “is invisibly present in the event - with His expectation that man will respond to His truth. “Behold, I’m standing at the door and knocking...” (Dunaev, 1998: 262). Did A.P. Chekhov want to say this when he told the story of the cab driver Ion Potapov, who buried his son and in his painful melancholy for several days did not meet a single person who would see his melancholy and smooth out the painful “ache of the heart”? Let us turn to several statements of the writer, made by him on the pages of his notebooks: “Between “there is a God” and “there is no God” lies a whole huge field, which a true sage traverses with great difficulty. A Russian person knows one of these two extremes, but the middle between them is not interesting to him, and he usually knows nothing or very little” (Chekhov, 2000: 19). And further: “A person cannot live without faith” (ibid.: 20).
The above words of the writer, of course, cannot give an exhaustive answer to the question about the degree of religiosity of the young A.P. Chekhov, much less about his development of the religious theme in the story “Tosca,” since these reflections on God and faith relate to the records of 1891– 1904 Iona Potapov, who did not see a living soul capable of compassion in the stream of people flashing before his eyes among the dazzling city lights in the twilight, returns to the court. But here, too, there is no listener imagined in Jonah’s imagination: groaning, sighing, lamenting over the misfortune that befell him. “People are snoring on the stove, on the floor, on the benches. There is a “spiral” and stuffiness in the air... Jonah looks at the sleeping people, scratches himself and regrets that he returned home so early..." (Chekhov, 1982: 45). A person in a state of acute grief, overwhelmed by depressive experiences, on the one hand, is constantly melancholy focused on the personality of the deceased, on the other hand, being left alone is “unbearably creepy for him to think and draw his image for himself...” (ibid.: 46). Sleep is disturbed, and the need to talk to someone about the deceased only intensifies at night.
Jonah cannot speak out to somehow alleviate his grief. And melancholy grows, “huge melancholy that knows no bounds.” At the end of the story, Jonah goes to the stable and pours out his longing for the horse's son. But such a denouement of Chekhov's story is not at all sentimental or pessimistic. On the contrary, Iona Potapov ultimately finds the best listener in his position, sincere in his natural naturalness, in tune with the languishing soul of a being.
From the beginning of the story, A.P. Chekhov points out the harmony present in the relationship between the old cab driver and his “little horse,” which sensitively captures the slightest changes in the mental state of its owner. Either she is “white and motionless”, looking like a “penny gingerbread horse”, together with the silent Jonah stands for hours under the wet snow, “immersed in thought”, then she “begins to trot” when the owner’s melancholy becomes unbearable, bursts out from the chest and dictates to quickly leave the bustle of the city crowd and return to the court. The world of men has rejected him, and the old man goes to his horse - dumb creature, - which alone understands him: “the little horse chews, listens and breathes on the hands of its owner.” With warm irony for his hero, for all people alone in their melancholy, vainly seeking a response, salvation in another person, and, perhaps, for himself, A.P. Chekhov ends the story with the following two phrases: “The little horse chews, listens and breathes.” into the arms of his master... Jonah gets carried away and tells her everything...” (ibid.).
The theme of loneliness stated by A.P. Chekhov in the story is developed and comprehended by the writer throughout the subsequent literary activity. The leitmotif of A.P. Chekhov’s plays is also the problem of mental loneliness and broken psychological contact between people - the monologues of the characters do not find a response from each other, they are met with mockery or indifference. In solving this eternal problem for man, A.P. Chekhov manages to avoid sentimentality, edifying tone, condemning sarcasm and philosophical pathos. A.P. Chekhov does not blame anyone for the self-absorption of people, nor for their inability to understand and hear each other - this is a primary reality, conditioned by the otherness of each person for the other. Overcoming alienation and entering into psychologically meaningful contact with another person who is not similar to oneself is possible only when a minimal effort is made to broadcast one’s spiritual warmth or sincerely perceive it from another person. The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of the story “Tosca.” And Chekhov does not allow himself to moralize anywhere - he simply paints life, but the laconic narrative perfectly conveys everything that the author would like to say.
The lack of sincerity, responsiveness, and understanding is a problem not only of the 19th century, but also of the present one. Jonah Potapov may be a taxi driver whose son tragically died. Will it find a response in the souls of modern passengers? I think no. Jonah has “enormous melancholy, which knows no bounds,” and so is the boundless callousness and indifference of those around him.
