What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work, live, and build communications with others normally. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, you simply need to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the fundamental criterion to be a unit of the linguistic tier - one whose norms of writing, education, and functioning were violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember their different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, you should pay attention to the stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to the appearance of a speech error.

Here you can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of spelling patterns existing in the modern Russian language. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivatives at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, violations of various norms of word formation of the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

• incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word “hare” instead of the correct version “hares”, or a “thoughtful” (instead of “thoughtful”) look and others.
• speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, “loga” (from the word “spoon”). Such use is usually typical for children of primary school or preschool age.
• Another type is substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: “weigh” (from the word “hang”), “throw away”, used instead of “throw away”.
• word-composition, that is, the creation of a derivative unit that cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, spender.

All these are types of speech errors that relate to word formation.

Word-level grammatical

There are also other types of incorrect uses of words. In the Russian language, in addition to word-formation ones, there are also grammatical and speech errors. You should be able to distinguish them. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

• associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the accusative case form of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, “She asked for a breeze” (the accusative form “breeze” should be used). Here we also include the opposite situation - the formation of the accusative case form for an animate noun in the same way as for an inanimate one. Example: “They harnessed two bears to a sleigh” (correct: “two bears”). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: “February blue”, “pie with jam”. There are cases when indeclinable names are inclined: “to ride the meter”, “to play the piano”. Some of us sometimes form plural forms for nouns, while they only have singular forms, and vice versa: “a tray of teas.”
• speech errors associated with adjectives. This may be an incorrect choice of short or long forms: “The man was quite full,” “The building was full of people.” This also includes the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: “Lena was weaker than Lyuda,” “The new ones are becoming more and more militant.”
• Another speech error is an error associated with the verb (forms of its formation). Example: “A man is rushing around the room.”
• speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: “Looking around, a hunter walked,” “Riding on a bus.”
• confusions associated with the incorrect use of pronoun forms: “I didn’t want to tear myself away from (the book),” “Their contribution to the common cause,” and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors is lexical, that is, a violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and word usage norms. They manifest themselves in the fact that compatibility is disrupted (less often in a sentence, most often at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of a meaning that is unusual for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence “All the walls of the room were covered with panels” (the word “covered” cannot be used in this context). Another example: “Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov.”

It should be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: “The sky was bright” (“stand” in the meaning of “to take place” can only be used in relation to the weather), “The rays of the sun lay in the clearing” (correctly: “illuminated the clearing” ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, we can highlight the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have one: “This man’s weary hands claim that he had to work a lot.”

The use of synonyms may also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which look like this: “Mayakovsky uses satire in his work” (instead of “uses”), “With his legs spread wide, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting” (correctly - “fighting”). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprisedly”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that’s right - “sample”). Let’s supplement the types of speech errors with polysemy, which cannot be removed in the sentence: “Only These lakes live several days a year."

At the level of phrases

When choosing a word, you should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, you should turn to a compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, and also text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic connections. For example, agreement: “I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time difficult sport” (a good, difficult sport). Controls: “I feel a thirst for glory”, “I am amazed at his strength”, “gain strength”. The connection between the predicate and the subject may be disrupted: “Neither heat nor summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural form “eternal”). All these are types of speech errors at the level of phrases.

Sentence level errors

At this level we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let's take a closer look at these speech errors in Russian.

Sentence-level syntax errors

This may be an unjustified parcellation, a violation of structural boundaries. As an example, we can cite the following sentences with speech errors: “Seryozha went hunting. With dogs,” “I see. My dogs are running around the field. Chasing a hare.” Syntactic errors also include violations in the construction of various homogeneous rows: the choice of different forms in a row of homogeneous members: “She was smoothly combed and rosy-cheeked.” Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary clause: “I wanted to tell you about the incident with that person and why he did this (correctly “and about his action”). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will”). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the aspectual-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: “She goes and said,” “When the girl was sleeping, she had a dream.” And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: “One of the works is hanging in front of us, which is called “Spring.”

