Italian Revival architecture has distinctive features. Renaissance architecture (Renaissance)


Renaissance architecture - the period of development of architecture in European countries from the beginning of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century, in the general course of the Renaissance and the development of the foundations of spiritual and material culture Ancient Greece and Rome.

Three main periods can be distinguished:
Early Renaissance or Quattrocento , roughly coincides with the 15th century.
High Renaissance , first quarter of the 16th century.
Mannerism or Late Renaissance (c. 1520-1600).

Renaissance is turning point in the History of Architecture, especially in relation to the previous architectural style, Gothic. Gothic, unlike Renaissance architecture, sought inspiration in its own interpretation of Classical art.
Particular importance in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts, as clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, and niches. Architecture is becoming order-based again.

The development of Renaissance Architecture led to innovations in the use of construction techniques and materials, and to the development of architectural vocabulary. It is important to note that the revival movement was characterized by a move away from the anonymity of artisans and the emergence of a personal style among architects. There are few known craftsmen who built works in the Romanesque style, as well as architects who built magnificent gothic cathedrals. While the works of the Renaissance, even small buildings or just projects were carefully documented from their very appearance.
In Italy itself, Renaissance architecture transitioned into Mannerist architecture, represented in rather different trends in the works of Michelangelo, Giulio Romano and Andrea Palladio, which then degenerated into Baroque, which applied similar architectural techniques in a different general ideological context.
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Proto-Renaissance.

Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337) - Italian artist and architect of the Proto-Renaissance era. One of the key figures in the history of Western art.
Renaissance.
The first representative of Renaissance architecture can be called Filippo Brunelleschi , who worked in Florence, a city, along with Venice, considered a monument of the Renaissance. Then it spread to other Italian cities, France, Germany, England, Russia and other countries.

At the beginning of the 15th century Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), Florentine scientist and architect.
Brunelleschi wanted to make the perception of the baths and theaters he reconstructed more visual and tried to create geometrically perspective paintings from his plans for a specific point of view. In this search it was discovered direct perspective.

This allowed artists to create perfect images three-dimensional space on a flat painting canvas.

The complexity of the building itself lay not only in the construction of the dome, but also in the construction of special devices that would allow working on high altitude, which seemed impossible then. Brunelleschi proposed to the city council to make a lightweight 8-sided dome of stone and brick, which would be assembled from facets-“shares” and fastened at the top with an architectural lantern; in addition, he volunteered to create a whole series of machines for climbing up and working at heights.
The octagonal dome with a diameter of 42 m was built without scaffolding resting on the ground. Rising above the city, the dome, with its upward thrust and flexible elastic contour, determined the characteristic silhouette of Florence, and its contemporaries themselves thought of it as a symbol new era- Revival.

In 1419, the Arte della Seta workshop entrusted Brunelleschi with the construction of an Orphanage for infants left without parents (Ospedale degli Innocenti - Asylum of the Innocents, operated until 1875), which became in fact the first building of the Renaissance in Italy.

The orphanage is organized simply: the arcades of its loggia are open towards Piazza Santissima Annunziata - the building is actually its openwork “wall”.

A gallery of 9 semicircular arches that rest on high columns of the composite order. Between the arches and the architrave, which stretches along the entire wall, there are majolica medallions by Della Robbia depicting swaddled babies (with their simple coloring - blue and white - they make the rhythm of the columns more measured, calmer). The rectangular format of the windows, their frames and window pediments were copied by Brunelleschi from Roman examples, as were the columns, pilasters and the profile of the cornice. But the ancient forms are interpreted unusually freely, the entire composition is original and cannot at all be called a copy of ancient models. Thanks to some special sense of proportion, Brunelleschi, in the context of all Renaissance architecture, seems to be the most “Greek” and not a Roman master, despite the fact that he could not see a single Greek building.

Filippo Calendario (first years of the 14th century - 1355) - Venetian architect and sculptor. The most famous building is the Doge's Palace in Venice.
1309-1424. Gothic
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As the High Renaissance continued, ideas drawn from ancient architecture were developed and put into practice with greater confidence. With the accession of Julius II to the papal throne (1503), the center of Italian art moved from Florence to Rome, and the pope attracted best artists Italy.
Main monuments Italian architecture this time - secular buildings, which are distinguished by the harmony and grandeur of their proportions, the elegance of details, the decoration and ornamentation of cornices, windows, doors; palaces with light, mostly two-tiered galleries on columns and pillars. In temple construction there is a desire for colossality and majesty; The transition from the medieval cross vault to the Roman box vault took place; the domes rest on four massive pillars.