Indifference. How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget about the insults and sorrows that we ourselves brought to our closest and dearest people. After all, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say a kind word, to smile. But sometimes we feel so sorry for this little thing. Well, what did it take for the heroes of the story “Tosca” to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov? Their souls would become much brighter and purer if they understood the cab driver’s grief. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness and indifference finally leave us.
This topic is also relevant for us living in the 21st century, because we are always in a hurry somewhere, not paying attention to the suffering of other people, not thinking that we ourselves may find ourselves in a similar situation.
^ BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burno, M. E. (2008) About the characters of people (psychotherapeutic book). Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional M.: Academic project; Peace Foundation.
Dunaev, M. M. (1998) Orthodoxy and Russian literature. In 5 vols. M.: Christian literature. T. 4.
Kroychik, L. (1982) Man with a Hammer // Chekhov A.P. Stories and Tales. Voronezh: VSU Publishing House. pp. 5–23.
Chekhov, A.P. Autobiography (1979) // Chekhov, A.P. Complete works and letters. In 30 volumes. M.: Science. T. 16.
Chekhov, A. P. (1982) Longing // Chekhov A. P. Stories and tales. Voronezh: VSU Publishing House. pp. 42–46.
Chekhov, A. P. (2000) Notebooks. M.: Vagrius.
At all times, many literary figures interested in people who lived a life separate from society, had their own ideas about the world, which often did not coincide with the public worldview.
A man who has the strength to resist public opinion, has always been a coveted prototype for a literary hero. The image of a lonely, detached person in Russian literature was subject to changes, which were caused primarily by different historical eras.
Ways to depict loneliness
For literary process In the first half of the 19th century, two directions in depicting the loneliness of a literary hero are very characteristic. Initially, the lyrical heroes - loners - were rebels who showed active disagreement with the ossified worldview of the majority of the population.
Their loneliness lay in the fact that thoughts that did not find support in society remained personal; the person was a kind of hermit and perceived this primarily as a personal tragedy. A striking example of this literary movement is Alexander Chatsky main character comedy "Woe from Wit".
Chatsky was forced to live in a world alienated to himself by the old foundations; he was surrounded by a society that did not seek to change its habitual and idle way of life. This is where Chatsky's loneliness is expressed. The literary hero faces not only misunderstanding, but also active protest against his personality. Chatsky is left alone with his ideas, never achieving the point that society listens even a little bit to him.
The hero is faced with a choice: or obey the low social traditions, or preserve his own ideals and forever leave the environment he hates. Chatsky chooses the latter and remains true to himself, despite the fact that he voluntarily dooms himself to loneliness.
The loneliness of realism
Over time loneliness literary heroes acquires a more acute philosophical overtones. Literary works are imbued primarily with realism. Lyrical hero does not even realize his loneliness, which is the reason that he makes catastrophic mistakes in life.
He creates an illusion for himself, without actually understanding that he is a lonely hermit. The writers portray a person for whom the desire for personal freedom is alien. IN literary works the blame for a person’s loneliness is placed primarily on society, which provoked it through its influence.
Another loner hero, Eugene Onegin, appears on the pages of Russian literature. A not particularly observant reader can argue with the loneliness of Eugene Onegin.
At first glance, he was a socially active person. Brought up according to all the rules of society, Onegin was a welcome guest at all social events and received sincere pleasure from his idle life.
However, the end of the novel dots all the i’s: Onegin makes a terrifying conclusion for himself that all his life he was “a stranger to everyone...”.
The lyrical hero chose false methods of dealing with his own loneliness. It seemed to him that balls and social receptions could somehow satisfy
A.P. Chekhov “Tosca”. The theme of human loneliness crowded city. Lesson in 7th grade using critical thinking technology (reading with stops).
The purpose of the lesson: Definition ideological sound works.
Tasks:
Educational: be able to determine the theme and idea of the story, be able to find artistic techniques and funds.
Developmental: develop coherent monologue speech; develop memory, thinking, Creative skills; develop skills expressive reading, culture of communication, listening.
Educational: cultivate a sense of respect, attention and compassion for others, responsibility for one’s actions.
Equipment: multimedia projector, laptop.