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, violation of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:

• actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to false semantic connections): “The boys sat on the boat with the keel up.”
• logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as the conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action (“Masha’s eyes and facial contours are captivated by the film”); substitution of the object of action (“I like Pushkin’s poems, especially the theme of love”); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row (“He is always serious, of average height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, not touchy”); violation of various clan-species relations (“The tone of angry meetings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches addressed to the regime, as well as calls to close ranks”); a mistake when using cause-and-effect relationships (“But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he didn’t really believe in nihilism”).

• constructive and communicative, that is, violation of the laws of constructing statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of one between the parts of the statement: “They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes.” This also includes the use of an adverbial phrase without connection with the subject related to it: “Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it.” Another type of similar error is the break in the participial phrase: “There is little difference between the questions written on the board.”
• information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is similar to the previous one, but differs in that here the deterioration of communicative properties occurs not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the utterance, but due to the absence or excess of information in it. This may be the ambiguity of the primary intention of the statement: “We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world.” One can also include his incompleteness here: “I myself adore plants, so I am happy to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in the summer.” This may be the omission of part of the statement and necessary words, semantic redundancy (word repetitions, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
• stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally charged means. For example, the use of various colloquial words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressively colored vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymies, metaphors.

At the text level

All errors at this level are of a communicative nature. They can be of the following types:

• logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of connections between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of genus-species relations.
• grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the aspectual-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and the subject in different sentences.
• information and communication disorders. These include constructive and information-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of a statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a clutter of structures); inconsistency with the constructive specifications of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautology, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Stylistic violations existing at the text level can be viewed in a similar way. It should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts such as: “The boy was dressed very simply. He was dressed in a jacket lined with cotton wool. His feet were wearing moth-eaten socks” - do not indicate syntactic violations, but about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the text level, speech disorders are more complex than at the utterance level, although in the latter they are “isomorphic.” As a rule, text errors are syncretic in nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, and logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to construct. At the same time, we need to retain in our memory the previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. After all, in order to write a good Unified State Exam in the Russian language, you need to learn to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them if possible.

The Latin word is lapsus. It denotes an error in a person’s speech. From this word came the well-known abbreviation blunder. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of speech norms, then lapsus has a less strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.

Speech errors are divided into standard errors and typos. Typos are mechanical errors. A word may be spelled incorrectly in the text, which will complicate the perception of information. Or instead of one word they accidentally use another. Typos also occur in spoken language. These are slips of the tongue that you hear from people every day.

Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Errors in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And spelling words incorrectly can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from the film “Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day,” directed by Miguel Arteta, demonstrates the problem of typos well. The printing house mixed up the letters “p” and “s” and in a children’s book they wrote, instead of “You can jump on the bed,” the phrase “You can burp on the bed.” And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.

Particular attention was paid to typos during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly spelled word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since people make them unconsciously. The only way you will avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you say.

Types of regulatory errors

Speech errors are associated with violations of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:

• orthoepic;
• morphological;
• spelling;
• syntactic-punctuation;
• stylistic;
• lexical.

Spelling error

A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of orthoepy norms. It manifests itself only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Also, errors in pronunciation include incorrect stress.

The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of “thousand” the word “thousand” is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. A common mispronunciation of the word “of course” is “of course.”

Pronouncing the correct accent is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the incorrect emphasis in the words “Alcohol”, “calls”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “calls” and “contract”. Incorrect placement of stress has recently become more noticeable than before. And the opinion about your erudition depends on compliance with pronunciation standards.

Morphological error

Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which the object of study is words and their parts. Morphological errors are caused by incorrect formation of word forms of different parts of speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.

For example, "doctors" instead of "doctors". This is a morphological error in the use of the plural.

They often use the wrong form of a word when changing case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the incorrect form of "apples" is used instead.

Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:

“The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches.” In this example, the word “fifty” was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."