A representative of this period was Donato Bramante (1444-1514), strictly followed in the construction of buildings classical principles- the founder and largest representative of High Renaissance architecture. His most famous work is the main temple of Western Christianity - St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.
Tempietto in the courtyard of the Church of San Pietro in Montorio, 15th century. Rome.



Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni (1475- 1564)- Italian sculptor, artist, architect, poet, thinker.

Michelangelo's genius left its mark not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on all subsequent world culture. His activities are mainly related to two Italian cities- Florence and Rome.

They amaze with their beauty and grandeur architectural works Michelangelo - the ensemble of the Capitol Square and the dome of the Vatican Cathedral in Rome.

His followers were Baldassare Peruzzi , best works of which - the Farnesine Villa and Palazzo Massimi in Rome, the great Rafael Santi , who built the Pandolfini Palace in Florence, Antonio da Sangallo , who built the Palazzo Farnese in Rome.

Baldassare Peruzzi (1481-1536) - Italian architect and painter of the High Renaissance. Worked with Donato Bramante and Raphael at Villa Farnesina. After Raphael's death, he led the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-1546) - Florentine architect the era of the High Renaissance. He worked in Rome under the leadership of Bramante and Peruzzi.
His creation is the Palazzo Farnese in Rome (construction began in 1513, completed by Michelangelo).
Sangallo took over as chief architect of St. Peter's in 1539 and expanded Bramante's original plan, but it was left to his successor Michelangelo to carry the construction to its logical conclusion.

Church of Santa Maria di Loreto in Rome

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) - great Italian architect late Renaissance. The founder of Palladianism and classicism. Probably the most influential architect in history.

The Venetian school of architecture also developed, the main representative of which was Jacopo Tatti Sansovino , who erected the Library of St. Mark and the Palazzo Corner.

With the onset of the second half of the 16th century, changes occurred in Italian architecture, expressed by the desire of artists to more accurately reproduce classical models, to which entire treatises began to be devoted, but the buildings being erected continue to be distinguished by their grace and nobility.

The main representatives of architecture of this time were Vignola , who built Il Gesu in Rome and Villa Farnese in Viterbo, painter and biographer of artists Vasari , he built the Uffizi Palace in Florence, Andrea Palladio , who created several palaces, basilicas and the Olympic Theater in Vicenza, Genoese Galeazzo Alessi , who built the Church of the Madonna da Carignano, the Spinola Palace and the Sauli Palace in Genoa.

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507-1573), Italian theorist and architect of the late Renaissance.

Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) - Italian painter, architect and writer. Author of the famous “Biographies”, founder of modern art criticism. The new buildings built by Vasari are distinguished by their unique beauty and originality. The building for Pope Julius III in Rome and the Uffizi building in Florence, begun by Vasari, testify to his architectural talent. He also owns the complex of buildings that make up the Palace of the Knights of St. Stephen's in Pisa and much more.

Galeazzo Alessi (1512-1572) - one of the most famous architects of the 16th century.
Alessi was, it is believed, a student of G.B. Caporali, he zealously studied the architecture of the ancients and with his buildings in Genoa, where he most showed his activity, he became famous far beyond the borders of Italy.
Among his most remarkable works are the Grimaldi, Bianco, Lercari, Spinola palaces, Villa Palovicini, bank building, etc. in Genoa.
The church of Sta-maria di Carignano is considered his masterpiece; he also built: the beautiful Villa Giustiniani in the town of Albaro, the churches of San Paolo and San Vittore, as well as the front facade of the church of San Celso and famous palace Tommaso Marini.

Palazzi dei Rolli (Italian: Palazzi dei Rolli) is a quarter of palaces of the Genoese aristocracy, built in the Mannerist era along the new city highway Le Strade Nuovo (now Via Garibaldi) and in its environs. Declared a World Heritage Site in 2006.


Outside of Italy, the heyday of the Renaissance came half a century later, the Italian style spread throughout Europe, but at the same time changed, absorbing local architectural traditions.

In France, High Renaissance architecture can be classified as: created P. Lesko the western facade of the Louvre Palace in Paris, the royal castle at Fontainebleau, the castle of Anet and the Tuileries, built by Philibert Delorme; Ecouan Castle, palace in Blois.
In Spain - El Escorial Palace by architects X. de Toledo and X. de Herrera , in Germany - part of Heidelberg Castle, Altenburg Town Hall, the vestibule of the Cologne Town Hall, Furstenhof in Wilmar and others.