Lesson format- reading with stops.
I. Goal setting.
Today we will read together the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca" and discuss it.
Call. How do you understand the title of the story? Write down an associative series for this word. Let's turn to dictionaries: SLIDE No. 2
-synonyms
melancholy - sadness, grief, pain, grief, grief, contrition, sadness, grief.
-Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary
1) mental anxiety, despondency;
2) boredom.
-V. Dahl's dictionary
Melancholy (pressure) - oppression of the spirit, languor of the soul, painful sadness, mental anxiety, anxiety.
What do you think the story will be like - funny or sad?
II. Reading a story with stops.
Let's readI fragment from the beginning of the story to the words “... and the bustle of the street becomes more audible.”
Questions:
1) Comment on the words and expressions “sitting on the box”, “still no start”.
2) What mood does the description of the winter landscape create? (this is not just twilight and snow - it is a symbol of hopeless emptiness and human indifference).
3) How is the description of the horse as close as possible to the hero? (Jonah and his horse seem to be lifeless, we still don’t know what happened, but the author is already making it clear that life has ceased to glimmer in the soul of this man).
Let's readII fragment from the words “Carrier, to Vyborgskaya...” to the words “... and, apparently, not in the mood to listen”
Explain the words and expressions: “to Vyborgskaya”, “from a fever”.
Why is it difficult for Jonah to control his horse? Select an answer. SLIDE No. 3
Doesn't he know how to drive?
Is it snowing in St. Petersburg?
Are pedestrians and carriages deliberately disturbing him?
Is he immersed in himself, in his thoughts?
How does Jonah inform the military man about his son's death? What is the military's reaction?
Let's readIII fragment from the words “Having dropped him off at Vyborgskaya” ... to the words “thank God, they finally arrived.”
Comment on the meaning of the words: “two-kopeck”, “the price is not similar”, “old cholera”.
Why does the author again mention snowfall in St. Petersburg at the beginning of this episode?
Why does Jonah agree to take young people for only two kopecks? Select an answer. SLIDE No. 4
Doesn't he need money?
Is he worried and doesn't think about money?
Is he ready to work for any price, because there are few clients?
For another reason?
For what purpose does the author repeatedly emphasize that when dealing with young people, Jonah laughs, laughs, and grins? How does this behavior of the hero show him state of mind? How does Jonah tell the young men about his son's death? What is their reaction?
Let's readIV fragment from the words “Having received two kopecks”…..to the words “…the young man covered his head and is already asleep.”
Explain the words: “silence sets in for him,” “scurrying,” “trotting,” “spiral in the air.”
The word "angst" is used 6 times in this episode; In what context is it used each time?
Why was Jonah overcome by melancholy, and how does he himself explain its reason?
Why does Jonah return early? Select an answer. SLIDE No. 5
Is he tired?
The weather is bad?
Late hour?
does the horse feel sorry?
Nobody agreed to listen to him?
How does Jonah inform the young cab driver about the death of his son?
What is the interlocutor's reaction?
Let's readV fragment from the words “The old man sighs and itches” ... until the end of the story.
Comment on the words: “wailing”, “they didn’t go to the oats”, “ordered to live long”.
Why does Jonah need to talk about his grief? Select an answer. SLIDE No. 6
Does he need to talk?
Is he looking for sympathy?
Is he uncomfortable in St. Petersburg, where there are a lot of people and no one to talk to?
This is the first great sorrow in his life?
How does Jonah tell the horse about his son's death?
What is her reaction?
Is this episode funny or scary?
How does Jonah's speech change towards the end of the story?
III. General conversation.
The story has epigraph. This is the 1st line of the spiritual verse “Joseph’s Lament and the Story.”
To whom shall we take my sorrow?
Whom shall I call to weep?
Just for you, my Lord,
My sadness is known.
How to understand it?
Why is the city indifferent to Jonah's experiences?
What moral meaning story?
Is it funny or sad that Jonah told his horse about his grief?
IV .Conclusion. The cab driver Jonah's son died. Jonah wants to tell someone about this, talk, pour out his soul, and thus ease the grief at least a little. But, it turns out, there is no one to tell! No man wants to listen to Jonah, and he ends up telling everything... to his horse.
Read the last sentence. How do you explain the ellipsis?
