What does the fascist cross mean? Swastika: solar symbol

After the First World War, Europe was in a state of economic and cultural crisis. Hundreds of thousands of young people went to war, naively dreaming of heroic deeds on the battlefield for the sake of honor and glory, and returned disabled in all respects. All that remains of the spirit of optimism that marked the first years of the 20th century are memories.

It was during these years that a new political movement. Fascists in different countries Europe was united by the fact that they were all ultranationalists. Fascist parties, organized according to a strictly hierarchical principle, included people of different social classes who were eager for active action. They all claimed that their own country or ethnic group was in danger, and believed themselves to be the only political alternative that could counter this threat. For example, democracy, foreign capitalism, communism, or, as was the case in Germany, Romania and Bulgaria, other nations and races were declared dangerous. The purpose of creating such an imaginary threat was to organize a mass movement capable of uniting the country and violently crushing competing ideas and external forces that allegedly sought to destroy the nation. The state had to take full control of every member of society, and industry had to be organized in such a way as to achieve maximum labor productivity.

IN general framework such a strategy naturally existed different variants ideologies - depending on the historical, cultural and political background of each country. In countries with a strong Catholic Church, fascism was often combined with elements of Catholicism. In some European countries, the fascist movement degenerated into small marginal groups. In others, fascists succeeded in coming to power, and developments were marked by the cult of the fascist leader, disregard for human rights, control of the press, celebration of militarism, and suppression of the labor movement.

Italy and the “bundle of rods”, or “bundle of brushwood”

The word "fascism" was originally used to refer to the ideology of the Partito Nazionale Fascista party in Italy. The leader of the Italian fascists was the former journalist Benito Mussolini. For many years Mussolini was interested in the socialist movement, but during the First World War he became a nationalist.

After World War I, Italy's economy was devastated, unemployment reached record highs, and democratic traditions declined. The war cost the lives of more than 600 thousand Italians, and although Italy was on the winning side, the country was in crisis. Many believed that Italy lost as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.

On May 23, 1919, the first fascist group Fasci di Combattimenti was formed. Skillfully using the social unrest in the country, Mussolini turned his group into a mass organization. When it was transformed into a political party in the fall of 1921, it already included 300 thousand people. Another six months later the movement united 700 thousand members. In the elections of 1921, the fascist party received 6.5% of the votes and entered parliament.

However, the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) was not an ordinary political party. The fascist movement attracted, first of all, young men. Many of them were war veterans and knew how to obey discipline and handle weapons. Militant groups appeared in the movement, where the rule of the strong was extolled, and gradually violence became an important part of the entire party ideology. With their bloody attacks on communists and other representatives of the labor movement, the fascists sided with employers during strikes, and the Conservative government used them to suppress socialist opposition.

In 1922, the fascists took power in Italy. Mussolini threatened to march on Rome with his fighters. Following this threat, on October 31, he was invited to an audience with King Victor Emmanuel III, who offered Mussolini the post of prime minister in a conservative coalition government. It was a peaceful seizure of power, but in the mythology of fascism the event was called the “March on Rome” and was described as a revolution.

Mussolini was in power for 22 years, until July 25, 1943, when Allied troops entered Italy and the king removed the dictator. Mussolini was arrested, but he was freed by German parachute troops, allowing him to escape to Northern Italy, where on September 23 the Duce proclaimed the infamous "Republic of Salo" - a German protectorate. The "Republic of Salo" existed until April 25, 1945, when Allied troops occupied this last bastion of Italian fascism. On April 28, 1945, Benito Mussolini was captured by partisans and executed.

Totalitarian state

Mussolini, like many of his comrades, went to the front as a soldier during the First World War. Life in the trenches seemed to him to be an ideal society in miniature, where everyone, regardless of age or social origin, worked in the name common goal: defense of the country from an external enemy. Having come to power, Mussolini planned to change Italy to its core, to create a country where the entire society would be involved in a gigantic production machine and where the fascists would have total control. Expression " totalitarian state" arose in the first years of the fascist regime in the ranks of its political opponents to describe precisely this method of government. Mussolini then began to use this term to describe his own ambitious plans. In October 1925, he formulated the slogan: “Everything is in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”

All political power in society was to come personally from Mussolini, who was called "Duce", that is, "leader" or "leader". To motivate this concentration of power in the hands of one man, the Italian press began to praise Mussolini. He was described as the personification of the ideal man, such myths and such a cult of his personality were created around him, which in the eyes of a modern person seems ridiculous. For example, he was described as a “superman” who is able to work 24 hours a day, has fantastic physical strength and once allegedly stopped with his gaze the beginning eruption of Mount Etna.

Heirs of the Roman Empire

The Italian state was relatively young and socially and even linguistically heterogeneous. However, even before the fascists came to power, nationalists sought to unite citizens around a single historical heritage - the history of Ancient Rome. Ancient Roman history has been an important part of school teaching since the late 19th century. Even before the outbreak of the First World War, colossal historical films were being created.

Naturally, in this atmosphere, Mussolini tried to present the fascists as the heirs of the Romans, fulfilling a historical task predetermined by fate - the return of the former power and splendor of the collapsed empire. During the reign of the Duce, the main attention was paid to the period of the rise of the Roman Empire, its military superiority, and the social structure of that time was portrayed as similar to the one that Mussolini sought to build. It is from Roman history that many of the symbols used by the fascists are borrowed.

"Bundle of brushwood" - "fascia"

The word “fascism” itself has a common root with the party symbol of Mussolini and his henchmen. Fascio littorio, lictor's fascia
- this was the name of a bundle of brushwood or rods with a bronze hatchet in the center. Such “bundles” or “sheaves” were carried by Roman lictors - low-ranking officials, clearing them in the crowd even for important people.

In Ancient Rome, such a “bundle of brushwood” was a symbol of the right to hit, beat and generally punish. Later it became a symbol of political power in general. In the 18th century, during the Enlightenment, the fasces represented republican rule as opposed to monarchy. In the 19th century, it came to mean strength through unity, since rods tied together are much stronger than the sum of each twig or lash. In the second half of the century, the words “fascination”, “fascia”, “ligament” began to mean small leftist groups in politics. And after several strikes by trade unions in Sicily in the mid-1890s, the term acquired a connotation of radicalism.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the word “fascists” was quite common. This was the name given to radical Italian political groups, both right and left. However, with the spread of the Fasci di Combattimenti party throughout the country, Mussolini monopolized the term. Gradually, the word “fascia” began to be associated specifically with the ideology of the Italian fascists, and not generally with political authority, as before.

The “bundle of brushwood” or “bundle of rods” was not only a symbol of the fascists’ perception of themselves as the heirs of Rome. The symbolism also meant the spiritual and physical “rebirth” of the Italian people, the basis of which was authority and discipline. The branches tied into one bundle became the personification of a united Italy under the leadership of the Duce. In his manifesto “The Doctrine of Fascism” (Dottrina del fascismo, 1932), Mussolini wrote: “[fascism] wants to transform not only the external forms of human life, but also its very content, man, characters, faith. This requires discipline and authority, which impresses souls and completely conquers them. Therefore, they are marked by the lictorial fasces, a symbol of unity, strength and justice.”

After Mussolini came to power, the fasces pervaded the daily lives of Italians. They were found on coins, banners, official documents, manhole covers and postage stamps. They were used by private associations, organizations and clubs. Two huge “sheaves” stood on the sides of Mussolini when he made speeches to the people in Rome.

Since 1926, members of the Fascist Party were required to wear this sign - the party emblem - on civilian clothes. In December of the same year, a decree was issued giving the symbol national significance. Three months later, the "sheaf" was included in the image of the state coat of arms of Italy, taking a place to the left of the coat of arms of the Italian royal house. In April 1929, the fasces replaced the two lions on the royal shield. Thus the state and the fascist party merged into one. And the fascia became a visible symbol of the “new order.”

Fascist "style"

Mussolini not only wanted to change society, but he also sought to transform the Italian people in accordance with the fascist ideal. The Duce began with party members who were the first to dress and behave in accordance with the fascist model, which then became associated with right-wing extremist movements around the world. For the fascists, the word “style” was not only a matter of taste in the choice of clothing. It was about closeness to the fascist ideal in everything: in habits, behavior, actions and attitude to life.

Fascism was a war ideology, and its supporters dressed like soldiers. They marched, sang fight songs, swore oaths of allegiance, took oaths of office, and wore uniforms. The uniform included boots, trousers, a special headdress and a black shirt.

Black shirts were originally worn by members of militant fascist groups who fought in the streets with communists and other political opponents. They looked like elite troops from the First World War and were called "arditi". When Mussolini came to power in 1922, he disbanded the militants and organized a national militia in their place. But black shirts remained and over time acquired such a status that a person wearing one at the wrong time could be arrested and put on trial.

In 1925, Mussolini said at a party congress: “The black shirt is not everyday wear or a uniform. This is a combat uniform that can only be worn by people who are pure in soul and heart.”

The “ten commandments” of fascism, which were formulated in October 1931, stated: “He who is not ready, without the slightest hesitation, to sacrifice his body and soul for Italy and in the service of Mussolini, is not worthy to wear the black shirt - the symbol of fascism.” . After coming to power, black shirts began to be worn by civil servants of all departments. In 1931, all professors, and a few years later, teachers at all levels, were required to wear black shirts at formal ceremonies. From 1932 to 1934, detailed rules were developed for wearing shirts (wearing starched collars was “absolutely prohibited”) in combination with accessories - boots, belt and tie.

Roman greeting

The fascist style of behavior also included the so-called Roman salute. The greeting with the outstretched right hand, palm down, has been associated with Ancient Rome since the second half of the 18th century. It is unknown whether it was actually used, but there are images showing similar gestures.

French artist Jacques-Louis David depicted the oath or oath of the Horatii in a 1784 painting where the twins, three brothers, with outstretched arms, vow to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the Roman Republic. After the French Revolution, David painted another picture, where the new, revolutionary government swears allegiance to the new constitution with the same gesture, throwing its right hands forward and upward. Inspired by canvas David, artists for another century depicted a similar greeting in paintings on ancient Roman themes.

In the middle of the 19th century, the outstretched right hand increasingly took on the character of a military greeting, widespread both among various political groups and at the level of the entire country. In the USA, for example, since the 90s of the 19th century, schoolchildren have saluted with their right hand when the American flag is raised. This continued until 1942, when America entered the war against Italy and Germany and it became politically impossible to use the same gesture as the Nazis to greet.

Italian fascists considered this greeting gesture a symbol of the heritage of Ancient Rome, and propaganda described it as a salute to masculinity, in contrast to the usual handshake, which came to be considered a weak, feminine and bourgeois greeting.

Export style

The Italian fascists were considered the founders of the style that was adopted by all other groups of a similar ideological trend in Europe in the 20s and 30s. The habit of marching in dark-colored shirts spread among the fascists.

