Types of geographical location of the country. Features of the geographical location of Russia

Geographical position

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Geographical division of labor
Geographical Society of the USSR

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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

geographical position- Characteristics of the location of an object on the earth’s surface relative to other geographical objects and countries of the world... Dictionary of Geography

geographical position- the position of any point or other object on the earth’s surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Geographical location is distinguished by... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

geographical position- the position of a geographical object on the surface of the Earth within a given coordinate system and in relation to any externally located data that has a direct or indirect impact on this object. Upon specific study... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Geographical position- the position of any point or area of the earth’s surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. In mathematical geography, geographic location means the latitude and longitude of given points or areas, in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION- position of k.l. point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to another territory. or objects; relative to the surface of the Earth, the geometric area is determined using coordinates. A distinction is made between civil rights in relation to natural objects and to economic ones. geogr... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

Geographical location of Russia- ... Wikipedia

- (EGP) is the relationship of an object of a city, region, country to external objects that have one or another economic significance, no matter whether these objects are of a natural order or created in the process of history (according to N.N. Baransky). In other words... ... Wikipedia

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION- the position of a region or country relative to other objects of economic importance for it. E. g. p. category is historical, may change in connection with the construction of the railway. or a power plant, the beginning of the development of a useful deposit... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Economic-geographical location- the position of a deposit, enterprise, city, region, country or other economic and geographical object in relation to other economic and geographical objects that have economic significance for it. The assessment of the EGP of an object depends on its position... Financial Dictionary

Books

German. Germany. Geographical location, population, politics. Tutorial. Level B 2, Yakovleva T.A.. This manual includes such regional study topics as the geographical location of Germany, population, demographic problems, linguistic diversity, religions, etc. Also a textbook... Buy for 1697 UAH (Ukraine only)
Geographical location and territorial structures. In memory of I. M. Maergoiz, . The collection is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding Soviet economic geographer Isaac Moiseevich Maergoiz. The collection received its name - GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURES - from two...

Physical geography of Russia and the USSR
European part: Arctic, Russian Plain, Caucasus, Ural

INTRODUCTORY PART

Introductory chapters:

Geographical location and borders of Russia
Seas washing the territory of Russia
From the history of geographical study of Russian territory
- The initial period of scientific research on the territory of Russia
- The period of major expeditionary research, including industry research
- Soviet period of industrial and comprehensive research

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND BOUNDARIES OF RUSSIA

Geographical position. Russia is located in the northeastern part of the largest continent on the globe - Eurasia and occupies about a third of its territory (31.5%). The extreme northern and eastern points of the continent are also the extreme points of Russia. Located in two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - Russia occupies the eastern part of Europe and the northern expanses of Asia.

The border between these parts of the world within Russia is drawn along the Urals, where in a number of places near railways and highways crossing the mountains there are old stone obelisks or modern light memorial signs “Europe-Asia”, and along the Kuma-Manych depression. Accordingly, only a little more than 1/5 of the country’s area (about 22%) belongs to Europe, but more often, when speaking about European Russia, they mean the entire territory lying west of the Urals (about 23% of the area). In any case, the Asian part of Russia accounts for over 3/4 of the country. The center of Asia is located in Tuva, near Kyzyl. The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island and Chukotka, therefore, the eastern outskirts of Russia lies in the Western Hemisphere.

Our country ranks first in the world in terms of territory size. The area of Russia is 17.1 million km2. This is larger than the area of all European countries combined. In terms of territory, Russia is rather comparable not with individual states, but with entire continents. The area of Russia is larger than the area of Australia and Antarctica and is only slightly smaller than South America (18.2 million km 2). Russia is 1.6-1.8 times larger in area than the largest states in the world - Canada, the USA and China, and 29 times larger than the largest state in Europe - Ukraine.