Indifference is laziness of the soul. After all, a person needs so little from people - he needs to be listened to, told kind word, smiled, but it’s not that it’s a pity even for this little thing – I’m just too lazy to sympathize and understand.
Select something lexical meaning the word “longing” (see the “challenge” stage), which most suits the story.
Melancholy and loneliness stem from the fact that people’s hearts are closed, callous, and not ready for compassion for their neighbors, because “my sadness” (epigraph) remains unknown to anyone except God, and Jonah’s answer to his bitter words is the silence of the whole world.
V .Reflection. Compiling a “syncwine”. SLIDE No. 7
Yearning
Enormous, knowing no boundaries,
He asks, talk, listen.
There is no one to pour out my soul to.
Compassion.
VI. Homework. SLIDE No. 8
Level 1 (intermediate). Write 4-5 sentences on the topic: “Can the story be considered important for our time?”
Level 2 (creative). Write a continuation of the story on the topic: “Jonah’s conversation with the horse.”
The problem of loneliness has been relevant at all times. It also exists in modern world. Of course, today people use the Internet and various means of communication that allow them to communicate limitlessly. However, according to psychologists, the one who most often turns to social networks, more than others, feels a feeling of loneliness, that is, the absence of a soul mate. Sometimes such a person comes up with some life events and stories. And this is all to attract attention. Often the problem of loneliness arises among those people who do not want to accept the society that surrounds them.
They oppose themselves to others, try in every possible way to isolate themselves from the whole world and often go against generally accepted norms and traditions.
Child and loneliness
It is easier to agree with the existence of a problem when a person does not have family, friends or loved ones. However, situations are different. Sometimes a feeling of loneliness visits a person surrounded by relatives. Unfortunately, such a phenomenon exists, although it seems simply incredible.
So, there is a problem of a child’s loneliness in the world of adults. Arguments given by psychologists indicate the danger of this phenomenon. After all, the fears and emotions experienced in early age, have a strong influence on the formation of personality, and, consequently, on a person’s entire life. This is why adults should pay attention to their child’s problem.
What are the reasons why a child becomes lonely? The most obvious of them is the lack of attention from people close to him. Often adults are so absorbed in their worries and problems that they simply do not have enough free time for their children. Think about it, maybe this situation has developed in your family? If yes, then it requires immediate correction. And there is a strong argument in favor of such a step. The problem of loneliness, according to psychologists, leads to children becoming withdrawn, depressed and alienated. A child, left to himself for a long time, goes into the world of thoughts and fantasies he has created.
The reason for loneliness at an early age may also be the wrong approach of parents to education issues. Some fathers and mothers mistakenly believe that they know better than the child himself what he needs. In this case, the interests of the not yet formed personality are ignored. Put that kind of pressure on little man it is forbidden. And psychologists have a compelling argument about this. The problem of loneliness that arose in the process of such upbringing can alienate the child from his parents, as it will gradually degenerate into misunderstanding.
How to protect a child from loneliness?
The problem that has arisen requires immediate elimination. Of course, the ways to solve it are not easy, but they exist. The constant efforts of people close to him will help drive away the feeling of loneliness from a child. The main assistant in this will be parental love. But it should not be expressed in material benefits, but in sincere sensitivity, care and participation in the life of the child. You need to constantly be interested in your child’s affairs and not brush him off when he invites you to play with him.
The problem of children's loneliness in literary works
Many writers and publicists have raised the topic of lack of attention to the life and interests of a little person. They often discussed how the problem of loneliness arises. Arguments from the literature that can be given on this topic are Pavel Sanaev’s story “Bury me behind the baseboard.” The main character of the work is the boy Sasha Savelyev. He tells readers about lost dreams and unfulfilled hopes due to the moral indifference of adults. The boy has no toys and no friends. All this is replaced only by a small mouse. When she is gone, Sasha will fully feel the loneliness of a child among adults.
The same feeling takes over the heroine of the story written by Dina Sabitova, “Your Three Names.” This is a story about the terrible fate of a girl who went through the real hell of a half-starved beggarly life, first in family of origin, and then in orphanage and with adoptive parents.
Male loneliness
Often representatives of the stronger half of humanity do not have any attachments or close connections. Some men consider this condition to be normal. Is it so? For understanding this issue It is necessary to consider what argument psychologists put forward to counter this.
