What do culture and civilization have in common? How does culture differ from civilization?

Concepts culture and civilization are closely related, which allows researchers in some cases to use them as synonyms. Both culture and civilization are value concepts. Any civilization (like culture) is a set of values inherent in it.

However, these concepts also have semantic differences that date back to ancient times. Thus, the term “culture”, which has Greek origin, originally meant processing, cultivation (of soil, plants), and was later extended to the area of upbringing and education. The term "civilization" is of Latin origin and refers to civil, state characteristics(“civilis” means “civil”, “state”).

The term “ civilization” means a certain level of development of material and spiritual culture. This means that chronologically, culture and civilization do not always coincide. So, we can talk about primitive culture, but there is no primitive civilization. Only when mental labor begins to separate from physical labor do crafts arise, commodity production and exchange appear, and the transition from primitive culture to civilization occurs.

O. Spengler considered the stage of civilization to be the end of the development of any culture. This stage is characterized by a high level of development of science and technology, a decline in the field of literature and art, and the emergence of megacities. At this time, according to Spengler, the people are losing the “soul of culture”, there is a “massification” of all spheres of life and their death, and a desire for world domination is formed - the internal source of the death of culture.

In addition, there are a number of phenomena that stand outside the boundaries of culture and are its antipodes. These are, first of all, wars. Violence and destruction are the opposite of the creative and humanistic content of culture. If civilization suppresses personality, then culture creates conditions for its flourishing. Anticulture can nullify all the efforts of culture and sometimes leads to irreversible consequences. Civilization combines culture and lack of culture, values and anti-values, gains and losses of the people.

Culture, therefore, is the basis, the “code” of civilization, but does not completely coincide with it. By famous expression MM. Prishvina, culture is a connection between people, and civilization is a connection between things.

The term "civilization" is used in various senses:

As a historical stage in the development of mankind, following barbarism and characterized by the formation of classes and the state. This definition was used by Morgan and Engels;

As a characteristic of the integrity of all cultures, their universal unity (“ world civilization", "get things done in a civilized manner", etc.). It's about about the most rational and humane way of reproducing human life and existence;

As a synonym for the term " material culture": something that gives convenience and comfort;

As a characteristic of unity historical process. This concept serves as a criterion for comparing certain stages of history (“civilization”, “ high level development of civilization”, “lowest stage of development of civilization”).

Culture creates the conditions for the development of civilization, civilization creates the prerequisites cultural process, directs him. Many cultures are formed on the basis of the same civilization. So, European civilization includes English, French, German, Polish and other cultures.

Civilizations are the most important system-forming beginning public life , creating universal forms of culture and social relations. They are considered by researchers as a world external to man, influencing him and opposing him, while culture is always the internal property of man, free spiritual and material activity in accordance with the norms of civilization.

Comparative analysis concepts of civilizations and cultures allowed us to draw an important conclusion that not all phenomena of social life can be attributed to culture. If in the last century these concepts were used as synonyms and many philosophers were inclined to blame culture for all the misfortunes of mankind, then the separation of the concepts of culture and civilization in the twentieth century. helped to preserve the idea of culture as an area of creation and free creativity of people.

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Philosophy test

How does the concept of “culture” differ from the concept of “civilization”?

Plan

1 Culture………………………………………………………… …........3

1.1 What is culture……………………………………………..3

2 Civilization…………………………………………………………………… ……………5

2.1 What is civilization……………………… ……………………5

3 Culture and civilization……………………… ……………………….7

References…………………………………………………...........11

I Culture

1.1 What is culture

There are several interpretations of the origin and meaning of the word culture.

In the textbook on philosophy Radugin A.A. The term “culture” is considered to be of Latin origin - cultura. According to Radugin, initially this term meant cultivating the soil, cultivating it in order to make the soil suitable for meeting human needs, so that it could serve man. In this context, the author writes, culture was understood as all changes in a natural object that occur under the influence of humans, in contrast to those changes that are caused by natural causes.

