Structure of a simple extended declarative sentence (SDE).

Formal features and ways of expressing the subject and predicate.

Direct and reverse order of words in a sentence.

The basis of the grammatical structure and logical content of the PPPP is formed by the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate, they are supplemented by secondary members of the sentence - addition, definition, circumstance, for example:

subject predicate adverbial object complement

Die Firma liefert heute dem Kunden die Ware nicht. -

The company does not deliver goods to the customer today.

Formal features and ways of expressing the subject.

The subject is the person (object) performing the action, or the person (object) undergoing the action. The subject answers the questions who? or what? and can appear in the 1st or 3rd place in a German sentence, for example:

If the subject is expressed by a noun with a definition, then we should talk about the group of the subject, for example:

Formal features and ways of expressing the predicate.

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which expresses an action associated with the subject and answers the questions What does the object (person) do? What's happening to him? What is he like? What is he? The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number.

The predicate can be: simple verbal (expressed by one verb), compound verbal (consists of several verbs) and compound nominal (consists of a linking verb and a nominal part).

The predicate in a German sentence always comes in second place. If there is a compound verbal predicate in a sentence, then its variable part is in second place, and the unchangeable part is in last place.

In the second place (the variable part of the predicate) there may be:

a) semantic verbs (reisen, wohnen, studieren):

Viele Touristen reisen über Leipzig nach Berlin.

b) auxiliary verbs (haben, werden, sein):

Maiers haben den Mietvertrag unterschrieben. Sie sind schon ausgezogen. Herr Maier wird die neue Stellung wahrscheinlich bekommen.

c) modal verbs (können, dürfen, wollen, sollen, müYaen, mögen):

Herr Müller will ein Haus bauen. Er muI lange sparen. Der Architekt soll ihm einen Plan für einen Bungalow machen.

d) verbs stehen, lassen, bleiben, helfen, hören, lehren, used as part of complex verbs with Infinitiv:

Er bleibt bei der Begräung sitzen.

In the last place (unchangeable part) there may be:

a) indefinite form of the verb - infinitive (lernen, kommen, gehen):

Nach dem Unfall muYaten wir zu FuYa nach Hause gehen. Ich werde dich nicht vergessen.

b) participle II (gegangen, gelernt, gekommen):

Der Verküfer hat einen günstigen Preis geboten. Ich wurde im Unterricht viel gefragt.

c) complex form of the infinitive of the active voice (gelernt haben, gekommen sein):

Sie wird ihre Becher ganz sicher mitgenommen haben.

d) complex form of the infinitive of the passive voice (gelernt werden, ьbersetzt werden)

Der Vertrag wird ins Deutsche übersetzt werden.

c) separable verb prefix:

Die Studenten geben die Prüfungen ab. Füllen Sie bitte die Zolldeklaration aus!

Direct and reverse word order in PPPP.

As you already know, a sentence contains main members - subject and predicate, and secondary ones - object, definition and circumstance. The place of the subject and predicate in the German language is strictly regulated.

The predicate (a simple verbal predicate or an inflected part of a compound verbal predicate) always comes in 2nd place! The subject can be in 1st or 3rd place.

In direct word order, the subject comes first, the predicate comes second, followed by the rest of the sentence. When the order of words is reversed, the secondary member of the sentence (usually the adverb of time or place) is placed in first place, the predicate is usually in second place, the subject is in third place, then the rest of the minor members of the sentence.

German sentences (sentences) have a number of significant differences from Russian ones:

• They always two-part, that is, they necessarily contain both main members - the predicate (predicate) and the subject (subject), which is especially clearly demonstrated by German impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, for example:

In dieser Stadt baut man heutzutage viele Hochhäuser. – Many high-rise buildings are being built in this city today.

Es wurde wesentlich dunkler. – It has become significantly darker.

• German predicates always expressed in verb forms; in nominal predicates there must be a linking verb, including the present tense, for example:

Karl ist Soziologe. – Karl is a sociologist.