Russia is located in the Northern Hemisphere. Its northernmost point on the mainland - Cape Chelyuskin on the Taimyr Peninsula - lies at 77°43" N, and its northernmost island point - Cape Fligeli on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago - at 81°49" N . Only 900 km separate it from the North Pole. The extreme southern point is located southwest of Mount Bazardyuzyu in the eastern part of the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus, on the border of Dagestan with Azerbaijan. Its latitude is 41°11"N.

The distance between the extreme northern and southern points exceeds 40° along the meridian, and the northern continental point is 36.5° away from the southern one. This amounts to just over 4000 km.

This extent of the territory from north to south, combined with the latitudinal position, determines the uneven supply of heat to the surface of the country and the formation within its borders of three climatic zones (Arctic, subarctic and temperate) and ten natural zones: from Arctic deserts to temperate deserts.

The main part of the territory of our country is located between 70 and 50° north latitude. About 20% of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle.

In the Kaliningrad region, on the sandy Baltic spit of the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea at 19°38" east lies the extreme western point of our country. But due to the fact that the Kaliningrad region is separated from the rest of Russia by the territory of other states (an enclave), it has turned to a kind of "island" point. The main territory of Russia begins almost 500 km to the east. The extreme western point of the compact territory of Russia lies just north of the point where the borders of three states meet: Russia, Latvia and Estonia, on the border with Estonia, on the banks of the Pededze River (right tributary second order of the Daugava) at 27°17" east.

The extreme eastern points of Russia are washed by the waters of the Bering Strait. Here, on the Chukotka Peninsula, there is the extreme continental point - Cape Dezhnev (169 ° 40 "W), and on Ratmanov Island, part of the Diomede group of islands, - extreme island point (169°02" W). The distance between the western and eastern outskirts of Russia is 171°20", or almost 10,000 km. With the enormous extent of the territory from west to east, the degree of continental climate changes, and this entails the manifestation of sectoral changes in nature. There are also very large differences in time across the country (ten time zones): when evening falls on the Baltic coast, a new day begins in Chukotka.

Boundaries. The total length of Russia's borders is 60,932 km. Of these, sea borders account for 38,807 km (about 2/3), land borders - 22,125 km (including 7,616 km along rivers and lakes). The northern and eastern borders are maritime*, while the western and southern borders are predominantly land. The large length of Russia's state borders is determined by the size of its territory and the tortuosity of the coastlines of the seas of the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic oceans washing its shores.

The nature of the land borders in the western and eastern parts is different. Where we inherited borders from Tsarist Russia, they most often run along natural boundaries. When expanding the state, its borders had to be clearly fixed. In sparsely populated areas they should have been easily recognizable. This was ensured by the clarity of the boundaries themselves: river, mountain range, etc. This character is mainly preserved by the eastern part of the southern border.

The current western and southwestern borders of Russia arose in a completely different way. These are boundaries that were previously intrastate, boundaries between individual entities on the territory of the country, which were often changed arbitrarily, i.e. largely administrative boundaries. It is clear that there was no need to tie such boundaries to natural boundaries. When these intrastate borders turned into interstate ones, they turned out to be almost unconnected with natural objects. This is how Russia’s borders with Finland and Poland were formed. This applies even more to the borders that arose during the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The western border along almost its entire length does not have clearly defined natural boundaries. It begins on the coast of the Barents Sea from the Varangerfjord and passes first through the hilly tundra, then along the valley of the Pasvik River. In this area, Russia borders on Norway. Russia's next neighbor is Finland. The border runs along the Manselkä hills, through heavily swampy and lake-covered terrain, along the slope of the low Salpouselka ridge, and 160 km southwest of Vyborg it approaches the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. In the far west, on the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gulf of Gdansk, is the Kaliningrad region of Russia, which borders Poland and Lithuania. Most of the region's border with Lithuania runs along the Neman (Nemunas) and its tributary, the Sheshupe River.