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

The term "Renaissance" belongs to George Vasari, an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect. He believed that the main achievement of the era was the revival of the ancient heritage. At this time, there was an orientation towards Roman traditions, since it was in Italy that many examples of ancient architecture were preserved.

The process of development of Renaissance architecture in Italy can be divided into four stages:

    Early Renaissance 420 - until the end of the 15th century;

    High Renaissance late 15th century – 1st half of the 16th century;

    Late Renaissance, the emergence of classicism, 2nd half of the 16th century;

    Baroque 17th century.

EARLY RENAISSANCE IN ITALY

New trends actively interact with the Gothic, overcoming and creatively transforming it. At the beginning of the 15th century, the city-republic of Florence, located at the intersection of trade routes, became the leading cultural center, which contributed to the rapid development of trade, and with it science and culture.

FEATURES OF EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

    Realistic life-affirming character (use of the ancient order system, expression of earthly feelings in buildings);

    Secular content (The main thing in construction is the construction of civil structures: palazzos - city mansions of the nobility, country villas, shelters, libraries and other cultural buildings);

    Based on the study of ancient examples, the flowering of the theory of architecture begins;

    The emergence of new construction equipment; technology and mechanization are developing (a crane with a block system was invented);

    Pointed structures give way to cylindrical and cross-domed vaults;

    Creation of new architectural ensembles that emphasize the earthly feelings of man, in the composition of which centric and perspective-organized horizontals predominate, rather than Gothic vertical aspiration upward.

WORK OF FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI (1377-1446)

F. Brunelleschi is a Florentine architect and artist, a typical representative of the early Renaissance. Since 1403 he has been studying the ancient monuments of Rome. Brunelleschi's first work, which subsequently began the “report” of the time of Renaissance architecture, was the construction in 1420 of the dome of the church of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

The most elegant work of the early Renaissance, executed by the famous Brunelleschi, is the Pazzi Chapel. Another work of Brunelleschi is the Palazzo Pitti. Palazzo is the city palace of the nobility. He played the role of a family fortress. Construction of the palazzo took place in the 15th century until the end of the Renaissance.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE PALAZZO:

    Clear horizontal division of facades, according to the number of floors;

    Wide cornice extension;

    Formation of a plan composition around a courtyard framed by arched galleries;

    Processing of facades with rustication (rust is a stone with a roughly chipped or convex front surface).

One of the most striking examples of a palazzo is the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

At the end of the 15th century, Italy remained outside the new world paths. The necessary conditions for the development of construction were available only in Rome, the capital of the Catholic Church.

Papal Court sought to raise his importance with ostentatious pomp. The construction of religious buildings is becoming the leading trend, while the architecture of parks, gardens and country villas is developing. Architects from different cities of Italy are involved in the construction.

By the end of the 15th century, only about 70 thousand inhabitants remained in Rome. Between the populated parts of the city there are large wastelands with ancient ruins. This is exactly how Donato Bramante, invited from Milan in 1499, found Rome.

D. Bramante's first Roman building was the courtyard of the church of Santa Maria della Pace. One of Bramante's most magnificent Roman works was the small temple of Tempietto, located in the courtyard of the church of San Pietro in Montorio.

In 1503, by order of Pope JuliusIIBramante, like many outstanding architects, painters and sculptors of that time, took part in the construction of the Vatican Palaces.

The main building of the Vatican Palace Square is St. Peter's Basilica. The design of the cathedral took place in 6 stages:

    1452-1454 – project by Bernando Rossellino;

    1505 – Bramante project;

    1514 - project by Raphael Santi;

    1536 - project by Antonio da Sangallo;

    1547 - Michelangelo's project;

    1607 – project by D. Fontano, C. Moderna.

LATE RENAISSANCE

There is a departure from the calm harmony of the High Renaissance, Gothic motifs come to life, and the expressiveness of forms increases.

Religious construction is once again receiving widespread development. Architects are abandoning the centric type of religious buildings and are returning to the basilica, in appearance the craving for verticality reappears.

There is disappointment in human abilities, in the power of knowledge and science. An essential feature of the new is the search for increased expressiveness and “sculptural” architecture. This was especially evident in the work of the great sculptor and architect Michelangelo Buanorotti.

In general, late Renaissance architecture is characterized by a struggle between two directions:

    One pawned creative basics future baroque;

    Another, developing the line of the High Renaissance, prepared the formation of the era of classicism.