According to other sources, culture in figuratively- care, improvement, ennoblement of a person’s bodily, mental and spiritual inclinations and abilities; accordingly, there is a culture of the body, a culture of the soul and a spiritual culture. The German word Kultur also meant a high level of civilization. In modern scientific literature There are more than 250 definitions of culture.

IN in a broad sense culture is the totality of manifestations of the life, achievements and creativity of a people or group of peoples (the culture of a nation, states, civilizations - hence the many religions, beliefs, values). Culture, considered from the point of view of content, is divided into various areas, spheres: mores and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, settlements, work, perception, economics, the nature of the army, socio-political structure, legal proceedings, science, technology, art , religion, all forms of manifestation of the objective spirit of a given people. A cultured person owes everything to education and upbringing, and this constitutes the content of the culture of all peoples who preserve cultural continuity and traditions as a form of collective experience in relationships with nature. The modern scientific definition of culture has discarded the aristocratic connotations of this concept. It symbolizes the beliefs, values and expressions (as used in literature and art) that are common to a group; they serve to organize experience and regulate the behavior of members of this group. The beliefs and attitudes of a subgroup are often called a subculture.

Cultural theorists A. Kroeber and K. Kluckhohn analyzed over a hundred basic definitions and grouped them as follows.

1 Descriptive definitions, which are based on the concept of the founder of cultural anthropology E. Taylor. The essence of these definitions: culture is the sum of all types of activities, customs, beliefs; it, as a treasury of everything created by people, includes books, paintings, etc., knowledge of ways to adapt to the social and natural environment, language, customs, a system of etiquette, ethics, religion, which have developed over centuries.

2 Historical definitions emphasizing the role of social heritage and traditions inherited by the modern era from previous stages of human development. They are also accompanied by genetic definitions that assert that culture is the result of historical development. It includes everything that is artificial, that people have produced and that is passed on from generation to generation - tools, symbols, organizations, general activities, views, beliefs.

3. Normative definitions emphasizing the significance of accepted norms. Culture is the way of life of an individual, determined by the social environment.

4. Value definitions: culture is the material and social values of a group of people, their institutions, customs, and behavioral reactions.

5. Psychological definitions based on a person’s solution to certain problems at the psychological level. Here, culture is a special adaptation of people to the natural environment and economic needs, and consists of all the results of such adaptation.

6. Definitions based on learning theories: culture is behavior that a person has learned and not received as a biological inheritance.

7. Structural definitions highlighting the significance of moments of organization or modeling. Here culture is a system of certain characteristics interconnected in various ways. Material and intangible cultural characteristics, organized around basic needs, form social institutions that are the core (model) of culture.

8. Ideological definitions: culture is the flow of ideas passing from individual to individual through special actions, i.e. using words or imitations.

9. Symbolic definitions: culture is the organization of various phenomena (material objects, actions, ideas, feelings), consisting in the use of symbols or depending on it.

It is easy to notice that each of the listed groups of definitions captures some important features of culture. However, in general, as a complex social phenomenon, it eludes definition. Indeed, culture is the result of human behavior and the activities of society, it is historical, includes ideas, models and values, selective, studied, based on symbols, “super-organic”, i.e. does not include human biological components and is transmitted by mechanisms other than biological heredity; it is emotionally perceived or rejected by individuals. And yet this list of properties does not give us a sufficiently complete understanding of the complex phenomena that are meant when it comes to the cultures of the Mayans or Aztecs. Ancient Egypt or Ancient Greece, Kievan Rus or Novgorod.

II Civilization

2.1 What is civilization

In the early stages social development the person was merged with the community (clan, community) of which he was a part. The development of this community was simultaneously the development of man himself. In such conditions, the social and cultural aspects of society were practically not separated: social life was at the same time the life of a given culture, and the achievements of society were the achievements of its culture. Just as the consciousness of primitive society was, in Marx’s words, “woven” into the material activities of people, so the cultural aspect of society was merged with the social, not separated from it.