The problem of loneliness, according to experts, may lie in a man’s inadequate self-esteem. Such a person simply withdraws from relationships with the people around him. He is afraid of criticism of his abilities and talents, which will bring him pain.
The reason for a man’s loneliness may be a lack of communication skills in communicating with others. Often the basis of such immaturity is shyness, which arose due to psychological trauma received in childhood or adolescence.
The cause of male loneliness may be the presence of social phobia. The roots of this phenomenon lie deep and lie in the imposition of an adult opinion on the boy. For example, starting to attend kindergarten when the child is psychologically unprepared. This causes fear and leads to a desire to spend time alone, away from other children.
The reason for a man’s isolation can be psychopathology, expressed in depression, autism, schizophrenia, and a tendency to alcoholism. The problem of loneliness also arises among those young guys who have a strong emotional attachment to their mother. However, it is not only as a result of underdevelopment or degradation of personality that a person does not have contact with the world around him. As a direct contrast to everything said above, another, quite compelling argument can be made. The problem of loneliness sometimes becomes an element of spiritual growth. Here we are talking about the pinnacle of human development.
The theme of male loneliness in literary works
The feeling of lack of attachment haunts many representatives of the stronger half of humanity. Numerous arguments that are directly related to the problem of human loneliness are found in the works of domestic and foreign writers. There are books that are literally permeated with this feeling, and among them are the works of Gabriel García Márquez.
Many of this author’s works raise the problem of loneliness. Arguments from literature written by Marquez - the hero of his novel “The Outsider”. In addition, he wrote about loneliness Albert Camus, and Truman Capote(“Breakfast at Teffany’s”) and Hermann Hesse (“Demian”). In these works, loneliness is a special canvas of life with hopes and torments, alienation and solitude woven into it, internal conflicts and contradiction.
A weighty argument to the problem of the loneliness of a person who has chosen the path of service is L. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace.” In this work we see the image of the great commander Kutuzov. He saves the country and spares the lives of soldiers, giving up Moscow without a fight. The main task that the commander-in-chief sets for himself is to rid Rus' of its enemies with minimal losses for his army. However, the official government has a different opinion. She wants to achieve fame at any cost. As a result, the author raises the problem tragic loneliness person. The arguments for it are the resignation and then the premature death of the great commander. This is the price to pay for the decision made.
The problem of loneliness was raised in many works of Russian writers. Arguments from the literature on this issue are the hero of A. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin. At first glance, he could be considered a socially active person. Onegin was joyfully received in secular society. Moreover, the hero received true pleasure from leading such an idle life. However, at the end of the novel, Onegin concludes for himself that he has always been “a stranger to everyone...”.
In what other works does the problem of loneliness arise? Arguments from the literature can be given as follows:
- Novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” His main character Bazarov is lonely both in love and in friendship and views.
- Roman by Y. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”. In it, the image of Pechorin is a multifaceted loneliness, both lyrical and civil, as well as universal.
- Comedy by A. S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.” Her hero, Alexander Chatsky, experiences loneliness, not finding support for his thoughts in society. He perceives his situation as a personal tragedy.
Women's loneliness
Complaints about this condition can often be heard from representatives of the fairer sex. Moreover, the topic of such loneliness is, as a rule, of concern to women themselves. Unfortunately, even married ladies or those who are in a love relationship can experience this feeling.
What are the origins of this problem? Psychologists explain its presence:
Complexes and insecurity when women compare themselves with beauties from the covers of glossy magazines;
Stereotypes, when ladies believe that men only love blondes, marry bitches, etc.;
Lack of meaningfulness in finding a partner.
But be that as it may, the psychology of female loneliness concerns, as a rule, the absence of a beloved man nearby. Even those divorced girls who have children talk about the emergence of this feeling. They project their condition onto the baby, saying: “Nobody needs us.” A woman’s desire to have a family is inherent in nature itself. The little girls are already in kindergarten They begin to play mother and daughter, cook soup in a plastic saucepan and swaddle dolls. At the same time they dream of handsome husband and about a luxurious white veil.