In the use of adjectives, a common mistake is the incorrect use of the comparative degree. For example, this use: “more beautiful” instead of “more beautiful”. Or “the highest” instead of “the highest” or “the highest”.

Spelling mistake

Spelling errors are misspellings of words. They arise when a person does not know the correct spelling of a word. Have you ever received a message containing grammatical errors? A common example: spelling the word “sorry” with an “e.” To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.

Spelling errors, in principle, occur due to ignorance of the correct words. Therefore, if you are not sure of a written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.

Syntax and punctuation errors

These types of speech errors occur when punctuation marks are placed incorrectly and words are incorrectly combined in phrases and sentences.

Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Don't be lazy to open your textbook if you're not sure about the use of commas. Again, this is a problem that can be overcome by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct placement of punctuation marks and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.

Violations of syntax rules are common. Coordination errors are common. “To be happy, a person needs a favorite place to relax, a job, a happy family.” The word “need” in this sentence is not suitable for listing. It is necessary to use “need”.

Professional editors believe that management error is common. When a word is replaced by a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.

An example of a management error: “They praised and congratulated Alina for her victory.”

They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal are inconsistent due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.

Stylistic errors

Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of main stylistic speech errors:

• Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses a thought, supplementing it with information that is already understandable to everyone. For example, “a minute passed,” “he told the true truth,” “a secret spy was watching the passenger.” A minute is a unit of time. The truth is the truth. And a spy is a secret agent in any case.
• Cliche. These are established phrases that are used very often. Clichés cannot be completely attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text or a cliché of a conversational style is used in a business style, this is a serious speech error. Clichés include the expressions “to win”, “golden autumn”, “overwhelming majority”.
• Tautology. An error in which the same or similar words are often repeated. The same word should not be repeated in the same sentence. It is advisable to eliminate repetitions in adjacent sentences.

Sentences in which this error was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light,” “Katya blushed from the red wine,” “Petya loved to go fishing and catch fish.”

• Violation of word order. In English, word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by the clear construction of parts of a sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can rearrange phrases as you would like. But it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.

To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:

1. The order of words in a sentence can be direct or reverse depending on the subject and predicate.
2. The secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.

Lexical speech errors

Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don’t understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:

• The word is outdated and rarely used in modern Russian.
• The word refers to highly specialized vocabulary.
• The word is a neologism and its meaning is not widespread.

Classification of lexical speech errors:

• False synonymy. A person considers several words that are not synonyms to be synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where an error was made:“The singer was an authority among young people” instead of “The singer was popular among young people.” “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities” instead of “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities.”
• Using words that sound similar. For example, using the word “single” when you need to say “ordinary”. Instead of the word “Indian” they may write the mistaken “Indian”.
• Confusion in words with similar meanings. “Interviewer” and “Interviewee”, “Subscriber” and “Subscription”, “Addressee” and “Addressee”.
• Unintentional formation of new words.

It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in case of a slip of the tongue, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of some norm of the Russian language or due to confusion in the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and don’t hesitate to consult a dictionary or textbook once again. Constantly work on your oral and written speech so that the number of errors is close to zero.

Let's learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors

The proposed tasks will help schoolchildren learn to find, classify, and correct speech errors and shortcomings.

1. This model is for display purposes only and is not for sale.

2. I borrowed a thousand rubles to my neighbor until February.

3. The boy did not answer anything, but only blinked his eyes.

4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.

5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer questions from any field of knowledge in detail and thoroughly.

6. The rescuers saw that a man was drowning in the sea.

7. The wounded Prince Andrei fell face down. When he woke up, he saw a high, endless sky.

8. Katerina’s mother-in-law constantly taught life to the household.

9. Our products are imported to many countries around the world.

10. I switched to a more economical tariff.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences in which any word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)

2) Mark sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)

3) Mark the sentences in which its paronym should be used instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)

Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - borrowed or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell backwards, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.

