Ivan Franko anniversary edition city of Lviv. Which rushes towards the sun from its dens

Name: Ivan Franko

Age: 59 years old

Activity: writer, poet, scientist, publicist

Family status: was married

Ivan Franko: biography

Ivan Franko is an outstanding Ukrainian fiction writer, poet, publicist and scientist. The classic's legacy is enormous, and its influence on culture is difficult to overestimate. In 1915, the writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but Ivan Franko’s candidacy did not reach consideration due to the death of the applicant.

Childhood and youth

Future classic Ukrainian literature was born into a wealthy family. Its head, Galician peasant Yakov Franko, earned money by blacksmithing, and its mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, was from the “noble” family. 33 years younger than her husband, a woman from an impoverished family of Rusyn-gentry raised children. The classic called the first years of life bright.

When Ivan Franko was 9 years old, his father died. Mom got married a second time, and her stepfather replaced the children's father. He established a friendship with Ivan and maintained it throughout his life. At 16, Ivan became an orphan: his mother passed away.

Ivan ended up in the Drohobych school at the Catholic monastery best student: the teachers predicted a professorial future for him. The guy had a phenomenal memory - he quoted lectures verbatim, and knew “Kobzar” by heart.

Franko knew Polish and German, made poetic translations of the Bible, and voraciously read European classics, works on history and the natural sciences. Earning money by tutoring, high school student Ivan Franko managed to collect a library of half a thousand books. Knowing foreign languages, he valued his native Ukrainian, collected and recorded ancient folk songs, legends.

Ivan Franko lived with a distant relative who owned a carpentry business in Drohobych. It happened that a young man slept in freshly planed coffins (the story “In the Carpentry”). In the summer, the future classic of Ukrainian literature tended cattle in his native Naguevichi and helped his stepfather in the field. In 1875, Ivan Franko received a certificate with honors and entered Lviv University, choosing the Faculty of Philosophy.

Literature

Ivan Franko published his first works in the university magazine “Friend”, thanks to which it turned into the printed organ of revolutionaries. Denunciations from ill-wishers and reactionaries became the reason for the first arrest of Ivan Franko and members of the Friend editorial board.

Franco was sentenced to 6 weeks, but was released after 9 months (he waited 8 months for trial). The young man was placed in a cell with inveterate criminals, poor people whose poverty pushed them to commit serious crimes. Communication with them became the source of writing fictional works, which, after his release, Ivan Franko published in publications he edited. The stories of the “prison cycle” have been translated into foreign languages and called the best in the writer’s legacy.

Having left the prison dungeons, Ivan Franko faced the reaction of conservative society: both Narodnaya Volya and Russophiles turned their backs on the “criminal”. The young man was expelled from the university. A young revolutionary with socialist views found himself in the vanguard of fighters against the Austrian monarchy. With his colleague M. Pavlik, he published the magazine “Public Friend”, where he published poems, essays and the first chapters of the story “Boa constrictor”.

Soon the police confiscated the publication, but Ivan Franko resumed publication under another, more a telling name- “Bell.” The magazine publishes Franco’s programmatic poem “Masons” (“Kamenari”). And again confiscation and name change. In the fourth and last issue of the magazine, called “Hammer,” Ivan Yakovlevich published the ending of the story and poetry.

Ivan Franko published a magazine and clandestinely printed brochures with translations of works and to which he wrote prefaces. In 1878, the Galician revolutionary headed the magazine “Praca” (“Labor”), turning the organ of printers into a publication of Lviv workers. During these years, Ivan Franko translated Heinrich Heine’s poem “Germany”, “Faust”, “Cain”, and wrote the novel “Borislav Laughs”.

In the spring of 1880, on the way to Kolomyia, Ivan Franko was arrested a second time: political figure took the side of the Kolomyia peasants, with whom the Austrian government was engaged in a legal battle. After a three-month stay in prison, Ivan Yakovlevich was sent to Naguevichi, but on the way to the village, for his impudent behavior, he ended up in the dungeons of a prison in Drohobych. What he saw became the reason for writing the story “At the Bottom.”

In 1881, Ivan Franko published the magazine “Mir”, in which he published the story “Borislav Laughs”. Readers never saw last chapters works: the magazine was closed. Ivan Franko's poems were published by the magazine Svet. From them the collection “From the Heights and Lowlands” was soon formed. After the closure of Svet, the writer is forced to earn money by publishing in Narodnaya Volya publications. During these years, the famous story “Zakhar Berkut” was published in the Zarya magazine, but soon the writer’s collaboration with Zarya ceased.

In the mid-1880s, in search of income, Ivan Franko came to Kyiv twice, asking the capital’s liberals for money to publish his own magazine. But the promised money did not go to Ivan Yakovlevich, but to the editorial office of Zarya. In the summer of 1889, Russian students arrived in Galicia. Together with them, Ivan Franko went on a trip around the country, but soon the group was arrested, Franko was accused of trying to “tear” Galicia from Austria and intending to annex it to Russia. Two months later, the entire group was released without trial.

In the early 1890s, Franco wrote his doctoral dissertation using political poetry as a basis. But Lviv University did not accept the dissertation for defense. Ivan Yakovlevich submitted his dissertation to Chernivtsi University, but he was rejected there too. In the fall of 1892, the writer went to Vienna, where he wrote a dissertation on ancient Christian spiritual romance. A year later in Austria, Ivan Franko was given a Ph.D.