Also a feature of primitive sociality was its “natural” character. Tribal, as well as intra- and inter-community relations “naturally” arose in the process life together and the activities of people in the harsh struggle to maintain their existence. The decomposition and disintegration of these relations in the process of transition to a class society was at the same time a profound revolution in the mechanisms of functioning and development of society, which meant the formation civilization.

Analyzing the transition from primitiveness to civilization, F. Engels identifies its main characteristics: the social division of labor and especially the separation of city from countryside, mental labor from physical labor, the emergence of commodity-money relations and commodity production, the split of society into exploiters and exploited, and as a consequence of this -the emergence of the state, the right to inherit property, a profound revolution in family forms, the creation of writing and the development of various forms of spiritual production. Engels is primarily interested in those aspects of civilization that separate it from the primitive state of society. But his analysis also contains the prospect of a more versatile approach to civilization as a global, world-historical phenomenon.

The concept of civilization remained on the periphery of Marxist interests for a long time. The problems associated with it did not become the subject of research, since it was believed that the category of socio-economic formation was quite sufficient to characterize the stages of social development. The concept of civilization was alarming with its uncertainty and ambiguity; it often contains a variety of contents.

The term "civilization" comes from the Latin civiliz (civil, state, political). In literature, this term is identified with the concept of “culture” (a cultured and civilized person - characteristics of the same order), and as something opposing it, for example, as a soulless, material “body” of society as opposed to culture as a spiritual principle; is a level, stage in evolution human society which replaced barbarism; is interpreted as something that gives convenience (comfort), placed at our disposal by technology, etc. According to O. Spengler, civilization is a stage of the decline of culture, its aging.

Modern ideas about civilization are considered by thinkers as something Unified, outside the framework social systems. This is connected with the idea of integrity, the unity of the world. The category of civilization covers the nature and level of development of material and spiritual culture, the results of humankind’s activities to create a “second nature,” and the introduction of elements of a noospheric nature into the existing existence of modern humanity.

1) in a general philosophical sense - as a social form of movement of matter;

2) as a general socio-philosophical characteristic of the world-historical process and qualitatively defined stages of its development;

3) as a cultural-historical type that characterizes regional-traditional features of the development of society;

4) as a designation of civilized societies that preserve their vital integrity for a long time (Mayans, Sumerians, Incas, Etruscans).

So, the main idea in the content of the category “civilization” comes down to the diversity of the historical process, which goes from local, regional stages to the planetary level.

III Culture and Civilization

It is known that there are debates around the meaning of the words “culture” and “civilization,” sometimes becoming heated, and rarely does anyone confuse these words when the context is clear, although sometimes it is quite legitimate to use them as synonyms: they are so closely intertwined. But between them there is not only similarity, but also difference, in some aspects even reaching hostile opposition.

I. Kant was the first to introduce the difference between culture and civilization, which significantly clarified this problem. Previously, culture, in contrast to nature, was understood as everything created by man. So, the question was posed, for example, by I.G. Herder, although even then it was clear that a person does a lot in his work, not just badly, but even completely badly. Later, views on culture arose that likened it to an ideally functioning system and professional skill, but did not take into account what is professional, i.e. with great skill, others can kill people, but no one will call this atrocity a cultural phenomenon. It was Kant who resolved this issue, and in a brilliantly simple way. He defined culture as that and only that which serves the good of people or that which is humanistic in its essence: outside of humanism and spirituality there is no true culture.

Based on your understanding of the essence of culture. Kant clearly contrasted the “culture of skill” with the “culture of education,” and he called the purely external, “technical” type of culture civilization. The far-sighted genius of the thinker foresaw the rapid development of civilization and perceived this with alarm, speaking about the separation of civilization from culture: culture is coming forward much slower than civilization. This clearly harmful disproportion brings with it many troubles to the peoples of the world: civilization, taken without a spiritual dimension, creates the danger of the technical self-destruction of humanity. There is an amazing similarity between culture and nature: the creations of nature are just as organic in their structure, which amazes our imagination, as well as culture. After all, society is an extremely complex kind of organism - we mean the organic integrity of society, which is an amazing similarity, of course, with obvious essential differences.