From the Gulf of Finland, the border runs along the Narva River, Lake Peipus and Pskov Lake and then mainly along low plains, crossing more or less significant elevations (Vitebsk, Smolensk-Moscow, southern spurs of the Central Russian, Donetsk Ridge) and rivers (upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Dnieper, Desna and Seym, Seversky Donets and Oskol), sometimes along secondary river valleys and small lakes, through wooded hilly spaces, ravine-gully forest-steppe and steppe, mostly plowed, spaces to the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov. Here, Russia's neighbors for over 1000 km are the former fraternal republics of the Soviet Union: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine.

The southern border, like the western one, is predominantly land. It starts from the Kerch Strait, connecting the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea, and passes through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the mouth of the Psou River. The land border with Georgia and Azerbaijan begins here. It passes through the Psou valley, and then mainly along the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus, moving to the Side ridge in the area between the Roki and Kodori passes, then again goes along the Watershed ridge to Mount Bazarduzu, from where it turns north to the Samur River, along the valley of which reaches the Caspian Sea. Thus, in the Greater Caucasus region, the Russian border is clearly defined by natural boundaries. This is due to the fact that nature limited the possibilities of settlement of the peoples of the Caucasus by its steep, high mountain slopes. The length of the border in the Caucasus is more than 1000 km.

Further, the Russian border passes through the Caspian Sea, from the coast of which, near the eastern edge of the Volga delta, the land border of Russia with Kazakhstan begins. It passes through the deserts and dry steppes of the Caspian lowland, at the junction of Mugodzhar and the Urals, through the southern steppe part of Western Siberia and through the Altai mountains. Russia's border with Kazakhstan is the longest (over 7,500 km), but almost not fixed by natural boundaries. Along the territory of the Kulunda Plain, for example, at a distance of about 450 km, the border runs from northwest to southeast almost in a straight line, parallel to the direction of the Irtysh flow. True, about 1,500 km of the border runs along the Maly Uzen (Caspian), Ural and its left tributary Ilek, along the Tobol and its left tributary - the Uy River (the longest river border with Kazakhstan), as well as along a number of smaller tributaries of the Tobol.

The eastern part of the border - along Altai - is orographically clearly expressed. It runs along the ridges separating the Katun basin from the Bukhtarma basin - the right tributary of the Irtysh (Koksuysky, Kholzunsky, Listvyaga, in small sections - Katunsky and Southern Altai).

Almost the entire border of Russia from Altai to the Pacific Ocean runs along the mountain belt. At the junction of the Southern Altai, Mongolian Altai and Sailyugem ranges there is the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ula mountain junction (4082 m). The borders of three states meet here: China, Mongolia and Russia. The length of Russia's border with China and Mongolia is only 100 km longer than the Russian-Kazakh border.

The border runs along the Sailyugem ridge, the northern edge of the Ubsunur depression, the mountain ranges of Tuva, Eastern Sayan (Bolshoy Sayan) and Transbaikalia (Dzhidinsky, Erman, etc.). Then it goes along the Argun, Amur, Ussuri rivers and its left tributary - the Sungacha River. More than 80% of the Russian-Chinese border runs along rivers. The state border crosses the northern part of the waters of Lake Khanka and runs along the Pogranichny and Black Mountains ridges. In the extreme south, Russia borders North Korea along the Tumannaya River (Tumynjiang). The length of this border is only 17 km. Along the river valley, the Russian-Korean border reaches the coast of the Sea of Japan south of Posyet Bay.

The eastern border of Russia is maritime. It passes through the expanses of water of the Pacific Ocean and its seas - Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering. Here Russia borders with Japan and the USA. The border runs along more or less wide sea straits: with Japan - along the La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Izmena and Sovetsky straits, separating the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kunashir and Tanfilyeva (Lesser Kuril Ridge) from the Japanese island of Hokkaido; with the United States of America in the Bering Strait, where the Diomede Island group is located. It is here that the state border of Russia and the United States passes along a narrow (5 km) strait between the Russian Ratmanov Island and the American Kruzenshtern Island.