• In German sentences More than one negation can never be used, for example:

Nina ist nie in Düsseldorf gewesen. – Nina has never been to Dusseldorf.

The German subject is always used in Nominativ and can be expressed either by a noun or by any other part of speech that is used in the meaning of a name:

• Diese Strecke hat wenig Verkehrszeichen. – There are few road signs in this area (noun).
• Dieser Kranke macht unseren Doktor verrückt. – This patient is driving our doctor crazy (substantivized adjective).
• Die Reisenden entdeckten einen schönen Bergsee. – The travelers came across a beautiful mountain lake (participle).
• Autofahren fällt ihr schwer. – Driving a car is difficult for her (substantivized infinitive).
• Sie hat Lilien gewählt. — She chose lilies (pronoun).
• Vier mal vier ist sechzehn. – Four times four is sixteen (numerals).
• Vom Kai zu tauchen ist verboten. – Jumping into the water from the embankment is prohibited (infinitive phrase).
• Indefinite personal and impersonal pronouns - see examples above.

Predicates in German sentences. can be verbal (simple and compound) and nominal (always compound). Simple predicates consist of single verbs in finite forms, tenses and voices corresponding to the subject. Thus, simple verbal predicates can consist of a single verb (simple form) or the same verb paired with an auxiliary (complex form). Compound verbal predicates include two verbs, each of which has an independent meaning. Nominal predicates consist of connectives and a nominal part. For example:

• Der graue Kater sprang auf. – The gray cat jumped up (simple verbal predicate in simple form).
• Der graue Kater ist aufgesprungen. – The gray cat jumped up (simple verbal predicate in complex form).
• Kann dein Kater auf den Kühlschrank aufspringen ? – Can your cat jump on the refrigerator (compound verb predicate)?
• Mein Kater ist ein sehr ruhiges Tier. – My cat is a very calm animal (compound noun predicate).

Verbs (predicates) are always assigned a specific place in a sentence. depending on the type of the latter. If we are dealing with a simple sentence. in Indikativ (narrative), then the second place will always be assigned to the verb in a simple form or to the variable part of a verb in a complex or compound form. In the second case, the unchangeable verb part goes to the end of the utterance. In the case of using an interrogative sentence. the verb comes first if there is no question word, for example:

• In den Alpen wachsen Pfifferlinge und Steinpilze. – Chanterelles and porcini mushrooms grow in the Alps (simple predicate – verb).
• Peter wurde von seinen Kollegen gelobt. – Peter was praised by his colleagues (simple predicate - verb, passive construction).
• In unserer Mannschaft war Bettina die beste Dolmetscherin. – In our team, Bettina was the best translator (nominal predicate – compound).
• Wird Otto von seinem Freund abgeholt ? – Will Otto’s friend meet him (simple predicate – verb in complex form, no question word)?

In addition to the main members in German sentences. minor ones may be present. German objects (objects) can be case (non-prepositional) or prepositional. Non-prepositional objects in Akkusativ are called direct objects and are governed by transitive verbs. Other objects are called indirect objects and are governed by intransitive verbs. For example:

• Er wurde dieses Postens entsetzt. – He was removed from this position (unprepositional indirect addition in Genitiv).
• Diese Geschichte wurde dem alten Märchenbuch entnommen. – This story was taken from an old book of fairy tales (non-prepositional indirect object in Dativ).
• Seine Gäste können in diesem kleinen Hotel übernachten. – His guests can spend the night in this small hotel (prepositional indirect object in Dativ).
• Meine Verwandten gehen auf ein Verbrechen nicht ein. – My relatives will not commit a crime (prepositional indirect object in Akkusativ).
• Helga näht ein Kleid für meine Schwester. - Helga is sewing a dress for my sister (direct object).