It is undeniable that a distinction should be made between culture and civilization. According to Kant, civilization begins with man's establishment of rules for human life and human behavior. A civilized person is a person who will not cause trouble to another person; he always takes him into account. A civilized person is polite, courteous, tactful, kind, attentive, and respects other people. Kant connects culture with a categorical moral imperative, which has practical force and determines human actions not by generally accepted norms, focused primarily on reason, but by the moral foundations of the person himself, his conscience.

Description of work

In a broad sense, culture is the totality of manifestations of the life, achievements and creativity of a people or group of peoples (the culture of a nation, states, civilizations - hence the many religions, beliefs, values). Culture, considered from the point of view of content, is divided into various areas, spheres: morals and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, settlements, work, perception, economics, the nature of the army, socio-political structure, legal proceedings, science, technology, art, religion, all forms of manifestation of the objective spirit of a given people. A cultured person owes everything to education and upbringing, and this constitutes the content of the culture of all peoples who preserve cultural continuity and traditions as a form of collective experience in relationships with nature.

In the previous lecture, you became acquainted with the variety of methodological settings in the analysis of such social phenomenon as a culture. The most generalizing of all the considered points of view is the recognition of culture as an expression of the specific unity of man with nature and society, a characteristic of development creative forces and abilities of the individual, when it combines not only the objective side of people’s activities, but subjective human strength and abilities realized in the process of activity (See: Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary. -M., 1983. P.294).

It must be emphasized that in the primitive state, man was a natural being inextricably linked with the world around him. This property was noted in the studies of E. Taylor “ Primitive culture"and Z. Freud's "Totem and Taboo." Natural phenomena were integral part his existence. Primitive man did not oppose himself and environment a habitat. He didn't oppose himself social community, identifying oneself with a clan, tribe. At the level of primitive thinking there was no bifurcation of the process of cognition. The phenomena of the surrounding world were linked with own fortune person. Thus, birth and death, causing certain feelings (fear, horror), acted as a mysterious riddle. However, gradually, as a person becomes more acculturated, a contrast occurs with the surrounding reality, society and his own inner world. At its core, a cultural person already represents a supernatural being. With evolution comes a bifurcation and opposition between man and the environment.

Culture forms the basis of civilization. The transition from primitive (primitive) culture to civilization becomes possible with the separation of mental labor from physical labor, with the emergence of crafts, the development of writing and scientific knowledge, the emergence of commodity production and exchange.

The concepts of culture and civilization are not identical, but at the same time they are interconnected. Since the era Ancient Greece in the level of development there is a division between civilization and barbarism. All virtue was attributed to civilized peoples. Barbarians were assessed as destroyers of “civilization.” In modern times, an enlightened person, as a representative Western world, was supposed to bring the fruits of civilization to the savages.

The common properties for culture and civilization are the following:

1) the level of development of culture and civilization is a value characteristic of social existence;

2) the reason for their generation is human activity;

The word "civilization" translated from Latin language"civilis" means civil, state. The origins of the concept of “civilization” date back to the era of antiquity, “where the citizen (civis) was directly involved in public affairs (civilis) in a society (civitas) that had a clear and defined organization.” It was this clear organization that made it possible for the Romans (and the Greeks before them) to oppose themselves to the barbarians as a human community of a completely different kind.

In the Middle Ages, Dante developed the idea and concept of civitas - as a characteristic of universal human unity, which is “above” an individual, “above” individual groups of people, “above” entire nations. Dante was in the position of considering a single Christian world.

In the middle of the 18th century, this term meant a certain characteristic of the state of the level of social development. French educators, who acutely felt both the need and the contradictory nature of society's transition to a fundamentally new level development associated with the formation of capitalist relations, with the emergence of a civil society in which human rights are the most important, with the development scientific and technological progress. Civilization is identified with an ideal society based on the principles of reason and justice.