The northern border, like the eastern one, is sea. She walks through the seas of the Arctic Ocean. From the extreme eastern point on Ratmanov Island and from the extreme northern point of the Rybachy Peninsula (on the Kola Peninsula) to the North Pole, approximately along the meridians of these points, the borders of Russia’s “polar possessions”** run.

The influence of the geographical location and size of the territory on the characteristics of nature and the economy of the country. The main features of its nature are associated with the geographical location of Russia. Russia - northern countries. Our Motherland is a country of forests and tundras, a country of snow and permafrost, a coastal country, but its shores are washed mainly by cold, arctic northern seas.

Russia is located in the harshest northeastern part of the vast continent. On its territory is the pole of cold of the Northern Hemisphere. Russia is open to the cold breath of the Arctic Ocean. Most of its territory lies north of 60° N latitude. These are the polar and subpolar regions. South of 50°N. only about 5% of Russia's territory is located. 65% of the country's territory is located in the permafrost zone.

About 150 million inhabitants are concentrated in this northern territory. Nowhere in the world, neither in the northern nor in the southern hemisphere, are there such concentrations of people at such high latitudes.

The northern specifics of the country leave a certain imprint on the living conditions of people and the development of the economy. First of all, this is manifested in the need to build insulated dwellings, heat housing and industrial premises, provide stabling for livestock (and this is not only the construction of special livestock buildings, but also the preparation of feed), create special equipment in the northern version, snow removal equipment for clearing transport highways, streets and sidewalks, expending additional fuel reserves to operate vehicles at low temperatures. All this requires not only the organization of special production, but also enormous material resources, primarily energy costs, which ultimately leads to colossal financial investments.

The relationship of a certain object to the external environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant influence on it. In human geography, location is usually defined in two-dimensional space (displayed on a map). In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.

Concept geographical position is key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Geography itself originated as the science of methods for determining and recording the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it..., but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of connections between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location.

Thus the geographical location:

is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
is historical in nature because it changes over time;
has a potential nature, since position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
has close connections with the configuration of the territory and its borders.

The following types of geographical location are distinguished:

mathematical-geographical (geodesic, astronomical, “absolute”)
physical-geographical;
political-geographical;
geopolitical;
military-geographical;
ecological-geographical;
cultural-geographical;

and others.

By scale they distinguish:

macro position
mesoposition
micro-position

According to the coordinate system there are:

absolute (geodetic, astronomical);
relative;
- mathematical (“3 miles north of Seattle”);
- functional (economic-geographical, physical-geographical, etc.).

In an expanded interpretation, geographic location may also include the relationship of an area object as a whole (area, region, territory) to the data lying inside him (to the elements of the internal environment). Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, as “ introspective"(from lat. introspectus, intro- inside + spice- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border areas in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport-geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such The approach also makes it possible to resolve conflicts by determining the relative geographical position of intersecting objects.

Historical sketch

The concept of “geographical location” has been known since the end of the 18th century, when the paradigm of geographical determinism dominated. Ideas about the conditioning of the life of people and society by the geographical environment were put forward by ancient thinkers such as Democritus, Herodotus, Strabo, etc. The sources of geographical information during this period were descriptions of individual countries and peoples, characteristics of inhabited and distant lands. For the purposes of navigation and trade, special descriptions of seas, ports, and trade centers were compiled, which contained information about the peculiarities of the geographical location of the country through which the trade route passed. Historical geographer V.K. Yatsunsky believed that the first economic-geographical work in history should be considered the work of the Italian scientist Ludovico Guicciardini “Description of the Netherlands”, which was published in 1567, where the first part of the book provides an analysis of the geographical location of the country and assessment of the role of the sea. In 1650, in the same Netherlands, the work of Varenius (Varenius) “General Geography” was published, which is considered the first theoretical work on geography. S.P. Krasheninnikov in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756) gave a detailed description of its geographical location. The search for patterns in the spatial distribution of settlements and the creation of models of urban geography began in the first half of the 20th century. One of the first scientists who approached the creation of models of urban geography was V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Geographical aspects in line with the problems of farm location were developed by German scientists and created the so-called standort theory. Representatives of this trend were I. Thunen, A. Weber, A. Loesch and others. The American geographer W. Bunge called geography “the science of places.” This non-standard and original definition contains a deep meaning that each geographical object has its own individual place. Soviet geographers N.N. Baransky and I.M. Maergoiz made a great contribution to the development of the theory of geographical location.