However, such is female psychology that even after putting a wedding ring on her hand, a representative of the fairer sex can feel lonely. This is often explained by the fact that many families live as if by inertia, and spouses are not interested in each other’s moods and thoughts. This situation often happens when a woman lovingly prepares dinner for her husband, receiving a routine “thank you” in response.
Sometimes ladies doom themselves to loneliness after an unsuccessful romance. They experience the situation painfully, experiencing humiliation. And here the problem of overcoming loneliness arises. Arguments given by psychologists indicate that it needs to be addressed. Otherwise, the woman will become even more unhappy than she was before. The fear of her prejudice that all men are evil will prevent her from creating new relationships.
The theme of women's loneliness in literary works
He talks about the life of a simple Russian collective farmer in his story “ Matrenin Dvor"A. I. Solzhenitsyn. This is a lonely woman who lost her husband at the front and buried six children. Matryona Vasilyevna, that’s the name of the main character of the story, struggles alone with the hardships of life. To her, having seniority at the state farm, they do not pay pensions. She was unable to obtain payments for the loss of a breadwinner. However, Matryona did not lose her human feelings. She readily responds to someone else's misfortune and continues to carry the cross of a homemaker.
Women's loneliness is shown very clearly in L. Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina. This work is about the breakup of the main character’s relationship with all areas of life. Here the author also highlights the problem of the influence of loneliness on a person. The arguments in favor of the fact that the love of Vronsky and Anna is doomed to failure are obvious. Alienation of society and its rejection of feelings that arise that contradict the morality of secular circles. Young and cheerful at the beginning of the novel, the woman is eventually driven to complete despair and dies under the wheels of a train.
Loneliness of the elderly
The problem of lack of demand, the emergence of a feeling of abandonment and misunderstanding on the part of young people often accompanies the elderly. This is aggravated by the fact that older people also experience a lack of support and care from the state. But often this is a problem of loneliness of a person who has devoted himself to others. Arguments in favor of the need to solve it are the social aspects of the issue.
What are the reasons for loneliness in old age? This is the absence of relatives and children or living separately from them. It is not easy for old people to bear the death of a spouse. For Russian state Another characteristic problem is loneliness of older people. Arguments for the seclusion of old people are financial helplessness and the inability to cope with household and hygienic issues.
The theme of loneliness of older people in literary works
The story “Telegram” by K. G. Paustovsky tells about the life of an old village woman. Its main character, Ekaterina Ivanovna, had to experience loneliness, despite the fact that she has a daughter, Nastya. The author raises the problem of loneliness of old people. Arguments confirming its existence are awareness the main character her uselessness, because her daughter has not visited her for four years. This leads to the old woman living out her days completely alone.
The same problem was raised by A.S. Pushkin. In his story " Stationmaster“He showed how terrible the picture of the loneliness of an old man is. The hero of the story, Samson Vyrin, was abandoned by his daughter, who went after her beloved.
N.V. Gogol convincingly showed us how loneliness changes a person. The hero of his novel " Dead Souls“Plyushkin himself alienated his children from himself. He was afraid that they would ruin him. The result of Plyushkin's loneliness was personality degradation.
One of the problems of residents of big cities
Huge crowds of people in megacities do not allow people to meet often and do not encourage close spiritual communication. Everyone is in a hurry and running about their business, often not paying attention to who is nearby. Women and men live as if by inertia. However, a certain moment comes, and each of them understands that loneliness has set in, because there is no one nearby. You can find a description of this state in many literary works. It also appears in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “White Nights”. In it, the author raises the problem of loneliness of people in big cities. Arguments confirming the existence of such a situation are a divergence of interests and a total separation of people. At the center of F. M. Dostoevsky’s narrative is the story of a lonely Dreamer. On his life's path he met a girl, Nastenka. The dreamer falls in love with her and, with her help, tries to get out of the “dungeon” of loneliness.
However, Nastenka loves another and remains true to her feelings. She apologizes for her betrayal in a letter written to Dreamer. He forgives the girl, but, continuing to love her, remains lonely in a cold city that does not understand him.
- Talented, smart people can be lonely too
- Loneliness kills a person, especially if it is forced
- The reason for loneliness may be a person’s views on the world around him.
- It is much more difficult for a lonely person to live than for someone who has a family and close friends.