A new line of development of architecture in Italy in the second half of the 16th century, when Baroque features began to appear, received its most vivid expression in the work of Michelangelo.

At the end of the 16th century, several theoretical architects appeared: Giacomo Borozzi da Vignola, Andrea Palladio, Lion Battista Alberti.

In addition to his works on the theory of architecture, Andrea Palladio was also successfully engaged in practical design. He built palaces and villas in different cities of Italy. Its buildings are distinguished by their splendor, but not by the congestion characteristic of the Baroque. The results of his work are the Palazzo Vendramina in Vicenza and the Villa Rotonda.

Giacomo da Vignola was a theorist and practitioner of architecture, gravitating toward the Baroque style, although his work also contained classical elements. He became Michelangelo's successor at the construction of Peter's Cathedral in Rome. According to Vignola's design, two smaller domes of the cathedral were built.

Vignola built several palazzos and villas, but they are insignificant in their architecture. In religious construction, the Church of Il Gesu in Rome is interesting. Giacomo da Vignola owns such buildings as the Farnese Palace in Caprarola, the Villa of Pope JuliusIIIin Rome.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE LATE RENAISSANCE

    Villas and palacios continue to be built;

    In religious construction there is a partial return to basilicas;

    Palaces change: from a castle-fortress to beautiful urban comfortable housing;

    Theoretical works on architecture are being created;

    The Renaissance prepared the transition to Baroque and Classicism styles.

The very word “rebirth” sets us up to perceive something beautiful, new, unusual. Indeed, the Renaissance era replaced the darker Middle Ages and actualized interest in man, his activities, objects of art, and ancient culture. What are the features of Renaissance architecture?

History of Renaissance architecture

The Renaissance replaced Gothic at the beginning of the 15th century and dominated until the beginning of the 17th century. The era became a symbol of the revival of interest in values Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece. Symmetry, logic and harmony have become the main elements for architectural style. In addition, it was at this time that construction and architecture ceased to be anonymous. Famous architects appear with their own styles and recognizable features.

The buildings of the Renaissance differ from the Gothic ones in their vitality, comfort, they stand securely on the ground, have regular and pleasing to the eye outlines, simple regular geometric shapes, and a clear number of storeys.

The influence of antiquity is reflected in the use of the order system and all kinds of columns. Renaissance buildings are symmetrical, have a pleasant, life-affirming color of the facades, decorated with stucco, and plastered.


Features of Renaissance architecture

The Renaissance became a kind of reference to classical Roman architecture. The following features have returned to construction:

  • Symmetry,
  • Proportions
  • Dominance of rectangular shapes for buildings for various purposes,
  • The importance of decorative decoration,
  • Use of a lightweight structural system.

Orphanage in Florence



A striking example of the embodiment of Renaissance architecture in Italy is the Orphanage in Florence. It belongs to the genius of Filippo Brunelleschi, who gave rise to perspective as a pictorial technique.

The two-story house appears before the viewer in the form of a long arcade, raised from the ground by a number of steps. The building is located on a square, horizontally elongated (Gothic buildings, in turn, aimed exclusively upward), but at the same time it does not create a feeling of excess, because the size of the building correlates with the area, balancing it.

Graceful columns, thin arches, a row of rectangular windows - the façade conveys lightness, despite the actual massiveness of the structure. If the first floor is richly decorated, then the second is a modestly plastered wall. This building absorbs distinctive features Renaissance architecture: constructive clarity, ancient simplicity, harmony.

St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican


St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is another example of Renaissance architecture. Donato Bramante, and then Raphael Santi and Michelangelo worked on its construction. By the way, it was the latter who came up with the idea of ​​​​creating the most majestic dome in the world - it was raised to a height of 136 meters.

The cathedral is incredibly rich in decoration, the outside is decorated with sculptures and statues, the doors themselves are a work of art, marble bas-reliefs, and inside everything is so richly and lavishly decorated that it is impossible to dwell on a single element. Harmony, luxury, beauty - all this can be said about the internal structure of the cathedral.

The Renaissance gave the world of architecture a lot: both the principles by which they still build, and the great masters of their craft, whose names have gone down in history forever and whose buildings continue to delight us today, more than 4 centuries later.