Blindly copying the Italians were members of the British Union of Fascists, the Dutch Mussertpartiet party and the Bulgarian National Zadruga Fascists - all of them were “Black Shirts”. The Spanish Falangists in 1934 refused to introduce black shirts to distinguish themselves from the Italian fascists, and switched to blue uniforms. So did the Portuguese National Syndicalists, the Swedish supporters of Lindholm, the Irish in the Army Comrades Association and several French groups: Faisceau, Solidarité Française and Le Francisme. In Germany, members of the National Socialist Party (NSDAP) storm troopers wore brown shirts. Green shirts were worn by members of the Hungarian "Arrow Cross Party" (Nyilaskeresztes part) - "Nylasists", Croatian Ustasha and the Romanian "Iron Guard". Gray shirts were worn by members of the Swiss National Front and Icelandic National Socialists. There was a small group in the US that called themselves the Silver Shirts.

The Roman raised arm salute was used by various nationalist groups in Europe even before Mussolini came to power in Italy. With the victorious march of the Italian fascists, this gesture began to spread more and more widely. The Fascia symbol was also adopted by other fascist associations inspired by Mussolini's successes, such as the British Union of Fascists, the Bulgarian National Zadruga Fascisti, the Swiss Fascismus and the Swedish Svenska fascistiska kampförbundet.

It is in the nature of fascism, however, to praise one's own culture. Therefore, most groups in other countries began to use local national symbols or signs instead of the lictorial fascia, which better reflected the local version of fascist ideology.

Fascist groups and symbols in other countries

Belgium

During the period between the world wars, two parallel fascist movements arose in Belgium. The first of these mostly attracted the Walloons, the French-speaking Belgians. The leader of the movement was lawyer Leon Degrelle, Chief Editor Catholic and conservative magazine Christus Rex. The organization he created became the basis of the Rexistpartiet party formed in 1930. Rexism, as the ideology of this party came to be called, combined the theses of Catholicism with purely fascist elements, for example, corporatism and the abolition of democracy. Gradually, the Rexists became closer to German National Socialism, which led to the party losing the support of the church, and with it many supporters. During World War II, the Rexists supported the German occupation of Belgium, and Degrelle volunteered for the SS.

In the emblem of the Rexist party, the letters “REX” were combined with a cross and a crown as symbols of the kingdom of Christ on earth.

The second notable fascist movement in Belgium found supporters in the Flemish part of the population. Already in the 1920s, groups of Flemish nationalists became more active in the country, and in October 1933 a significant part of them united into the Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond (VNV) party under the leadership of Staf de Klerk. This party accepted many of the ideas of the Italian fascists. De Klerk was called "den Leiter", "leader". In 1940, his party collaborated with the occupation regime. It was banned immediately after the war.

The colors of the VNV party emblem are taken from the coat of arms of the Dutch national hero William of Orange. Triangle - christian symbol Trinity. In Christian symbolism, the triangle can also represent equality and unity. The circle in the emblem is also a Christian symbol of unity.

Finland

Fascism spread more widely in Finland than in the rest of Northern Europe. Nationalist currents were strong throughout the period between the two world wars. The country gained independence from Russia in 1917. After the Civil War of 1918, when the Whites defeated the Reds, who were supported by Soviet Russia, the fear of a communist revolution was strong. In 1932, the Isänmaallinen kansanliike (IKL) party was formed, a continuation of the anti-communist nationalist Lapua movement of the 20s.

The IKL was a purely fascist party with the addition of its own extreme nationalist dream of an ethnically homogeneous Greater Finland, which would include the territories of today's Russia and Estonia, as well as demands for a corporate structure of society. All this was presented against the backdrop of the “superman” ideology, in which the Finns were presented as biologically superior to neighboring peoples. The party existed until 1944. She managed to stand as a candidate in three elections and received just over 8% of the vote in the 1936 elections, and three years later the number of votes cast for her dropped to 7%.

Members of the IKL party wore a uniform: a black shirt and a blue tie. There was also a party banner of blue color with an emblem: inside the circle is a man with a baton sitting on a bear.

Greece

After the 1936 elections, Greece was in a difficult situation. Fearing the growing trade union movement, the king appointed Defense Minister Ioannis Metaxas as prime minister. Metaxas took advantage of a series of strikes to declare a state of emergency and immediately abolish the country's democratic institutions. On August 4, 1936, he proclaimed a regime called the “4th of August regime” and began to create an authoritarian dictatorship with elements of fascism, taking as a model the actions of the National Union, which was in power in Portugal. Troops were repeatedly brought into Greece, and in 1941 a government loyal to Hitler came to power in the country. The regime collapsed when Greece, despite Metaxa's pro-German sympathies, sided with the Allies in World War II.

Metaxa chose a stylized double-edged ax as a symbol of the “4th of August regime”, since he considered it the most ancient symbol of Hellenic civilization. Indeed, double axes, real and in images, have been in Greek culture for thousands of years; they are often found among archaeological finds period of the Minoan civilization on Crete.

Ireland

In 1932, the fascist organization Army Comrades Association (ACA) was formed in Ireland, initially created to protect meetings of the nationalist party Cumann nan Gaedhael. Soon, under the leadership of former general and police chief Owen O'Duffy, the ACA became independent and changed its name to the National Guard.

Inspired by the Italian fascists, members of the organization began wearing sky-blue “party” shirts in April 1933, which is why they were nicknamed “Blue Shirts.” They also adopted the Roman salute and threatened to march on Dublin in imitation of Mussolini's march on Rome. Also in 1933, the party was banned and O'Duffy weakened his fascist rhetoric. Later he was among the founders of the nationalist party Fine Gael.

The ACA banner, which later became the flag of the National Guard, was a variant of the banner of the Irish Order of St. Patrick, introduced in 1783: a red St. Andrew's cross on a white background. The sky blue color comes from the legend of how a white cross appeared in the sky in honor of St. Andrew (this motif also appears on the flag of Scotland).

Norway

Vidkun Quisling created the nationalist party National Accord (Nasjonal Samling) in 1933. Soon the party took an orientation towards fascism and Nazism. Before the outbreak of World War II, National Accord was the fastest growing party in Norway, and after the occupation of the country by Germany, Quisling became the country's minister-president. By 1943, the party had about 44 thousand members. On May 8, 1945, the party was dissolved, and Quisling's name became synonymous throughout the world with a traitor to the motherland.

The National Accord party used the Scandinavian traditional flag as a symbol, that is, a yellow cross on a red background. Local branches of the party designated themselves "Olaf's cross" - a variant of the "solstice". This sign has been a symbol of Norway since the Christianization of the country by St. Olaf in the 11th century.

Portugal

After the First World War, Portugal lay in ruins. After the military coup of 1926, the National Union party was formally created in 1930. In 1932, the leadership of the party was taken over by former Finance Minister Antonio Salazar, who soon became prime minister. Salazar, who held power in Portugal until his death in 1970, introduced a complete dictatorship and an ultra-reactionary political system, some elements of which can be regarded as fascist. The party remained in power until 1974, when the regime was overthrown and democracy was introduced to the country.

The National Union used the so-called Mantuan cross in its symbolism. This cross, like the Iron Cross of the Nazis, is a black and white cross patté, but with narrower crossbars. It was used, among others, by the Nazis in France.

Another group in Portugal in the 1930s was fascist in its purest form. It was formed in 1932 and was called the National Syndicalist Movement (MNS). The leader of the movement was Roland Preto, who even in the early 20s admired Mussolini and saw similarities between his fascism and his national syndicalism. Inspired by the Italians, members of the movement wore blue shirts, earning them the nickname "Blue Shirts."

The MNS was more radical than the National Union in power, and criticized the Salazar regime for being too timid in transforming Portuguese society. The MNS was disbanded in 1934 by order of Salazar, but continued to operate underground until its leadership was expelled after a failed coup attempt in 1935. Preto settled in Spain, where he took part in the civil war on Franco's side.

The MNS movement was heavily influenced by Catholicism. Therefore, the cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ Crusader Knights of the 14th century was chosen as its symbol.

Romania

After the First World War, Romania, like other European countries, was overtaken by depression. And just as in Germany and Italy, economic problems and fear of communist revolution led to the emergence of extreme nationalist movements here. In 1927, charismatic leader Corneliu Codreanu created the Legion of Archangel Michael, or the Iron Guard. The “Iron Guard” combined religious mysticism with brutal anti-Semitism in its ideology. Members of the “guard” were most often recruited from among students. Codreanu's goal was the "Christian and racial purification" of the nation. Soon, from a tiny sect, the Legion of the Archangel Michael turned into a party that received 15.5% of the votes in the parliamentary elections of 1937, thus becoming the third largest party in the country.

The Iron Guard was perceived as a threat by the regime of King Carol II. When the king imposed a dictatorship in 1938, Codreanu was arrested and then killed, allegedly while trying to escape. As a result, Codreanu gained fame as a “martyr of fascism” and is still revered by modern Nazis around the world.

During World War II, members of the Iron Guard, called "legionnaires," collaborated with the occupying German forces and became notorious for their brutality.

Legionnaires greeted each other with the Roman salute or salute and wore green shirts, so they were called "greenshirts" (the color green was supposed to symbolize renewal).

The symbol of the organization was a stylized version of an intertwined Christian cross divided into three parts, reminiscent of prison bars. This sign was intended to symbolize martyrdom. The symbol was sometimes called the “Cross of Michael the Archangel” - the guardian angel of the Iron Guard.

Switzerland

In the 1920s, small fascist groups began to be created in Switzerland, following the example of neighboring Italy. In 1933, two such groups merged to form a party called the National Front. This party was heavily influenced by the German Nazis; Following their example, she founded youth and women's organizations, and in the mid-30s, her own armed militia, which was called Harst or Auszug.

In the 1933 local elections, the Swiss National Front gained voter support on a wave of nationalism inspired by the Nazi rise to power in Germany. The party reached its maximum number of more than 9 thousand members in 1935, receiving 1.6% of the vote and one seat in the Swiss parliament. The party was led by Ernst Biederman, Rolf Henie and Robert Tobler. In 1940, the Front was banned by the government, but continued its activities until 1943.

The National Front created its own version of the Italian fascist style - with gray shirts. Members of the organization also adopted the Roman greeting. The symbol of the Front was a version of the Swiss flag, in which a white cross reached the borders of a red background.

Spain

The Spanish Phalanx was created in 1933. At first, like the Italian fascists and German Nazis, the Falangists tried to come to power through elections, but they failed to win over enough voters to vote for conservative parties supported by the Catholic Church.

The next chance came after the victory of the socialist Popular Front party in the 1936 elections. The Spanish military, under the leadership of General Francisco Franco, refused to recognize the election results and began an armed uprising, which resulted in the civil war of 1936-1939. Initially Franco, he allowed the Falange, whose membership increased significantly after the elections, to become the most important part of the political apparatus, and accepted political program parties. With the help of Italy and Germany, Franco and the Falangists won the civil war. However, despite the support, during the Second World War the Phalangists did not take Hitler’s side, and thanks to this they managed to retain power in the future.

After the war, Spain, like neighboring Portugal, became an authoritarian dictatorship. The Franco regime lasted until 1975. The Phalanx was formally disbanded in 1977.

The Phalanx symbol is borrowed from the coat of arms during the reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the unifiers of Spain in the 15th century. In 1931, the yoke and arrows were adopted as symbols of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista party, which later merged with the Falange. Since ancient times, the yoke symbolized labor for a common goal, and arrows symbolized power. The red and black background is the colors of the Spanish syndicalists.