- Loneliness can be forced: a person becomes lonely due to dire circumstances
- It is difficult for a person who has no friends to live in society
Arguments
K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. Daughter Nastya literally doomed Katerina Ivanovna, her mother, to loneliness. The girl lived rich life in Leningrad. She could not even imagine that she could take time off from work to visit her old mother. Nastya, receiving letters from Katerina Ivanovna, was glad that the old woman was alive, because she could write. The girl realized too late that she had left alone the only person who truly loved her - her mother. Nastya received a letter asking her mother to come, but did not take it seriously. Only after the telegram that Katerina Ivanovna was dying did the girl realize what a serious mistake she had made. Nastya blamed herself for leaving her old mother, whom she should have valued most in life, alone.
A.S. Pushkin “Station Warden”. Samson Vyrin's loneliness was forced. Dunya, his daughter, ran away from home with officer Minsky, who stopped at their station. The desire to at least see his daughter prompted Samson Vyrin to walk to St. Petersburg. There he received only Minsky’s promise to make Dunya happy. He saw his daughter later, but at the sight of her father she fainted. Minsky pushed the old man onto the stairs. Since then, he has not heard anything about Duna for three years. Samson Vyrin died alone, without seeing his daughter. Dunya returned to her father, whom she had condemned to loneliness, but it was too late. She spent a lot of time at the grave.
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Nihilist Evgeny Bazarov can also be called lonely. At first he communicates with Arkady Kirsanov, but soon the paths of the young people diverge. Evgeny Bazarov's loneliness is connected with his view of the world. Not everyone would agree with this man’s opinion; the hero’s views are too far from what has been accepted in society for centuries. It is difficult for people to look at nature as a workshop, to deny almost everything to which they are accustomed. The hero has many followers, but we understand that none of them are truly devoted to nihilism. Therefore, Bazarov’s loneliness, although natural, is to some extent difficult for him.
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.” The war made Andrei Sokolov lonely. His entire family died: first, a shell hit his house, where his daughters and wife were at that time, and on May 9, at the very end of the war, his son Anatoly died from a sniper’s bullet. Andrei Sokolov was left alone, without a home and family. Vanya helped the hero find the strength to live and, to some extent, brighten up his loneliness. a little boy, whose parents died. Andrei Sokolov introduced himself as his father and took the child to his place. This is how two lonely people found each other, in whose destinies the war mercilessly intervened.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. Matryona Vasilyevna Grigorieva had neither a living husband nor children. There was only the pupil Kira, who was attached to her. Matryona was doomed to loneliness. She couldn’t even work normally, because from time to time she suffered for several days from a strange illness. People came to the woman only when they needed something. So part of the hut was taken away during life, without thinking about the consequences. But Matryona's kindness knew no bounds; it is rare to meet such a person. The woman did not refuse to help others when asked, even if she was unable to do so. Only after the death of Matryona Vasilyevna did everyone care about her: everyone wanted to receive some kind of inheritance. The selfishness of people who doomed a person to loneliness during life, and after death began to divide property, is amazing.
Jack London "Martin Eden". Until Martin Eden was rich and famous, no one believed in his future or spoke well of his endeavors. When the hero began to build the future of the writer, he was lonely and was saved only by the love of Ruth. Soon the beloved turned away from Martin Eden. But when people started talking about him, when he had money, friendly invitations to dinner began pouring in, and Ruth returned with a plea for forgiveness. Only for Martin Eden all this no longer meant anything. He understood that he had not changed at all from the time when his work was still rejected. All the work had already been done by that time. Therefore, in the midst of everyone's attention, Martin Eden became even more lonely than before. The world around him seemed disgusting.
D. Keyes “Flowers for Algernon.” Charlie Gordon's story is controversial. At the beginning of the work, we see him as a weak-minded person, an object of ridicule. Later, Charlie Gordon becomes a genius, albeit temporarily. But he finds himself even more alone than before. Everyone thinks Charlie is too smart, selfish, and incapable of showing feelings and emotions. A person’s intellectual abilities, which increase exponentially, do not contribute to communication with people. The hero finds himself alone. The feeble-minded Charlie Gordon has a much easier life than the brilliant Charlie Gordon. Mental abilities only push him towards loneliness, although at first it seems to the hero that people communicate more willingly with an intelligent person. In reality, everything turns out to be completely different.