One of the first buildings of the Renaissance is the Dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence (1420-1436). Architect Brunelleschi Phillipi (1377-1446)

15th-16th centuries thanks to geographical discoveries became a turning point in history European civilization. World trade grew, crafts developed, and urban population, construction volumes increased. Science, literature, and art developed. Italian Renaissance architecture was also driven by economic growth, as well as the weakening influence of the church. The name of the style was given by the artist, a researcher of Italian art, who wrote the book “Lives of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” (1568) by Giordano Vasari. From his point of view, which was supported by the majority of architects of that time, the Middle Ages were a period of decline, characterized by the barbarism of the tribes that destroyed The Roman Empire, and with it ancient art. It was he who wrote about the revival of the art of Italy, viewing the Middle Ages as a period of ignorance that came after the collapse ancient art. The term later came to be used to refer to the era of a new style of art that emerged in Italy in the 16th century and then became fashionable in other European countries. The aesthetics of the Renaissance turned man's gaze to nature. The art of Ancient Rome formed the basis of the artistic culture of that period. It should be noted that individual elements ancient architecture were also used in the Middle Ages. For example, individual fragments antiquity are found in the buildings of the Carolingian Renaissance period; They also exist in the so-called “Ottonian period” at the end of the 10th century. (this was a time of cultural upsurge in Germany under the Ottonian emperors of the Saxon dynasty). Elements of antiquity can also be seen in the Gothic architecture of Germany. Unlike medieval architects, the masters of architecture of the Italian Renaissance tried to reflect in their architecture the very ancient philosophy characteristic of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: admiration for the beauty of nature and man, a realistic worldview. Renaissance architecture in Italy is characterized by symmetry, proportionality, and strict order systems. Not only temples, but also public buildings are built in this style: educational establishments, town halls, houses of merchant guilds, markets. In the 16th century, new types of urban and country palaces appeared in Italy - palazzo and villa. The composition of customers also changed: in the Middle Ages, the main customers were the church and feudal lords; now orders come from guild associations, guilds, city authorities, and the nobility.

Founder of Italian Renaissance architecture

The architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi is considered the founding father of Renaissance architecture.

The first building of Italian Renaissance architecture was the dome of the Florence Cathedral (1420-1436). In the design of this dome, Brunelleschi embodied new construction ideas that would have been difficult to implement without specially developed mechanisms. During the same period, in 1419-1444, Brunelleschi was engaged in the construction of an educational home for orphans - the “Shelter for the Innocents”.

Orphanage (1419-1444) Architect Brunelleschi

Law linear perspective means a feature of human perception of distant objects, their proportions and shapes.

It was one of the first buildings in Italy whose design resembled the buildings of antiquity. It is Brunelleschi who is credited with the discovery of the law of linear perspective, the revival of ancient orders in the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. Thanks to his work, proportions again became the basis of new architecture; he was responsible for the revival of the use of the “golden ratio” in architecture, which made it possible to achieve harmony in architectural structures. Thus, Brunelleschi revived ancient traditions in Renaissance architecture in Italy, taking them as a basis when creating a new type of architecture. Brunelleschi's ideas coincided with new directions in the philosophy of society: in this period, medieval prohibitions and contempt for everything earthly were replaced by an interest in reality and man.

The golden ratio is a mathematical concept, in architecture it means the relationship between two quantities (one larger in size, the other smaller) contained in a common value. In this case, the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller corresponds to the ratio of the general quantity to the larger of the two related quantities. For the first time such a relationship was discovered by Euclid (300 BC). During the Renaissance, the relationship was called “ divine proportion", the modern name appeared in 1835. The relationship between the quantities in the golden ratio is a constant number 1.6180339887.

Periods in Italian Renaissance architecture

There are several stages in the development of the Renaissance in Italian architecture: early - 15th century, mature - 16th century and late. In the early period, Gothic elements were still present in architecture, combined with ancient forms, and in mature period elements gothic style are no longer found, preference is given to architectural orders and proportional forms, in late period The influence of the new Baroque style is already felt during the Renaissance. Early period. The basic principle Italian Renaissance became the symmetry of the structure in plan, the uniform distribution of architectural elements: portals, columns, doors, windows, sculptural compositions and decor along the perimeter of the facade. Renaissance architecture in Italy early period Its development is mainly associated with Florence. It was here that palaces for the nobility, temple buildings, and public buildings were built in the 15th century. In Florence, in 1420, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi began erecting the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore; in 1421, he rebuilt San Lorenzo and worked on the construction of a chapel - the Old Sacristy. In 1444 Brunelleschi completed the construction of the Orphanage. The Pazzi Chapel in Florence, also the work of Brunelleschi, is considered one of the most elegant buildings of the early Renaissance. The chapel is crowned with a dome on a drum; the building is decorated with a Corinthian portico with a wide arch.