In 1894, after the death of Professor O. Ogonovsky, who headed the department of Ukrainian literature at Lvov University, Franko tried to fill the vacant position. His test lecture aroused enormous interest among students, but Ivan Yakovlevich was not accepted into the department. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Ivan Franko’s work, which was widely celebrated by writers and creative youth of Ukraine, a collection of poems “My Izmagd” was published.

The revolution of 1905 in Russia inspired the writer; he responded to the event with the poem “Moses” and the collection of poems “Semper tiro”, which included the poem “Conquistadors”.

In the early 1900s, Ivan Franko's relationship with Ukrainian nationalists, headed by Mikhail Grushevsky, are escalating. In 1907, an attempt to head a department at Lvov University once again failed: Franko’s application was not even considered. Support came from Kharkov: the university awarded Ivan Yakovlevich a doctorate in Russian literature. The writer and scientist is honored in Russia and the Dnieper Ukraine.

Ivan Franko, like his predecessors and contemporaries, repeatedly turned to theological and biblical themes. The writer's interpretation of Christian humanism is original. The clearest example is the verse “The Legend of Eternal Life.”

In 1913, the writer and scientist celebrated the 40th anniversary of his work, but the publication of anniversary collections was suspended due to the outbreak of the imperialist war. Dozens of prose and poetic works the master was published after his death.

In total, Ivan Franko wrote more than five thousand works. Contemporaries compared him with the great people of the Renaissance and called him “a large astral body that warms the whole of Ukraine.” But speaking about the life of the Ukrainian classic, one often recalls his quote: “Executioners live like gods, and worse than a dog the poor man lives."

Personal life

WITH future wife The writer met Olga Khoruzhinskaya in Kyiv in the mid-1880s. Ivan Franko was not a handsome man: red-haired, with teary eyes, and short. He attracted women with his incredible erudition, progressive views and encyclopedic knowledge. Beauty Olga fell in love with a Galician. Warnings from relatives and friends that the young man belonged to another circle came to nothing. Ivan Franko was late for the wedding: having put on a wedding tailcoat, he read a rare book in the library.

The Kiev woman’s move to the capital of Galicia did not bring happiness: prim Lvov women called Olga a “Moskal”; despite her efforts, the young woman never managed to become one of her own. The family, which had four children one after another, was in dire need of money. Ivan Franko was not hired, he was persecuted by the police and authorities, his creativity brought modest income.

The father read the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm to his sons Andrei, Taras, Peter and daughter Anna, Ivan Yakovlevich translated them with lightning speed German language. In his native village, Franco took children to the forest and to the river. Olga, having put the children to bed, translated from German and French, wrote articles for almanacs, discussed his works with her husband. But life's troubles and poverty undermined her unstable psyche - Olga showed a hereditary tendency to nervous breakdowns.

In 1898, Ivan Franko received national award. Olga added the rest of the dowry to this money and took upon herself the construction of a house in Lvov. But it was not possible to live happily in the new house. Olga’s mental disorder worsened, and Ivan Yakovlevich began to have nervous disorders and breakdowns. The last straw was the death of his eldest son Andrei in May 1913; Olga ended up in a psychiatric hospital.

Death

The last months of his life, Ivan Franko lived in a shelter for Sich Riflemen: student volunteers looked after the writer. Franco did not live to see his 60th birthday for 3 months. He was dying in all alone. Son Taras was in captivity, Peter fought, daughter Anna worked in a Kiev hospital.

The writer died at home: Franco escaped from the orphanage in May 1916. That year he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but it is given to a living person. The scientist and writer passed away on May 28. He was buried at the Lviv Lychakiv cemetery.

Bibliography

1877 – “The Converted Sinner”
1880 – “At the Bottom”
1882 – “Zakhar Berkut”
1882 – “Borislav laughs”
1884 – “Boa constrictor”
1887 – “Lel and Polel”
1887 – “Yats Zelepuga”
1890 – “Fox Mikita”
1891 – “The Adventures of Don Quixote”
1892 – “Stolen Happiness”
1894 – “Pillars of Society”
1895 – “Abu Qasim’s shoes”
1897 – “For the Hearth”
1899 – “Oilman”
1900 – “Crossing Paths”

Franko Ivan Yakovlevich (1856-1916) - Ukrainian writer and poet, scientist. He led the revolutionary movement in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On his initiative, the “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party” was created in Austria. For your creative achievements in 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but due to the death of the writer his candidacy was not considered. The city of Ivano-Frankovsk (formerly Stanislav) and the urban-type settlement of Ivano-Frankovo (formerly Yanov) are named in his honor in Ukraine.

Childhood

Ivan was born on August 27, 1856 into a wealthy peasant family in the village of Naguevichi, Lviv region. My father worked as a blacksmith. Mom belonged to the Kulchitsky noble family and was 33 years younger than her husband.

Early childhood Ivan later described in his works as the happiest years. In 1865, his father died. Mom got married for the second time. His stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, treated little Vanya as his own son and actually replaced his dad. Franco was then friends with his stepfather until the end of his life.

School and gymnasium

Little Vanya began studying in 1862 at a rural school in Naguevichi, but then he was transferred to a school in the neighboring village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya.

Two years later, Ivan’s mother and stepfather sent him to the city of Drohobych, where he continued his studies at the school at the Basilian Monastery. Their distant relative Koshitskaya lived on the outskirts of Drohobych, the boy settled in her apartment. The owners had a carpentry workshop, and Ivan often had to spend the night in wooden coffins.

In 1867, Franko entered the gymnasium (now it is Drohobych Pedagogical University). The entire period of study in schools and gymnasium was subsequently vividly reflected in the writer’s autobiographical stories:

"Pencil";
"In the carpentry";
"Calligraphy";
"Gritseva school science".