They can be of very different types, as in Russian: time, mode of action, place, purpose, cause, effect. They can be expressed by adverbs or nouns (without prepositions or with prepositions). For example:

• In dieser Gegend gibt es viele Brunnen. – There are many sources in this area (adverbial circumstance, noun with preposition).
• Übermorgen schlafen sie sich aus. – The day after tomorrow they will sleep off (adverb of time).
• Alle Aufträge wurden sehr schnell verteilt. – All orders were distributed very quickly (circumstance of the course of action).
• Deshalb wurde sie mit Recht so genannt. - That’s why she was rightfully called that (two circumstances of the reason).
• Diese Badeschuhe hat er zum Schwimmen im Meer gekauft. – He purchased these bathing slippers for bathing (swimming) in the sea (purpose circumstance).
• Infolge des Regenwetters haben wir eine Überschwemmung erlebt. – Due to rainy weather, we experienced a flood (circumstance of the investigation).

German definitions according to their type are divided into coordinated and inconsistent (meaning with those members of the sentence to which they are adjacent). The only obligatory condition is that this member of the sentence is always expressed by a noun. Agreed definitions are such insofar as they agree with nouns in case, gender and number. They take place before the name and can be participles, adjectives, pronouns (interrogative, possessive, demonstrative). Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by nouns in Genitiv or with prepositions, cardinal numbers, and infinitives. For example:

• Dieser nebelige Abend war etwas ungewöhnlich. – This foggy evening was somewhat unusual (two agreed upon definitions: demonstrative pronoun and adjective).
• Meine gelb e Tasche hat sie irritiert. – My yellow bag annoyed her (two agreed definitions: possessive pronoun and adjective).
• Welchen Blumenstrauss möchten Sie bestellen? – What bouquet of flowers would you like to order (agreed definition: interrogative pronoun)?
• Der stellvertretende Firmenleiter ist nachOslo gefahren. – The deputy head of the company went to Oslo (agreed definition: participle Partizip I).
• Die erhaltenen Briefe lagen auf dem Regal. – The letters received were lying on the shelf (agreed definition: participle Partizip II).
• Seine dritte Wahl hat sie erfreut. – His third choice pleased her (agreed definition: ordinal number).
• Das Auto unserer Nachbarn steht immer in ihrer Garage. – Our neighbors' car is always in their garage (inconsistent definition: noun in Genitiv).
• Die Kuchen für die Gäste sind fertig. – The pies are ready for the guests (inconsistent definition: noun with a preposition).
• Zehn Staaten haben sich an dieser internationalen Aktion beteiligt. – Ten states took part in this international action (unagreed definition: cardinal number).
• Sein Wunsh zu übernachten wurde nicht akzeptiert. – His desire to spend the night was not accepted (= he was refused) (inconsistent definition: infinitive).

German sentences may have different word order - direct or reverse. The order of words is direct when the first place in the statement belongs to the subject, and reverse - if the subject follows the predicate (or its inflected part). For example:

• Die neue Kantine wurde im Erdgeschoss eingerichtet. – A new dining room was equipped on the ground floor (direct word order).
• Im Erdgeschoss wurde die neue Kantine eingerichtet. – A new dining room was equipped on the ground floor (word order reversed).

So far we have been talking about simple sentences. But German sentences can be not only simple, but also complex, including two or more simple ones. Complex sentences In the German language, they are compound (consisting of grammatically independent simple sentences connected by a coordinating connection) and complex (consisting of grammatically independent simple sentences connected by a subordinating connection). For example:

• Seine Krawatte passte ausgezeichnet zum Kleid seiner Braut und er war sehr stolz darauf. = Seine Krawatte passte ausgezeichnet zum Kleid seiner Braut. Er war sehr stolz darauf. “His tie matched the bride’s dress perfectly, and he was very proud of it.” (In this compound sentence, you can omit the conjunction “and”, and it will turn into two independent sentences.)
• Nachdem sie ihre Fahrräder repariert hatten, fuhren sie weiter. – After they repaired their bicycles, they moved on. (Here the sentence is complex, and its constituent simple sentences are closely related to each other in meaning, that is, inseparable).