1. Conversation with this person was important.

2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.

3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.

4. The contents of the package must be filled with hot boiling water.

5. To enhance the reader's experience, the author narrates in the first person.

6. Gogol’s story “The Overcoat” tells the story of the life of the official Bashmachkin.

7. Our agency provides students with many available vacancies.

8. This victory came at a high price.

9. You don't see obvious facts.

10. This store has expensive prices.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)

2) Mark the sentences in which the same root words are used nearby. (2, 6, 9.)

3) Mark the sentences that use extra words. (4, 7.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 – played an important role or was of great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 – to enhance the impression, 6 – talks about life, 7 – many vacancies, 9 – you don’t notice, 10 – high prices.

1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.

2. My brother graduated from school with a medal.

3. You brought me to my knees.

4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the city stores.

5. Our physics teacher got sick, so the lesson was postponed.

6. I was so tired from the long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.

7. Dear students! Urgently submit your records to the dean's office.

8. I signed this agreement with a creaky heart.

9. The court decided to divide the property between the spouses.

10. My sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences that violate the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)

2) Mark sentences with incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)

3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 – lost my mind, 2 – graduated, 3 – white-hot, 4 – carrots, 5 – physics teacher, 6 – I was very tired from the long march (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 – grade books, 8 – reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - she cried bitterly.

1. Onegin thinks that he cannot love anymore, and he was mistaken.

2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.

3. Our publishing house published a book that was popular among readers who love detective stories.

5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.

6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disappointed in it.

7. This device, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many customers.

8. The hero does not like to talk about his past life, and therefore he was not understood.

9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.

10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov’s Moscow, and he partially succeeds.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are used poorly. (2, 4.)

3) Mark poorly constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)

4) Mark sentences with unnecessary repetition of words. (6, 9.)

5) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks...... and is mistaken, 2 - and takes away the girl, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then is disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in selling household equipment, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.

Often masters of words in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find deviations from speech norms in the given fragments of literary works and say what effect the authors achieve.

1. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine.
The flooded stove crackles with a cheerful sound...

(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)

(Resorting to tautology crackles, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)

2. The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs,
She pours a sad light onto the sad meadows.

(A. Pushkin. Winter road)

(Tautology (she pours a sad light onto the sad meadows) helps the author to concentrate the reader’s attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)

3. The conversations fell silent for a moment;
The mouth is chewing.

(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

(Combination of words of different styles (mouth chews) creates a comic effect.)

4. And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.

(F. Tyutchev. Dreams)

(Pleonasm (surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)

5. Green noise goes and hums,
Green noise, spring noise.

(N. Nekrasov. Green noise)

(A combination of words with contradictory meanings Green noise(catachresis) helps the author create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)

VI. Edit a piece of your essay.

All the images of the poem depicted

The reader, reading page after page, laughs at pretentious Manilov, above brutal Sobakevich, above blunt Box, above constantly lying scoundrel Nozdrev, and miser Plyushkin, collecting everything trash, – this is actually something. But especially Chichikov attracted my attention, somewhat similar and at the same time unlike to other characters in the poem.

Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich in that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by what he comes up with all sorts of scams, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.

But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from the other heroes of the poem. If heroic landowners are parasites, then Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he was businessman, knew how to invest money profitably and get fat. So, when he was in school, he sold buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and benefited from it.

But when the hero became an adult, not a single one of him the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol is punishing your hero because, for all his business qualities, he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the treasury chamber, while seeking a promotion, he deceived the police chief and his daughter.

Approximate corrected version

All the images of the poem created Gogol, are interesting in their own way. Reading the page behind the page, We we laugh at the mannered Manilov and rude Sobakevich, above stupid In a box and constantly a lying rogue Nozdrev; A miser Plyushkin, collecting unnecessary things, produces special impression. But most attracted my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem, but at the same time different from them.