In them, the writer showed the atmosphere of schools of that time, when corporal punishment and moral humiliation of students were used. From Franco's works it is clear how difficult it was for a gifted boy from a simple background to get an education. peasant family.

In 1872, Ivan’s mother died. He loved her very much and later dedicated his memories to this woman in poems: “Nasty things on the border”, “Song and practice”.

Ivan was then raised by his stepfather and stepmother. The teenager came to them summer holidays, helped in field work, herded cattle. And although these people were actually strangers to him, to Ivan staying with them seemed like paradise compared to the gymnasium. The child suffered mental trauma for the rest of his life from uneducated and rude teachers who indulged the children of the rich and tortured simple village boys. Forever, Franco took from the gymnasium hatred of human oppression.

Despite all the bullying from teachers, both at school and at the gymnasium, Franco was the first among the students. Already during his studies, his phenomenal abilities manifested themselves: he knew the entire “Kobzar” by Taras Shevchenko by heart, he could repeat the teacher’s hour-long lecture to the children verbatim after a lesson, and he did his homework on the Polish language in poetic form.

Ivan read a lot, mainly books on history and cultural studies, natural science works, and European literature. He absorbed the content of the works he read very deeply, and, as it turned out later, he remembered all the books until the end of his life. Franco collected a fairly decent library for a high school student; it contained about 500 copies of books on different languages.

While still studying at the gymnasium, Ivan took up poetic translations Western European (Polish, German, French) and ancient writers (Euripides and Sophocles), the Bible, and carried out these works in his native Little Russian language. The Galician poet Marianne Shashkevich and Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. Through their poems, he comprehended all the beauty and richness of the Ukrainian language. Franco began collecting folk songs and legends, and in 1874 he made his first independent travel in Subcarpathia, where he recorded samples of folklore.

University

In July 1875, Franko graduated from high school with excellent marks, received a certificate of maturity and went to Lviv to continue his studies at the university. Here he entered the Faculty of Philosophy. To the best of their abilities, Ivan was helped by his stepfather and stepmother. He was also provided with financial assistance by the Galician linguist, professor of the Ukrainian language Emelyan Osipovich Partitsky, who at that time worked in Lvov at a teacher’s seminary.

During this period, Franco wrote many poems, which he began publishing in the university student magazine “Friend”:

"My song";
"Folk song";
“Petria and Dovbuschuk” (his first big story).

Ivan joined the student academic circle, and in the magazine “Friend” he became not only an author, but also an employee. Soon he was the most influential person in the magazine's editorial office.

Having begun cooperation with the Lvov magazine “Friends”, Franko published in it a translation of N. G. Chernyshevsky’s work “What is to be done?”. The authorities did not like such democratic activities, and in 1877 he, along with members of the editorial board, was arrested and spent about nine months in prison.

After his arrest, Ivan was unable to continue his studies at the university; he graduated educational institution only fifteen years later, when he defended his dissertation.

Creative and social activities

After leaving prison, Franco and his comrades began publishing new magazine"Public leisure".

Here the poet published his patriotic poems:

“To comrades from prison”;
“Patriotic events”;
story "Boa constrictor";
"Kamenari";
“My strіcha with Oleksa”;
“Thought about Naum Bezumovich.”

In 1878, Franco headed the workers' newspaper "Praca", which published the social program "What does the Galician community want?" and his famous poem "Anthem" ("The Eternal Revolutionary").

In 1880, Ivan twice visited the Drohobych prison, which he later described in the story “At the Depths.”

Since 1881, Franco worked in the magazines “Svet”, “Delo”, “Zarya”. In them he published his stories “Zakhar Berkut” and “Borislav laughs”, as well as revolutionary poetry, which was later included in his famous collection “From Peaks and Lowlands”.

The poet really dreamed of having his own magazine; he traveled to Kyiv twice in the hope of receiving financial assistance from the literary community. But the Kyiv liberals only deceived him, making empty promises.

In 1889, Franco was arrested again, accused of trying to separate part of Galicia from Austria and annex it to Russia.

In 1893, the poet defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In Lvov, he opened a “scientific reading room”, where he himself gave lectures on political economy and the history of the revolutionary struggle.

In 1898, Ivan became editor of the Lviv magazine “Literary and Scientific Newsletter”.

At the same time, he did not forget for a minute about his main calling - to write poetry. Every two years his new poetry collection was published:

1896 – “The leaves are yawning”;
1898 – “My Izmaragd”;
1900 – “From the days of zhurby” and wonderful story"Cross stitches."

In 1905, in honor of the revolution, Franco wrote famous poem"Moses" and the poem "Conquistadori".

Personal life

In 1885, Ivan first came to Kyiv. He knew and heard a lot about the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral, St. Andrew's Church, and now he saw all this with his own eyes. He walked around the city with friends and told them a story Kievan Rus. Franco came to Kyiv to raise funds for a new literary magazine. But it turned out that it was here that he met his wife.

Olga Khoruzhinskaya is an orphan from an impoverished family of nobles, originally from the Kharkov province, an ardent “sweatshirt” by conviction. Studied at the Kharkov Institute noble maidens. Olya was pretty and funny, full of energy and cheerful humor, played the piano excellently and knew several languages (English, German, French).

She seemed to Franco a worthy candidate for the role of wife. Moreover, for almost ten years he could not find a wife among the Galician girls. He set too high demands on his future life partner: first of all, Ukrainian and with higher education, is beautiful and has progressive views on family and marriage, and she must definitely be his assistant and friend.