In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Russian sentence "I'm glad" and German "Ich bin froh". The second feature of the German predicate is the constant place of the predicate and its parts in various types of sentences. The predicate with additions and circumstances forms a group predicate.

There are the following types of predicate:

1) verbal predicate;

2) predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase;

3) nominal predicate.

Verb predicate.

Simple verb predicate consists of one verb in any form of tense, voice and mood: Ich lese. - I am reading. Ich las.- I read. Ich werde lesen. - I will read. Ich habe gelesen. - I read. Dieses Buch wild viel gelesen. - This book is read a lot.

There are two types of compound verb predicate:

a) A complex verbal predicate consists of a verb with a specific meaning (expressing the beginning, end, repetition of an action) and the infinitive of a significant verb used with zu : Er began zu sprechen. - He spoke. He started talking. Er pflegt früh aufzustehen. - He tends to get up early. Es hörte auf zu regnen. - The rain is over.

b) A complex verbal predicate consists of a modal verb ( können, dürfen, müssen etc.) or a modal verb ( scheinen, brauchen etc.) and the infinitive of the significant verb; with modal verbs the infinitive is used without a particle zu , with modal verbs with a particle zu : Er muß arbeiten.- It must work. Er braucht heute nicht zu kommen. - He doesn’t have to come today.

c) A complex verbal predicate consists of verbs haben And sein and the infinitive of the significant verb used with zu- : Ich habe Ihnen viel zu sagen. - I have a lot to tell you. Der Text ist zu übersetzen. - The text can (needs) be translated.

The use of modal verbs to express the meaning of possibility, necessity, desire). Verb können means an opportunity available due to certain conditions: Es regnet nicht mehr, er kann nach Hause gehen. - There is no more rain, he can (he can) go home. Es regnet, er kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, he can't go home. Es regnet nicht mehr, man kann nach Hause gehen. - It’s not raining anymore, you can go home. Es regnet, man kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, you can't go home. Können also means “to be able to”: Ich kann Schach spielen. - I can play chess.

Verb durfen means a possibility that exists due to someone's permission. For example, in sentences containing permission, prohibition, order: Sie dürfen hier nicht bleiben! - You shouldn't stay here! You can't stay here. You are not allowed to stay here. Man darf hier nicht rauchen! - You can't smoke here. Smoking is not allowed here!

Dürfen often used in interrogative sentences that ask for permission to do something: Darf ich nach Hause gehen? -Can I go home? Can I go home? Can I go home? Darf man hier rauchen? - Is it possible to smoke here? Is smoking allowed here?

Verb mussen has the meaning “should” (due to objective necessity or belief): Es ist spät, er muß nach Hause gehen. - It's late, he has to go home. It's late, he needs (he needs, he needs) to go home. Es ist spät, man muß nach Hause gehen. - It’s late, I need (need) to go home.

With denial mussen almost never used; instead of mussen a verb with a modal meaning is used brauchen - need to: Sie brauchen morgen nicht zu kommen. - You don't need to come tomorrow. Wed: Sie müssen morgen kommen. - You need to come tomorrow.

Verb sollen has the meaning “must” (by virtue of someone’s order, instruction, etc.): Er soll bleiben.- He must stay. Let him stay. Er soll nicht bleiben. - He shouldn't stay. Sollen often used in interrogative sentences that ask about the need to do something: Sollen wir hier bleiben? - Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Soll man bleiben? Need to stay? Stay?

Please note that Russian one-part sentences with “can”, “cannot”, “need”, etc. + infinitive in German always correspond to two-part sentences (i.e. sentences with a subject and predicate): Can I go? - Darf ich gehen? I have to go. - Ich muß gehen. You can't leave! - Man darf nicht gehen.

Also, Russian one-part sentences with an infinitive in German correspond to two-part sentences: Transfer? - Soll ich übersetzen? Sollen wir übersetzen? Soll man übersetzen? Should I read? - Soll ich lesen? They don't understand this. - Das können sie nicht verstehen.