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An excerpt characterizing the geographical location

“We don’t do anything bad to the French,” said Tikhon, apparently timid at Denisov’s words. “That’s the only way we fooled around with the guys.” They must have beaten about two dozen Miroders, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad... - The next day, when Denisov, completely forgetting about this guy, left Pokrovsky, he was informed that Tikhon had attached himself to the party and asked to be left with it. Denisov ordered to leave him.
Tikhon, who at first corrected the menial work of laying fires, delivering water, skinning horses, etc., soon showed greater willingness and ability for guerrilla warfare. He went out at night to hunt for prey and each time brought with him French clothes and weapons, and when he was ordered, he also brought prisoners. Denisov dismissed Tikhon from work, began to take him with him on travels and enrolled him in the Cossacks.
Tikhon did not like to ride and always walked, never falling behind the cavalry. His weapons were a blunderbuss, which he wore more for fun, a pike and an ax, which he wielded like a wolf wields his teeth, equally easily picking out fleas from his fur and biting through thick bones. Tikhon equally faithfully, with all his might, split logs with an ax and, taking the ax by the butt, used it to cut out thin pegs and cut out spoons. In Denisov's party, Tikhon occupied his special, exclusive place. When it was necessary to do something especially difficult and disgusting - turn a cart over in the mud with your shoulder, pull a horse out of a swamp by the tail, skin it, climb into the very middle of the French, walk fifty miles a day - everyone pointed, laughing, at Tikhon.
“What the hell is he doing, you big gelding,” they said about him.
Once, the Frenchman whom Tikhon was taking shot at him with a pistol and hit him in the flesh of his back. This wound, for which Tikhon was treated only with vodka, internally and externally, was the subject of the funniest jokes in the entire detachment and jokes to which Tikhon willingly succumbed.
- What, brother, won’t you? Is Ali crooked? - the Cossacks laughed at him, and Tikhon, deliberately crouching and making faces, pretending that he was angry, scolded the French with the most ridiculous curses. This incident had only the influence on Tikhon that after his wound he rarely brought prisoners.
Tikhon was the most useful and brave man in the party. No one else discovered cases of attack, no one else took him and beat the French; and as a result of this, he was the jester of all the Cossacks and hussars and he himself willingly succumbed to this rank. Now Tikhon was sent by Denisov, at night, to Shamshevo in order to take the tongue. But, either because he was not satisfied with just the Frenchman, or because he slept through the night, during the day he climbed into the bushes, into the very middle of the French and, as Denisov saw from Mount Denisov, was discovered by them.