Great Britain

The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was created in 1932 by former Conservative MP and Labor government minister Sir Oswald Mosley. Mosley built his organization in the image and likeness of the Italian fascists and introduced a black uniform, for which members of the Union were called “Blackshirts.” The number of BUF reached 50 thousand people. In the mid-1930s, the party's popularity declined due to its members being involved in numerous violent incidents. In 1940 the organization was banned, and most Mosley spent World War II in prison.

Oswald Mosley believed that the British colonial empire was the modern heir to the Roman Empire, and therefore initially used a version of the Roman fasces as a party symbol. In 1936, the party adopted a new symbol: a lightning bolt inside a circle.

The colors were borrowed from the British flag. The circle is an ancient Christian symbol of unity. Lightning is a symbol of action, activity. In the post-war period, the same symbols were used by the American fascist group the National Revival Party. It is still found among right-wing extremists - for example, the British terrorist organization Combat 18 used lightning and a circle in the logo of The Order newspaper in the early 90s of the 20th century.

Sweden

In Sweden, the Swedish Fascist Struggle Organization (Sveriges Fascistiska Kamporganisation, SFKO) was created in 2006. The symbol of the "bundle of rods" was used both as a sign of the party and as the name of its main organ, Spöknippet.

After party leaders Konrad Hallgren and Sven Olaf Lindholm visited Germany, the party became closer to National Socialism and in the fall of 1929 changed its name to the Swedish National Socialist People's Party.

In 1930, it merged with other Nazi parties: Birger Furugård's National Socialist Farmers' and Workers' Association and the New Sweden Party. The new organization was first called the New Swedish National Socialist Party, and soon became the Swedish National Socialist Party (SNSP). In the 1932 elections to the second chamber of the Riksdag, the party stood as candidates in nine electoral districts and received 15,188 votes.

Over time, the ideological differences between Furugård and Lindholm worsened to such an extent that on January 13, 1933, Lindholm and his supporters were expelled from the party. The next day, Lindholm formed the National Socialist Workers' Party (NSAP). The parties began to be called “Lindholm” and “Furugård”.

In October 1938, the NSAP changed its name again to the Swedish Socialist Association (SSS). Lindholm attributed the lack of success in recruiting new members to the fact that the party became too close to German National Socialism and used the German swastika as a symbol. His party called its ideology “folksocialism”, and instead of the swastika, it adopted the “Vasakärven sheaf” as its party symbol.

This heraldic symbol of the unifier of Sweden, King Gustav Vasa, has important national significance in Sweden. The word vase in Old Swedish means a sheaf of ears of grain. In the Middle Ages, various versions of such “sheaves” or “bundles” were used in the construction of significant buildings and laying roads. The “sheaf” depicted on the coat of arms of the Vasa dynasty served, in particular, to fill ditches during the assault on fortresses. When Gustav Vasa ascended the Swedish throne in 1523, this symbol appeared on the coat of arms of the Swedish state. The king's slogan "Varer svensk" (roughly "be a Swede") was often quoted in Nazi and fascist circles.

Germany

The National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP) of Germany was formed in 1919. In the 1920s, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the party grew into a mass movement, and by the time it came to power its ranks numbered almost 900 thousand members.

German National Socialism was in many ways similar to Italian fascism, but there were differences on several points. Both ideologies are marked by a pronounced cult of the leader's personality. Both of them sought to unite society into a single national movement. Both National Socialism and Fascism are clearly anti-democratic and both are anti-communist. But if the fascists considered the state the most important part society, the Nazis instead talked about racial purity. In the eyes of the Nazis, the total power of the state was not a goal, but a means to achieve another goal: the good of the Aryan race and the German people. Where the fascists interpreted history as a constant process of struggle between different forms of state, the Nazis saw an eternal struggle between races.

This was reflected in the Nazi symbol, the swastika, an ancient sign that in the 19th century was combined with the myth of the Aryan race as the crown of creation. The Nazis adopted many external signs fascism. They created their own version of the fascist “style” and introduced the Roman salute. See Chapters 2 and 3 for more details.

Hungary

As in other European countries, fascist groups of various persuasions arose in Hungary during the period between the world wars. Some such groups united in 1935 to form the National Will Party. Two years later, this party was banned, but in 1939 it re-emerged under the name “Arrow Cross. Hungarian movement". In May of the same year, it became the country's second largest party and won 31 seats in parliament. With the outbreak of World War II, it was banned again, but in October 1944, the German occupation authorities installed the so-called government of national unity, led by Arrow Cross chairman Ferenc Szálasi, in power. This regime lasted only a few months, until February 1945, but in a short time sent about 80 thousand Jews to concentration camps.

Supporters of the "Salashists" (named after the party leader) took their name from the Christian cross with pointed ends, a symbol used by the Hungarians in the 10th century. In the ideology of the “Salashists,” the Hungarians were the dominant nation, and the Jews were considered the main enemies. Therefore, the sign of crossed arrows is in second place after the swastika, among the most anti-Semitic symbols of fascism. The crossed arrows, as well as the custom of marching in green shirts, were borrowed from the early fascist group of 1933 HNSALWP, which later became part of the National Will Party.

During the reign of the Szalasi government in Hungary, a flag appeared in the center of which there is a white circle on a red background, and in it there are black crossed arrows. Thus, the color scheme and structure of the German flag with a swastika were completely repeated. The SS troops, formed from Hungarian volunteers, also used this symbol for the Hungarian Divisions No. 2 and No. 3. Today this symbol is banned in Hungary.

In addition, the “Salashists” used the red-white-striped flag from the coat of arms of the dynasty of Hungarian princes Arpad, which ruled the country from the end of the 9th century until 1301.

Austria

In 1933, Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss abolished parliamentary rule and introduced a one-party system under the leadership of the Fatherland Front Party. The party combined Italian fascism and elements of Catholicism in its program, in other words, it professed clerical fascism. The Fatherland Front was in opposition to German National Socialism, and in 1934, Dollfuss was killed during a putsch attempt. Clerical fascism dominated the country until 1938, when Austria was annexed Nazi Germany.

The flag of the Fatherland Front party is a so-called crutch cross on a red and white background. The cross has the same ancient roots as the crosses of the crusader knights, and in the Christian tradition is called cross potent. Its use in the 1930s in Austria was an attempt to compete with the Nazi swastika.

The version that it was Hitler who had the brilliant idea to make the swastika a symbol of the National Socialist movement belongs to the Fuhrer himself and was voiced in Mein Kampf. Probably, nine-year-old Adolf first saw a swastika on the wall of a Catholic monastery near the town of Lambach.

The swastika sign has been popular since ancient times. A cross with curved ends has appeared on coins, household items, and coats of arms since the eighth millennium BC. The swastika symbolized life, sun, and prosperity. Hitler could see the swastika again in Vienna on the emblem of Austrian anti-Semitic organizations.

Having dubbed the archaic solar symbol the Hakenkreuz (Hakenkreuz is translated from German as a hook cross), Hitler assigned himself the priority of the discoverer, although the idea of ​​the swastika as political symbol took root in Germany before him. In 1920, Hitler, who was, albeit unprofessional and untalented, but still an artist, allegedly independently developed the design of the party logo, proposing a red flag with a white circle in the middle, in the center of which a hooked black swastika spread predatorily.

The color red, according to the leader of the National Socialists, was chosen in imitation of the Marxists who used it. Having seen a hundred and twenty thousand demonstration of leftist forces under scarlet banners, Hitler noted the active influence of the bloody color on common man. In Mein Kampf, the Führer mentioned the "great psychological significance" of symbols and their ability to powerfully influence emotions. But it was precisely by controlling the emotions of the crowd that Hitler managed to introduce the ideology of his party to the masses in an unprecedented way.

By adding a swastika to the red color, Adolf gave a diametrically opposite meaning to the favorite color scheme of the socialists. By attracting the attention of the workers with the familiar color of the posters, Hitler carried out a “recruitment.”

In Hitler's interpretation, the red color personified the idea of ​​movement, white - the sky and nationalism, the hoe-shaped swastika - labor and the anti-Semitic struggle of the Aryans. Creative work was mysteriously interpreted as anti-Semitic.

In general, it is impossible to call Hitler the author of National Socialist symbols, contrary to his statements. He borrowed the color from the Marxists, the swastika and even the name of the party (slightly rearranging the letters) from the Viennese nationalists. The idea of ​​using symbolism is also plagiarism. It belongs to the oldest party member - a dentist named Friedrich Krohn, who submitted a memorandum to the party leadership back in 1919. However, the savvy dentist is not mentioned in the bible of National Socialism, Mein Kampf.

However, Kron put a different content into the decoding of symbols. The red color of the banner is love for the homeland, the white circle is a symbol of innocence for the outbreak of the First World War, the black color of the cross is grief over losing the war.

In Hitler’s interpretation, the swastika became a sign of the Aryan struggle against “subhumans.” The claws of the cross seem to be aimed at Jews, Slavs, and representatives of other peoples who do not belong to the race of “blond beasts.”

Unfortunately, the ancient positive sign was discredited by the National Socialists. The Nuremberg Tribunal in 1946 banned Nazi ideology and symbols. The swastika was also banned. Recently she has been somewhat rehabilitated. Roskomnadzor, for example, recognized in April 2015 that displaying this sign outside of a propaganda context is not an act of extremism. Although a “reprehensible past” cannot be erased from a biography, the swastika is used by some racist organizations.

As a separate symbol, the swastika has many meanings, and among a large number of people they are positive. So, for the ancient tribes it had the meaning of movement, creation, light, the Sun, luck, happiness, life and well-being. Representing rotational movements transformed into translational ones, it symbolizes philosophical specificity.
The swastika, as one of the oldest and archaic signs, indicates the visible activity of the Sun, its rotation around the Earth, due to which the earthly year is divided into four parts - climatic seasons. The symbol also characterizes the winter and summer solstices in the annual movement of the Sun. In addition to solar symbolism, the swastika has the meaning of the fertility of the earth, carrying the idea of ​​the four parts of the world centered around its axis. It also involves two-way movement in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction, symbolizing the masculine and feminine principles of Yin and Yang, respectively. In the scriptures of ancient India, a distinction is made between male and female energy, and there are images of deities personified by two male and two female swastikas.
In general, despite the popular and widespread use of the swastika in art and painting, and its ancient and lasting legacy in many cultures, after the association of Nazi Germany with it, the swastika began to have a negative connotation and its use was considered synonymous with imitation of Nazism. Unfortunately, many other symbols, such as runes, also acquired a negative connotation after the end of World War II.
History knows a large number of similar fascist movements, which appeared mainly in the period between the two horrific wars of the twentieth century, as are the very diverse symbols of the Nazi movement. National coats of arms were used as symbols as a sign of the unity of the nation, as well as various figures of historical significance. Some Nazi organizations symbolically used the armed salute.
The adoption and widespread wearing of symbols created by totalitarian fascist governments was considered one of the key aspects of Nazi propaganda.
In the understanding of Hitler himself, she accurately personified the triumph of his struggle for the superiority of the Aryan race over all nations of the world. This choice combined both mystical and occult meaning; the meaning of the swastika as a symbol of the Ancient Aryan race was formed. In addition, its already established use by extreme right-wing political forces - it was used by some Austrian radical parties, and it was also used during the Kapp Putsch not without the influence of the Baltic countries - served a good propaganda role. But already in the twenties, the swastika was directly associated with Nazism, and after the thirties, it was perceived mainly as a Nazi symbol, the result was a complete ban on the image of the swastika in some countries, and it was also excluded from the emblems of the children's scout movement.
The German Nazis borrowed from the Italian Fascists the use of showmanship, ritual, and saluting. Nazism differed from fascism in its pronounced racist vector, so Hitler's Germany used the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan race in order to confirm its superiority. The Third Reich used a specific version of the swastika - a twenty-sided triangle inscribed in a square, rotated at an angle of 45 degrees, with rays directed clockwise and bent at right angles. Mostly depicted in black, against a background of a white or red circle, sometimes against any other background (for example, camouflage). Also, this swastika was located on the German state flag, as well as on the emblems of state and military organizations of the country. The blue swastika was used by the pro-German regime in Finland; a similar sign, but red, was used as an identification symbol of the Latvian air force in the pre-war period. Moreover, it is known that some units of the Red Army during the period civil war They used this particular type of swastika on stripes and banners even before the adoption of the Red Star as a national symbol.