Khoruzhinskaya immediately drew attention to him Western culture and deep intelligence. Before leaving, Franco wrote to her big letter, in which he shared his views on family life. And in the next letter he invited Olya to become his wife, but did not write a word about love.

In May 1886, Franco married Khoruzhinskaya in Kyiv in the St. Paul's Church. Immediately after the feast, the newlyweds went to Lviv and the first wedding night spent on the train.

In the fall of 1887, their first child, Andryusha, was born. Then, one after another, Taras, Petrus and Gandzia appeared.

Four children needed to be clothed and fed, and there was always not enough money. Long-term poverty eventually led to the strongest mental disorders at Olga's. And in 1913, their first son Andrei died. As a child, he suffered a head injury, but despite this, he graduated from Lviv University and defended his doctoral dissertation, helping his father with his work. However, the consequences of childhood trauma affected later, Andrei died during an epileptic attack. After this, the mother ended up in psychiatric clinic.

Franco became disillusioned with family life; he wrote to his friend that if he had another wife, life would have turned out completely differently. He took a mistress - Mrs. Zygmuntovskaya, a widow with two children, whom he took into full support. But he soon broke up with her too.

Illness and death

In 1908, the poet fell ill. Heavy loads and nervous strain led to the failure of both arms. He went to Croatia for treatment and there was improvement. But as soon as Ivan returned to work, his health deteriorated. Periodically, he underwent treatment in Odessa, Kyiv, and the Carpathians. When relief came, he immediately got to work.

In 1915, his health deteriorated so much that the poet began to anticipate his death. In March 1916, he wrote a will, according to which he asked to transfer his entire library and handwritten works to the scientific society named after Taras Shevchenko.

Ivan Franko died on May 28, 1916. The death was difficult; there was no one nearby. Walked First World War, son Taras was in captivity, Petrus was at the front, and daughter Ganna worked in Kyiv in a hospital. The writer was buried in Lvov at the Lychakiv cemetery. There is a monument with a stone carved on the grave.

He was born into a farrier’s family on August 27, 1856, in the village. Naguevichi (Lviv region). Franko studied at a rural school, first in Naguevichi, and then in the neighboring village of Yasenitsa Silny. In 1864 he went to study at the Drogobitsy “normal” school.

In 1865 There is grief in his family - his father dies. Soon, stepfather Grin Gavrilik comes to Ivan Frank’s house. It was about the death of his father that Ivan Franko would write his first poem, “The Great Day of 1871” (1871). The stepfather turned out to be not an evil person and gave my stepson the opportunity to continue his studies. In 1867 the future writer graduated from school, and from 1873. study at the gymnasium, which he graduated with “excellent” marks on July 26, 1875. and receives a matriculation certificate. While studying at the gymnasium, Frank's mother Maria died (in 1872), whom he loved very much and dedicated his memories to her in the poem “Song and Practice” (1883), in the poem “Nasty Things on the Edge” (1881).
After the death of his mother, his stepfather married again, but did not change his attitude towards his adopted son and helped him continue to study.

From an early age, “Kobzar” by T. Shevchenko became I. Frank’s favorite book. In the gymnasium he continued to form his worldview, so he was also interested in Polish, German, French literature. As a result, Franko came to the idea that the basis of the Ukrainian literary language must be native language.

Summer of 1874 Ivan Yakovlevich Franko travels independently for the first time in Podkarpackie and makes folklore recordings. After Drogobich in the fall of 1875. he goes to Lvov and enters the Faculty of Philosophy at Lvov University. He writes a lot and becomes the most influential person in the editorial office of Friend magazine.

While still a high school student, he printed his first literary works in the student university magazine in Lviv “Friend”. Having joined the student “Academic Circle”, Franco became an active worker and author of the magazine “Friend”. In the magazine he publishes poetry, translations, and publishes his first big story, “Petria and Dovbuschuk.” Franco also published a translation of the novel “What is to be done?” M. Chernyshevsky in the magazine “Friends” (1877).

His activities, thanks to denunciations from envious people, were soon noticed, and he and members of the Friend magazine were arrested. I. Franko spent 8 months in prison. before trial, but he was sentenced to only 6 weeks. After leaving prison, the writer did not give up and continued his activities. Together with M. Pavlik, I. Franko begins to publish the magazine “Public Leisure”, in which he publishes his poems “To Comrades from Prison”, “Patriotic Pores”, the beginning of the story “Boa constrictor”. Unfortunately, after the second issue the police confiscated the magazine, so the name of the magazine had to be changed to “Dzvin”.

In the renamed magazine, Franko published his famous poem “Kamenari” and the story “My strіcha with Oleksa”. Last number magazine (the fourth in a row) was published under the title “Hammer”. In this issue, Ivan Yakovlevich finished publishing the story “Boa constrictor”, the satirical poem “Duma about Naum Bezumovich”, his very popular article “Literature, its history and the most important workshops”.

At the end of 1878 I. Franko became the editor of Praca, which he eventually turned into an organ for all Lviv workers. Ivan Yakovlevich began publishing the “Dribna Biblioteka”, writing a whole list of short stories for the “Slovenian Almanac”, including “Mulyara” for the planned new newspaper “Nova Osnova”, “Borislav Smeetsya”, working on translations of “Nimechchin” by G. Heine, “Faust” "Goethe, Byron's Cain, etc., creates the "Catechism of Economic Socialism."

In March 1880 I. Franko goes to Kolomoisky district. On the way, he was arrested a second time in connection with the trial that the Austrian government was conducting against the villagers of Kolomiya. Franco spent three months in prison, after which he was sent, accompanied by police, to Naguevichi, but on the way he was once again put in Drogobicki prison, which I.Ya. Franko described it later in the story “On the Days”.