In the 19th century, the term civilization was used as a characteristic of the highest stage sociocultural development(savagery-barbarism-civilization). As a result of a huge array of ethnohistorical material, an “ethnographic concept of civilizations” was formed, according to which each nation is characterized by its own civilization.

In the 19th century, three main approaches to understanding “civilization” were established in scientific literature:

1) utilitarian, representing civilization as the ideal of the progressive development of humanity as a single whole (F. Guizot’s concept of the existence local civilizations) and as the progress of human society as a whole (“ethnohistoricity of civilizations”);

2) stage-based, considering civilization as stages of the progressive development of humanity as a single whole (the concepts of “historical” and “non-historical” peoples, G. Hegel’s law of “three stages of moral development” (family, civil society and state), O. Comte’s law of “three stages of the evolution of thought" (theological, metaphysical and positive), K. Marx's theory of "socio-economic formations";

3) local-historical, asserting the qualitative uniqueness of various ethnic and historical public entities(N. Danilevsky and his concept of cultural-historical types, which was later developed by O. Spengler).

N.Ya. Danilevsky showed the relationship between the two different cultures, introduced the term “cultural-historical type” into scientific circulation. He proved the scientific value of this term. He was one of the first to raise the question of the existence of a single all-Slavic civilization led by Russia and introduced the concept of “all-human civilization.” Currently, there is a concept of a possible universal civilization. The last statement is contradicted by the fact that universal civilization is built on the unification of the entire wealth of civilizations on the basis of one (Western). Danilevsky advocated the possibility of creating a pan-human civilization, a civilization where all the cultural and historical types included in it are of equal value. Of course, his work is overly politicized. Thus, the work clearly shows negative attitude author to Europe.

O. Spengler brought the opposition between culture and civilization to its logical conclusion. He viewed civilization and culture as mutually exclusive, polar opposite states of society. If culture is the natural development of social systems, then civilization becomes the death of culture. O. Spengler considered the main features of civilization to be “sharp, cold prudence,” intellectual coldness, practical rationalism, the replacement of mental being with reasoning, admiration for money, development modern science, irreligiousness and similar manifestations.

For a very long time, both these terms “culture” and “civilization” were used to describe a person. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century, they contrasted a truly cultured, well-mannered and educated person with a civilized person, believing that civilization only presupposes external characteristics, following a pattern and cannot give a complete picture of a person.

In modern scientific literature there are several positions on the concept of “civilization”, such as:

1) a certain stage of cultural development individual peoples and the world as a whole, the character of which is determined by the prevailing relations of production (In " ancient civilization- slave relations", in "bourgeois civilization" - capitalist relations, etc.);

2) the stage of social development, as subsequent to the period of barbarism, and opposed to it. It is characterized by the formation of classes, the state, urbanization and the presence of writing (Morgan, F. Engels);

3) the state of culture in a particular area of human activity (“technical”, “aesthetic”, “mass”, etc.);

4) a characteristic of the integrity of all cultures, emphasizing their universal unity (“world civilization”, “civilized way of life”, etc.);

5) level or stage of development of society and culture. For example, “ancient civilization” or “modern civilization”;

6) certain historical stage, used to indicate the development of a national or regional culture. In particular, the Chinese civilization of the Middle Ages, the Russian civilization of the times of Peter the Great, Western civilization, Arab civilization.

Culture in the presented approaches appears as a matrix, a code of civilization. Culture can live (albeit in a fragmented, blurred form) even after civilization has become a thing of the past. So, in modern civilization Elements of ancient civilization, legends, and traditions continue to live. Culture is a universal concept, and civilization is a temporary concept. Unlike culture as a sphere of spiritual activity, civilization is presented as a material activity and its results. If the concept of “culture” determines the level of mastery of socially significant information, then the concept of “civilization” characterizes the state of the culture itself.