Verb wollen means desire or intention: Er will das wissen.- He wants to know. Am Abend wollen wir ins Theater gehen. - In the evening we are going (want, intend) to go to the theater . Wollen Wollen wir nach Hause gehen! Let's go home! Let's go home!(Cf. the use of the 1st person plural imperative. Gehen wir nach Hause! - Let's go home! Let's go home).

Verb wollen may have a weakened modal meaning; in this case the combination wollen with the infinitive close in meaning to futurum: Ich will alles tun, was ich kann. - I will do everything, What Can.

Verb mögen has two main meanings:

a) mögen means “let, must; Maybe": Er mag morgen kommen. - Let him come tomorrow. (He should come tomorrow.)(Wed: also use mögen in this meaning in subordinate clauses containing indirect speech).

6) mögen means “to want, to desire”, in this meaning mögen used in the preterite conjunctiva: Ich möchte Sie etwas fragen. - I would like to ask you something. I want to ask you something. I want to ask you something.

Verb lassen - ließ - gelassen used as a modal verb in two ways:

a) lassen vt has the meaning of “command, ask, force”: Der Dekan läßt Sie morgen kommen.- The Dean tells you (asks you) to come tomorrow. Der Lektor läßt uns viel lesen. - The teacher makes us read a lot.

Pay attention to compliance lassen Russian "let": Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him speak. In this case, the following option is also used in Russian: Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him talk. Lassen Sie mich sprechen. - Let me tell you.

Besides this verb lassen is part of the following expressions: sich (Dat.) etw. nähen lassen - sew something for yourself. (or: give to yourself What -l. sew): Ich lasse mir ein neues Kleid nähen.- I am sewing myself a new dress. I let them sew me a new dress. etw. reparieren fassen - to give for repairs: Er ließ seine Uhr reparieren. - He gave his watch to be repaired, sich (Akk.) rasieren lassen - shave (at the barbershop): Er läßt sich immer hier rasieren. - He always shaves here.

Lassen also used in incentive sentences: Laß(t) uns nach Hause gehen! - Let's go home, (cf.: the use of the modal verb in the same meaning wollen ).

b) lassen sich - has the meaning of opportunity (i.e. is a synonym können ): Das läßt sich machen.- It can be done. Das läßt sich nicht machen. - This cannot be done. Dieser Text läßt sich leicht übersetzen. - This text is easy to translate.

Verb combination lassen with another verb when translated into Russian is often indecomposable, i.e. its meaning is not derived from the sum of the meanings of these two semantic verbs (for example: Er laßt uns viel lesen.- He forces us a lot read ), but has another Russian equivalent, in which the meaning lassen not directly reflected, for example: mit sich reden lassen - to be accommodating, sich (Dat.) etwas gefallen lassen - to endure, endure smth.. In the dictionary, the translation of such combinations into Russian should be found in the dictionary entry for lassen . Lassen can also form a complex verb with other verbs: fallenlassen - to drop.

Modal verbs are more often used in simple tense forms than in complex ones; this is how the preterite is used more often , than perfect. Modal verbs können, mögen, dürfen (the latter in the form of preterite conjunctiva durfte ), müssen, sollen And wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, can be used to express various types of assumptions; In this meaning, modal verbs are translated into Russian as follows:

A) können, mögen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, are translated into Russian with the words “perhaps, maybe, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er kann (mag) nach Hause gegangen sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he went home. Er kann (mag) krank sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he is sick.

However, when translating an interrogative sentence, “perhaps, maybe”, etc. are usually omitted: Wann kann (mag) er nach Hause gegangen sein? - When did he go home? (When could he go home?).

b) durfen in the preterite conjunctiva (i.e. in the form durfte ) in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “apparently, apparently, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er dürfte schon nach Hause gegangen sein. - He apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) has already gone home. Er dürfte krank sein. - He is apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) sick.

(If there is a negation, a translation option with the words “hardly” is also possible: Das dürfte nicht richtig sein. - This is hardly correct.)