After talking a little more time with the esaul about tomorrow's attack, which now, looking at the proximity of the French, Denisov seemed to have finally decided, he turned his horse and rode back.
“Well, damn, now let’s go dry off,” he said to Petya.
Approaching the forest guardhouse, Denisov stopped, peering into the forest. Through the forest, between the trees, a man in a jacket, bast shoes and a Kazan hat, with a gun over his shoulder and an ax in his belt, walked with long, light steps on long legs, with long, dangling arms. Seeing Denisov, this man hastily threw something into the bush and, taking off his wet hat with its drooping brim, approached the boss. It was Tikhon. His face, pitted with smallpox and wrinkles, with small, narrow eyes, shone with self-satisfied gaiety. He raised his head high and, as if holding back laughter, stared at Denisov.
“Well, where did it fall?” Denisov said.
- Where had you been? “I followed the French,” Tikhon answered boldly and hastily in a hoarse but melodious bass.
- Why did you climb during the day? Cattle! Well, didn't you take it?..
“I took it,” said Tikhon.
- Where is he?
“Yes, I took him first at dawn,” Tikhon continued, moving his flat legs turned out wider in his bast shoes, “and took him into the forest.” I see it's not okay. I think, let me go and get another more careful one.
“Look, you scoundrel, that’s how it is,” Denisov said to the esaul. - Why didn’t you do this?
“Why should we lead him,” Tikhon interrupted hastily and angrily, “he’s not fit.” Don't I know which ones you need?
- What a beast!.. Well?..
“I went after someone else,” Tikhon continued, “I crawled into the forest in this manner, and lay down.” – Tikhon suddenly and flexibly lay down on his belly, imagining in their faces how he did it. “One and catch up,” he continued. “I’ll rob him in this manner.” – Tikhon quickly and easily jumped up. “Let’s go, I say, to the colonel.” How loud he will be. And there are four of them here. They rushed at me with skewers. “I hit them with an ax in this manner: why are you, Christ is with you,” Tikhon cried, waving his arms and frowning menacingly, sticking out his chest.
“We saw from the mountain how you asked a line through the puddles,” said the esaul, narrowing his shining eyes.
Petya really wanted to laugh, but he saw that everyone was holding back from laughing. He quickly moved his eyes from Tikhon’s face to the faces of the esaul and Denisov, not understanding what it all meant.
“Don’t even imagine it,” Denisov said, coughing angrily. “Why didn’t he do it?”
Tikhon began to scratch his back with one hand, his head with the other, and suddenly his whole face stretched into a shining, stupid smile, revealing a missing tooth (for which he was nicknamed Shcherbaty). Denisov smiled, and Petya burst into cheerful laughter, which Tikhon himself joined in.
“Yes, it’s completely wrong,” said Tikhon. “The clothes he’s wearing are bad, so where should we take him?” Yes, and a rude man, your honor. Why, he says, I myself am the son of Anaral, I won’t go, he says.
- What a brute! - Denisov said. - I need to ask...
“Yes, I asked him,” said Tikhon. - He says: I don’t know him well. There are many of ours, he says, but all of them are bad; only, he says, one name. “If you’re fine,” he says, “you’ll take everyone,” Tikhon concluded, looking cheerfully and decisively into Denisov’s eyes.
“Here, I’ll pour in a hundred gogs, and you’ll do the same,” Denisov said sternly.
“Why be angry,” said Tikhon, “well, I haven’t seen your French?” Just let it get dark, I’ll bring whatever you want, at least three.
“Well, let’s go,” Denisov said, and he rode all the way to the guardhouse, frowning angrily and silently.
Tikhon came from behind, and Petya heard the Cossacks laughing with him and at him about some boots that he had thrown into a bush.
When the laughter that had taken over him at Tikhon’s words and smile passed, and Petya realized for a moment that this Tikhon had killed a man, he felt embarrassed. He looked back at the captive drummer, and something pierced his heart. But this awkwardness lasted only for a moment. He felt the need to raise his head higher, cheer up and ask the esaul with a significant look about tomorrow's enterprise, so as not to be unworthy of the society in which he was.
The sent officer met Denisov on the road with the news that Dolokhov himself would arrive now and that everything was fine on his part.
Denisov suddenly became cheerful and called Petya over to him.
“Well, tell me about yourself,” he said.

When Petya left Moscow, leaving his relatives, he joined his regiment and soon after that he was taken as an orderly to the general who commanded a large detachment. From the time of his promotion to officer, and especially from his entry into the active army, where he participated in the Battle of Vyazemsky, Petya was in a constantly happily excited state of joy at the fact that he was great, and in a constantly enthusiastic haste not to miss any case of real heroism . He was very happy with what he saw and experienced in the army, but at the same time it seemed to him that where he was not, that was where the most real, heroic things were now happening. And he was in a hurry to get to where he was not.
When on October 21 his general expressed a desire to send someone to Denisov’s detachment, Petya so pitifully asked to send him that the general could not refuse. But, sending him, the general, remembering Petya’s crazy act in the battle of Vyazemsky, where Petya, instead of going along the road to where he was sent, galloped in a chain under the fire of the French and shot there twice from his pistol, - sending him, the general namely, he forbade Petya to participate in any of Denisov’s actions. This made Petya blush and became confused when Denisov asked if he could stay. Before leaving for the edge of the forest, Petya believed that he needed to strictly fulfill his duty and return immediately. But when he saw the French, saw Tikhon, learned that they would certainly attack that night, he, with the speed of transitions of young people from one glance to another, decided with himself that his general, whom he had hitherto greatly respected, was rubbish, the German that Denisov is a hero, and Esaul is a hero, and that Tikhon is a hero, and that he would be ashamed to leave them in difficult times.