Many legends and speculations have accumulated around this ancient symbol, so someone may be interested in reading about this ancient solar cult symbol.


In fact, I, who grew up in the USSR, had a prejudiced attitude towards the swastika as a fascist sign. But is this really so? The swastika is one of the most archaic sacred symbols, found among many peoples of the world. Swastika symbols were used to designate calendar signs back in the days of the Scythian kingdom.

Many people nowadays Swastika associated with fascism and Hitler. This has been hammered into people's heads for the last 70 years. It's time to fix the situation.
In modern schools, and even in lyceums and gymnasiums in Russia, modern children are told a rather crazy hypothesis that the Swastika is a German fascist cross made up of four letters “G”, denoting the first letters of the leaders of Nazi Germany: Hitler, Himmler, Goering and Goebbels (sometimes he is replaced by Hess). Well, variations on this theme, Germany Hitler Goebbels Himmler. At the same time, few children think about the fact that German surnames: HITLER, HIMMLER, GERING, GEBELS (HESS), no Russian letters "G". I don’t know what they pass off as truth in Western schools, but I’m more than sure that there, too, the swastika is primarily a fascist symbol.Unfortunately, the true meaning of this runic symbol has been overwritten by this stereotype over the past 70 years. At the same time, from time immemorial the swastika was integral part Slavic ornament.

Moreover, without wanting to look into the depths of centuries, you can find more intelligible examples. Not many people remember that the Swastika was depicted on Soviet money in the period from 1917 to 1923 as a legalized state symbol; not immediately noticeable, but it is a fact. She's in the center.

As you can see, Soviet power is already 18.

Have no doubt, before the stars she was no less popular.

And not only on Russian money it was. Here are the Lithuanian five litas.

They also forgot that on the sleeve patches of soldiers and officers of the Red Army in the same period there was also a Swastika in a laurel wreath, and inside the Swastika there were the letters R.S.F.S.R. And how can we remember when almost 100 years have passed since then? That is, one must not remember, but know.

There is a hypothesis that the Golden Swastika-Kolovrat was given to Adolf Hitler by Comrade I.V. Stalin himself as a party symbol in 1920. But this may have already been invented, I’m not sure.

Well, for balance, American troops of the 1930s. 45th Infantry Division.

And the famous Lafayette flying division.



There were also Finnish, Polish and Latvian swastika patches. If you are interested, you can find them all on the Internet yourself.

A thoughtful and not stupid person will always distinguish a swastika painted on the grave of a veteran from a swastika in an ethnic ornament.

The antics of neo-fascists and just bastards who paint black crosses on the tombstones of the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga cannot in any way be attributed to ethnic rituals. And yet, with all my uncompromising attitude towards fascism and the results of the war and a rather biased attitude towards the swastika, I decided to dig up information on this topic. But since we’ve touched on the most famous interpretation of this symbol today, let’s talk about fascism itself.
The term Fascism comes from the Latin "fascio" ligament, bundle. In Russian, a similar word is fascina - a bunch of branches, twigs. Fashina symbolizes something strong, reliable, created from something weak and fragile. Remember the parable about the fingers, which are each weak on their own, but when clenched into a fist they represent strength. Or a historical example when you can easily break each arrow, but it is impossible to do this with a whole bunch.

“The Roman soldiers of Julius Caesar, who conquered Egypt, began to call themselves the first fascists. (In many ways, their methods were quite fascist in the modern sense) In the image of the Medjays, the Romans believed that they were bringing order and law to the barbarian country. The symbol of the emperor’s power was considered a military an ax covered with a bunch of rods and intertwined with ribbons, which was called fascina. The symbolism is that around strong power (axe), through small restrictions (ribbon), peoples (rods) will grow stronger." (c) But let’s return to the swastika sign, the runic solar symbol.

We will return to the symbolism of the Third Reich towards the end of the publication. In the meantime, let's look at the swastika without shudder and prejudice. Let's try to get rid of the contemptuous look at this ancient symbol eternal rotation.

I decided to distance myself from the presentation of this topic by new Russian preachers. It is impossible to deny the fact that the ancient Slavic traditions used the solar sign of the swastika, but their approach was very intrusive. In order not to slide into the opposite direction of misconceptions, let’s look at the swastika a little more broadly.

Considering that not everyone can handle long texts, I decided to show the collected examples to rehabilitate the sign itself. Let's just pay attention to the diversity of swastikas in the cultures of different peoples. This should be enough to understand the essence.

Let's start, perhaps, with the universe. Find the Big Dipper, and to the left of it you will see the constellation in the form of the Swastika. I don’t know if this is true, but now it is excluded from their atlases starry sky. This is what they say in the articles. I haven't checked it myself, it's not that important.


Doesn't it look like a spiral galaxy?
And here are the runic symbols of the ancestors. There are also many examples and interpretation options.

And India, where the swastika is very common.

Even in the jungle you can find a swastika.

What do you think is in the picture? This is a fragment of the robe of an Orthodox priest of the highest church rank.

Do you still believe that the swastika was invented by the fascists of Nazi Germany?

Do you recognize anyone in this picture? The Russian Emperor hurries to his car.

But you are not looking at the king, but at the hood of the car. Found it? The appearance of the swastika at the court of the last Russian Tsar is associated with the name of his wife, Alexandra Fedorovna. Perhaps here the influence of the doctor Pyotr Badmaev on the empress was manifested. Buryat by origin, Lamaist, Badmaev preached Tibetan medicine and maintained connections with Tibet. There are known images of the gammatic cross on hand-drawn postcards of the Empress.

“The left-sided swastika had a special meaning in the royal family and was used as a talisman and as a symbolic reflection of the king’s personality. Before the execution, the former empress drew a swastika on the wall of Ipatiev’s house and wrote something. The image and inscription were photographed and then destroyed. The owner of this photograph was the leader of the white movement in exile, General Alexander Kutepov. In addition, Kutepov kept an icon found on the body of the former empress. Inside the icon there was a note in which the Green Dragon society was mentioned. Strange telegrams signed “Green” were received from Sweden by Grigory Rasputin. Society " The Greens," akin to the Thule Society, is located in Tibet. Before Hitler came to power, there lived a Tibetan lama in Berlin, nicknamed the "man with green gloves." Hitler regularly visited him. The Lama reported to the newspapers three times without error how many Nazis would be elected to the Reichstag. The initiates called the lama “the holder of the keys to the kingdom of Agharti.” In 1926, still small colonies of Tibetans and Hindus appeared in Berlin and Munich. When the Nazis gained access to the Reich's finances, they began to send large expeditions to Tibet, this vital connection was not interrupted until 1943. On the day when Soviet troops ended the battle for Berlin, among the corpses of the last defenders of Nazism, about a thousand bodies of death volunteers, people of Tibetan blood, were found. (c)

In July 1918, immediately after the execution royal family, the troops of the White Army occupied Yekaterinburg. First of all, the officers hurried to the Ipatiev House - the last refuge of the august persons. There, among other things, they saw signs familiar from the icons - crosses with curved ends. It was a left-turning, so-called collective swastika - “amulet”. As it turned out later, it was painted by Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

It is for these signs that ignorant London reviewers of the film about the Romanovs will later dub her the “fascist Brünnhilde,” unaware of the ancient Christian Indian traditions of leaving the swastika where the attributes of any holiday are removed after its completion, so that evil does not penetrate there. The Empress consecrated the house with an “amulet”, anticipating the end of the celebration of life...(c)

And this photo shows Jackie Bouvier, the future Jackie Kennedy, V festive costume related to culture American Indians.

The geography is expanding.
In India, the Swastika is a symbol of esoteric Buddhism. According to legend, it was imprinted on the heart of Buddha, for which it received the name “Seal of the Heart.”

Let's look into the history of the spread of the swastika.
"Together with one branch of the Indo-European tribes that moved from the southern regions of the Russian Plain in a south-easterly direction and reached through Mesopotamia and Central Asia to the Indus Valley, the swastika entered the cultures eastern peoples.
It was common on painted dishes of ancient Susiana (Mesopotamian Elam on the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf - 3rd millennium BC) - on bowls, where it was placed in the very center of the composition. This is probably typical example, when the swastika was used by the earliest non-Indo-European peoples. The signs were symmetrically located relative to a rectangle crossed out by an oblique cross indicating the ground.
Somewhat later, the swastika began to be used by Semitic peoples: the ancient Egyptians and Chaldeans, whose state was located on the western shore of the Persian Gulf.

If desired, you can even find a combination of a swastika and the six-pointed star of Magendovid in the ornament.

With the same wave of Indo-Europeans in the middle of the second millennium BC. The swastika penetrated into the culture of North India. There it successfully existed until our time, but acquired a mystical meaning.

In the most general interpretation, the swastika is considered by Indians to be a symbol of movement and the eternal rotation of the world - the “circle of samsara.” This symbol was supposedly imprinted on the Buddha's heart and is therefore sometimes called the "Seal of the Heart". It is placed on the chest of those initiated into the mysteries of Buddhism after their death. It is carved on every rock, temple, and wherever the founders of Buddhism left their milestones.

Later, the swastika penetrates into Tibet, then into Central Asia and China. Another century later, the swastika came to Japan and Southeast Asia along with Buddhism, which made it its symbol."

Together with Buddhism from India, the swastika penetrated into Tibet and Japan. In Japan, the swastika symbol is called Manji. Manji can be seen on samurai flags, armor, and family crests.

Along with North America and the east of Eurasia is marked with a solar sign and a Japanese man wearing a manji-decorated helmet.

Japanese print from the 18th century

Japanese roof

Here is the facade of a building in Kathmandu decorated with a swastika.

And here is Buddha himself.

At this point it was possible to put an end to it. For a general understanding that there is nothing bad in the swastika itself, these examples are already enough. But we'll look at a few more. The East generally preserves its history more carefully and observes traditions. Pagoda tower with golden swastika, solar sign.