However, when translating an interrogative sentence “apparently, apparently”, etc. usually omitted: Dürfte es richtig sein? -It's right? Dürfte er sich geirrt haben? - Was he wrong?

V) mussen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “it must be, probably, very likely, obviously” and the personal form of the verb: Er muß nach Hause gegangen sein. - He must have (probably, very likely, obviously) gone home. Er muß krank sein. - He must be (probably, very likely, obviously) sick.

G) sollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “they say, report”, etc. and the following subordinate clause: Er soll nach Hause gegangen sein. - They say he went home. Er soll krank sein. - They say he is sick. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben. - They report that the delegation has already left Moscow.

The specified combination can also be translated into Russian with the words “according to information, according to reports,” etc. and the personal form of the verb. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben.- According to available information, the delegation has already left Moscow. Sollen in the above meaning can be used in a sentence in which it is already clear from the context that someone else’s words are being conveyed: Es wird gemeldet, die Delegation soll nach Kiew gefahren sein. - They report that the delegation has left for Kyiv.

d) wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “he claims”, “he says” and a subsequent subordinate clause, which may contain the word “supposedly”: Er (sie) will selbst dabei gewesen sein. - He (she) claims that he (allegedly) was present at the same time.

Verbs haben And sein can also be used in a modal meaning in special phrases:

1) haben + zu + The infinitive, as a rule, has the meaning of obligation, necessity: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. - I have to (I need) to work more. Wir haben noch eine Stunde zu fahren. - We (need) to go for another hour. Ich hatte noch zu arbeiten. - I had (I needed) to work more.

Synonym of combination haben + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mussen And sollen with infinitive: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. = Ich muß (soll) noch arbeiten.

Less often haben + zu + the infinitive has the meaning of possibility: Er hat nichts zu sagen.- He can’t say anything. He has nothing to say. Er hat viel zu berichten. - He can tell you a lot. He has something to report.

2) sein + zu + The infinitive expresses, depending on the context: a) the meaning of obligation, necessity, b) the meaning of possibility; combination sein + zu + the infinitive has a passive meaning.

A) Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen.- The invoice must be paid immediately. The bill must be paid immediately. Die Rechnung war gleich zu bezahlen. - The bill had to be paid immediately. Die Versammlung ist von allen zu besuchen. - Everyone must come to the meeting.

b) Das ist leicht zu tun. - It (can) be done easily. Diese alte Maschine ist nicht mehr zu benutzen. - This old machine can no longer be used. Das war leicht zu tun. - It (could) be easy to do.

Synonyms for sein + zu + infinitive are modal verbs müssen, sollen, können with the passive infinitive: Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen. = Die Rechnung muß (soll) gleich bezahlt werden. - The bill must be paid immediately. Das ist leicht zu tun. = Das kann leicht getan werden.- It (can) be done easily.

Translation into Russian of verbs with modal meaning: glauben, scheinen, suchen, verstehen, wissen . These verbs are called modal verbs because... Unlike modal verbs, their main meaning is not modal. So, for example, the main meaning suchen "to seek" and its modal meaning is "to try".

With the infinitive of another verb, they acquire a modal meaning and are translated as follows:

1) glauben – seem (+ object in dat. case): Ich glaube Sie zu kennen. - It seems to me that I know you. Er glaubte diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed to him that he knew this man. Er glaubt alles verstanden zu haben. - He thought he understood everything.

2) scheinen - seem: Er scheint diesen Mann zu kennen. - He seems to know this man. Er schien diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed (that) he knew this man. Er scheint, alles vergessen zu haben. - It seems (that) he forgot everything. Er scheint klug (zu sein). - He seems smart.

3) suchen - try, try: Er sucht uns zu helfen. - He is trying (trying) to help us. Er suchte uns zu überzeugen. - He tried (tried) to convince us.

4) verstehen - be able to: Er versteht zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince.

5) wissen - be able to, be able to: Er weiß zu schweigen. - He knows how to remain silent. Er weiß zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince. Ich weiß Ihnen nicht zu helfen. - I can not help you.