) and determines its relationship with the external environment." Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a certain object to the external environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In human geography, location is usually defined in two-dimensional space (displayed on a map). In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.

Concept geographical position is key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Geography itself originated as the science of methods for determining and recording the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it..., but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of connections between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location.

Thus the geographical location:

is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
is historical in nature because it changes over time;
has a potential nature, since position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
has close connections with the configuration of the territory and its borders.

The following types of geographical location are distinguished:

mathematical-geographical (geodesic, astronomical, “absolute”)
physical-geographical;
political-geographical;
geopolitical;
military-geographical;
ecological-geographical;
cultural-geographical;

and others.

By scale they distinguish:

macro position
mesoposition
micro-position

According to the coordinate system there are:

absolute (geodetic, astronomical);
relative;
- mathematical (“3 miles north of Seattle”);
- functional (economic-geographical, physical-geographical, etc.).

In an expanded interpretation, geographic location may also include the relationship of an area object as a whole (area, region, territory) to the data lying inside him (to the elements of the internal environment). Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, as “ introspective"(from Latin introspectus, intro- inside + spice- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border areas in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport-geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such The approach also makes it possible to resolve conflicts by determining the relative geographical position of intersecting objects.

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Subtitles

Historical sketch

Geographical position - “the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, as well as in relation to other objects with which it is in interaction...”. It characterizes “the place of a given object in the system of spatial connections and flows (material, energy, information) and determines its relationship with the external environment.” Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a certain object to the external environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In human geography, location is usually defined in two-dimensional space (displayed on a map). In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.
Thus the geographical location:
is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
is historical in nature because it changes over time;
has a potential nature, since position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
has close connections with the configuration of the territory and its borders.
Within the framework of theoretical geography, B.B. Rodoman formulated the “positional principle,” meaning the dependence of the properties of an object on its location, and the “principle of positional pressure” (“place pressure”), meaning the force that forces an object to move if it has a non-optimal functioning position. The American geographer W. Bunge proposed the “displacement rule,” meaning a change in the geographical position of flows when they are overstressed (overflowed) in an existing channel. For example: river beds, volcanoes, highways, seaports. Yu. K. Efremov even proposed a special type of maps - geographic location maps. However, L.V. Smirnyagin believes that in the modern world, as in geography, the characteristics of the place itself are playing an increasingly important role in comparison with its location
The following types of geographical location are distinguished:
mathematical-geographical (geodesic, astronomical, “absolute”)
physical-geographical;
economic-geographical (EGP);
political-geographical;
geopolitical;
military-geographical;
ecological-geographical;
cultural-geographical;
and others.
By scale they distinguish:
macro position
mesoposition
micro-position
According to the coordinate system there are:
absolute (geodetic, astronomical);
relative;
mathematical (“3 miles north of Seattle”);
functional (economic-geographical, physical-geographical, etc.).
In an expanded interpretation, geographic location may also include the relationship of an area object as a whole (area, region, territory) to the data lying within it (to elements of the internal environment). Such a geographical location can be called, for example, “introspective” (from Latin introspectus, intro - inside + spicere - look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border areas in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport-geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such The approach also makes it possible to resolve conflicts by determining the relative geographical position of intersecting objects.

Types of geographical location of the country. Features of the geographical location of Russia

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