Having returned to Lviv after such adventures, he takes an active part in the workers' newspaper "Praca", writes the social program "What does the Galician community want." Also in the Praca newspaper, Franco publishes his famous poem “Hymn” (“Eternal Revolutionary”).

In 1881 Franco issues on Polish language brochure “About practice. A book for robotics." In the same year, he began publishing the magazine “Svit”. In it, in almost every issue, he publishes parts of the story “Borislav laughs”, unfortunately I.Ya. Franko was never able to publish the story to the end, because the magazine was closed. But before the magazine closed, he still managed to publish to many famous article“Reasons for evaluating the poetry of Taras Shevchenko.” In 1881, in April, Ivan Franko travels to the village. Naguevichi. There, in addition to writing new works, he performs daily village work.

In February 1885 I. Franko travels to Kyiv, where he meets with O. Konisky and V. Antonovich regarding the publication of the newspaper. But unfortunately, the negotiations were unsuccessful. The only warm memory of Kyiv is about meetings with the Lysenko, Starytsky and Kosach families. Taras Shevchenko

In the magazine “Svit”, Ivan Yakovlevich Franko publishes a number of revolutionary poetry, which were later included in the collection “From Peaks and Lowlands”. After this magazine was closed, Frank had to earn a living in the magazines “Dilo” and “Zorya”. In “Zori” he publishes the historical story “Zakhar Berkut”, and a very long article “Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev”.

Dreaming of publishing his own magazine, Ivan Yakovlevich traveled to Kyiv twice (1885, 1886) to receive financial assistance from the Kyiv “Gromada”. But the Kyiv liberals simply did not keep their word and gave the money to Zori, and not to the writer.

IN 1886 in Kyiv, Ivan Franko married Olga Khorunzhinskaya and took her to Lvov. But his happiness was overshadowed by his dismissal from “Zori”, from that moment he had to look for how to earn money for bread. He was lucky - he became an employee of the newspaper “Courier Lvivsky”. In the same year, the collection “Through the Peaks and Lowlands” was released.

The difficult financial situation forces Ivan Frank to work at Pravda. But even the need for money could not keep him there for long - in May 1889. he breaks off his ties with Pravda and in a letter “To Whom Behind the Tsar” he accuses the “Pravda” people of nationalistic isolation.

In August 1889 I. Franko travels with a student group from Russia on a tourist trip. The Austrian government saw the writer as an attempt to separate Galechina from Austria and annex it to Russia. For this he was arrested along with the students. As a result, Franco spent 10 weeks in prison, after which he was released without trial.

In 1890 together with M. Pavlik, Ivan Franko publishes the fortnightly journal “The People”, which became the organ of the “Ukrainian Radical Party” founded this year. In “The People” the writer publishes the stories “Pig”, “Like this year there was a house”. In the same year, his collection of short stories “In the Pot” with Frank’s autobiography was published.

In Lvov, Ivan Franko organizes the “Science Reading Room”, in which he himself speaks on issues of political economy, scientific socialism, and the history of the revolutionary struggle. Franco decided to organize a fight in the scientific field. He decided to write a doctoral dissertation, choosing the topic: “Political poetry of T.G. Shevchenko."

Lviv University did not accept the dissertation for defense. Therefore, the writer goes to Chernivtsi, but failure awaits him there too. Disappointed, Franco writes a new doctoral dissertation “Barlam and Yoasaph” - an old Christian spiritual novel and his literary history.” In June 1893 he is given the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

In 1893, Franco published the second (expanded) edition of the collection “Through the Peaks and Lowlands.” After it, four more wonderful collections were published: “Zivyale Leaves” (1896), “My Izmaragd” (1898), “From the Days of Zhurby” (1900) and the story “Crossing Stitches” (1900).

Since 1898 The magazine “Literary and Scientific Newsletter” begins to be published in Lviv. Naturally. That Franco immediately becomes the most active employee of the magazine, and then the editor. In this magazine he publishes his articles “From the secrets of poetic creativity”, “Lesya Ukrainka” and others.

In 1905 I. Franko writes his famous poem “Moses” and the poem “Conquistadori” in honor of the revolution in Russia. At the same time, the writer writes a review article “New History of Russian Literature.” He also appears with his famous and popular article “Ideas” and “ideals” of the Galician Muscovophile youth,” in which he shows Galician Muscophiles in all their “glory.”

In 1906 a collection of poetry “Semper tiro” was published, and a year later the story “The Great Noise” was published.

In 1907 Franko is trying to take a place at the department of Lviv University, but he does not receive an answer to his request, because... Grushevsky has already taken this place.

In 1908 Ivan Franko falls ill. Large overload led to nervous disorders, contractures of both hands. Treatment in Croatia helped me recover from this. But over time, my health began to deteriorate again. He went for treatment to Kyiv, the Carpathians, and Odessa (1913). As soon as he felt even a little bit better, he immediately got to work. Thanks to such dedication, he wrote an article about Pushkin’s drama “Boris Godunov” (1914), an article “Taras Shevchenko” (1914), poems “Yevshan-Zillya”, “Konchakov’s Glory” and others.

IN 1915 The writer’s health condition deteriorated no further. In the spring of 1916. the sick Franko moved to his house in Lvov. On March 9, 1916, anticipating his imminent death, Ivan Yakovlevich Franko draws up a will, in which he asks to transfer all his handwritten works, along with his own library, to the Scientific Society named after. T.G. Shevchenka. May 28, 1916 Ivan Franko died. Three days later, the truna with his body was temporarily placed in the crypt. But the “temporary” lasted for 10 years, only after this period the remains of the great writer were transferred to the Lichakiv cemetery in Lviv. A monument was built on the grave of Ivan Frank with a stone worker carved on it. This monument can still be seen today.