Another Buddha
Isn’t this an example of the fact that the solar Kolovrat is not just an ornament of a decorative nature, but a sacred symbol that has a deep sacred meaning. That’s why we can see it on a Buddhist mandala.

And on the sacred stupa

Modern Nepal

The Kolovrat swastika is also imprinted on the tusks of mammoths. Under the golden Kolovrat on a scarlet banner, the legendary Prince Svyatoslav marched on Constantinople and beat the Khazars. This radiant symbol was used by pagan Magi (priests) in rituals associated with the ancient Slavic Vedic Faith, and is still embroidered by Vyatka, Kostroma,
Vologda needlewomen.

In early Christianity, the swastika was known as a gamma cross; until the end of the Middle Ages it was one of the emblems of Christ; it could often be found on Orthodox icons. As an example, there is a swastika on the headdress of the Mother of God icon called “Sovereign”. Remember the ornament on the festive robe of the Orthodox priest above? From there.

According to legend, Genghis Khan wore on his right hand a ring with the image of a swastika, into which was set a magnificent ruby ​​- the sun stone. In the oldest synagogue in Israel, a Swastika is depicted on the floor, although it is believed that the Jews are almost the only tribe that does not consider the swastika a sacred symbol.

The Swastika again became popular in European culture in the 19th century. It began to be used everywhere in ornamentation as a sign of Light, Sun, Love, Life. There has even been an interpretation that the Swastika symbol must be understood as an abbreviation of four words starting with the Latin letter “L”: Light - Light, Sun; Love - Love; Life - Life; Luck - Fate, Luck, Happiness. This is already its modern interpretation, without signs of a pagan cult.

Here is a very old "fossil" example of a swastika.

The swastika currently appears on the Finnish presidential standard.

And it can be found on the map of modern America...

Disputes about the origin of the swastika have not subsided for many years. Its fragments have been found on almost all continents in the cultures of Hinduism, Lamaism, and Christianity. Today it is believed that this sign originates from the ancient religion of the Aryans - Indo-Europeans. Its first images on Aryan altars and burials, Harappan seals and weapons, and Samarian bowls date back to the 30th century BC. It was excavated in the Urals, the same age as the pyramids of Egypt, with a street layout in the form of a round swastika mandala with an altar in the center.

What did the swastika mean? This is an Aryan symbol of the unity of the heavenly forces of fire and wind with the altar - the place where these heavenly forces merge with earthly ones. Therefore, the altars of the Aryans were decorated with swastikas and were revered as saints, protected from evil. The name "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit term "suasti" - "prosperity under the Sun", and the swastika mandala - from the concept of "wheel", "disk", or "circle of eternity", divided into sectors. In China and Japan, swastika characters mean wishes for longevity under the Sun.

In the mid-20th century, the swastika became one of the main tools in the confrontation between civilizations. And this was reflected not only in the mass use of the symbol as a “marker” of certain forces, but also in the active esoteric and mystical technology of application. This aspect was dealt with by special communities of the 3rd Reich, primarily the Ahnenerbe. The swastika was used as a universal tool for contact and remote mental coding of individuals and groups, volitional projection onto a geographic region, the formation of events (of a given type of future), etc. Not all manipulations with the swastika produced the expected effect, but the degree of effectiveness and nature of use are not generally known information. This side of the 2nd World War still keeps its secrets.
In general, there are a great many swastikas.

But how did the swastika become the personification of fascism?

Created in 1921 according to the designs of Adolf Hitler, the party symbols and flag of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) later became state symbols Germany (1933-1945). It is possible that Hitler, when choosing the swastika as an emblem, was guided by the theory of the German geopolitician Karl Haushofer, who believed that the swastika was a symbol of thunder, fire and fertility among the ancient Aryan magicians.

It was Haushofer who came up with the expression: “Space as a factor of force,” which Hitler borrowed from him. In the mind of Hitler himself, the swastika symbolized the “struggle for the triumph of the Aryan race.” By this time, the Swastika was already actively used by Austrian anti-Semitic organizations.

At the same time, the Nazi salute “Sieg” was adopted. “Ziga” (“sieg” - victory) is a gesture of greeting the Sun: from the heart to the Sun with the dear right hand, the palm of the left hand lies with the inside on the stomach, forming a zig rune. After 1933, the swastika finally began to be perceived as a Nazi symbol, as a result of which it was excluded from the emblem of the scout movement. Kipling removed the swastika from the covers of his books.

"In the modern world, as before, a special toolkit - graphic symbolism - is widely used to purposefully influence the feelings, thoughts and desires of people. The history of the use of symbols is as deep as the history of homo sapiens. And in this history special place The idea of ​​searching for a certain universal key, a magical sign, which, having mastered it, becomes possible to control not only a person, but also entire nations. How realistic is this idea?
The answer is related to the answer to another question: what does the world we live in consist of? It has been asked by outstanding thinkers for thousands of years, and it remains relevant in the modern world. In the era of antiquity, the idea was popular that behind the diversity of objects and phenomena there were only a few fundamental principles - the elements: fire, water, earth, air, and the quintessence of these elements - ether. According to ancient teachings, all known objects and phenomena are formed from these substances, and the system-forming process is the interaction of the world of ideas and the world of elements. The world of ideas in in this case is like "grand software" for the Universe. This interpretation of the structure of the world allows for the materialization of ideas into certain monads through a special substance - the substance of pure information - capable of modifying any object in the material world. Maybe this is how the meaning of the mysterious “philosopher’s stone” should be understood.
In this case, we define information as one of the primary principles, a kind of element. What are the elements of the world of ideas reflected in the form of substance? How will human consciousness perceive them? Apparently, in the form of symbols and signs. It is probably possible to imagine a person’s internal mental space in the form of living symbols combined into texts. Having at their core the same nature - a single world of ideas in the Universe, people, regardless of race, era, linguistic culture, habitat, have the same primary symbolic structures in their mental structure. This point of view allows us to understand why, throughout the known history of human civilization, there are similar and even completely identical symbols used in almost all regions of the planet by a variety of peoples." (c)

And if you're interested, the swastika museum

VIDEO And lastly, photos of a friend. Swastika in Singapore.

(With) The publication used material from a dozen articles and publications.

The word “swastika” in Sanskrit means the following: “svasti” (स्वस्ति) - greeting, wish for good luck, “su” (सु) translated means “good, good”, and “asti” (अस्ति) which means “is, to be” "

Few people now remember that on Soviet money in the period from 1917 to 1923 the Swastika was depicted as a legalized state symbol; that on the sleeve patches of soldiers and officers of the Red Army during the same period there was also a Swastika in a laurel wreath, and inside the Swastika there were the letters R.S.F.S.R. There is even an opinion that the Golden Swastika-Kolovrat, as a party symbol, was given to Adolf Hitler by Comrade I.V. Stalin in 1920. So many legends and speculations have accumulated around this ancient symbol that we decided to tell in more detail about this oldest solar cult symbol on Earth.

The swastika symbol is a rotating cross with curved ends directed clockwise or counterclockwise. As a rule, now all over the world all Swastika symbols are called in one word - SWASTIKA, which is fundamentally wrong, because every Swastika symbol in ancient times had its own name, purpose, Protective Power and Figurative meaning.

Swastika symbolism, being the oldest, is most often found in archaeological excavations. More often than other symbols, it was found in ancient mounds, on the ruins of ancient cities and settlements. In addition, they were depicted on various details of architecture, weapons, and household utensils of many peoples of the world. Swastika symbolism is found everywhere in ornamentation as a sign of Light, Sun, Love, Life. In the West, there was even an interpretation that the Swastika symbol must be understood as an abbreviation of four words starting with the Latin letter “L”: Light - Light, Sun; Love - Love; Life - Life; Luck - Fate, Luck, Happiness (see card below).

English greeting card from the early 20th century

The oldest archaeological artifacts depicting swastika symbols now date back to approximately 4-15 millennium BC. (below is a vessel from the Scythian Kingdom of 3-4 thousand BC). According to archaeological excavations, the richest areas for the use of the swastika, both a religious and cultural symbol, are Russia and Siberia.

Neither Europe, nor India, nor Asia can compare with Russia or Siberia in the abundance of swastika symbols covering Russian weapons, banners, national costumes, household utensils, everyday and agricultural items, as well as houses and temples. Excavations of ancient mounds, cities and settlements speak for themselves - many ancient Slavic cities had a clear form of Swastika, oriented to the four cardinal directions. This can be seen in the example of Vendogard and others (below is a reconstruction plan for Arkaim).

Reconstruction plan of Arkaim L.L. Gurevich

The swastika and swastika-solar symbols were the main and, one might even say, almost the only elements of the most ancient Proto-Slavic ornaments. But this does not mean at all that the Slavs and Aryans were bad artists.

Firstly, there were a great many varieties of images of Swastika symbols. Secondly, in ancient times, not a single pattern was applied to any object just like that, because each element of the pattern corresponded to a certain cult or protective (amulet) meaning, because each symbol in the pattern had its own mystical power.

By combining various mystical forces, white people created a favorable atmosphere around themselves and their loved ones, in which it was easiest to live and create. These were carved patterns, stucco molding, painting, beautiful carpets woven by hardworking hands (see photo below).

Traditional Celtic carpet with swastika pattern

But not only the Aryans and Slavs believed in the mystical power of swastika patterns. The same symbols were discovered on clay vessels from Samarra (the territory of modern Iraq), which date back to the 5th millennium BC.

Swastika symbols in levorotatory and dextrorotatory forms are found in the pre-Aryan culture of Mohenjo-Daro (Indus River basin) and ancient China around 2000 BC.

In Northeast Africa, archaeologists have found a funerary stele from the kingdom of Meroz, which existed in the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. The fresco on the stele depicts a woman entering the afterlife; a Swastika is emblazoned on the clothes of the deceased.

The rotating cross adorns golden weights for scales that belonged to the inhabitants of Ashanta (Ghana), and clay utensils of the ancient Indians, beautiful carpets woven by the Persians and Celts.

Man-made belts created by the Komi, Russians, Sami, Latvians, Lithuanians and other peoples are also filled with swastika symbols, and at present it is difficult even for an ethnographer to figure out which people these ornaments belong to. Judge for yourself.

Since ancient times, swastika symbolism has been the main and dominant symbol among almost all peoples on the territory of Eurasia: Slavs, Germans, Mari, Pomors, Skalvi, Curonians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Mordovians, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Indians, Icelanders, Scots and many others.

In many ancient Beliefs and religions, the Swastika is the most important and brightest cult symbol. So, in ancient Indian philosophy and Buddhism (below the Foot of the Buddha). The swastika is a symbol of the eternal cycle of the universe, a symbol of the Buddha's Law, to which everything that exists is subject. (Dictionary “Buddhism”, M., “Republic”, 1992); in Tibetan Lamaism - a protective symbol, a symbol of happiness and a talisman.

In India and Tibet, the Swastika is depicted everywhere: on the walls and gates of temples (see photo below), on residential buildings, as well as on the fabrics in which everything is wrapped sacred texts and signs. Very often, sacred texts from the Book of the Dead, which are written on funeral covers, are framed with swastika ornaments before cremation.