The Church of San Lorenzo (Basilica di San Lorenzo) was consecrated by St. Ambrosius in 393. In 1060 it was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. In 1423 it was rebuilt by Brunelleschi in the early Renaissance style.

In 1452, the architect Michelozzi completed the construction of the Medici Palace (Palazzo Medici Riccardi) in Florence. Alberti designs the Rucellai Palace (Palazzo Rucellai, designed in 1446 and 1451), Benedetto de Maiano and Simon Polayola complete the Strozzi Palace (Palazzo Strozzi, 1489-1539).

Michelozzi - (Michelozzo, Michelozzi, 1391 (1396) - 1472) - Florentine architect and sculptor, student of Brunelleschi.

Alberti Leon Battista - (Alberti, 1404-1472), Italian scientist, architect, writer, musician. In his creations he made extensive use of the ancient heritage, using volutes and the order system.

Benedetto da Maiano - real name: Benedetto da Leonardo d'Antonio (Benedetto da Maiano), 1442 - 1497) - Italian sculptor. Simone del Pollaiolo (1457 - 1508) - Florentine architect. High Renaissance.


Medici Palace. Architect Michelozzi. Built for Cosimo de' Medici il Vecchio between 1444 and 1464.

Rucellai Palace - commissioned by philanthropist Giovanni Rucellai. Project by Leon Baptiste Alberti 1446-1451. Erected by Bernardo Rossellino

Strozzi Palace. The building was built by Benedetto de Maiano commissioned by Filippo Strozzi in 1489-1539. The model was the Medici Palace (Palazzo Medici-Riccardi) Michelozzi

These buildings have a general spatial solution scheme. Each of them has three floors and a courtyard with arched galleries. The walls have floor divisions, are rusticated or decorated with an order. The façade is lined with brickwork.

Michelozzi - (Michelozzo, Michelozzi, 1391 (1396) - 1472) - Florentine architect and sculptor, student of Brunelleschi. Alberti Leon Battista - (Alberti, 1404-1472), Italian scientist, architect, writer, musician. In his creations he made extensive use of the ancient heritage, using volutes and the order system. Benedetto da Maiano - real name: Benedetto da Leonardo d'Antonio (Benedetto da Maiano), 1442 - 1497) - Italian sculptor. Simone del Pollaiolo (1457 - 1508) - Florentine architect. High Renaissance.

Italy's trade with the East was interrupted at the end of the 15th century due to the Turkish conquest of Constantinople. As trade died out, the country's economy collapsed. And it was during this period that High Renaissance architecture began to develop. This style reaches particular heights in Rome, where great architects formed a general approach to the construction of buildings based on the use of architectural orders. High Renaissance architecture is characterized by cubic shapes of houses and an internal closed courtyard. On the facades, relief window frames were made, decorated with half-columns and having triangular and bow pediments. Donato de Angelo Bramante (Bramante, 1444-1514) - one of the most famous masters Italian High Renaissance architecture. His work was developed in Milan, which was considered a conservative city, where the traditions of brick construction and terracotta decoration were preserved. During the same period, Leonardo da Vinci worked in Milan, and his work undoubtedly influenced the works of Bramante. The architect managed to connect national traditions with Renaissance elements. Bramante's first work was in 1479 the restoration of the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan.

Church of Santa Maria presso San Satino in Milan (1479-1483) Architect Donato de' Angelo Bramante

He also rebuilt the chapel of San Satino: the architect made a round, decorated one from a cruciform building decorative elements. After moving to Rome, Bramante built the Temple of Tempietto (monastery of San Pietro in Mantorio) in 1502, and designed the courtyard of the church of Santa Maria della Paci.

Temple of Tempietto. Architect Bramante

In 1505, Bramante, who held the position of chief architect, began work on the papal palace complex Belvedere is a residence next to the Vatican. His works include the Palazzo Caprini - the House of Raphael - designed around 1510, in 1517 it was purchased by Raphael. The house has not survived to this day.


Palazzo Caprini in an engraving by Antoine Lafrerie. Architect Bramante

Rafael Santi (Raffaello Santi, Raffaello Sanzio, Rafael, Raffael da Urbino, Rafaelo, 1483 -1520) - Italian painter and architect.

IN last years During his lifetime, the architect was involved in the design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The architectural elements and techniques used by the architect were used by the masters of the Italian Renaissance in the construction of villas and city buildings. After Bramante, Raphael enjoyed enormous fame during the development of High Renaissance architecture.