There was also a person who was the first to sense a man in her - Ivan Franko. This kind gentleman in an embroidered shirt, most Having lived his life in the Polish-Austrian Lemberg, he considered blacks and Papuans to be an inferior race, and in men he saw not only friends, but also an object of love.

It is well known that Franko was born on August 27, 1856 in the village of Naguevichi in the Lviv region, whose residents firmly believed in evil spirits and even shortly before the birth of the future writer, sorcerers were burned. But few remember that the writer’s ancestors on the male line were Germans. This is indicated by their last name. In Galicia, “Franks” were people from Germany, mostly blacksmiths, who were called. They settled among Rusyn peasants and earned their living by their craft. The writer's father was also a simple blacksmith - a merry fellow and a reveler.

House of Ivan Franko in Naguevichi

But the “Aryan” roots still had an effect. In his youth, Ivan Franko was not only interested in socialism, but was also a staunch supporter racist theories. He gained knowledge on this issue at Lvov University, where, in addition to lectures on philology, he attended “free courses in psychology, paleontology and national economics.”

He outlined his views, gleaned from German-language pamphlets, in “Thoughts on Evolution in the History of Mankind,” published when its author was barely twenty-five. Young Franco believed that races were divided into inferior and superior. Among the first, he included the extinct Neanderthals, as well as blacks, Bushmen and Papuans, whom he generally called “the most primitive” - that is, the most primitive.

According to Franco’s theory, primitive races “emerged from the Mavp” earlier than others. And only from them, thousands of years later, more perfect individuals emerged. This happened somewhere between Africa and India, where the ocean now splashes, and in antediluvian times, according to Ivan Yakovlevich, there was a “dry land” - the continent of Lemuria, which subsequently drowned.

To Franco's credit, it should be said that he always remained a theoretical racist. He did not beat blacks on the streets of Lvov - both due to the absence of such in Austria-Hungary in the 19th century, and because of his weak physique. The short, red-haired and physically underdeveloped writer was not even accepted into the army. A special “super-arbitration” commission declared the frail racist unfit to serve Emperor Franz Joseph II with a rifle in his hands.

Unfortunately, today we are silent about the interesting anthropological views of young Kamenyar.

Probably so as not to attract the attention of skinheads to his work.

Franco harmoniously combined his racist views with Freemasonry. Ivan Yakovlevich’s poem “Kamenari” today, as in Soviet times, is included in school curriculum. Under socialism, it was interpreted as the anthem of the revolution - evidence of the truly proletarian orientation of the Ukrainian classic. “Pound this rock!” - we taught in class, wading through the rubble of Frankov’s creativity.

Ivan Franko

In fact, at the time of writing “The Stonemen,” the poet experienced a violent passion for Freemasonry. They were called “free masons.” And all the symbolism of the poem is by no means worker-peasant.

According to historian and political scientist Konstantin Bondarenko, “in mid-19th centuries, probably ninety percent of the entire Galician intelligentsia (Poles, Germans, and Ukrainians) belonged to the Freemasons. There were several Masonic lodges. Some date back to the 18th century. Some have just been formed. A system of strict recognition by world Freemasonry was not yet considered mandatory. It is unknown which lodge Franco belonged to. However, his work from the period of the 70s. largely imbued with Masonic motifs. In “The Stonemen” this influence is undoubtedly messianic, a voice from above calling for sacrifice in the name of others - all this is very characteristic of the ideology of the “Free Stonemen”. But Franco did not remain a Freemason for long. From the late 70s, he became involved in the socialist movement, which rejected both religion and Freemasonry as relics of the past.”

But you shouldn’t assume that Ivan Franko did nothing but burn out community service. He looked for himself in other areas as well. Sometimes quite spicy.

Here is an excerpt from a letter from a slightly melted “stone worker” to his fiancée Olga Roshko. In January 1879, he confesses to her his secret hobbies: “The beauty of people, both men and women, all inspire me with even stronger enmity... However, the women here frighten, do not, irritate me. I'm the bravest one around men. You don’t know, singly, that if anyone could be the object of your concern, it would be rather a man than a woman. I have loved more men in my life, having known fewer women. And you know that everything in me is unnaturally wild, love.”

Twenty-three-year-old Franco describes how he loves to walk around Lviv, peering at male faces, sometimes he gets acquainted, starts talking to the specimens he likes, is disappointed... All this causes him very contradictory feelings: “I am embarrassed and scared more than once if I start to recall in my memory those faces that suited me and attracted me to myself, but what can I earn money? I know that the reason for that unnatural attraction to men is even simpler - the attraction, especially from women - but how can I change that?

Having heard enough of such confessions, Olga Roshko, the daughter of a priest, got married. But not for Franco, but for a reliable rural priest - Vladimir Ozarkevich. And why, one wonders, were you afraid? Well, the groom loved to cling to the representatives of his own sex on the streets. What's wrong with that? Members of our Writers' Union will probably not see any sedition in this. Like, the person was bored and wanted to talk...

In the end, Kamenyar still managed to get married. He found his bride “abroad” - in Kyiv. Having arrived in the “mother of Russian cities” from Lvov, Austria, to get money for his planned magazine, Ivan Yakovlevich met a girl who was “ripe.” Her name was Olga Khoruzhinskaya. She was the sister of the wife of Galagan College teacher E.K. Trigubov. They were brought together by the so-called “Ukrainian right”, which sometimes had sexual overtones.