Culture ensures the storage and transmission, from generation to generation, of information, rules and norms that guarantee the historical reproducibility and self-identity of society. The core of culture is developed over centuries and acquires the stability and strength of the sociocultural-genetic apparatus. It is also highly resilient because it is surrounded by a special protective cultural belt. It consists of a system of social, behavioral, moral and intellectual reactions to all types of acculturation. The protective belt prevents the reverse influence on the core of culture from the external cultural environment, protects this core from destruction and transformation. Culture is internal state the person himself, his assessment spiritual development, his freedom, his spiritual autonomy and is aimed at the formation of personality.

Today, the most common is the enlightenment definition of civilization, according to which it is a state of society that embodies rational ways of reproducing life and the most humane forms of human existence. This idea gave rise to demands to “conduct business in a civilized manner,” “live in a civilized manner.” IN modern understanding A civilized person is, first of all, oriented towards non-acceptance of totalitarianism in all its forms. (Totalitarianism - from Latin totalis - complete, whole - state regime, characterized by complete (total) control over all spheres of society, science, art, politics, etc.). In economic terms, this is a refusal to enrich oneself by any means for the sake of profit and a transition to honest activity. IN politically is a habit of respect for freedom and human rights. In the field of morality, this is an orientation towards cultural pluralism, recognition of the moral values of different cultures.

IN everyday life the concept of civilization is linked to the level of social and economic development of society and represents the world of material objects transformed by man. Civilization is increasingly understood as synonymous with urbanization, overcrowding, the tyranny of machines, and as a source of dehumanization of the world.

Civilization, as a fairly high level of mastery of the forces of nature, certainly carries a powerful charge of technical progress and contributes to the achievement of an abundance of material wealth. At the same time, the development of technology and material abundance in themselves do not mean actual cultural and spiritual flourishing. Civilization creates an ideal law-abiding member of society, content with the benefits provided to him. TO negative qualities civilization is usually attributed to its tendency to standardize thinking, its orientation toward absolute fidelity to generally accepted truths, and its inherent low assessment of the independence and originality of individual thinking, which are perceived as a “social danger.”

In any case, civilization appears as an integral feature, a characteristic of culture. It includes:

1) cultivated nature transformed by man (in natural nature the existence of civilization is impossible);

2) the means of this transformation (material culture);

3) social culture(social relations, spiritual culture of society);

4) the person himself, who has acquired material and spiritual values;

In the broadest sense of the word, civilization means the totality of material and cultural achievements society in its historical development. Civilization implies awareness of humanity as a single being. Thus, V. Soloviev, in his work “The Russian Idea,” emphasized the following: “We must consider humanity as a whole, as a great collective being or social organism, the living members of which represent different nations. From this point of view, it is obvious that not a single people can live in itself, through itself and for itself, but the life of each people represents only a certain participation in common life humanity."

A narrow interpretation of the concept of “civilization” involves isolating only the level of development of material culture.

In the utilitarian view, civilization is what gives “comfort,” the convenience placed at our disposal by technology.” Comfort (its creation and use) makes such moral and physical demands on a civilized person and thanks to it, a person merges with the technical environment to such an extent that he has neither time nor energy left for culture and often no longer feels internal needs to be not only civilized, but also cultural.

The characteristics of civilization are formed by the following factors:

1) geographical or natural environment a habitat;

2) spiritual values (religion or ideology elevated to the rank of a secular religion;

3) farming system;

4) political organization of society;

5) mentality (characteristic used for large groups peoples) and mentality (description of the properties of an individual).

In the scientific literature there are different bases for identifying features and characteristic features civilization. The most common symptoms are:

formation of the state;
the emergence of writing;
separation of agriculture from crafts;
stratification of society into classes;
emergence of cities.

The following parameters are usually identified as characteristic features:
sustainable social organization;
inactivity;
inertia;
order and discipline.