Raphael's first project was the Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici (Chiesa di S. Eligio degli Orefici, early 16th century. Subsequently, the church was rebuilt. The dome was created by B. Peruzzi, the current facade is by F. Ponzio (17th century)).


Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orifici

By order of the papal banker Chigi, he added a chapel to the church of Santa Maria Del Popolo. At the Palazzo del L'Aquila he created new type facade: at the bottom there was an order arcade, the mezzanine was framed by windows, niches with sculptures, stucco moldings.


In Palazzo Landolfini in Florence, the architect came up with another type of facade design: widely spaced, richly decorated windows, combined with smoothly plastered walls, complemented the appearance of a cornice with a wide frieze, rusticated corners and a portal. Raphael designed the Villa Madama for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, who later became Pope Clement VII. The villa was built on the slope of Monte Mario on the west bank of the Tiber River north of the Vatican. Work began in 1518, and Raphael died in 1520. The villa remained unfinished: by this time only one U-shaped wing had been completed. The villa was left unfinished and only the completed part was used. The building received its current name in honor of Margatha of Parma, the wife of Pope Clement the Seventh’s nephew, Alexander de’ Medici, the first Duke of Tuscany.


Villa Madama - country villa of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (Pope Clement the Seventh)

Since 1514, Raphael led the project for the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral. Then the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral, the construction of which resumed in 1534, was led by Antonio da Sagallo the Younger, after whom the leadership passed to Michelangelo, whose arrival served as an impetus for the development of the later stage in the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. This stage was marked by various architectural experiments with shapes, the frequency of columns and other architectural elements on the facade, the complication of details, and the appearance of complex lines. Since 1530, after the sack of Rome, the process of development of Italian Renaissance architecture took other directions. Some architects tried to restore the lost grandeur of the Eternal City: for example, Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo Jr. - representatives of the older generation of Renaissance architects, returned to Rome after its fall and tried to find a compromise between ancient principles and new trends.

Peruzzi - Peruzzi Baldassare (1481-1536) Italian artist and architect. Worked with Donato Bramante and Raphael. Peruzzi in his work combined the traditions of the High Renaissance with the ideas of mannerism. Antonio da Sangallo Jr. - (Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane; 1484 -1546 real name Antonio Cordini (Italian Antonio Cordini)) - Florentine architect of the Renaissance. Researchers also attribute him to the founders of the Baroque style due to the creation of unusual structures: for example, the façade with a forward slope in the Zecca Vecchia (Banco di Spirito), the arched plinth of the Palazzo Farnese.

Other masters began to look for other ways in their work. In the mid-16th century, a group appeared in Tuscany, uniting masters whose work belongs to the movement of mannerism. Many representatives of this group were students of Michelangelo, however, borrowing some from him artistic techniques, they exaggerated and hypertrophied them, while the violation of some canons of the ancient style, which was an expression of the plans of the great master, became an end in itself for them. Italian architects The Renaissance borrowed in their projects characteristic techniques and elements of Roman classical architecture, using them not only in temples, but also in urban ones, country houses wealthy citizens, public buildings. The building plan was determined by rectangular shapes, symmetry, proportionality, the facade was symmetrical relative to vertical axis, decorated with pilasters, cornice, arches, and topped with a pediment. The development of Italian Renaissance architecture was characterized by the emergence of building materials and technologies; architects had a personal recognizable style which made them famous. Renaissance architecture in Italy went through a full stage of development - from early to late, which created the preconditions for the emergence of a new style - Baroque. Thanks to art Italian architects Renaissance architecture conquered all of Europe.

The new direction in Italian architecture, when it emerged, was associated with the processing of ancient traditions and the order system in relation to local building materials and structures. In the buildings of this time, the plane of the wall and its materiality are again emphasized; clearly limited inner space gaining unity. The proportionality of the proportions of the supporting and pressing parts is also achieved; a balance of horizontals and verticals is established in the rhythmic division of the building.