At the gate of the Vedic Temple. Northern India, year 2000

Warships in the roadstead (in the inland sea). XVIII century

You can see the image of many Swastikas both in an old Japanese engraving of the 18th century (picture above) and on the unparalleled mosaic floors in the halls of the St. Petersburg Hermitage and other places (picture below).

Pavilion Hall of the Hermitage. Mosaic floor. year 2001

But you will not find any reports about this in the media, because they have no idea what the Swastika is, what ancient figurative meaning it carries, what it has meant for many millennia and means now for the Slavs and Aryans and many peoples inhabiting our Earth.

In these media, alien to the Slavs, the Swastika is called either a German cross or fascist sign and reduce its image and meaning only to Adolf Hitler, Germany 1933-45, to fascism (National Socialism) and the Second World War.

Modern “journalists”, “historians” and guardians of “universal human values” seem to have forgotten that the Swastika is the oldest Russian symbol, that in past times, representatives of the highest authorities, in order to enlist the support of the people, always made the Swastika a state symbol and placed its image on money.

250 ruble banknote of the Provisional Government. 1917

1000 ruble banknote of the Provisional Government. 1917

5000 ruble banknote of the Soviet Government. 1918

10,000 ruble banknote of the Soviet Government. 1918

This is what the princes and tsars did, the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks, who later seized power from them.

Now few people know that the matrices of the 250 ruble banknote, with the image of the Swastika symbol - Kolovrat - against the background of a double-headed eagle, were made according to a special order and sketches of the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II.

The Provisional Government used these matrices to issue banknotes in denominations of 250, and later 1000 rubles.

Beginning in 1918, the Bolsheviks introduced new banknotes in denominations of 5,000 and 10,000 rubles, which depicted three Swastika-Kolovrat: two smaller Kolovrat in side ligatures intertwined with large numbers 5,000, 10,000, and a large Kolovrat is placed in the middle.

But, unlike the 1000 rubles of the Provisional Government, which had the State Duma depicted on the reverse side, the Bolsheviks placed a double-headed eagle on banknotes. Money with the Swastika-Kolovrat was printed by the Bolsheviks and was in use until 1923, and only after the appearance of USSR banknotes were they taken out of circulation.

The authorities of Soviet Russia, in order to gain support in Siberia, created sleeve patches in 1918 for the soldiers of the Red Army of the South-Eastern Front, they depicted a Swastika with the abbreviation R.S.F.S.R. inside.

But they also did: Russian Government A.V. Kolchak, calling under the banner of the Siberian Volunteer Corps; Russian emigrants in Harbin and Paris, and then the National Socialists in Germany.

Created in 1921 according to the sketches of Adolf Hitler, the party symbols and flag of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) subsequently became the state symbols of Germany (1933-1945).

Few people now know that in Germany the National Socialists did not use the Swastika, but a symbol similar to it in design - Hakenkreuz, which has a completely different figurative meaning - changing the world around us and a person’s worldview.

For many millennia, different designs of swastika symbols have had a powerful influence on people’s lifestyles, their psyche (Soul) and subconscious, uniting representatives of various tribes for some bright purpose; gave a powerful surge of light divine forces, revealing the internal reserves in people for comprehensive creation for the benefit of their Clans, in the name of justice, prosperity and well-being of their Fatherland.

At first, only the clergy of various Tribal cults, creeds and religions used this, then representatives of the highest state authorities began to use swastika symbols - princes, kings, etc., and after them all kinds of occultists and political figures turned to the Swastika.

After the Bolsheviks completely captured all levels of power, the need for support of the Soviet regime by the Russian people disappeared, because it would be easier to confiscate the values ​​​​created by the same Russian people. Therefore, in 1923, the Bolsheviks abandoned the Swastika, leaving only the five-pointed star, Hammer and Sickle as state symbols.

In ancient times, when our Ancestors used, the word Swastika was translated as Who Came from Heaven. Since Rune - SVA meant Heaven (hence Svarog - Heavenly God), - S - Rune of direction; Runes - TIKA - movement, coming, flow, running. Our children and grandchildren still pronounce the word tick, i.e. run. In addition, the figurative form - TIKA is still found in everyday words Arctic, Antarctic, mysticism, homiletics, politics, etc.

Ancient Vedic sources tell us that even our galaxy has the shape of a Swastika, and our Yarila-Sun system is located in one of the arms of this Heavenly Swastika. And since we are located in the galactic sleeve, our entire galaxy (its ancient name is Svasti) is perceived by us as Perun’s Way or the Milky Way.

Any person who loves to look at the scattering of stars at night can see the constellation Swastika to the left of the constellation Mokosh (Ursa Major) (see below). It shines in the skies, but has been excluded from modern star maps and atlases.

As a cult and everyday solar symbol that brings happiness, luck, prosperity, joy and prosperity, the Swastika was initially used only among the white people of the Great Race, professing the Old Faith of the First Ancestors - Ingliism, the Druidic cults of Ireland, Scotland, Scandinavia.

The Legacy of the Ancestors brought the news that for many millennia the Slavs used Swastika symbols. There were 144 types of them: Swastika, Kolovrat, Posolon, Holy Dar, Svasti, Svaor, Solntsevrat, Agni, Fash, Mara; Inglia, Solar Cross, Solard, Vedara, Light, Fern Flower, Perunov Color, Swati, Race, Bogovnik, Svarozhich, Svyatoch, Yarovrat, Odolen-Grass, Rodimich, Charovrat, etc.

We could list more, but it would be better to briefly consider a few Solar Swastika symbols: their outline and figurative meaning.