Civilization, including all the characteristics of culture, shifts the emphasis to the character, level, degree of maturity, type of organization and self-organization of a particular society.

In development modern culture and civilization, there is a tendency of unity, contributing to the formation of metaculture and metacivilization.

Metaculture is the rules of universal morality that regulate the survival of humanity as a whole. Metacivilization - legal, financial, social associations that determine the vector of development of modern peoples.

It is no coincidence that today we are talking about world civilization, which includes all the original experience of each people, the experience of all past eras and carries within itself a certain integral function. The reasons for this are obvious: the ever-increasing system of world economic interrelations, the need for general agreement in order to ensure normal, peaceful development for all humanity and each part of it, the course of scientific and technological progress with all its achievements, problems and dangers. Currently, in the policies of many states the concept of a “common home” is successfully used - an attempt to consider the life of modern humanity from the point of view of a global scale, and many existing in modern society cultures with the position of a single world civilization.

Concluding the consideration of the first question, it should be emphasized that the most important reason The crisis state of culture and civilization is a change in the hierarchy of values, the relationship between material and spiritual in human needs and activities, in his goal-setting and assessments. The spiritual and material aspects of culture are developing unequally, with a predominant advance of material production, technology, technology and positive science. Technical creativity is currently becoming one of the main causes of the cultural and civilizational crisis. The path that can lead us out of the current crisis situation is ethical self-development, self-improvement in the ideal of every person, in the content and volume that are set by the ethical imperatives of the 21st century.

Everyone's dream is a world where they live exclusively cultured people in a civilized society. But what do we mean by the concepts of “culture” and “civilization”? Are they synonyms or do they have different meanings?
Let's try to figure it out.
Culture is a collection of spiritual and material assets developed by man throughout his existence.
The term "civilization" did not appear until the late 18th century and described a civil society filled with freedom and justice.
Civilization is a highly developed cultural society that arose during the transition of humanity from the period of savagery to economic management.
Civilization is characterized by an orderly social system, the emergence of a state, the emergence of class division and private property.

Development of culture and civilization

The term "culture" applies to primitive society. Talking about ancient culture, we mean the development of tools, improvement of the organization of everyday life. Origin early civilization occurs only in the 4th-3rd centuries BC with the advent of the state, religion, writing, simple forms of art, such as rock painting, decorating weapons with carvings, painting household items. The first civilizations in human history include Babylon, Ancient China, Ancient India, Mayan civilization and others.

Temporal and spatial dimension

Embracing the heritage and heritage of man from the earliest times, culture seems more comprehensive than civilization. However, civilization develops much faster and more rapidly than culture. Moreover, the totality of different cultures is an integral part of civilization.

Factors

Culture is, first of all, moral. It relies not on a set of rules and laws, but on reason and conscience. Civilization begins with the establishment of some norms of human behavior. Civilization does not imply soulfulness, but is characterized only by intellectuality. In essence, civilization is the spiritual and material provision of a person’s comfortable existence.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between culture and civilization is as follows:

The concepts of “culture” and “civilization” are not synonymous, but in some cases they can be interchangeable, since culture is component civilization.
When using the term “civilization,” the interconnection of all indicators of society is implied. When talking about culture, it is necessary to clarify what exactly is meant.
Culture – moral category, while civilization is characterized by practicality.

Culture appears as a “second nature” created by man, built on top of natural nature, as a world created by man, in contrast to virgin nature. Where there is a person, his activities, relationships between people, there is also culture.

We can say that for a philosophical understanding of culture, its definition as “second nature” is the initial basic premise. The world of culture is everything that man distinguishes from natural nature; it is the artificial world of nature transformed by man.

Material objects of culture are, so to speak, spiritualized human activity, which gave them a certain content, endowed them with certain functions, breathed into them a “soul” in the form of a certain value principle or meaning. Therefore, all material culture is in fact a unity of the material and the ideal.