Chichikov resembles Manilov in that can gain confidence to the right people; the hero's ability to insist on his own makes him similar with Sobakevich; like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up with different scams; A storage necessary and unnecessary things in the drawer brings closer together hero with Plyushkin and Korobochka.

But, unlike idle landowners, Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he businessman who knows how to invest money profitably and get profit. So, while still a schoolboy, he sells buns purchased in advance hungry comrades and benefits from it.

However, the matured hero can't succeed in anything. Most likely, Gogol is punishing Chichikova for the fact that, with all his business qualities, the hero is immoral person. For example, Chichikov refuses help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; serving in the government chamber and seeking a promotion, the hero deceives the police officer and his daughter.

I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU. Nosova

Good afternoon dear friends!

Very often in the speech of people around me I hear terrible errors. I don’t know about others, but it annoys me illiterate speech just like, for example, the creaking of polystyrene foam.

And why do people make these annoying mistakes?! You ask, they answer that everyone says so and that it’s easier to live this way: “I say as I want!”

Today in the section “ Why do we say this?» I offer a selection of the most common errors, which are often found in the ordinary speech of our compatriots. (Read other articles in this section)

10 common mistakes in speaking and how to correct them

1. Should I wear a dress or should I wear it?

“I’m putting on Nadezhda, I’m putting on clothes!”

RIGHT: put on a dress!

2. Treaties or agreements?

“We are not swindlers, not thieves, we signed contracts!”

RIGHT: CONTRACTS!

3. According to what or according to what?

“According to the royal decree, the boyars were knocked out in the eye!”

RIGHT: according to the decree, order, agreement!

4. No socks or socks, stockings or stockings?

“I left her a pair of blue stockings as a deposit and went straight to Pskov with a box of colored socks!”

RIGHT: socks! stocking!

5. On Wednesdays or on Wednesdays?

“I don’t advise you to get drunk on Wednesdays!”

RIGHT: on Wednesdays (if day of the week)!

6. Simultaneously or simultaneously?

Two people said at the same time:
"Honey, it looks like I'm pregnant."

RIGHT: simultaneously!

7. Fireman or firefighter?

“I put out a fire in a freight car because I’m a fireman!”

RIGHT: firefighter!

8. “Will you come to my birthday?”

And why did our people turn the Day (OH MY day!!!) of birth into a “birthday”?!

RIGHT: my birthday!

9. “It was a very long time ago, in the year two thousand and three!”

Oh, how can this be?!

RIGHT: in two thousand and three!

Is Grammar Nazi your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to pretend to be a know-it-all both in personal communication and in online correspondence on social networks. But on the other hand, it’s ignorance to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “Call me.” How it hurts the ears, and you kick her for it with undisguised irritation. But what if you try to say “Call me” in a joking manner? This will be much more effective, and one day you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!

Examples of speech errors in Russian

People communicate using speech, this is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is disrupted, the connection may be interrupted. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. Which typical mistakes are made in the pronunciation of a proper name?

Ukraine or Ukraine?

All derived country names must be pronounced with emphasis on the consonant I: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.

Marilyn Monroe reading

We decline Maria Tsigal by case

Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Women's surnames that end in a soft sign are not declined.

In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?

How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo.” Right - live in the city of Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in the Russian language and the peculiarities of using these words.

Inside? INSIDE!

When getting dressed, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "vo" must not be.

Dress? WEAR IT!

This case is perhaps the most common misuse of the word in speech. There is a simple rule that makes it easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR A HAT – DRESS A DAUGHTER. When it comes to yourself, in this case, DRESS, someone else – DRESS.

Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book

Finish school or university? FINISH!

At school I was asked to do my own project. And here it comes BEHIND it's over. You cleaned the house - FINISHED. As you understand, they finish the job, and the educational institution (university, school, driving courses) ABOUT are finishing.

Boiling white? BOILING WHITE!

You cook pasta or meat, and a snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boiling water, as our ancestors called it in ancient times.

Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!

Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!