Brunelleschi. The founder of Renaissance architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), a native of Florence. After completing an apprenticeship in a jewelry workshop, Brunelleschi began his creative activity as a sculptor, taking part in a competition to create a relief for the bronze doors of the Florentine baptistery (baptistery). A multi-talented person who combined an interest in art with the knowledge of an engineer, the mind of an inventor, and a mathematician, he soon devoted himself entirely to architecture. His first major work was the grandiose octagonal dome (1420–1436) erected over the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, built in the 14th century. An elongated dome with a diameter of 42 m at the base covers the altar part of the massive basilica. Its powerful, clear silhouette still reigns over the city, perfectly perceived from a long distance. Using new structures and a frame system, Brunelleschi managed to do without scaffolding, building a hollow dome with two shells. He thus lightened the weight of the vault and reduced the thrust force acting on the walls of the octagonal drum. For the first time in Western European architecture, Brunelleschi gave a clearly defined plastic volume of the dome, rising to the heavens and overshadowing, in the words of the architect Alberti, “all the Tuscan peoples.” The enlarged scale of the dome's shape, its powerful masses articulated by strong ribs, are emphasized by the grace and fine detailing of the decor of the lantern that completes it. In this building, erected to the glory of the city, the triumph of reason was embodied, an idea that determined the main direction of the culture of the Renaissance.

If, during the construction of the dome, Brunelleschi had to take into account the character of the previously built parts of the cathedral, then he gave a completely new understanding of the architectural image in the Orphanage (Ospedale degli Innocenti) in Florence (1419–1444) in Piazza Annunziata - the first civil building of the Renaissance that corresponded to progressive ideas time. The two-story facade of the house is distinguished by simplicity and lightness of proportions, clarity of horizontal and vertical divisions. On the lower floor it is decorated with an elegant loggia, the semi-circular arches of which rest on slender columns. They emphasize the friendly, hospitable character of the building. In the spaces between the arches there are round ceramic medallions by Andrea della Robbia depicting swaddled babies. With their cheerfulness and clarity, the gentle charm of childhood images, these reliefs subtly harmonize with the architecture of the building and its purpose.

The constructive and decorative techniques found in the Foundling House were developed by Brunelleschi in the Pazzi Chapel at the Church of Santa Croce in Florence (begun in 1430). This small chapel, striking in its harmonious integrity, is located in the depths of the narrow monastery courtyard; rectangular in plan, it is completed with a light dome. Its façade is a six-column Corinthian portico with a large middle bay covered by an arch. The slender proportions of the columns, the high attic above them, in combination with new decorative elements, speak of a sense of proportion, of creative use ancient order. The interior space of the chapel was also designed using an order system. Its walls, divided by pilasters into equal sections, are decorated with niches and round medallions. The pilasters end with a cornice that carries a vault and semicircular arches. Sculptural decoration and ceramics, graphic elegance of lines, contrast color scheme emphasize the flatness of the walls, impart integrity and clarity to the bright, spacious interior.

One of the most important problems Italian architecture of the 15th century was the development of the basic principles for the construction of a palazzo (city palace), which served as a prototype for public buildings of later times. At this time, a type of majestic building was created, rectangular in plan, with a single closed volume, with many rooms located around the courtyard. The name of Brunelleschi is associated with the construction of the central part of Palazzo Pitti (started in 1440) in Florence, laid out from huge, roughly hewn stone blocks (block masonry was called rustication). The roughness of the stone texture enhances the power of architectural forms. Horizontal tie rods emphasize the division of the building into three floors. Huge eight-meter portal windows complete the impression of proud, stern power produced by this palace.

Alberti. The next stage in the development of Renaissance architecture was the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), an encyclopedist and theorist, author of a number of scientific treatises on art (“Ten Books on Architecture”). In his design of the Palazzo Rucellai in Florence (1446–1451), a three-story Renaissance palace with a courtyard and rooms located around it, Alberti introduces a system of pilasters, floor-by-floor dividing the wall, entablature and lightweight rustication with a smooth polished surface.

Rossellino. The ancient heritage (Roman architecture) received new plastic expressiveness in his interpretation. For the first time, the composition of the palazzo façade included essential elements order architecture, load-bearing and non-supporting parts are identified, which also contribute to the expression of the scale of the building and its inclusion in the surrounding ensemble. The execution of Alberti's plan belongs to Bernardo Rossellino.

Benedetto da Maiano. The development of the early Renaissance palace type in the 15th century is completed by the Palazzo Strozzi in Florence (begun in 1489) by Benedetto da Maiano (1442–1497). This majestic palace is characterized by the harmony of the main masses. Clear, correct in composition of plan and volume, with its three rusticated facades it faces the street and passages. Crowning it, magnificent in its classical form, the richly profiled cornice is clearly perceived in contrast to the austere simplicity of the walls. Courtyard, connected to the street highway, loses its intimate character and becomes one of the ceremonial parts of the palace.



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