This unity is also inherent in phenomena belonging to spiritual culture. This includes different types arts - music, painting, fiction, as well as ethical values and norms, systems philosophical ideas, religious teachings, etc. But in order for these human creations to become accessible to other people, they must be objectified, that is, materialized in human actions, in language, oral or written, embodied in some other material forms (for example, on an artist’s canvas, on an audio or video tape ). This means that any cultural phenomenon combines the material and the ideal.

Works of art, scientific discoveries, technical innovations are all products of creative labor. Its specificity is that the artist, scientist relies on all previous developments of culture and, in cooperation with his contemporaries, continues the process of cultural creation. Indeed, in order to create something new in any field of activity, one must master its achievements, that is, be at the height of the culture of one’s time. This circumstance conceals enormous, although historically limited by the achieved level of culture, opportunities for the development of consciously targeted and free creative activity.

Culture is a measure of humanity in a person, a characteristic of the development of man as a social being. The existence of culture is the existence of man as a subject, it is his subjective activity, activity, it is the material and spiritual world, this is their unity and interconnection.

At the early stages of social development, a person was merged with the community (clan, community) of which he was a part. The development of this community was simultaneously the development of man himself. In such conditions, social life was at the same time the life of a given culture, and the achievements of society were the achievements of its culture.

Another feature of primitive sociality was its “natural” character. Tribal, as well as intra- and intercommunity relations “naturally” arose in the process of people’s joint life and activity, in the harsh struggle to maintain their existence. The decomposition and disintegration of these relations was at the same time a profound revolution in the mechanisms of functioning and development of society, which meant the formation of civilization.

Civilization is a sociocultural formation that arises as a way of existence of people in the conditions and on the basis of the social division of labor.

Civilization includes the entire culture created by man, a person who has mastered culture and is able to live and act in the cultivated environment of his habitat (in virgin nature the existence of civilization is impossible), as well as the totality public relations like forms social organization culture that ensures its existence and continuation. The formational division of society gives civilization social certainty and historical specificity. Formational differences in European society, after it emerged from the primitive state, are differences within European civilization.

The first civilizations appeared where the development of productive forces, social division of labor, population growth, and social stratification made it impossible for man to exist within the framework of the tribal system.

The formation of civilization is associated with a profound revolution in culture. Mental labor is separated from physical labor, and various shapes public consciousness, the beginnings of science emerge. A fundamental civilizational innovation is writing. History practically knows no non-literate civilizations.

The social mechanisms of civilization, undoubtedly, are in a very complex and contradictory relationship with culture, promoting its development and inhibiting it. Moreover, such trends can operate simultaneously, with the predominance of one or the other. This sometimes serves as the basis for statements about the hostility of culture and civilization. But more precisely, one could say that civilization characterizes the social existence of a culture. Another question is that this existence can be contradictory.

The very course of history has led to the fact that now the problem of civilization needs to be considered at two levels - local and global, that we can talk about local and a single world civilization that includes the diversity of cultures, and does not erase their differences.

Culture is a set of spiritual and material values developed by man over the entire period of his existence.

The term "civilization" did not appear until the late 18th century and described a civil society filled with freedom and justice.

Civilization is a highly developed cultural society that arose during the transition of humanity from the period of savagery to economic management.

Civilization is characterized by an orderly social system, the emergence of a state, the emergence of class division and private property.

The term "culture" is applicable to primitive society. When we talk about ancient culture, we mean the development of tools and the improvement of the organization of everyday life. The emergence of early civilization occurs only in the 4th-3rd centuries BC with the advent of the state, religion, writing, and simple forms of art, such as rock painting, decorating weapons with carvings, and painting household items. The first civilizations in human history include Babylon, Ancient China, Ancient India, the Mayan civilization and others.

Summary of differences:

1. The concepts of “culture” and “civilization” are not synonymous, but in some cases they can be interchangeable, since culture is an integral part of civilization.

2. When using the term “civilization,” the interconnection of all indicators of society is implied. When talking about culture, it is necessary to clarify what exactly is meant.