The word “colleague” already by default has the following meaning: “a person who works with me, or has a similar profession,” so it should be explained that “Vasya is my work colleague” is an excessive expression.

Cream, sweater, jumper? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!

We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly; it brings a certain “simpleness” to colloquial speech. It’s much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.

Eat? EAT!

When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds as if from the lips of a mannered coquette. The word “is” is universal. It is worth distinguishing between the boundaries of what is possible and what is not. Asking a child if he has eaten is completely ethical. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.

Lie down? PLAY!

This is considered one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word “lay down” does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Stack, etc. The famous phrase from films: “hang up” is also not the norm. Just “put it down, put it down.”

Hardly, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!

Remember the popular group “Na-na” in the 90s? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: It is unlikely that today we will go somewhere and split the fruit in half.

Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed

Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? UPON ARRIVAL, UPON ARRIVAL, UPON FINISH!

The correct use of these words primarily depends on your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no checking rules for them. All that remains is to remember it well, to memorize it.

A sheet? SHEET!

How easy it is to make a mistake with the ending of words “ny, nya”. Get out colloquial version of "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you will have to remember your childhood and Chukovsky’s famous poem “Moidodyr”:

“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me...”

Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!

The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends with the struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend calls and asks what you are doing. You answer: “vacuuming...vacuuming...sucking dust”... That’s right – “cleaning with a vacuum cleaner”!

According to the order, instructions? According to ORDER, DIRECTION!

The preposition “according to” is always followed by a noun in the genitive case, that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? I order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.

Wash? WASH!

By using the words wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya” in the words, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub away dirt from your beloved self.

Shoes? SHOE!

One cannot help but recall the famous phrase from the film “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, which became almost a catchphrase: “Whose shoe is it?” The word “shoes” is constant. Correct usage: I tried on a pair of shoes today, which I really liked.

Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?

Experts from the Russian language help service “Gramoty.ru” answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier forms in -у, -ю (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms in -a, -я (pour tea, add sugar) .

Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch

Expresso? ESPRESSO!

Why not go and have a cup of your favorite espresso? If you hear this, you are practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the mixture of two words from Italian and English, which have a similar sound and the same meaning: espresso - fast in Italian, express - “fast, urgent, emergency” in English. We will travel by express from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.

Which ones are found:

1. Pronunciation: pays (incorrect) - pays (correct), of course (incorrect) - of course (correct).
2. Lexical: Indian - turkey.
3. Phraseological: a combination of two stable phrases (“sleeveless” and “hands folded”) - “You can’t do this with your sleeves folded.”
4. Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper ones, etc.
5. Syntactic: there are a lot of books on the table (incorrect agreement).
6. Orthographic: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).

Funny misspelled words

We often make funny mistakes in words and don’t even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (slip of the tongue), but more often than not the person really doesn't know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, ikhniy - it’s so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words “his” and “their”. “It would be funny if it weren’t so sad.” The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere and remembered it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some performance at work or in public, carefully “filter the market.”

“This” - what kind of animal is this?

Few people know such a word as etovat. But it turns out it exists. In meaning it can be compared with the English Do, which denotes an action, but an indefinite one. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
- “Yes, I’ve been doing this all day!”
or
- “Stop doing this to me!”
This is how diverse the Russian language is, with different features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.

Crib! You can check the word you are interested in – its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use – using the portals “Gramota.ru”, “Gramma.ru”, “Yandex Dictionaries”. The website "Orfogrammka.ru" allows you to eliminate errors from entire sentences and paragraphs - to restore order, for example, in the text of a comment or letter. It’s interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (has everyone heard about the “Total Dictation” project?) and interactive exercises, of which there are many on “Gramote.ru”

Examples of sentences with common speech errors constantly heard:

1. My bills have not been paid.
2. You need to put things like this.
3. Will you call me?

Even the media often admit something like this: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”

Conclusion

Speaking your native language correctly is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding when communicating between people.