Soon Franco proposed marriage to Olga. And I immediately received a positive response. The learned young lady really wanted to get married! So that the groom, God forbid, does not change his mind, she came herself with two hundred rubles collected for the magazine. Subsequently, Franco admitted that he married without love - “from the doctrine that it is necessary to marry a Ukrainian woman, and even a more enlightened one, a student.” He called his choice not extremely brilliant, arguing that with another wife he could “develop better and achieve much more.” In general, following the example of most of our men, he blamed his woman for all failures, not himself.

Ivan Franko and Olga Khoruzhinskaya

Occupation writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist, politician, activist, philosopher, economist, ethnographer, translator, literary critic, linguist Years of creativity - Direction decadence Genre verse, story, novel, short story, short story, play Language of works Ukrainian, languages, Russian, Polish, German Works on the website Lib.ru Files on Wikimedia Commons Quotes on Wikiquote

Ivan Yakovlevich Franko(ukr. Ivan Yakovich Franko; August 27 - May 28) - Ukrainian writer, poet, scientist, publicist, decadent and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but his premature death prevented his candidacy from being considered.

One of the initiators of the founding of the “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party” (later the Ukrainian Radical Party - URP), which operated in Austria.

In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region the town of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.

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Biography

Born into the family of a wealthy peasant blacksmith; mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, came from the impoverished Ruthenian gentry family of Kulchitsky, coat of arms Sas, was 33 years old younger than husband. He described the first years of childhood in his stories in the lightest colors. In 1865, Ivan's father died. The stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, was attentive to the children, and actually replaced the boy’s father. Franco supported friendly relations with my stepfather throughout my life. In 1872, Ivan’s mother died, and his stepmother began raising the children.

He studied first at the school in the village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya (1862-1864), then at the so-called normal school at the Basilian monastery of Drohobych (1864-1867). After graduating from the Drohobych gymnasium in 1875 (now the Drohobych Pedagogical University), he was forced to earn a living as a tutor. From his earnings he allocated money for books for his personal library.

In many of Franco’s autobiographical stories (“Gritseva school science”, “Pencil”, “Schönschreiben”) the atmosphere of the then school education with its scholasticism, corporal punishment, moral humiliation of students. They show how difficult it was for a gifted peasant boy to get an education. Franko lived in the apartment of a distant relative Koshitskaya on the outskirts of Drohobych, often sleeping in coffins that were made in her carpentry workshop (“In the carpentry”). Already studying at the gymnasium, he discovered phenomenal abilities: he could repeat the teacher’s hour-long lecture almost verbatim to his comrades; knew the entire “Kobzar” by heart; he often completed homework in Polish in poetic form; deeply and for the rest of his life assimilated the content of the books he read. His reading range at this time included works of European classics, cultural studies, historical works, popular books on natural science topics. In general, the personal library of the Franco-schoolboy consisted of almost 500 books on various languages. At the same time, Franco began to translate works of ancient authors (Sophocles, Euripides); under the influence of the works of Markian Shashkevich and Taras Shevchenko, he became fascinated by the richness and beauty of the Ukrainian language, began collecting and recording samples of oral folk art(songs, legends, etc.).

In the fall of 1875 he became a student at the Faculty of Philosophy at Lvov University. During his studies, Emelyan Partitsky provided financial assistance to Franco. He was a member of the Russophile society, which used “paganism” as a literary language. Franco’s first works were written in pagan language - the poem “Folk Song” (1874) and a long fantasy novel“Petria and Dovbuschuk” (1875) in the style of Hoffmann, published in the print organ of Russophile students “Friend”. One of the first who drew attention to the work of the young Franco was the Ukrainian poet Caesar Belilovsky, who in 1882 in the Kyiv newspaper Trud published the article “A few words about the translation of Goethe’s Faust into Ukrainian language Ivan Franko”, and in the Lviv student magazine “Friend”, under the pseudonym Dzhedzhalyk, poems by eighteen-year-old Franko - “My Song” and “Folk Song” - appeared for the first time.

Conclusion

Under the influence of the letters of the Kyiv professor Mikhail Drahomanov, the youth, grouped around the “Friend”, became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and Russian writers in general, and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they became the instrument of their literary speech chose the Galician language common people; Thus, Rusyn literature received Franco into its ranks, along with many other talented workers. Old Russophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, Venedikt Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Friend. In 1877, all members of the editorial board were arrested, and Franco spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Russophiles, but “Narodovtsy,” that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco also had to leave the university (he graduated from the course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).

Both this stay in prison, and a second imprisonment in 1880, and another in 1889, brought Franco closely acquainted with various types of the scum of society and the working poor, driven to prison by poverty and exploitation, and provided him with a number of themes for fiction works that published mainly in the Dragomanian journals he edited; they constituted Franco's main glory and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Of these, a series of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav stands out; stories from the lives of thieves and “former” people, imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity; stories and tales from the life of Jews, alien to religious and national antagonism.

The cycles are also inspired by prison lyrical works, some of which, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness based on broad universal human motives, while others, who have become highest degree popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) untruths. Franco also showed talent in the field of objective historical novel: his “Zakhar Berkut” (1883, from the times Tatar invasion XIII century) received a prize even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine “Zorya”, which did not see in it “Zola’s naturalism” (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always leveled this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted serious attention from readers to its author, who was so unlike most figures in the cultural movement of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and marked the beginning of closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire.