Vedic symbols of the Slavic-Aryans and their meaning

	Swastika— Symbol of the eternal circulation of the Universe; it symbolizes the Highest Heavenly Law, to which everything that exists is subject. People used this Fire sign as a talisman that protected the existing Law and Order. Life itself depended on their inviolability.
	Suasti— A symbol of movement, the cycle of Life on Earth and the rotation of Midgard-Earth. The symbol of the four northern rivers dividing the ancient Sacred Daaria into four “regions” or “countries”, in which the four Clans of the Great Race originally lived.
	Agni(Fire) - Symbol of the Sacred Fire of the Altar and the Hearth. Amulet Symbol of the Highest Light Gods, Protecting homes and temples, as well as the Ancient Wisdom of the Gods, that is, the Ancient Slavic-Aryan Vedas.
	Fache(Flame) - Symbol of Protective Protective Spiritual Fire. This Spiritual Fire cleanses the human Spirit from selfishness and base thoughts. This is a symbol of the power and Unity of the Warrior Spirit, the victory of the Light Forces of the Mind over the forces of Darkness and ignorance.
	Altar boy— Heavenly All-Clan symbol of the Great Unity of the Light Clans inhabiting the Most Pure Svarga, the Halls and Abodes in Reveal, Glory and Rule. This symbol is depicted on the Altar Stone, near the altar on which Gifts and Requirements are offered to the Clans of the Great Race.
	Matchmaking-Amulets symbolism, which is applied to the Sacred Veils and Towels. The Holy Veils are used to cover the Religious Tables, to which Gifts and Requirements are brought for consecration. Towels and Swatka are tied around Sacred Trees and Idols.
	Bogodar— Symbolizes the constant patronage of the Heavenly Gods, who give people Ancient True Wisdom and Justice. This symbol is especially revered by the Guardian Priests, whom the Heavenly Gods entrusted to protect the Supreme Gift - Heavenly Wisdom.
	Swati— Celestial symbolism, conveying the external structural Image of our Native Star System of Swati, also called Perun’s Path or Heavenly Iriy. The red dot at the bottom of one of the arms of the Swati Star System symbolizes our Yarilo-Sun.
	Vaiga— Solar Natural sign with which we personify the Goddess Tara. This Wise Goddess protects the four Highest Spiritual Paths, along which a man is walking. But these Paths are also open to the four Great Winds, which seek to prevent a person from achieving his goal.
	Valkyrie— An ancient Amulet that protects Wisdom, Justice, Nobility and Honor. This sign is especially revered among warriors who protect Native land, your Ancient Family and Faith. The Priests used it as a protective symbol to preserve the Vedas.
	Vedaman— The symbol of the Guardian Priest, who preserves the Ancient Wisdom of the Clans of the Great Race, for in this Wisdom the Traditions of Communities, the Culture of Relationships, the Memory of the Ancestors and Patron Gods of the Clans are preserved.
	Vedara— Symbol of the Guardian Priest of the Ancient Faith of the First Ancestors (Kapen-Yngling), who keeps the Shining Ancient Wisdom of the Gods. This symbol helps to learn and use ancient Knowledge for the benefit of the Prosperity of the Clans and the Ancient Faith of the First Ancestors.
	Velesovik— Heavenly symbolism, which was used as a Protective Amulet. It is believed that with its help, it becomes possible to protect a loved one from natural bad weather and any misfortune when the loved one is away from home, hunting or fishing.
	Radinets— Protective Heavenly Symbol. Depicted on cradles and cradles in which newborn children slept. It is believed that Radinets gives joy and peace to small children, and also protects them from the evil eye and ghosts.
	Vseslavets— Fiery Protective symbol that protects granaries and dwellings from fires, Family Unions — from heated disputes and disagreements, Ancient Clans — from quarrels and strife. It is believed that the symbol of the All-Glorious Man leads all Clans to Harmony and universal Glory.
	Ognevitsa— A fiery protective symbol that grants all possible help and effective protection from the Heavenly Mother of God to married women from dark forces. It was embroidered on shirts, sundresses, ponevas, and very often mixed with other Solar and Protective symbols.
	Slavets— Heavenly Solar symbol that protects the health of girls and women. He gives health to all girls and women, and helps married women give birth to strong and healthy children. Women, and especially girls, very often used Slavets in embroidery on their clothes.
	Garuda— The Heavenly Divine sign symbolizes the great Heavenly Fire Chariot (Vaitmara), on which God Vyshen travels through the Most Pure Svarga. Garuda is figuratively called a bird flying between the Stars. Garuda is depicted on objects of the Cult of God Vyshenya.
	Thunderstorm— Fire symbolism, with the help of which it became possible to control the Natural Elements of Weather, and the Thunderstorm was also used as an Amulet that protected the homes and temples of the Clans of the Great Race from bad weather.
	Gromovnik— The Heavenly Symbol of God Indra, guarding the Ancient Heavenly Wisdom of the Gods, that is, the Ancient Vedas. As a Amulet, it was depicted on military weapons and armor, as well as above the entrances to Vaults, so that anyone entering them with evil thoughts would be struck by Thunder.
	Duniya— Symbol of the connection of Earthly and Heavenly Living Fire. Its purpose: to preserve the Paths of Permanent Unity of the Family. Therefore, all Fiery Altars for the baptism of Bloodless Religions, offered for the glory of the Gods and Ancestors, were built in the form of this symbol.
	Heavenly Boar— Sign of the Hall on the Svarog Circle; The symbol of the Patron God of the Hall is Ramkhat. This sign denotes the connection of the Past and the Future, Earthly and Heavenly Wisdom. In the form of an Amulet, this symbolism was used by people who embarked on the path of Spiritual Self-improvement.
	Spiritual Swastika-It enjoyed the greatest attention among Magicians, Magi, and Sorcerers; it symbolized Harmony and Unity: Body, Soul, Spirit and Conscience, as well as Spiritual Power. The Magi used Spiritual Power to control the Natural Elements.
	Soul Swastika— Used to concentrate the Higher Healing Powers. Soulful Swastika Only Priests who had risen to a high level of Spiritual and Moral perfection had the right to include in the ornament of clothing.
	Doukhobor— Symbolizes the original inner Fire of Life. This Great Divine Fire destroys in a person all bodily ailments and diseases of the Soul and Spirit. This symbol was applied to the cloth that was used to cover the sick person.
	Bunny— The solar symbol characterizes renewal in the Life of the Family. It was believed that if you gird your wife with a belt with the image of a Bunny during her pregnancy, then she will give birth only to boys, the successors of the Family.
	Spiritual strength— The symbol of the constant Transformation of the Human Spirit was used to strengthen and concentrate all the Spiritual internal Forces of Man necessary for creative work for the benefit of the descendants of his ancient Family or his Great People.
	Dhata— Divine Fire sign, symbolizing the internal and external structure of a person. Dhata denotes the four main elements that are bestowed by the Creator Gods, from which every person of the Great Race is created: Body, Soul, Spirit and Conscience.
	Znich— Symbolizes the Fiery Heavenly God, guarding the Sacred, unquenchable Living Fire, which is revered in all Clans of Orthodox Old Believers-Ynglings as the Eternal Inexhaustible Source of Life.
	England— Symbolizes the Primary Life-Giving Divine Fire of Creation, from which all the Universes and our Yarila-Sun system emerged. In amulet use, England is a symbol of the Primordial Divine Purity, protecting the World from the forces of Darkness.
	Kolovrat— The symbol of the rising Yarila-Sun is a symbol of the eternal victory of Light over darkness and Eternal Life over death. The color of Kolovrat also plays an important role: Fiery, symbolizes Revival, Heavenly - Renewal, black - Change.
	Charovrat— Is a talismanic symbol that protects a person or object from the targeting of Black Charms. Charovrat was depicted in the form of a fiery rotating cross, believing that Fire destroys dark forces and various spells.
	Salting— The symbol of the setting, that is, retiring Yarila-Sun; Symbol of the completion of Creative Work for the benefit of the Family and the Great Race; A symbol of the Spiritual Fortitude of man and the Peace of Mother Nature.
	Colard— Symbol of Fiery Renewal and Transfiguration. This symbol was used by young people who joined the Family Union and were expecting healthy offspring. For the wedding, the bride was given jewelry with Colard and Solard.
	Solard— Symbol of the Greatness of the Fertility of the Mother Damp Earth, receiving Light, Warmth and Love from Yarila the Sun; Symbol of prosperity of the land of the Ancestors. A symbol of Fire, giving wealth and prosperity to the Clans, creating for their descendants for the glory of the Light Gods and the Many-Wise Ancestors
	Source— Symbolizes the Primordial Homeland of the human Soul. The Heavenly Halls of the Goddess Jiva, where the disembodied appear in God’s Light human souls. After joining the Golden Path Spiritual development The soul goes to Earth.
	Kolohort- Symbolizes a dual system of worldview: the constant interexistence of Light and darkness, Life and death, Good and evil, Truth and falsehood, Wisdom and stupidity. This symbol was used when asking the Gods to Resolve a dispute.
	Molvinets— A talismanic symbol that protects every person from the Clans of the Great Race: from evil, bad words, from the evil eye and the Ancestral curse, from slander and slander, from slander and slander. It is believed that Molvinets is the great Gift of God Rod.
	Navnik— Symbolizes the Spiritual Paths of a person from the Clans of the Great Race after death on Midgard-Earth. Four Spiritual Paths were created for each representative of the four Clans of the Great Race. They lead a person to his Native Heavenly World, from where the Soul-Navya came to Midgard-Earth.
	Narayana— Heavenly symbolism, which denotes the Light Spiritual Path of people from the Clans of the Great Race. In Ingliism, Narayana not only symbolizes the Spiritual development of a person - it is also a certain way of life of a believer, his behavior.
	Solar Cross— Symbol of the Spiritual Power of Yarila the Sun and the prosperity of the Family. Used as a body amulet. As a rule, the Solar Cross endowed the Priests of the Forest, Gridney and Kmetey with the greatest power, who depicted it on clothes, weapons and religious accessories.
	Heavenly Cross— Symbol of Heavenly Spiritual Power and the Power of Ancestral Unity. It was used as a body amulet, protecting the one who wears it, granting him the help of all the Ancestors of his ancient Family and the help of the Heavenly Family.
	Novorodnik— Symbolizes the Heavenly Power, which helps to achieve transformation and multiplication of the ancient Family. As a powerful protective and fertile symbol, Novorodnik was depicted in ornaments on women's shirts, ponevas and belts.
	Ryzhik— A heavenly symbol of pure Light emanating from our Luminary, Yarila the Sun. Symbol of Earthly fertility and a good, abundant harvest. This symbol was applied to all agricultural tools. Ryzhik was depicted at the entrances to granaries, barns, barns, etc.
	Fireman— Fire Symbol of the God of the Family. His image is found on the Idol of Rod, on platbands and “towels” along the slopes of roofs on houses and on window shutters. As a talisman it was applied to the ceilings. Even in St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow), under one of the domes, you can see Ognevik.
	Yarovik— This symbol was used as a talisman to preserve the harvest and to avoid the loss of livestock. Therefore, it was very often depicted above the entrance to barns, cellars, sheepfolds, barns, stables, cow sheds, barns, etc.
	Overcome Grass— This symbol was the main Amulet for protection against various diseases. People believed that illnesses were sent to a person by evil forces, and a double Fire sign was capable of burning away any illness and disease, purifying the body and Soul.
	Fern flower— A fiery symbol of the purity of the Spirit, it has powerful healing powers. People call it Perunov Tsvet. It is believed that he is able to open treasures hidden in the earth and make wishes come true. In fact, it gives a person the opportunity to reveal Spiritual Powers.
	Rubezhnik— Symbolizes the Universal Frontier, separating Earthly life in the Reality World and posthumous life in Higher Worlds. In everyday life, Rubezhnik was depicted on the entrance Gates to Temples and Sanctuaries, indicating that these Gates are the Frontier.
	Rysich— Ancient Protective Ancestral symbolism. This symbolism originally depicted on the walls of Temples and Sanctuaries, on alatyr stones near the altars. Subsequently, Rysich began to be depicted on all buildings, since it is believed that there is no better Amulet against Dark Forces than Rasich.
	Rodovik— Symbolizes the Light Power of the Parent Family, helping the peoples of the Great Race, providing constant support to the Ancient Many-Wise Ancestors to people who work for the benefit of their Family and creating for the descendants of their Family.
	Godman— Personifies the Eternal power and protection of the Light Gods to a person who has taken the Path of Spiritual development and perfection. A mandala with the image of this symbol helps a person to realize the Interpenetration and Unity of the Four Elements in our Universe.
	Rodimich— The symbol of the Universal Power of the Parent Family, preserving in the Universe in its original form the Law of Continuity of Knowledge of the Wisdom of the Family, from Old Age to Youth, from Ancestors to Descendants. A symbol-Talisman that reliably preserves the Ancestral memory from generation to generation.
	Svarozhich— The symbol of the Heavenly Power of God Svarog, preserving in its original form all the diversity of forms of Life in the Universe. A symbol that protects various existing Intelligent forms of life from Mental and Spiritual degradation, as well as from complete destruction as an Intelligent species.
	Solon— An ancient Solar symbol that protects man and his goods from dark forces. As a rule, it was depicted on clothing and household items. Very often the image of Soloni is found on spoons, pots and other kitchen utensils.
	Yarovrat— Fiery Symbol of Yaro-God, who controls spring flowering and all favorable weather conditions. People considered it obligatory, in order to obtain a good harvest, to draw this symbol on agricultural tools: plows, scythes, etc.
	Svetoch— This symbol personifies the connection of two great Fire streams: Earthly and Divine. This connection gives rise to the Universal Vortex of Transformation, which helps a person to reveal the essence of Being through the Light of Knowledge of the Ancient Fundamentals.
	Svitovit— A symbol of the eternal relationship between Earthly Waters and Heavenly Fire. From this connection new Pure Souls are born, who prepare for incarnation on Earth in the Manifest World. Pregnant women embroidered this Amulet on dresses and sundresses so that healthy children would be born.
	Kolyadnik— The symbol of God Kolyada, who makes Renewals and changes for the better on earth; it is a symbol of the victory of Light over darkness and Bright Day over night. In addition, giving men strength in creative work and in battle with a fierce enemy.
	Cross of Lada-Virgin— A symbol of Love, Harmony and Happiness in the family, people called it Ladinets. As a talisman, it was worn mainly by girls in order to have protection from the “evil eye”. And so that the power of Ladinets was constant, he was inscribed in the Great Kolo (Circle).
	Swaor- Symbolizes the endless, constant Heavenly Movement, called - Svaga and the Eternal Cycle of the Vital Forces of the Universe. It is believed that if Swaor is depicted on household items, then there will always be prosperity and Happiness in the house.
	Svaor-Solntsevrat— Symbolizes the constant Movement of Yarila the Sun across the Firmament. For a person, the use of this symbol meant: Purity of Thoughts and Deeds, Goodness and Light of Spiritual Illumination.
	Holy Gift- Symbolizes the Ancient Sacred Northern ancestral home of the white peoples - Daaria, now called: Hyperborea, Arctida, Severia, Paradise Land, which was located in the Northern Ocean and died as a result of the First Flood.
	Sadhana— Solar Cult sign, symbolizing the desire for success, perfection, and achieving the intended goal. With this symbol, the Old Believers denoted the system of ancient Rites, with the help of which communication with the Gods was achieved.
	Ratiborets— Fiery symbol of military valor, courage and bravery. As a rule, it was depicted on military armor, weapons, as well as on the Military Stands (banners, banners) of the Princely Squads. It is believed that the symbol of the Ratiborts blinds the eyes of enemies and makes them flee from the battlefield.
	Marichka— A heavenly symbol of the Divine Light descending onto Midgard-Earth, that is, the Spark of God. People from the Clans of the Great Race receive this Light during the day from Yarila the Sun, and at night from the Stars. Sometimes Marichka is called a “shooting star”.
	Race Symbol— Symbol of the Ecumenical Union of the Four Great Nations, Aryans and Slavs. The Aryan peoples were united by Clans and Tribes: the Aryans and the X'Aryans, and the Slavic Peoples - the Svyatorus and the Rassenov. This unity of the Four Nations was designated by the symbol of England in the Heavenly space. Solar England is crossed by the Silver Sword (Race and Conscience) with a Fiery hilt (Pure Thoughts) and the tip of the sword blade directed downward, which symbolizes the Preservation and Protection of the Ancient Wisdom of the Great Race from various forces of Darkness.
	Rasic— Symbol of the power and unity of the Great Race. The Sign of England, inscribed in the Multidimensional Dimension, has not one, but four colors, according to the color of the iris of the eyes of the Clans of the Race: Silver among the Da’Aryans; Green among the Kh'Aryans; Heavenly for the Svyatorus and Fiery for the Rassen.
	Sviatoch- Symbol Spiritual Renaissance and Illumination of the Great Race. This symbol united in itself: the Fiery Kolovrat (Renaissance), moving along the Multidimensionality (Human Life), which united together the Divine Golden Cross (Illumination) and the Heavenly Cross (Spirituality).
	Stribozhich- The symbol of God, who controls all Winds and Hurricanes - Stribog. This symbol helped people protect their homes and fields from bad weather. He granted calm waters to sailors and fishermen. The millers built windmills reminiscent of the Stribog sign, so that the mills would not stand.
	Wedding party— The most powerful Family Amulet, symbolizing the unification of two Clans. The merging of two Elemental Swastika Systems (body, Soul, Spirit and Conscience) into a new Unified Life System, where the Masculine (Fire) principle is united with the feminine (Water).
	Symbol of the Family— Divine Heavenly symbolism. Idols of the Family, as well as amulets, amulets and amulet, were decorated with carved script from these symbols. It is believed that if a person wears the Symbol of the Family on his body or clothes, then no force can defeat him.
	Swadha— Heavenly Fire symbol, which is depicted on the walls of a stone altar, in which an unquenchable Living Fire burns in honor of all the Heavenly Gods. Svadha is the Fire Key that opens the Gates of Heaven so that the Gods can receive the gifts brought to them.
	Svarga— A symbol of the Heavenly Path, as well as a symbol of Spiritual Ascent through many harmonious Worlds of Spiritual Perfection, through multidimensional Areas and Realities located on the Golden Path, to the final point of the Soul’s journey, which is called the World of Rule.
	Oberezhnik— The Star of England, connected to the Solar symbol in the center, which our Ancestors originally called the Messenger, brings Health, Happiness and Joy. The Oberezhnik is considered an ancient Symbol that Protects Happiness. In common parlance people call it Mati-Gotka, i.e. Mother Ready.
	Austinite— Heavenly Protective symbol. In popular usage and everyday life, he was initially called nothing less than the Messenger. This Amulet was protective not only for people from the Great Race, but also for domestic animals and birds, as well as for household agricultural tools.
	Star of Rus'- this Swastika symbol is also called the Square of Svarog or the Star of Lada-Virgin. And a name like this has its own explanation. The Goddess Lada among the Slavs is the Great Mother, a symbol of the beginning, source, that is, origin. From Mother Lada and Svarog other Gods came. Everyone who considers himself a descendant of the Slavs has every right to possess such a talisman, which speaks of the multifaceted culture of his people, the whole World, and always wears the “Star of Rus'” with him.