Galicians also could not help but recognize the brilliant talent behind Franco’s “naturalistic” and “radical” works, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco’s enormous reading, literary education and awareness of political-social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the “people” to seek Franco’s cooperation in their bodies.

1885-1892

Little by little, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the People’s people, and in 1885 he was invited by them to become the chief editor of their literary and scientific organ “Zorya”. For two years, Franko led “Zorya” very successfully, recruited all the most talented writers from Little Russia into its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his poem “Panski Zharty” (“Barskie Jokes”), in which the image of an old rural priest who believes his soul “for his sheep.” Nevertheless, in 1887, the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on the removal of Franco from the editorial board; Other people also did not like Franco’s excessive love for Russian writers (Franko personally translated a lot from Russian and published a lot), which Galician nationalists considered Muscovophile.

Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, due to the Ems Decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was greatly limited, so his collection of poems “From the Heights and Lowlands” (“From the Heights and Valleys,” 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many as a keepsake, but a collection of stories from the life of working people: “In the Poti Chola” (1890); there is a Russian translation of “By the sweat of your brow”, St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, it was sold out in great demand. He began to publish some things in “Kievskaya Starina”, under the pseudonym “Miron”; but even in Galicia, the people’s people inevitably continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story “Mission” (“Vatra”, 1887). Its continuation, “The Plague” (“Zorya”, 1889; 3rd ed. - “Vic”, Kyiv, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodivtsy with Franco, since the hero of the story is an extremely sympathetic Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist magazine Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician peoples with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced Franko, Pavlik and all the progressive Rusyns of Galicia to separate into a completely special party.

According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “ new era"") the Rusyn language acquired very important advantages in Austria in public life and school, up to and including university. The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the “new era,” adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party”; its organ “People” (1890-1895), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until Drahomanov’s death (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); Subsequently, instead of “The People”, this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines.

The “people” preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land ownership and artels to be a useful means for raising peasant well-being; the ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks-like, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Drahomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the “People” were an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In terms of nationality, the “People” held the Rusyn language just as firmly as the “New Erists,” and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but derived this necessity from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the struggle against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the polemics of "People" against the narrowly nationalistic "Pravda", the most caustic articles belonged to Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Donkey Elections”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Franco carried out intensive journalistic activities and leadership of the radical party completely free of charge; they had to earn their living through hard paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of “The People,” Franco’s fictional work and his scientific studies almost ceased; Franco only had enough time, free from journalism and politics, to write short lyrical poems (in 1893, the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - of tender melancholic love content was published, with the motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht ( “Be a man and don’t take my example”)).

1893 onwards

Franco's 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1895 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers from Russia and Austria, regardless of direction, dedicated a collection to Franko: “Hello” (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of his works were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly at the end of his life - Russian.

Franco, having left politics, died during the First World War in poverty and was buried at the Lychakiv cemetery in Lviv. The sons of I. Ya. Franko, the elder Taras and the younger Peter, who previously worked in the USSR in the chemical industry under contract, became writers. In 1939 they supported the annexation of Galicia to the USSR. Peter, was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, but was suspected Soviet power in disloyalty, in June 1941 he was arrested and disappeared in the dungeons of the NKVD as German troops approached Lvov. Taras in post-war years taught literature and wrote memoirs about his father. Franco's granddaughter, Zinovia Tarasovna, organized the volume of Franco's works that were not censored.

Filmography

Film adaptations of works

The works of Ivan Franko have been repeatedly filmed in cinema, fairy tales - in animation

Year	A country	Name	Director	Notes
	USSR USSR	"Borislav laughs"	Joseph Rona	The second name is “Wax Kings”. The film has not survived
	USSR USSR	"Zakhar Berkut"	Joseph Rona
	USSR USSR	"Stolen Happiness"	Isaac Shmaruk Gnat Yura	Film-performance
	USSR USSR	"Painted fox"	Alexander Ivanov	Cartoon
	USSR USSR	"If the stones spoke..."	Yuri Lysenko	Based on "Borislav Stories"
	USSR USSR	"Hare and Hedgehog"	Irina Gurvich	Cartoon
	USSR USSR	"To the light!"	Boris Shilenko Vasily Lapoknysh Nikolay Ilyinsky	Film almanac based on the stories “Towards the Light!”, “The House Painter”, “Pantalakha”
	USSR USSR	"For the hearth"	B. Meshkis Yuri Suyarko
	USSR USSR	"Zakhar Berkut"	Leonid Osyka
	USSR USSR	"Stolen Happiness"	Yuri Tkachenko	TV movie
	Ukraine Ukraine	"For the sake of the family hearth"	Boris Savchenko
	Ukraine Ukraine	"Trap"	Oleg Biyma	Five-part television film based on the novel “Crossing Paths”
1993	Ukraine Ukraine	"A crime with many unknowns"	Oleg Biyma	Seven-episode television film
	Ukraine Ukraine	"Island of love "	Oleg Biyma	Novella “Kitty” based on the story “Motherland”
	Ukraine Ukraine	"Stolen Happiness"	Andrey Donchik	A modern adaptation of a classic drama
	Ukraine Ukraine	"Fox Nikita"		Animated serial film

Films about Ivan Franko

A country	Name	Director	Ivan Franko	Notes
USSR USSR	"Ivan Franko"	Timofey Levchuk	Sergei Bondarchuk	Feature biographical film
USSR USSR	"Ivan Franko"			Popular science film
USSR USSR	"The Kotsyubinsky Family"	Timofey Levchuk	Yaroslav Gelyas	Feature Film
USSR USSR	"Ivan Franko"	E. Dmitrieva		Documentary
Ukraine