Various variations of Swastika symbols with no less different meanings are found not only in cult and protective symbols, but also in the form of Runes, which, like letters in ancient times, had their own figurative meaning. So, for example, in the ancient Kh’Aryan Karuna, i.e. In the runic alphabet, there were four runes depicting the Swastika elements:

Rune Fash - had a figurative meaning: a powerful, directed, destructive Fire flow (thermonuclear fire)…

Rune Agni - had figurative meanings: Sacred Fire hearth and home, as well as the Sacred Fire of Life, located in the human body, and other meanings...

Rune Mara - had a figurative meaning: the Ice Flame guarding the Peace of the Universe. The rune of transition from the World of Revealing to the World of Light Navi (Glory), incarnation in a new Life... Symbol of Winter and Sleep.

Rune Inglia - had the figurative meaning of the Primary Fire of the Creation of the Universe, from this Fire many different Universes and various forms of Life appeared...

Swastika symbols carry a huge secret meaning. They contain enormous Wisdom. Each Swastika symbol opens before us Great picture of the universe.

The Heritage of the Ancestors says that the knowledge of Ancient Wisdom does not accept a stereotypical approach. The study of ancient symbols and ancient Traditions must be approached with an open heart and a pure Soul.

Not for profit, but for knowledge!

Swastika symbols in Russia were used by all and sundry for political purposes: monarchists, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, but much earlier representatives of the Black Hundred began to use their Swastikas, then the baton was intercepted by the Russian Fascist Party in Harbin. At the end of the 20th century, the organization Russian National Unity began to use Swastika symbols (see below).

A knowledgeable person will never say that the Swastika is a German or fascist symbol. Only foolish and ignorant people say this, because they reject what they are not able to understand and know, and also try to pass off what they want as reality.

But if ignorant people reject some symbol or some information, this still does not mean that this symbol or information does not exist.

Denial or distortion of the truth to please some disrupts the harmonious development of others. Even the ancient symbol of the Greatness of Fertility of the Mother of the Raw Earth, called in ancient times SOLARD, is considered by some incompetent people to be a fascist symbol. A symbol that appeared many thousands of years before the rise of National Socialism.

At the same time, it does not even take into account the fact that RNE’s SOLARD is combined with the Star of Lada the Mother of God, where the Divine Forces (Golden Field), the Forces of the Primary Fire (red), the Heavenly Forces (blue) and the Forces of Nature (green) are united. The only difference between the original Mother Nature Symbol and the sign that RNE uses is the multi-colored nature of the Original Mother Nature Symbol and the two-colored one of Russian National Unity.

Ordinary people had their own names for Swastika symbols. In the villages of the Ryazan province they called it “feather grass” - the embodiment of the Wind; on Pechora - a “hare”, here the graphic symbol was perceived as a piece sunlight, ray, Sunny bunny; in some places the Solar Cross was called “horse”, “horse shank” (horse head), because a long time ago the horse was considered a symbol of the Sun and Wind; were called Swastika-Solyarniks and “Ognivtsy”, again, in honor of Yarila the Sun. The people very correctly felt both the Fiery, Flaming Nature of the symbol (Sun) and its Spiritual essence (Wind).

The oldest master of Khokhloma painting, Stepan Pavlovich Veseloye (1903-1993) from the village of Mogushino, Nizhny Novgorod region, following traditions, painted the Swastika on wooden plates and bowls, calling it “red rose”, the Sun, and explained: “It is the wind that shakes and moves a blade of grass.”

In the photo you can see swastika symbols even on the carved cutting board.

In the villages, girls and women still wear smart shirts and shirts for holidays, and men wear blouses embroidered with swastika symbols various shapes. They bake lush loaves and sweet cookies, decorated on top with Kolovrat, Salting, Solstice and other Swastika patterns.

As mentioned earlier, before the onset of the second half of the 20th century, the main and almost the only patterns and symbols that existed in Slavic embroidery were Swastika ornaments.

But in the second half of the 20th century, in America, Europe and the USSR they began to decisively eradicate this Solar symbol, and they eradicated it in the same way as they had previously eradicated: the ancient folk Slavic and Aryan Culture; ancient Faith and folk traditions; the true Heritage of the Ancestors, undistorted by the rulers, and the long-suffering Slavic people themselves, the bearer of the ancient Slavic-Aryan Culture.

And even now, many of the same people or their descendants are trying to ban any types of rotating Solar crosses, but using different pretexts: if earlier this was done under the pretext of class struggle and anti-Soviet conspiracies, now it is a fight against extremist activity.

For those who are not indifferent to the ancient Native Great Russian Culture, here are several typical patterns Slavic embroidery XVIII-XX centuries. On all enlarged fragments you can see Swastika symbols and ornaments for yourself.

The use of swastika symbols in ornaments in the Slavic lands is simply innumerable. They are used in the Baltic states, Belarus, the Volga region, Pomorie, Perm, Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Altai and the Far East and other regions.

Academician B.A. Rybakov called the Solar symbol - Kolovrat - a connecting “link between the Paleolithic, where it first appeared, and modern ethnography, which provides countless examples of swastika patterns in fabrics, embroidery and weaving.”

But after the Second World War, in which Russia, as well as all Slavic and Aryan peoples suffered huge losses, the enemies of Aryan and Slavic Culture began to equate fascism with the Swastika.

The Slavs used this Solar sign throughout their existence

The flow of lies and fabrications regarding the Swastika has filled the cup of absurdity. " Russian teachers“In modern schools, lyceums and gymnasiums in Russia, they teach children that the Swastika is a German fascist cross made up of four letters “G”, indicating the first letters of the leaders of Nazi Germany: Hitler, Himmler, Goering and Goebbels (sometimes it is replaced by Hess).

Listening to teachers, you might think that Germany during the time of Adolf Hitler used exclusively the Russian alphabet, and not at all the Latin script and the German Runic.

Do German surnames: HITLER, HIMMLER, GERING, GEBELS (HESS) contain at least one Russian letter “G” - no! But the flow of lies does not stop.

Swastika patterns and elements have been used by the peoples of the Earth over the past 10-15 thousand years, which is confirmed even by archaeological scientists.

Ancient thinkers said more than once: “Two troubles hinder human development: ignorance and ignorance.” Our Ancestors were knowledgeable and in charge, and therefore used various Swastika elements and ornaments in everyday life, considering them symbols of Yarila the Sun, Life, Happiness and Prosperity.

In general, only one symbol was called Swastika. This is an equilateral cross with curved short rays. Each beam has a 2:1 ratio.

Only narrow-minded and ignorant people can denigrate everything pure, bright and dear that remains among the Slavic and Aryan peoples.

Let's not be like them! Do not paint over Swastika symbols in ancient Slavic Temples and Christian churches, and on the Images of the Many-Wise Ancestors.

Do not destroy, at the whim of the ignorant and Slav-haters, the so-called “Soviet staircase”, the mosaic floor and ceilings of the Hermitage or the domes of the Moscow St. Basil’s Cathedral just because various versions of the Swastika have been painted on them for hundreds of years.

Everyone knows that the Slavic prince Prophetic Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople (Constantinople), but few people now know what was depicted on the shield. However, a description of the symbolism of his shield and armor can be found in historical chronicles (Drawing of a shield Prophetic Oleg below).

Prophetic people, that is, those who have the gift of Spiritual Foresight and those who know the Ancient Wisdom that they left to people, were endowed by the Priests with various symbols. One of these most notable people was the Slavic prince - Prophetic Oleg.

In addition to being a prince and an excellent military strategist, he was also a high-level priest. The symbolism that was depicted on his clothes, weapons, armor and princely banner tells about this in all detailed images.

The Fiery Swastika (symbolizing the land of the Ancestors) in the center of the nine-pointed Star of England (symbol of the Faith of the First Ancestors) was surrounded by the Great Kolo (Circle of Patron Gods), which emitted eight rays of Spiritual Light (the eighth degree of Priestly initiation) to the Svarog Circle. All this symbolism spoke of the enormous spiritual and physical strength that is directed to the defense of the Motherland and the Holy Old Faith.

They believed in the Swastika as a talisman that “attracts” good luck and happiness. On Ancient Rus' It was believed that if you draw Kolovrat on your palm, you will definitely be lucky. Even modern students draw Swastikas on their palms before exams. Swastikas were also painted on the walls of the house so that happiness would reign there; this exists in Russia, Siberia, and India.

For those readers who wish to receive more information about the Swastika, we recommend the Ethno-religious essays of Roman Vladimirovich Bagdasarov “SWASTIKA: A Sacred Symbol”.

One generation replaces another, they collapse government systems and regimes, but as long as the People remember their Ancient Roots, honor the traditions of their Great Ancestors, preserve their Ancient culture and symbols, until that time the People are ALIVE and will LIVE!

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